The fine spatial structure of methanol masers as an evidence in support of their connection

南京市规划资源局、房产局和南京市建委联合出台《开展居住类地段城市更新的指导意见》，其中指出要以改善基本居住条件和保障居住安全为根本，以保护传承历史文化和提升宜居品质为重点，以优化提升危破老旧住宅片区更新动力机制为方向，积极探索，创新思路，推动实现南京市居住类地段城市更新工作的突破性进展。

秦淮区是江苏省首家成立区城市更新办，并进行实体化运作的试点区，目前已经成功地实施了小西湖历史地段的微更新，石榴新村、小松涛危旧房的改造，建立了区城市更新办与规划、建设、房产、财政等多个单位协同作战的机制。

但是在更新的过程中，过多地关注空间的优化和形态美学的考量，对如何进行持续性的运营缺乏考虑。

因此，文章选择靠近新街口中心、具有文化内涵、以量大面广老旧多层建筑为主的石榴新村片区为例，尝试基于城市运营的视角，对城市更新路径进行探索，以为南京老城及全省城市更新提供积极的借鉴经验。

2城市运营的基本概念及其对城市更新的实践意义2.1城市运营的基本概念在我国推进新型城镇化的进程中，政府对城市及城镇的各项资源进行合理的优化、整合，而城市运营是在这一过程中出现的一种结合了城市经济学、新公共管理理论和城市竞争力思维的，基于市场化运作的综合开发建设运营理念。

2012年，中央党校课题组“中国城镇化与城市运营”在研究成果发布会中对城市运营给出了明确的定义：城市运营是指政府和企业在充分认识城市资源的基础上，运用政策、市场和法律的手段对城市资源进行整合、优化、创新，从而取得城市资源的增值和城市发展最大化的过程。

摘要 国家在“十四五”规划中明确提出要加快转变城市发展方式，统筹城市规划建设管理，实施城市更新行动，推动城市空间结构优化和品质提升。

显而易见，城市更新行动已经上升为国家战略。

然而，城市更新可以通过哪些合理有效的方式进行呢？研究以朝天宫街道石榴新村片区为例，基于实地调查、现场访谈的方法，从城市运营视角对城市更新的路径进行探究。

研究发现，以城市运营的思路进行城市更新，同时植入“大物业”的管理方式，结合“政府—社区—居民—第三方”的发展体系，能更有效地实现城市更新的目标。

A New Low-Temperature Synthesis Route of Methanol:Catalytic Effect of the Alcoholic Solvent1. IntroductionGas-phase methanol is being produced industrially by 30-40 million ton per year around the world, from CO/ CO2/H2 at a temperature range of 523-573 K and a pressure range of 50-100 bar, using copper-zinc-based oxide catalyst. Under these extreme reaction conditions, the efficiency of methanol synthesis is severely limited by thermodynamics as methanol synthesis is an extremely exothermic reaction.1,2 For example, at 573 K and 50 bar, it is calculated by thermodynamics that theoretic maximum one-pass CO conversion is around 20% for flow-type reactor when H2/CO=2. Also it is reported that the one-pass CO conversion in the industrial ICI process is between 15 and 25%, even if H2-rich gas is used (H2/CO =5,523-573 K).3 Therefore, developing a low-temperature process for methanol synthesis, which will greatly reduce the production cost and utilize the thermodynamic advantage at low temperature, is challenging and important.3 If conversion is high enough in methanol synthesis, recycling of the unreacted syngas can be omitted and air can be used directly in the reformer, instead of pure oxygen. Generally, low-temperature methanol synthesis is conducted in the liquid phase.The BNL method first reported by Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), using a very strong base catalyst (mixture of NaH, acetate), realized this continuous liquid-phase synthesis in a semi-batch reactor at 373-403 K and 10-50 bar. However, a remarkable drawback of this process is that even a trace amount of carbon dioxide and water in the feed gas or reaction system will deactivate the strongly basic catalyst soon,4,5 resulting in high cost coming from the complete purification of the syngas from reformer, and reactivation of the deactivated catalyst. This is the main reason stopping the commercialization of this low-temperature methanol synthesis method.Liquid-phase methanol synthesis from pure CO and H2 via the formation of methyl formate has been widely studied, where carbonylation of methanol and successive hydrogenation of methyl formate were considered as two main steps of the reaction.6-13Palekar et al. used a potassium methoxide/copper chromite catalyst system to conduct this liquid-phase reaction in a semi-batch reactor at 373-453 K and 30-65 bar.6 Although the mechanism of BNL method is still controversial, a lot of researchers think that it is similar to the mechanism above.3 However, similar to that in the BNL method, in this process CO2 and H2O act as poisons to the strong base catalyst (RONa, ROK) as well and must be completely removed from syngas, making commercialization of low-temperature methanol synthesis difficult.Tsubaki et al. proposed a new method of low-temperature synthesis of methanol from CO2/H2 on a Cu-based oxide catalyst using ethanol as a kind of “catalytic solvent”, by which methanol was produced in a batch reactor at 443 K and 30 bar.14 This new process consisted of three steps: (1) formic acid synthesis from CO2 and H2; (2) esterification of formic acid by ethanol to ethyl formate; and (3) hydrogenation of ethyl formate to methanol and ethanol. Considering that the water-gas shift reaction at lower temperature is easily con-ducted on Cu/ZnO catalyst,15-25a new route of methanol synthesis from CO/H2 containing CO2, as a more practical way of methanol synthesis, is proposed. It consists of the following fundamental steps:As formic acid was not detected in the products, we suggested the reaction path as step (2). Tsubaki et al. investigated the synthesis reaction of methanol from CO/CO2/H2, using ethanol as reaction medium in a batch reactor and found high selectivity for methanol formation at temperature as low as 423-443 K.26In this communication, the catalytic promoting effects of different alcohols on the synthesis of methanol from CO/ CO2/H2 on Cu/ZnO catalyst were investigated. High yields ofmethanol were realized while some alcohols were utilized.2. Experimental SectionThe catalyst was prepared by the conventional coprecipitation method. An aqueous solution containing copper, zinc nitrates (Cu/Zn in molar ratio=1), and an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate were added simultaneously with constant stirring to 300 mL of water. The precipitation temperature and pH value were maintained at 338 K and 8.3-8.5, respectively. The resulting precipitate was filtrated and washed with distilled water, followed by drying at 383 K for 24 h and calcination at 623 K for 1 h. This precursor was then reduced by a flow of 5% hydrogen in nitrogen at 473 K for 13 h and successively passivated by 2% oxygen diluted by argon. The BET surface area for the catalyst was 59.4 m2/g. The catalyst here is denoted as Cu/ZnO (A).In the experiments using reactant gas of different composition, a commercially available ICI catalyst (ICI 51-2) was also used through the same reduction pretreatment, denoted here as Cu/ZnO (B). The BET surface area for Cu/ZnO (B) was 20.1 m2/g.To confirm the influence of the catalyst passivation, a tailor-made reactor where in situ reduction of the catalyst before ethanol introduction was available, was used to perform the catalyst reduction and reaction; but no difference in reaction behavior was observed. So using passivated catalyst reduced separately had no influence.In the reaction, a closed typical batch reactor with inner volume of 80 mL and a stirrer was used. The stirring speed of the propeller-type stirrer was carefully checked to eliminate the diffusion resistance between gas, liquid, and solid phases. A desired amount of solvent and catalyst was added into the reactor. Then the reactor was closed and the air inside the reactor was purged by reactant gas. A pressurized mixture gas of CO (31.90%), CO2 (5.08%), and H2 (60.08%) was introduced and then the reaction took place at the desired temperature. Ar of 2.94% in the feed gas was used as inner standard. After reaction, the reactor was cooled by ice-water and then the gas inside the reactor was released very slowly and collected in a gas-bag for analysis. The standard reaction conditions were as follows: catalyst=1.0 g; solvent=20 mL; reaction temperature=443 K; initial pressure=30 bar. At the standard reaction temperature of 443 K, the pressure was calculated to be 55 bar, including the vapor pressure of about 10 bar from ethanol.27All products were confirmed on GC-MS (Shimadzu GCMS 1600) and analyzed by two gas chromatographs (Shimadzu GC-8A/FID for liquid products, and GL Science GC-320/TCD for gas products). Conversion or yield was calculated on the basis of all carbon in the feed gas.In the experiments using reactant gas of different composition, where Cu/ZnO (B) was employed, a conventional magnetically stirred batch reactor was used. Thereaction conditions were: temperature=423 K; initial pressure=30 bar; reaction time =2 h; catalyst 0.2 g; alcohol (ethanol): 5 mL.3. Results and DiscussionThe analysis results showed that only CO and CO2 existed in the postreaction gas and only methanol and the corresponding HCOOR were the obtained liquid products. Table 1 listed the results of 13 kinds of alcohols used as reaction solvent separately under the same reaction conditions where Cu/ZnO (A) was employed. For comparison, the results in the cases of no solvent and cyclohexane were also listed in Table 1. The total conversion was the sum of the yields of both methanol and ester. From the table, no activity appeared when cyclohexane was used or no solvent was used. However, in most reactions, when alcohol was used, high activity was observed, suggesting the catalytic promoting effect of alcohol at low temperature. These alcohols lowered the reaction temperature significantly and accelerated the reaction, but did not affect stoichiometry of the overall reaction as in steps (1)-(3) listed above.For the six 1-alcohols from ethanol through 1-hexanol to benzyl alcohol, the conversions to methanol and the corresponding ester (HCOOR) decreased withincreasing carbon number of alcohol molecule. No ester was observed for these first alcohols when their carbon number was more than three. This is in accordance with the rate sequence of different 1-alcohols in the esterification reaction,28 providing the evidence that step (2) was rate-determining. As the concentration of ester, HCOOR, was so low, step (3) was believed to be quicker than step (2). It should be noted that, for all alcohols, they had a large molar ratio of ROH to the total carbon in the feed gas; the difference coming from the influence of molar numbers of different alcoholic solvents can be ignored.Concerning the alcohols with the same carbon number but different structure, the second alcohol had highest activity, as shown in the reactions in 2-propanol, 2-bu-tanol, and 2-pentanol separately. 2-Propanol exhibited highest activity among these three 2-alcohols. For example, at 443 K, the total conversion in the solvent of 2-propanol was high up to 23.46%, among which methanol and 2-propyl formate yields accounted for 13.19% and 10.27%, respectively.For alcohols with larger spatial obstacle, the reaction had lower activity, as shown in the cases of iso-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, and cyclopentanol. In addition, for ethylene glycol and benzyl alcohol, no activity was observed. But the reason is not very clear now.On the reasons for different behaviors of the alcohols with the same carbon number but different structure, it is considered that different alcohol type affected step(2) by both the electronic effect and spatial effect. For 1-butanol, the electron density of oxygen atom in ROH is lower. As a result, ROH attacked the carbon atom of HCOOCu, the intermediate of step (2), more slowly. But the spatial obstacle of 1-butanol is the smallest among all butanols, and this is favorable to the nucleophilic attack in the esterification reaction. On the other hand, iso-butanol has high electronic density in its oxygen atom and this should accelerate the reaction. But its large molecular volume became a severe spatial obstacle in the nucleophilic attack. So its esterification rate was low. As a balanced effect between electronic factor and spatial factor, 2-butanol exhibited highest activity among 4 butanols, in the rate-determining step (2). As the opposite example, tert-butyl alcohol gave the yield of methanol as low as 5.83% here.It should be pointed out that the accumulated ester (HCOOR) can be easily transferred to methanol and ROH under higher H2 partial pressure. Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate this. One was the hydrogenation of ethyl formate in a batch reactor and the other was the hydrogenation of 2-butyl formate in a flow-type semi-batch autoclave reactor. For the first one, the reaction conditions were similar to those used in the synthesis reaction of methanol described above. A mixture gas of H2 and N2 with a total initial pressure of 30 bar (20 bar H2 and 10 bar N2) was used as feed gas. Ethyl formate (1.5 mL) and 18.5 mL of cyclohexane were mixed and poured into the reactor instead of 20 mL of alcohol. After 2 h reaction, the totalconversion of ethyl formate was 98.20% and the yield of methanol was 83.69%. Methyl formate and CO were byproducts. Methyl formate might come from the transesterification of ethyl formate and the methanol produced. CO might come from the decomposition of ethyl formate. For the latter experiment, 7.5 mL of 2-butyl formate (5 times amount in volume of ethyl formate used in the first experiment) and 12.5 mL of cyclohexane were poured in the reactor. A flow of pure H2 (20 mL/min, 30 bar) was used as flowing gas. After 8 h continuous reaction at 443 K, 96.23% of 2-butyl formate was transferred to methanol and 2-butanol.The total conversions were high while 2-alcohols were utilized. But the yields to ester were also high, especially for 2-pentanol. It is referred that step (3) above was slower if 2-alcohols were used. In other cases, the rate of step (3) was much faster than that of step (2), resulting in the disappearance or very low yield of the corresponding esters.If the water was added to ethanol with the same molar amount as that of CO2 in the feed gas under standard conditions, and the same experiment was conducted, similar results were obtained. Water did not affect the reaction behavior at these reaction conditions. From the reaction mechanism above, water was only an intermediate, similar to the role of CO2 in steps (1)-(3).In Table 2, the influence from various reactant gas composition was investigated at 423 K where catalyst Cu/ZnO (B) was used. It is clear that the total reaction rate increased with the increasing of CO2 content in the syngas. The reaction of CO2 +H2 exhibited the highest reaction rate. It seems that methanol synthesis rate was faster from CO2+H2 than from CO+H2, supporting that step (1) in the reaction mechanism was reasonable. It is interesting that pure CO did not react, indicating carbonylation of alcohol to ester impossible. While using pure CO +H2 as reactantgas, ethyl formate formed but methanol was not obtained. The reaction rate was rather lower than that of CO2-contained syngas. It is hard to determine the reaction route of pure CO +H2 now, as CO insertion to ethanol to form an ester was excluded. Maybe water contained in the ethanol (about 100-150 ppm) reacted with CO to form CO2 and fulfilled steps (1) and (2).4. ConclusionsThe use of alcohol, especially 2-alcohols, as a catalytic solvent in the synthesis of methanol from CO/CO2/H2, not only realized a new low-temperature methanol synthesis method, but also overcame drawbacks of the BNL method and other low-temperature methanol synthesis methods. This effect from accompanying alcoholic solvent decreased greatly the temperature and pressure of the synthesis reaction on Cu/ZnO solid catalyst, via a new reaction path. This method is very promising to become a new technology for low-temperature methanol synthesis where purification of syngas is not necessary. Since the reaction employed conventional solid catalyst, very mild reaction conditions, and syngas containing CO2 and H2O, it might be a promising practical method for methanol synthesis at low temperature.In fact, when the amount (weight) of catalyst was increased, the conversion was increased linearly in our experiments. 50-60% conversion was realized in a flow-type semi-batch reactor, as low-temperature methanol synthesis has no thermodynamic limitation. But in the high-temperature reaction, even the catalyst weight is enhanced, conversion cannot be increased due to intrinsic thermodynamics limitation.In the future, a bubble-column reactor is considered for large-scale synthesis. AcknowledgmentResearch for Future Program from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) is greatly acknowledged (JSPS-RFTF98P01001). EF0100395 References[1]Herman, R. G.; Simmons, G. W.; Klier, K. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.1981, 7, 475.[2]Graaf, G. H.; Sijtsema, P.; Stamhuis, E. J.; Oosten, G. Chem.Eng. Sci. 1986, 41, 2883.[3]Marchionna, M.; Lami, M.; Galleti, A. CHEMTECH, 1977, April,27.[4]Haggin, J. Chem. Eng. News 1986, Aug. 4, 21.[5]Brookheaven National Laboratory, U.S. Patents, 4,614,749, 4,-619,946, 4,623,634, 4,613,623 [1986], 4,935,395 [1990].[6]Palekar, V. M.; Jung, H.; Tierney, J. W.; Wender, I. Appl. Catal.1993, 102, 13.[7]Kirk-Othmer. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd ed.;Wiley: New York, 1964; V ol. 13, p 390.[8]Palekar, V. M.; Jung, H.; Tierney, J. W.; Wender, I. Appl. Catal.1993, 103, 105.[9]Wender, I. Fuel Process. Technol. 1996, 48, 189.[10]Onsager, O. T. World Patent 86/03190, 1986.[11] Zhang, H.; Li, H.; Lin, G.; Tsai, K. R. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal.1996, 101, 1369.[12]Chen, Y. Z.; Chung, B. Z.; Hsieh, C. R. Catal. Lett. 1996, 41,213.[13]Girolamo, M.; Marchionna, M. Ital. 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The Sustainable Development Study of Greater Bay Area (GHM GBA) Based on the Firm Data Lizhu Dai, Yu Zhou，Qinyi Liu*Academy of Guangzhou Development Research, Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510405, ChinaAbstract: While the urban network analysis has been important in analyzing the core-periphery structure of the world system, it can be applied to the study of sustainable development of urban regions in a country. Building upon the theoretical and methodological foundations of ‘world city network’ (WCN) research, this paper investigates the urban network of Pearl River Delta in China through the corporate networks of the advanced service industry as a driver of urban connectivity and sustainable development using social network analysis. The findings indicate that the GHM GBA is formed by three layers forming the core-periphery structure. The centrality analysis support the result and indicate Hong Kong’s centrality to link the region with global world, and Guangzhou’s role as a bridge and Shenzhen’s role as a hub.Keywords: S ustainable development; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area; World city networkDOI: 10.47297/wspciWSP2516-252701.202206041. IntroductionO ver the last two decades, mega-urban region (MUR) has been a long-standing core and challenging subject in both economic geography and urban geography literature (McGee and Greenberg, 1992; Scott et al., 2001; Storper & Scott, 2016). The opportunities, significance and morphological characters of them have been noticed in earlier studies (Hu et al., 2000). Large population and its dense regional concentration co-exist with concentration of production, especially manufacturing, resulting in interconnected challenges.This paper seeks to understand the spatial structure of a MUR through the corporate network of APS for the understanding of regional sustainableCorresponding author: Qinyi LiuCreativity and Innovation Vol.6 No.4 2022development. The Guangdong—Hong Kong—Macao Greater Bay Area (GHM GBA) is regarded as one of China’s MURs with prime potential to build a world-class MUR and enhance its global competitiveness. It presents an interesting case to study the structure of a MUR for the following three reasons. First, it has formed a relatively developed urban region with strong inter-city connections from a core and a ring, which is well documented by numbers of scholars (Sit and Yang, 1997; Dai et al, 2015). Second, its economy is separated by three different economic regimes (which) causing severe barriers (like what?) but linked by the close kinship and connections of people (Hu and Lin, 2011). Third, the GHM GBA has accelerated its integration speed with the support of GHM GBA master plan.The next section is a brief describe of the major method and the source of basic data. It is followed by the section which identifies the spatial structure of GHM GBA. Conclusions and suggestions about the sustainable development are made in the last section.2. Methods(1) The interlocking network modelIn the past decades, the interlocking network model based on the activities of APS firms has been widely applied in the WCN research under the group of the GaWC. This model focused on developing and applying network analysis to firm and city relational data to better understand the way overlapping and of city nodes and connections play out across space (see Derudder and Taylor, 2016). The network is represented by a city-by-firm matrix Vij, where Vij is the “service value” of city i to firm j.The intercity connectivity between two cities a and i (ICCa-i) is defined as1ICCai=∑Vaj*Vij(where a≠i) (1)This provides a measure of the potential work flows, transfers of information and knowledge, between pairs of cities.Typically in world city network analysis, these intercity connectivitiness are aggregated for each city, and the totals are interpreted as the global network connectivity of a city (GNC), indicating a city’s overall importance within the network:GNCa= ∑ICCai (where a≠i) (2)GNCPa= GNCa /∑ICCi (i=1, 2, …, n)(2) Social network analysisBased on the directed matrix, the social network analysis (SNA) was applied to calculate different centrality matrics.Creativity and Innovation Vol.6 No.4 2022(3) Basic DataWe frame contemporary city connectivity through the interlocking network model based on producer service firms. The firm headquarter-subsidiary dataset used is derived from the Osiris database of listed public firms in March 2019. We firstly choose all the firms with subsidiary address in China and further filter out all the firms with subsidiary address in the Pearl River Delta. Then we choose listed firms classified as APS of NACE.– Firm global headquarters – 5.– Regional headquarters with extra-territorial function – 4.– National headquarter – 3.– Ordinary office with minimal function – 2.– Ordinary office with reduced function – 1.– No office – 0.3. ResultsThrough the global network connectivity, we intend to identify the spatial structure of the GHM GBA and its strategic network.(1) Inter-city connectivity by cityBased on the natural breaks of GNCPi, the region could be divided into three layers from the perspective of overall connectivity (see Table 1).Table 1. Three Layers of the PRD regionLayer Cities ConnectivityCore Hong Kong45.5Second Shenzhen, Guangzhou20-23.5ThirdZhongshan, Macau, Dongguan,Foshan, Zhuhai, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing andHuizhou0-5.2Hong Kong composes the first layer of the GHM GBA. Its GNC is 561, accounting for 45% of all network connectivity. Hong Kong is the highest connected city of the GHM GBA, representing its role in the international financial center as well as other APS sectors.The second layer is composed of Guangzhou-Shenzhen, which are core cities of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province. Both Guangzhou and Shenzhen’s most connected cities are Hong Kong. Guangzhou-Hong Kong’s connectivity takes up around 84% of Guangzhou’s GNC, and Shenzhen-Hong Kong’s connectivityCreativity and Innovation Vol.6 No.4 2022takes up around 87% of Shenzhen’s GNC.The third layer is formed by the other eight cities. They in total account the other 11% of GNC. Inside this region, it could also be divided in three small circles based on each city’s GNC and the most connected city. First, Zhongshan and Macau’s GNC ranks highest in the eight cities. Both of their most connected city is Hong Kong. Second, Dongguan follows and ranks the third in the third layer. It’s most connected city is Shenzhen. Third, Foshan, Zhuhai and Jiangmen’s GNC register the second lowest level, and their most connected city is Guangzhou. Fourth, Zhaoqing and Huizhou have no data on the GNC, implying they are isolated in the global advanced producer service’s network. Macau is another region of “one country two systems” as Hong Kong. Its connectivity is mostly contributed by Hong Kong due to similar economic level and governance.(2) Inter-city connectivity by industryFinancial industry has a relatively wider and balanced distribution. Only two cities have no record of connectivities (see Table 2). Hong Kong is one of the three major international Financial Centers. Financial sector is the core of the APS industries. Of these five sectors, there were 324 firms in 1368 office locations with headquarters in 25 countries. Among them, 221 firms are from financial sector. The GNC of the financial industry in Hong Kong is as high as 175, taking up for around 45% of all GNC. Among the three central cities, Guangzhou's financial industry has the lowest connectivity, less than half of Shenzhen and third of Hong Kong. The result is consistent with the distribution of financial industry by GDP. Macau, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhongshan, Dongguan, and Zhuhai follows, showing their relative advantage on the financial industry of these industries.Table 2. Comparison of the Global Network Connectivity in terms of different sectorsFinancial Non-FinancialCity GNCPi City GNCPi Hong Kong45.10 Hong Kong45.63Shenzhen26.55 Guangzhou22.70Guangzhou14.43 Shenzhen22.10Macau 6.44 Zhongshan 6.86Foshan 2.58 Dongguan 1.30Jiangmen 1.55 Macau0.83Zhongshan 1.55 Zhuhai0.59Dongguan 1.29 Foshan0Zhuhai0.52 Huizhou0Huizhou0Jiangmen0Zhaoqing0Zhaoqing0Creativity and Innovation Vol.6 No.4 2022 Other APS industries are highly concentrated in 3 cities, especially Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Only Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Shenzhen takes up more than 90% of all the connectivities. Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Dongguan have covered the other 10% of the connectivities. Although Hong Kong still ranks the first in the three central cities, Guangzhou has surpassed Shenzhen becoming the second in terms of the connectivity. Its connectivity is mainly reflected in the links with Hong Kong and Shenzhen. The industry with the highest connectivity in Guangzhou is the advertising industry. Moreover, Zhongshan also show the advantage in the other sectors compared to its performance in the Financail sector.We then use the same method to identify the most connected cities in the world to the GHM GBA (see Figure 1). The Top ten connected cities are: London, Shanghai, Singapore, Beijing, NewYork, Tokyo, Tianjin, Paris, Hamilton, BVI. Based on the GNC Table of 20 cities, we could see: (1) Hong Kong is the core of the Global network of the GHM GBA. Its global connectivity alone takes up around 43%. The most connected city to Hong Kong is London, followed by Singapore and Shenzhen. This is result is consistent with P.J. Taylor’s work that London-Hong Kong is the strongest dyad in the world city network. (2) Five Asian cities takes up another 20% of the global connectivities in the 20 cities, which is around 50% of the global connectivity in the 10 cities outside of the GHM GBA. Especially three Chinese cities, i.e. Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin, are the most connected cities of most cities in the GHM GBA. It indicates the social cognitive and physical distance take important roles in the inter-city connectivity. (3) The top four cities in the global connectivities are Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Zhongshan.Figure 1. Global NetworkCreativity and Innovation Vol.6 No.4 2022(3) Centralities analysisThrough five different centrality measurements, we can find that Hong Kong ranks first, while Guangzhou ranks first in terms of betweenness centrality and closeness centrality. This implies Guangzhou’s role as a bridge in the GHM GBA. It is an important hub city and control information and capital exchange with other cities to a large extent. It can be seen that the distance between Guangzhou and other points in the network is relatively short. The more information is transmitted, the more it does not need to rely on other members and is not controlled by other members. In contrast, Shenzhen has a high dependence on Hong Kong and is easily controlled by Hong Kong in terms of information transmission.4. ConclusionsThe study found that from the perspective of overall connectivity, the GHM GBA is formed by three layers forming the core-periphery structure. Hong Kong composes the first layer, while Guangzhou-Shenzhen and the other eight cities compose the other two layers. In terms of industry, the network is mostly based on the financial industry. Moreover, Hong Kong is the core of the Global network of the GHM GBA, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou are connected to the global world through Hong Kong.In terms of centrality studies, the study find that Hong Kong is the highest in terms of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, closeness centrality or eigenvector centrality suggesting its central role in the GHM GBA. It also finds Guangzhou is relatively higher in terms of betweenness centrality and closeness centrality implying its role as a bridge in the GHM GBA.References[1] Alderson, A. S., Beckfield, J. and Sprague-Jones, J., 2010. Intercity relations andglobalisation: the evolution of the global urban hierarchy, 1981–2007, Urban Stud-ies, 47, 1899–1923.[2] Castells M., 1996. The rise of network society [M]. Oxford:Blackwell.[3] Derudder B and Taylor PJ, 2016. Change in the World City Network, 2000–2012.The Professional Geographer, 68, 624-37.[4] Derudder B., 2008. Mapping Global Urban Networks: A Decade of EmpiricalWorld Cities Research, Geography Compass, 2 (2), 559-75.[5] Hall, P. G., & Pain, K., 2006. The polycentric metropolis: learning from mega-cityregions in Europe. New York: Routledge.[6] Hennemann, S., & Derudder, B., 2014. An alternative approach to the calculationand analysis of connectivity in the world city network. Environment and Planning B, 41(3), 392–412.Creativity and Innovation Vol.6 No.4 2022 [7] Hu, X. W., Zhou, Y. X. and Gu, C. L., 2000. Studies on the Spatial Agglomerationand Desperation in China’s coastal City-and-Town Concentrated Area. Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese).[8] Hu, Zhiyong & Lin, George., 2011. Situating regional advantage in geographicalpolitical economy: Transformation of the state-owned enterprises in Guangzhou, China. Geoforum. 42,696-707.。

连淑能《英译汉教程》TranslationofLongSentences（长句译法）【圣才出品】第13章Translation of Long Sentences（长句译法）13.1 复习笔记Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.英语长句的翻译不仅涉及复杂的翻译技巧，还要求对其句法结构和逻辑顺序进⾏细致的分析。

⼀、Features of Long English Sentences（英语长句的特点）English speakers build up long sentences in an “architectural style”. They pay more attention to construct “spatial structure”, often regardless of temporal sequences. It seems to us Chinese that they build basic structures in five patterns, namely, S + V, S + V + P, S + V + O, S + V + o + O, and S + V + O + C as mainstays, with words, phrases, or clauses as members of sentences, then join directly or indirectly, various kinds of nexuses composed of words ,phrases, or clauses as modifiers ,to the mainstays of the basic structures. Here, among other things, English inflection and function words play important roles in connecting various parts grammatically and in showing their relations logically.英语长句是按照“楼房建筑法”组织起来的：主⼲是五种句⼦结构，即主＋谓，主＋系＋表，主＋谓＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋宾，主＋谓＋宾＋补；枝叶是由词语、词组、从句等组成的各种各样的关系。

Trench n.沟，渠Cistern n.蓄水池，储水器Drainage n.排水，排水设备，排水的水Foul n.污浊的Siphon n.虹吸（管）；用虹吸管输送Settle n.澄清，（使）沉淀Hydraulic a.水力学的Distillation n.蒸馏（法）Still n.蒸馏器Filtration n.过滤Clarification n.澄清，净化Coagulation n.絮凝，混凝Sanitation n.（环境）卫生Sedimentation n.沉淀，沉积Grate v.装格栅于Basin n.水池，水槽Catch basin 集水池，沉水池Lagoon n.污水池Patent vt，n.为……取得专利，专利，专利品Anticipate vt.促进Turbidity n.浑浊性，浑浊度Coagulant n.混凝剂，凝结剂Modification n.改变，改进，改良Toxic a.有毒的，中毒的Pathogenic a.致病的，病原的Microorganism n.微生物Congregate v.聚集Contaminate v.污染，弄脏Precipitate v.降水，沉降Precipitation n.沉降物（如雨，雪等）Contaminant n.污染物质Hydrological a.水文学的Nutrient n.养分，养料Medium n.介质，培养基Microbial a.微生物的，细菌的Algae n.藻类，海藻Protozoa n.原生动物Inorganics n.无机物Seep vi.渗入Effluent n.污水，废水Epidemic n.流行病，时疫Trace n.痕量，微量，微量金属Monitor v.检验（放射性污染物）Bacteriology n.细菌学Discharge n.排泄（水汽），排泄物Annual a.一年一度的，每年的Typhoid n.伤寒Cholera n.霍乱Round n.循环，周期Eradicate vt.根除，杜绝Lay down 制定，提出Superimpose vt.添加，附加Distil v.蒸馏Distillation n.蒸馏法Electrodialysis n.电渗析Brackish a.稍咸的Estuary n.河口，海湾Osmosis n.渗透性Estuarine a,河口的，港湾的Barrage n.拦河坝Sterilize vt.消毒，杀菌Wholesome a.卫生的，有益于健康的Injurious a.有害的Conductive a.有助于……的，促进的Be conductive to 对……有益的Constituent n.组成物，构成物Turbid a.浑浊的，混乱的Pathogen n.病原体，病菌Sedimentation n.沉积法，沉积作用Flocculate v.絮凝，绒聚Flocculating agent 絮凝剂Settlting n.沉淀Settling out 沉淀出来Coarse a.粗粒的，大的Floc n.絮体，絮凝物体Filtration n.过滤，澄清Chlorinate vt.用氯消毒Sanitary properties 卫生系数（性能，特点等）Colloidal a.胶体（状，质）的Suspension n.悬浮（液），悬浮（体）Portability a.可饮用Detract v.降低，减损Rayon n.人造丝Cellulose n.纤维素Starch n.淀粉Odour n.气味，臭气Secretion n.分泌液Fungi n.真菌Phenol n.（苯）酚Chlorine n.氯气Malodorous a.恶臭的Chlorophenols n.氯酚Break-point chlorination 折点加氯Activated carbon 活性炭Chlorine dioxide 二氧化氯Ozone n.臭氧Silica n.二氧化硅Transparency n.透明（性，度）Mastic n.胶粘剂p.p.m=parts per million 百万分之（几）Coalesce vi.凝聚Decolorize vt.漂白Conductivity n.传导性Resistivity n.电阻性Bacteriological a.细菌学的Alkaline n./a.碱性，碱性的Acidity n.酸性（度）Alkalinity n.酸性（度）Alkalinity n.（强）碱性Corrosive a.腐蚀的Water-supply 给水的Storage reservoir 蓄水库（池）Pipeline n.管道（线）Distribution reservoir 配水库（池）Distribution pipe 配水管网High demands 高峰用水量Supply source 水源Air conditioning equipment 空调设备Water （supply）engineer 给水工程师The fire department 消防部门Catchment n.集水（量），汇水Catchment area 集水区Rainfall n.降雨量Refill v.再装满Runoff n.径流（量）Infiltration n.渗透（入）Infiltration water 渗透水Evaporation n.蒸发Evaporation water 蒸发水Impounding v.贮（水）备灌溉用Impounding reservoir 蓄水池Recharge v.再装，再补充Purify v.使纯净，使洁净Compressor n.压缩机Limestone n.石灰石Porous a.多孔的Formation n.地（岩）层Limestone formation 石灰岩层Porous formation 多空岩层Plumbing n.（自来水，卫生）管道（装置）室内给排水系统（管道，工程）System of plumbing 卫生工程系统（体系）Circulatory a.循环的，流通的Outbreak n.爆发，破裂Epidemic n.流行病，时疫Cross-connection 交叉传染Submerged a.水面下的Inlet n.进（气，水）口Submerged inlet 淹没式入口，进水口淹没Vent n.通风（排气）管（口）；排除，放气Deteriorate v.变质，损坏Appurtenance n.附属物，设备，附件，附属建筑（装置）Sanitary or storm drainage 生活用水或雨水的排放Distribution n.分布，配给Multitude n.许多，大批（量）A multitude of 许多的，众多的Uphill n.a.ad. 上坡，向上Valve n.阀门，开关Microbe n.微生物Lactic a.乳的Lactic acid 乳酸Breakdown n.分解，离解Fermentation n.发酵Equation n.反应式，公式Oxidize v.使氧化Acetic a.醋酸的，醋酸Oxidation n.氧化作用Atmospheric a.大气中的，空气的Butyric a.丁酸的，奶油的，丁酸Bacteria n.细菌Proliferate v.繁殖，繁衍Anaerobic a.厌氧的，厌气的Derivative a.转生的，派生的，衍生物Specialize v.使专门化，特殊化Attack vt.（化学）腐蚀，锈蚀Nutrition n.营养（学）Culture n.培养，养殖Media n.培养基Synthesize v.（人工）合成Preform vt.预先形成Biochemical a.生物化学的Municipal a.城市的Unsaturated a.未饱和的Suspended water 悬着水Intermolecular a.分子间的Aeration n.曝气，通气The zone of aeration 通气层Remainder n.剩余物Capillary a.n.毛细管的Fringe n.边缘，端Transpire v.蒸发，气化Compaction n.压实，压缩Pore n.小孔Intergranular a.颗粒间的Permeability n.渗透性，透气性Recharge well 回灌井Hydraulic a.水力学的Coefficient n.系数Substrate n.基质，底质Sediment n.沉积物Adjacent a.邻近的，相邻的Sodium n.钠Sodium chloride 氯化钠Ion n.离子Conduit n.导管，水管Sewerage n.下水道，污水（排水）工程（系统）Elevation n.高度，海拔Confines n.界限，范围，边界Rectangular a.矩（长方）形的Laminar a.层（式、状、流）的Turbulent a.湍流的Irrigation n.灌溉Nonuniform a.不均匀的，变化的Retard vt.延迟，减速流Retarded flow 滞流，减速流Component n.分（力，量，支）The component of the gravity 重力的分量Shear n.剪（切，力）切（变，力）Shear force 切力，剪力Spillway n.溢洪道Profile n.轮廓，断面（图）Resulting a.所引起（产生）的Resulting profile 所形成的剖面图Sanitary a.关于环境卫生的，卫生的Hydraulic a.水力的，水力学的，水压的Aqueduct n.沟渠，导水管，高架渠Reveal v.泄露，显示Archeological a.考古学的Pipeline n.管道线，输送管Cloaca n.暗渠，下水道，厕所Sewer n.污水池Cesspool n.阴沟，污水管，排水管，下水道Metropolis 首都，大城市，文化商业中心Tributary a.附属的，支流的Lawsuit n.诉讼Downstream a.ad.顺流的，在下游的Sewage n.污水，污物Range v.延伸，探寻，涉及Watershed n.流域，集水区Bedrock n.基岩Rainfall n.降雨，降水，降雨量Divert vt.转移，使转向Ecosystem n.生态系统Biosphere n.生物圈Biotope n.群落生境Inanimate a.非动物的Spatial a.空间的Biocoenosis n.生物群落Moor n.荒野，沼Savannah n.热带大草原Deciduous a.（在成熟期或一定季节）脱落的Flora n.植物群Fauna n.动物群Habitat n.栖息地Climatic a.气候的Terrestrial a.陆地的Aquatic a.水生的Abiotic a.非生物的Ecological a.生态的Autotrophic a.自养的Chloroplast a.叶绿体Herbaceous a.草本的Carbohydrate n.碳水化合物Assimilation n.吸收Heterotrophic a.异养的Herbivore a.食草的Decompose vt.分解Detritus n.腐质Invertebrate a.无脊椎的Carnivore n.食肉动物Arable a.适于耕作的Fluctuate v.波动，涨落Quantitative a.定量的Amplitude n.广大，充足Genetic a.遗传的Botanic a.植物的Compensate vt.补偿Integrated plant protection 综合植物保护Terminal community 最终群落Burgeon vt.发展，展开Deterioration n.恶化，变质Airborne a.空中的Adverse effect 反作用，不利影响Manifest a.明显的vt.表明，证明Catalytic a.催化的Copolymer n.共聚物Toxicity n.毒性，毒力Abatement n.减少，除去Emission n.散发，发射（物）Unrelenting a.不退让的，不松懈的Fusion n.合并，联合Megalopolis n.大城市（由几个城市及郊区连成者）Sparsely ad.稀疏地，稀少地Pollutant n.污染物Reside v.住（留），属于，与……靠得很近Juxtaposition n.并列，并置Severity n.严重性Intensification n.加强，强化Segment n.部分，分布Contaminant n.污染物质，杂质Internal combustion engine 内燃机Per capita 每人口Solid refuse 固体废物，固体垃圾Incinerator n.焚化炉，化灰炉Degradation n.退化，降低Originate vi.发起，发生Affluent a.富足的，丰富Dilution n.冲淡，稀释Dispersion n.分散（作用）弥散Irritation n.刺激，兴奋Hazardous a.有害的Handling characteristics 处理特性Garbage n.垃圾，废料Serve to 用于……Inoffensive a.无害的Inherent a.固有的，内在的Compost vt.把……做成堆肥Raw material 原材料Incineration n.焚化Supervision n.监督，管理Overweight vt.在重量上超过Densely ad.密集地，稠密地Landfill vi.土地掩埋Haul vt.用力拖（或拉）Option n.选择，选择权Municipal solid waste(MSW) 城市固体废物Ecological perspective 生态学观点Recoverable a.可重获的，可找到的Burial n.埋葬Pyrolysis n.热解作用Pyrolysis furnace 干馏炉，热解炉Destructive a.破坏性的Endothermic a.吸热的Exothermic a.放热的Oxygen-free environment 无氧环境Self-sustaining a.自给的Methane n.甲烷Methanol n.甲醇Tar n.焦油Combustible a.可燃的，易燃的Pose vt.造成，形成Aesthetic a.美学的Restrain…from(doing) 制止……（干）……Waste disposal 废物处理Feasibility n.可行性Enactment n.颁布Enforcement n.实施Combined sewer （system）合流制下水管（系统）Separated sewer (system) 分流制下水管（系统）Drain off 把……排除Bypass vt.越过，绕……走Minimize vt.使减少到最少Dilute vt.冲淡Settle out 沉淀出来Municipality n.市，市政府Undesirable a.讨厌的，令人不快的Inadequate a.不足的，不适当的Be acted on 受……作用Notably ad.显著地，著名地Tertiary a.第三极的Leach vt.滤去（物质）Leaching field 滤液场Septic a.引起腐烂的Septic tank 化粪池Detention n.滞留Interact vi.互相作用，互相影响Quest vi.追求，探索Biophysical a.生物物理学的Arithmetical a.算术的Coverage n.覆盖率Priority n.重点，优先Quantitative a.数量的，定量的Hygienic a.卫生的，卫生学的Indisputable a.无可争辩的，无可置疑的Programmer n.规划，订计划者Nationwide a.全国性的Criterion n.（批评，判断的）标准，准则Continuity n.连续性，持续性Forthcoming a.即将到来的，即将出现的Coherent a.一致的，粘附的Sustainable a.持续的，能忍受的Initiative n.倡议，首创精神Legislation n.立法，法规Implementation n.履行，实施Assessment n.评估，估价Underlying a.根本的，基础的Institutional a.制度上的，惯例的Undertaker n.承担者，承办人Water undertaker 自来水厂Privatization n.私有化Inspection n.检查，视察Entity n.实体，统一体。

基于协同克里格插值和地理加权回归模型的土壤属性空间预测比较一、本文概述Overview of this article本文旨在比较协同克里格插值（Co-Kriging）和地理加权回归模型（Geographically Weighted Regression，GWR）在土壤属性空间预测中的应用效果。

土壤属性空间预测是农业、环境科学和地球科学等领域的重要研究内容，对于土地资源管理、生态环境保护以及农业可持续发展具有重要意义。

协同克里格插值和地理加权回归模型是两种常用的空间预测方法，它们各自具有独特的优点和适用范围。

This article aims to compare the application effects of Co Kriging interpolation and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models in soil attribute spatial prediction. Soil attribute spatial prediction is an important research content in fields such as agriculture, environmental science, and earth science, which is of great significance for land resource management, ecological environment protection, and sustainable development of agriculture. Collaborative Kriginginterpolation and geographically weighted regression models are two commonly used spatial prediction methods, each with unique advantages and applicability.协同克里格插值是一种基于空间统计学的插值方法，它利用多个相关变量的空间分布信息，通过计算权重系数来预测未知点的属性值。

中图分类号 TU982.29 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1003-739X （2022）12-0137-05 收稿日期 2022-01-16摘 要 空间形态研究是传统村落保护开发的前提，保障空间的表层特征和深层结构是实现传统村落延续与复兴的重要抓手。

因此该文选取国家级传统村落安顺鲍屯村为研究对象，引入空间句法的量化分析方法，从定性和定量两个角度分析村落空间形态的表层特征和深层结构，并针对现状问题提出相应的优化策略，以期为西南地区传统村落保护研究提供相关依据。

结果表明：整体上看，鲍屯村空间结构主次分明，前期屯内以场坝为中心放射状布局，后期屯外沿道路线状生长；从量化结果上看，村落空间整合度和协同度较低，整合度核心位于中轴附近；村落重要空间分布与各指标核心区域相吻合，空间深层结构延续较好，对村落生产生活产生较大影响。

关键词 空间形态 传统村落 空间句法 鲍屯村Abstract The study of spatial morphology is the premise of the protection and development of traditional villages. The protection of the surface characteristics and deep structure of space is an important way to realize the continuation and revival of traditional villages. Selectiing national traditional villages in Anshun BaoTun village as the research object, we introduce the quantitative analysis method of space syntax. From the perspective of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface features and deep structure of village space form, we put forward the corresponding optimization strategy according to status quo of the problem, so as to provide basis for protecting traditional villages in southwest research. The results show that, on the whole, the spatial structure of Baotun village is distinct. In the early stage, the village is radially arranged with the field dam as the center, and in the later stage, the village grows along the road. From the quantitative results, the integration degree and coordination degree of village space are low, and the core of integration degree is located near the central axis. The important spatial distribution of villages is consistent with the core areas of each index, and the deep spatial structure has a good continuity, which has a great impact on the production and life of villages. Keywords Spatial form, Traditional village, Space syntax, Baotun village基于空间句法的传统村落空间形态分析——以安顺市鲍屯村为例Spatial Morphology Analysis of Traditional Villages Based on Space Syntax: Taking Baotun Village of Anshun City as an Example龙 彬 | Long Bin 熊梦琦 | Xiong Mengqi 张 菁 | Zhang Jing在自组织下形成的乡村聚落一直以来遵循着有别于城市建设的发展模式，是传统农耕社会中组织交往、文化习俗、经济活动的重要载体。

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Introduction of Easy Modeller引言：Modeller是一个蛋白质结构预测的软件：1）支持安装在windows、Mac和Linux平台上；2）支持基于多个模版模建结构；3）它自身带一套模建结构后的优化、分析软件。

关键是它是完全免费的，而且得到广泛的认可，目前最新版本为Modeller9v7。

该软件完全是命令行模式，操作相对复杂，对于习惯于图形界面（GUI）的我们来说不太方便。

印度Hyderabad大学的一位牛人Kuntal Kumar Bhusan为其编写了一个GUI界面，即为Easy Modeller，使这一切变得极为简单，下面引用该软件的1.0版对其进行介绍。

（目前该软件的最新版本为2.0，可以支持windows系统下各版本的Modeller）Easy Modeller v1.0is A GUI to MODELLERDeveloped by:Kuntal Kumar BhusanContact:kuntal.bhusan@Prof.Reddanna Eicosanoids,Inflammation and Cancer Research GroupDepartment of Animal Sciences,School of Life Sciences,University of Hyderabad1.IntroductionOne of the biggest goals in structural bioinformatics is the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its one-dimensional protein sequence.The goal is to be able to determine the shape(known as a fold)that a given amino acid sequence will adopt.The problem is divided further based on whether the sequence will adopt a new fold or resemble an existing fold(template)in a protein structure database.Fold recognition is easy when the sequence in question has a high degree of sequence similarity to a sequence with known structure[7].If the two sequences share evolutionary ancestry,they are said to be homologous.For such sequence pairs we can build a structure for the query protein by choosing the structure of the known homologous sequence as a template.This is known as comparative modeling.When the query lacks a good template structure,one must attempt to build a protein tertiary structure from scratch.These methods are usually called ab initio methods.In a third fold-prediction scenario,there may not necessarily be good sequence similarity with a known structure,but a structural template may still exist for the given sequence. To clarify this case,a person aware of the target structure could extract the template using structure?structure alignments of the target against the entire structural database.It is important to note that the target and template need not be homologous.These two cases define the fold prediction(homologous)and fold prediction(analogous)problems during CASP parative Modeling or homology modeling is used when there exists a clear relationship between the sequence of a query protein(unknown structure)to that of a sequence of a known structure.The most basic approach to structure prediction for such(query) proteins is to perform a pairwise sequence alignment against each sequence in protein sequence databases. This can be accomplished using sequence alignment algorithms such as Smith?Waterman[55]or sequence search algorithms(e.g.,BLAST[3]).With a good sequence alignment in hand,the challenge in comparative modeling becomes how best to build a three-dimensional protein structure for a query protein using the template structure.The heart of the process is the selection of a suitable structural template based on sequence pair similarity.This is followed by the alignment of query sequence to the template structure selected to build the backbone of the query protein.Finally the entire structure modeled is refined by loop construction and side-chain modeling.Several comparative modeling methods,more commonly known as modeler programs,focusing on various parts of the problem have been developed over the past several years [6,13].2.What is MODELLER?MODELLER is a computer program that models three-dimensional structures of proteins and their assemblies by satisfaction of spatial restraints.More generally,the inputs to the program are restraints on the spatial structure of the amino acid sequence(s) and ligands to be modeled.The output is a3D structure that satisfies these restraints as well as possible. Restraints can in principle be derived from a number of different sources.These include related protein structures(comparative modeling),NMR experiments(NMR refinement),rules of secondary structure packing(combinatorial modeling),cross-linking experiments,fluorescence spectroscopy,image reconstruction in electron microscopy,site-directed mutagenesis,intuition,residue-residue and atom-atom potentials of mean force,etc.The restraints can operate on distances,angles,dihedral angles,pairs of dihedral angles and some other spatial features defined by atoms or pseudo atoms.Presently,MODELLER automatically derives the restraints only from the known related structures and their alignment with the target sequence.A3D model is obtained by optimization of a molecular probability density function(pdf).The molecular pdf for comparative modeling is optimized with the variable target function procedure in Cartesian space that employs methods of conjugate gradients and molecular dynamics with simulated annealing.MODELLER can also perform multiple comparisons of protein sequences and/or structures,clustering of proteins,and searching of sequence databases.The program is used with a scripting language and does not include any graphics.It is written in standard FORTRAN90and will run on UNIX,Windows,or Mac computers.3.Method for comparative protein structure modeling by MODELLERMODELLER implements an automated approach to comparative protein structure modeling by satisfaction of spatial restraints[6].Briefly,the core modeling procedure begins with an alignment of the sequence to be modeled(target)with related known3D structures(templates).This alignment is usually the input to the program.The output is a3D model for the target sequence containing all mainchain and sidechain non-hydrogen atoms.Given an alignment,the model is obtained without any user intervention.First,many distance and dihedral angle restraints on the target sequence are calculated from its alignment with template 3D structures.The form of these restraints was obtained from a statistical analysis of the relationships between many pairs of homologous structures.This analysis relied on a database of105family alignments that included416proteins with known3D structure[7].By scanning the database,tables quantifying various correlations were obtained,such as the correlations between two equivalent Cα-Cαdistances,or between equivalent mainchain dihedral angles from two related proteins.These relationships were expressed as conditional probability density functions(pdf's)and can be used directly as spatial restraints.For example, probabilities for different values of the mainchain dihedral angles are calculated from the type of a residue considered,from mainchain conformation of an equivalent residue,and from sequence similarity between the two proteins.Another example is the pdf for a certain Cα-Cαdistance given equivalent distances in two related protein structures.An important feature of the method is that the spatial restraints are obtained empirically,from a database of protein structure alignments.Next,the spatial restraints and CHARMM energy terms enforcing proper stereochemistry[8]are combined into an objective function.Finally,themodel is obtained by optimizing the objective function in Cartesian space.The optimization is carried out by the use of the variable target function method[9]employing methods of conjugate gradients and molecular dynamics with simulated annealing.Several slightly different models can be calculated by varying the initial structure.The variability among these models can be used to estimate the errors in the corresponding regions of the fold.There are additional specialized modeling protocols,such as that for the modeling of loops.4.Need of a GUI for MODELLERHomology modelling is presently the only accurate(as far available)and fast method for getting the protein 3D structure from its sequence.Other methods like ab initio modelling are resource intensive, computationally costly and are very difficult to implement.Many types of software are available for homology modelling of which the most famous and commonest tool for homology modelling is MODELLER.Apart from this there are also commercially available softwares like Insight II,Discovery studio,Hyperchem,etc.But MODELLER stands apart from this because it is freely available.But MODELLER has no GUI and most users find it a bit difficult to use MODELLER as it is controlled by Python script files(Fig.1).A user needs to know basic Python scripting to use MODELLER,so a GUI for this great package would be very helpful to enable all users to use it easily.In this work a GUI for MODELLER has been developed,which is a standalone executable that runs on windows platform.The GUI has been developed using PerlTk and needs to have MODELLER and Python preinstalled in the users system. Users do not require knowing any scripting,the GUI guides through the entire process of homology modelling.Fig1:A sample Python script to run MODELLER5.Description of the GUI application:Easy Modeller v1.0The tool Easy Modeller is developed solely for the purpose of GUI based assisted homology modelling using MODELLER.So,it is just a front end application with the main program,i.e.,MODELLER running in backend.The programming language used for building Easy Modeller is PerlTk.The tool accepts user inputs via the Graphical User Interface and controls the appropriate MODELLER modules internally and displays the output or any error in a display text area.The user can as well view the standard MODELLER verbose output running in another window which opens simultaneously with the application.Easy Modeller has a main window(Fig.2)which allows the user to choose the appropriate modelling option. Four most commonly used options for homology modelling are available in Easy Modeller namely:1.Modelling using single Template.2.Modelling using single Template including heteroatom.3.Modelling using multiple templates4.Loop modelling.Fig2:Main window of Easy Modeller5.1Modelling using single Template:Upon selecting this option a new window appears(Fig.3)which has two input options.A fully explained guide text is displayed in the text area which gives a detailed explanation for performing a single template based homology modelling.To enter the sequence a user must delete the display help text and paste the sequence in the text area and then select the"Load Template"option.One important thing that the user must keep in mind is that,the sequence entered must be only the amino acid sequence and nothing else(like accession ID,organism name,etc).It is mandatory to enter the query sequence first and then load the template;otherwise an error message is displayed in the text box asking the user to input the sequence first. One other important option is selection of the chain ID,i.e.which chain of the input template PDB to use for modelling.By default the chain is always set to"A"which can be altered by using the dropdown list or can be manually entered as well.If the input PDB has no chain ID then the chain ID should be deleted and only one blank space should be entered.After this the template PDB is to be loaded by selecting the"Load Template" feature which opens a standard explorer window from where the user can browse the required template PDB file.After this a simple two step process is required to be followed as indicated clearly by the two buttons STEP1 (GET ALIGNMENT)and STEP2(GET MODEL).By selecting GET ALIGNMENT the program calls the appropriate MODELLER module for the required alignment and displays the output alignment in the textarea.Looking at this the user can confirm on his selection of template model and proceed for the next step to get the structure model for the query sequence.Upon selecting the GET MODEL feature the tool asks the user to input the number of models to generate.Any number of models can be generated(although5is taken as the standard).After entering this value and pressing OK button,the application calls the appropriate MODELLER modules and performs the modelling in backend.The entire process at backend can be seen for advanced manipulation which is displayed in the verbose output.On completion of the modelling process the MODELLER energy function(molpdf)and the DOPE score of the models are shown in a tabulated form in the verbose screen.In general the best model is with the lowest molpdf value and highest DOPE score but this is not always the final conclusion.To make a judgment on the model quality the models should be evaluated first.Fortunately MODELLER itself provides a feature for assessing the model quality by making an energy profile.The tool facilitates an easy way to do so using the GUI by selecting the EVALUATE MODEL feature. This button when pressed asks the user to input the model name desired to be evaluated which after entering can be subjected for profile generation by pressing the GET PROFILE button.When the profile of the selected model is generated a message is displayed in the text area asking the user to select the PLOT PROFILE feature which on selection automatically shows a graphical plot of the energy profile of the selected model.The plotting feature internally uses the Microsoft Excel plotting function to generate the plot so it is required to have MS Excel preinstalled in the system to get the plot.Fig3:Single template modelling window5.2Model using single Template including Heteroatom:It is often a tedious task to incorporate a heteroatom like a metal atom or a ligand successfully into a model from a template.If the template contains a ligand(or other HETATM residue)then MODELLER can transfer this into the generated model.This is done first by setting env.io.hetatm to True,which instructsMODELLER to read HETATM records from the template PDB files,and then by using the BLK('.')residue type in the alignment(both in the template and the model sequence)to copy the ligand(s)as a rigid body into the model.Easy Modeller uses a very simple and easy interface to implement this feature of MODELLER through its GUI.The interface and the working methodology is exactly the same as single template modelling.5.3Modelling using multiple Templates:An important aim of modeling is to contribute to understanding of the function of the modeled protein. Sometimes after a single template modelling,inspection of the template structure reveals that some loops are disordered and does not appear in the PDB structure.It becomes an important issue when these loops are one of the functionally most important parts of the enzyme.The unreliability of the template coordinates and the inability of MODELLER to model long insertions is why these loop are poorly modeled which are indicated by the energy profile seen after evaluating the models build by single template modelling.When we are interested in understanding differences in specificity between two similar proteins,we need to build precise and accurate models.Therefore,we need to find new strategies to increase the accuracy of the e of multiple templates is one of such approach to achieve the above said objective.Multiple template modelling is thus another feature of Easy Modeller.The basic working pattern of this multiple template modelling window is same except the fact that here after entering the sequence,it is required to specify first the number of models the user plans to use for modelling(which is limited to maximum5).Upon selecting the LOAD TEMPLATES feature a new window appears(Fig.4)which allows the user to input the selected number of templates one by one.It should be kept in mind that the loading of templates should be done in order,i.e.one,two,three and so on(and not one,three,four,etc).The rules for selecting the CHAIN ID are same as mentioned before(i.e.when the template PDB has no chain it is required to put a blank space in the entry box by deleting the default?A?).After this the ALIGN TEMPLATES button when clicked performs an alignment of all the input templates and displays them in the text area.Following this the rest of the process of modelling is same as that for single template modelling,i.e.performing the two step process of GET ALIGNMENT and GET MODEL.The EVALUATE MODEL feature is also available as in the previous case.Fig.4Multiple template modelling window5.4Loop refinement and Model building:MODELLER has several loop optimization methods,which all rely on scoring functions and optimization protocols adapted for loop modeling[Fiser et al.,2000].They are used to refine loop regions,either automatically after standard model building,or manually on an existing PDB file.Easy Modeller can be used for both.In many cases,a better quality loops can be obtained(at the expense of more computer time)by using the newer DOPE-based loop modeling protocol.This can be done by automatic loop modelling.On the other hand the manual loop modelling feature can be used to refine the conformation of the loop between a specified the starting and ending residue.Automated loop modelling:This feature is always used after standard models are generated either by single or multi-template based modelling.Immediately after the GET MODEL feature is used and standard modelling is done,the user is asked whether he needs to perform an automated loop modelling.If YES is selected then the automated loop modelling is carried out.Selecting NO disables loop modelling and only thestandard models are generated.Fig.5Automated loop modellingManual loop modelling:This feature is invoked upon selecting the Perform Loop Modelling feature in themain window.A new window is displayed that can be used to load a previously generated model and thenmanually enter the starting and ending residue number of the loop which has to be modeled.The number of loop models to be generated can also be specified.Fig.6Manual loop modelling6.An example to demonstrate the applicationTo demonstrate the working methodology of the application Easy Modeller parts of the same example used in the MODELLER tutorial page has been used here for better comparison and understanding.The gene for lactate dehydrogenase chosen from the genomic sequence of Trichomonas vaginalis(TvLDH)was used as query sequence.The corresponding protein had a higher similarity to the malate dehydrogenase of the same species(TvMDH)than to any other parative models were constructed for TvLDH to study the sequences in the structural context.The individual modeling steps using Easy Modeller are explained below:6.1.Template Search:The template search was performed using a standard procedure of performing a PDB BLAST and then identifying the most homologous sequences based on sequence identity and crystallographic resolution of the template.It was found that1bdm:A(i.e.,chain A)was the best template for performing a single template based modelling.Other closely related hits were2mdh:A and1b8p:A.6.2.Single template Modelling:Single template modelling was performed using the A chain of PDB1bdm.The steps are described below:1.The query template sequence was pasted in the text area and the template PDB was loaded using theLOAD TEMPLATE feature.The chain ID was selected as A.(Fig.7)2.The GET ALIGNMENT feature was used to get the alignment of the query sequence with thetemplate PDB.(Fig.8)3.The GET MODEL feature was selected to generate the output models of the query.The number ofmodels to generate was selected as4.The score of each model generated was displayed in a tabulated?form in the verbose output screen.(Fig.9)4.Finally the EVALUATE MODEL feature was used to generate the energy profile of the first model(query.B99990001.pdb)as it was found out to be the most reasonable model based on the overall scores.The energy profile plot for the above model was displayed using the PLOT PROFILE feature.(Fig.10and11)Fig.7:Query sequence pasted and template PDB was loadedFig.8:Query sequence aligned with template PDBFig.9:Score table of the generated modelsFig.10:Profile generation input windowFig.11:Energy Profile of query.B99990001.pdbThe plotted DOPE score profile(Fig.12)shows regions of relatively high energy for the long active site loop between residues90and100and the long helices at the C-terminal end of the target sequence.(The model profile was superposed on the template profile-gaps in the plot can be seen corresponding to the gaps in the alignment(Fig.13).It should be remembered that the scores are not absolute,so we cannot make a direct numerical comparison between the two.However,we can get an idea of the quality of our input alignment this way by comparing the rough shapes of the two profiles-if one is obviously shifted relative to the other, it is likely that the alignment is also shifted from the correct one.)Fig.12:Model profile superimposed on template profileFig.13:query template alignment6.3.Implementing Multi Template Modelling:Inspection of the structure built by single template revealed that loop??93-100,one of the functionally most important parts of the enzyme,is disordered and does not appear in the PDB structure.The unreliability of the template coordinates and the inability of MODELLER to model long insertions is why this loop was poorly modeled in query,as indicated by the DOPE profile.Therefore,we need to find new strategies to increase the accuracy of the models.Various methods like multiple template based modelling or loop modelling can be used to solve this problem.If appropriate template information is not available and the loop is small then loop modelling can be used,but since here we were able to get other templates as well so multi template modelling was implemented as a new strategy to increase the accuracy of the model.The following PDB files1bdm:A,2mdh:A and1b8p:A were used as a template for the muti templatemodelling.The steps are described below:1.The query template sequence was pasted in the text area,the number of templates was set to3andthe template PDBs were loaded one by one using the LOAD TEMPLATES feature.The chain IDs were selected as A for all.(Fig.14)2.The ALIGN TEMPLATES feature was used to get the alignment of the template PDBs.(Fig.15)3.The GET ALIGNMENT feature was used to get the alignment of the query sequence with thetemplate PDBs.(Fig.16)4.The GET MODEL feature was selected to generate the output models of the query.The number ofmodels to generate was selected as4.The score of each model generated was displayed in a tabulatedform in the verbose output screen.(Fig.17)5.Finally the EVALUATE MODEL feature was used to generate the energy profile of the first model(query.B99990001.pdb)as it was found out to be the most reasonable model based on the overall scores.The energy profile plot for the above model was displayed using the PLOT PROFILE feature.(Fig.18)Fig.14:Query sequence pasted and template PDBs loadedFig.15:Template sequences alignedFig.16:Template sequences aligned with queryFig.17:Score table of the generated modelsFig.18:Energy Profile of query.B99990001.pdbThe evaluation of the model indicates that the problematic loop(residues90to100)has improved by using multiple structural templates.The global DOPE score for the models also improved from-37513.8to -38133.5.MODELLER was able to use the variability in the loop region from the three templates to generate a more accurate conformation of the loop.(Fig.19)Fig.19:Multi template model profile superimposed on single template model profileFig.20:3D structure of the final generated model7.Output filesThe application generates some standard output files which are same as MODELLER.The output models are saved in the same directory where the application is kept with name as query.B99990001.pdb and automated loop modeled structures as query.BL00010001.pdb(where the last1is variable and is variable up to the number of models selected to be generated).Besides this the profile plot data are saved as".csv"files which are also saved in the same directory.The generated script files are saved as well for reference and advanced manipulation.To start with a new sequence or a new process it is recommended to backup and delete the previously generated files as it will get overwritten and if kept in the same location might hamper insuccessful operation of the application(Fig.21).Fig.21:Files generated by Easy Modeler8.ConclusionThe application developed in this work can be used for easy homology modelling without knowing much about the backend processes and can proceed without any knowledge of scripting.The user does not have to worry about the input sequence formats and the alignment format that has to be supplied which is otherwise a very big problem while running MODELLER.Just pasting the sequence in the text window is a prerequisite; the rest of the process is taken care of by the application.Every step is automated,interactively guided and gives complete information of the backend process as well.The basic error handling is taken care by the display text area;advanced error handling can be done from the verbose output.The models can be easily evaluated and their energy can be viewed by automated plotting feature.Thus the application provides a one place solution to all the homology modelling needs.9.References1.P.Bourne and H.Weissig.Structural Bioinformatics.Wiley,Hoboken,NJ,2003.2.T.F.Smith and M.S.Waterman.Identification of common molecular subsequences.J.Mol.Biol., 147:195-197,1981.3.S.Altschul,W.Gish,ler,E.Myers,and D.Lipman.Basic local alignment search tool.J.Mol.Biol., 215:403-410,1990.4.P.A.Bates and M.J.E.Sternberg.Model building by comparison at casp3:Using expert knowledge and computer automation.Proteins:Struct.Funct.Genet.,3:47-54,1999.5.A.Fiser,R.K.Do,and A.Sali.Modeling of loops in protein structures.Protein Sci.,9:1753-1773,2000.6.ali,A.&Blundell,T.L.(1993).J.Mol.Biol.234,779-815.7.ali,A.&Overington,J.(1994).Protein Sci.3,1582-1596.8.MacKerell,Jr.,A.D.,Bashford,D.,Bellott,M.,Dunbrack Jr.,R.L.,Evanseck,J.D.,Field,M.J.,Fischer, S.,Gao,J.,Guo,H.,Ha,S.,Joseph-McCarthy,D.,Kuchnir,L.,Kuczera,K.,Lau,F.T.K.,Mattos,C., Michnick,S.,Ngo,T.,Nguyen,D.T.,Prodhom,B.,Reiher,III,W.E.,Roux,B.,Schlenkrich,M.,Smith, J.C.,Stote,R.,Straub,J.,Watanabe,M.,Wiorkiewicz-Kuczera,J.,Yin,D.,&Karplus,M.(1998).J.Phys. Chem.B,102,3586-3616.9.Braun,W.&G,N.(1985).J.Mol.Biol.186,611-626.10.Download and InstallationSystem requirements:The hardware requirements are same as that required for running MODELLER.You should have MODELLER and PYTHON preinstalled in your system to run the application.To display the energy profile plots Microsoft Excel should be installed.To visit the Easy Modeller blog and discussion forumclick hereMODELLER(copyright1989-2008Andrej Sali)is maintained by Ben Webb at the Departments of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry,and California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research,Mission Bay Byers Hall,University of California San Francisco,San Francisco,CA 94158-2330,USA.To download PYTHONclick hereThank you!!。

88城市建筑Urbanism and Architecture / 2024.05传统观光旅游难以满足旅游者日益多元化的休闲及体验需求，逐渐被休闲旅游的旅游方式所替代[2，3]。

风景道空间结构蕴含了多种层次和要素，研究其空间结构有助于分析风景道的地域景观特色及旅游资源，以提升旅游者的体验感受[4]。

我国对于风景道的研究起步相对较晚，最早由吴必虎提出小兴安岭风景道。

目前，国内学者对风景道空间结构现状研究多集中于区域内风景道的规划布局[5]与选线研究 [6]等方面，对于既有风景道的特色缺乏游客体验层面的分析。

青岛崂山仰口-垭口段风景道是崂山旅游规划中“活力海岸风景道”的重要一段，被市民称为“最美最险公交线”。

为明晰该风景道的主要景观特色，研究采用实地调研法，对仰口-垭口段风景道空间结构及要素进行调查研究，将道路景观要素符号化并进行分类分析，以期发掘风景道的特色优势，提升风景道本身及其周边的旅游吸引力。

1 研究对象与研究方法1.1 研究对象仰口-垭口段道路位于山东省青岛市崂山区崂山东部，单程道路长度为13.2 km，双向2车道。

这条游览路线既是重要的山海风景线，又是核心景区及6个社区居民出行的重要通道。

道路自山脚处开始，沿山间公路曲折向前进入山中，沿途经过仰口、雕龙嘴、华严寺、青山渔村等十余个景点。

在景观价值、地理位置、旅游资源等各方面都具有独特的生态优势和发展魅力。

仰口-垭口段道路同时也是崂山旅游公交专线618路公交车的行驶路线，618路是岛城唯一的一条沿仰口进入垭口的公交线路，以“最美最险”公交线闻名全市。

1.2 研究范围与方法研究范围包括仰口-垭口段风景道的车行道、路侧带、视域带及辐射带[7]（见图1）。

研究分析了车行道的宽度、路面铺装、线形及桥梁等要素；对路侧带的护栏、挡墙、摘要 风景道作为线形旅游目的地，其空间结构决定了风景道的景观特色。

为了明确青岛市滨海风景道的景观特色，为青岛市风景道建设管理提供参考依据，笔者对青岛崂山仰口至垭口段风景道现状空间结构进行实地调研，并整理成模式图。

distance transform of sampled function解读Distance Transform of Sampled Function: An InterpretationIntroductionThe distance transform of a sampled function is a fundamental concept in digital image processing and computer vision. It serves as a powerful tool for various applications such as object recognition, image segmentation, and shape analysis. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of the distance transform of a sampled function, its key properties, and its significance in computer science.Definition and Basic PrinciplesThe distance transform is an operation that assigns a distance value to each pixel in an image, based on its proximity to a specific target object or region. It quantifies the distance between each pixel and the nearest boundary of the object, providing valuable geometric information about the image.To compute the distance transform, first, a binary image is created, where the target object or region is represented by foreground pixels (usually white) and the background is represented by background pixels (usually black). This binary image serves as the input for the distance transform algorithm.Distance Transform AlgorithmsSeveral distance transform algorithms have been developed over the years. One of the most widely used algorithms is the chamfer distancetransform, also known as the 3-4-5 algorithm. This algorithm assigns a distance value to each foreground pixel by considering the neighboring pixels and their corresponding distances. Other popular algorithms include the Euclidean distance transform, the Manhattan distance transform, and the Voronoi distance transform.Properties of the Distance TransformThe distance transform possesses a set of important properties that make it a versatile tool for image analysis. These properties include:1. Distance Metric Preservation: The distance values assigned to the pixels accurately represent their geometric proximity to the boundary of the target object.2. Locality: The distance transform efficiently encodes local shape information. It provides a detailed description of the object's boundary and captures fine-grained details.3. Invariance to Object Shape: The distance transform is independent of the object's shape, making it robust to variations in object size, rotation, and orientation.Applications of the Distance TransformThe distance transform finds numerous applications across various domains. Some notable applications include:1. Image Segmentation: The distance transform can be used in conjunction with segmentation algorithms to accurately delineate objects inan image. It helps in distinguishing objects from the background and separating overlapping objects.2. Skeletonization: By considering the foreground pixels with a distance value of 1, the distance transform can be used to extract the object's skeleton. The skeleton represents the object's medial axis, aiding in shape analysis and recognition.3. Path Planning: The distance transform can assist in path planning algorithms by providing a distance map that guides the navigation of robots or autonomous vehicles. It helps in finding the shortest path between two points while avoiding obstacles.ConclusionThe distance transform of a sampled function plays a vital role in digital image processing and computer vision. Its ability to capture geometric information, preserve distance metrics, and provide valuable insights into the spatial structure of objects makes it indispensable in various applications. The proper understanding and utilization of the distance transform contribute to the advancement of image analysis techniques, enabling more accurate and efficient solutions in computer science.。

中国工业遗产概述俞孔坚，方婉丽北京大学景观设计学研究院摘要：人类漫长的经济生产活动在大地上留下了独具特色的景观，18世纪中叶世界工业革命以后，生产活动对城乡空间的塑造力与日俱增，由于产业结构的调整，某些门类的工业生产逐渐衰退，伴随着生产空间的废弃化，但留下了大批有历史文化价值和纪念意义的工业遗产。

本文通过界定工业遗产内涵的，明确工业遗产的价值，揭示了保护工作的紧迫性，从工业遗产的认定与登录、保护和重新利用等方面分别介绍了国内外研究进展和实践经验。

在此框架下立足国情，梳理中国近、现代工业发展历程，甄别潜在的工业遗产，便于进一步开展工业遗产普查工作，文章最后展望了未来工业遗产保护和重新利用的趋势与途径。

关键字：工业遗产，中国近现代工业潜在遗产，保护与重新利用An Introduction to The Industrial Heritage in ChinaKongjian Yu, Wanli FangThe Graduate School of Landscape Architecture, PekingUniversityAbstract: The long-lasting human economic activities haveendowed us with unique landscape, especially after the 18 century's industry revolution, production activities have an increasing power in shaping the spatial structure of urban and rural area. Due to the rearrangement of industrial hierarchy, certain kinds of production are at low ebbs, with decline in the space which used to accommodate them, however this process provide us with plenty of industrial heritage of high historic or memorial value. This article indicate the emergency of industrial heritage protection by define the contents and clarify the merits. Then it demonstrate the way of industrial heritage identification, logging on, protection and re-use both at home and abroad. In this framework, it focus on the evolution of Chinese modern industry and the discrimination of potential industrial heritage hence left, in order to facilitate the general investigation. To end up, it looks into the future tendency of industrial heritage protection and re-use.Key Words: Industrial Heritage, Potential Industrial Heritage in Chinese, Protection and Re-use1 工业遗产的内涵及保护的意义1.1 工业遗产的内涵与范围1.1.1 国际组织对工业遗产的界定工业遗产是具有历史价值、技术价值、社会意义、建筑或科研价值的工业文化遗存。

敦煌学术语英汉对照表1.蓝宝石金刚杵 blue diamond vajra staff2.斯坦因Aurel Stein3.伯希和Paul Pelliot4.景教Nestorianism5.回鹘Ughur6.观音avalokitesvara7.大势至菩萨mahasthamaprapta8.如意宝珠cintamani9.因陀罗indra10.梵天brahma11.炽盛光如来tejaprabha12.法轮dharma cakra/the wheel of dharma13.契丹khitan14.阿弥陀amitabha15.万字符svastika16.法华经saddharmapundarika/lotus sutra17.舍利塔sarihani/stupa of the Buddha's ashes18.佛定尊胜陀罗尼经变illuatrations of theBuddhosnisah Darani19.十轮经变illustration of Ten Wheels Sutra20.祆教zoroastrianism21.摩醯首罗天mahesvara22.那罗延天naraya23.帝释天indra24.印度教Hinduism25.婆罗门教brahmanism26.大自在天mahamahesvara27.鸠摩罗天kumara28.毗那耶迦vinayaka29.三叉戟trident30.湿婆shiva31.风神veshparkar/wind god32.娜娜nana33.贵霜朝kushan dynasty34.密特拉mitra35.日天aditya/sun deva36.月天candra/moon devi37.水天 varuna/water devi38.穹庐顶/圆顶dome ceiling39.东汉画像砖eastern Han carved tile40.石棺sarcophagus41.人非人non-human image42.粟特Sogdiana/Sogdian43.突厥Turk/Turky44.萨珊王朝sasanian dynasty45.五方佛Buddhas of the Five Directions46.莲花生Padmasambhava47.普贤samantabhadra48.佛、法、僧buddha\ dharma\sangha49.文殊 majushri50.大日如来mahavairocana51.金刚手 vajra pani52.手印 mudra53.卒堵坡/塔stupa54.菩萨boddhisattva55.弥勒maitreya56.外道heterodox?57.千佛化现 illusion of thousand buddhas58.白沙瓦peshawa59.菩提树bodhi tree60.卢舍那佛vairochana61.金刚vajra62.龟兹kucha63.法衣cassock/monastic robe64.六道图six paths of rebirth65.八相变eight aspects of Buddha life66.大乘mahayana67.犍陀罗gandhara68.释迦shakya69.波罗奈国varnanas70.法轮dharma-cakra71.三宝three jewels72.小乘hynayana73.匈奴hun74.戒律commandment/monastic disciplines75.萨倕太子本生故事Jataka of Prince Mahasattva76.夜叉yaksha/yakshi77.业karma78.护法dharmapala/guardians of the Law79.阎浮提主 Lord of Jambudvipa80.力士warrior81.阿难ananda82.迦叶kasyapa83.涅槃nirvana84.维摩诘Vimalakirti85.曼陀罗mandala86.天盖canopy87.金刚铃vajra bell88.天女celestial lady89.阎魔天yama90.吉祥坐auspicious pose91.降魔坐krisssword pose92.除盖帐菩萨sarvanivaranavishkambin93.不空娟索菩萨amoghapsa94.与愿印wish-granting mudra95.无畏印fear-not mudra96.密宗tantric/esoteric sect97.触地印earth-touching mudra98.世俗化 vulgarization/secularization99.青铜像bronze statue100.本地佛教regional Buddhism101.陀罗尼Dhāranīs102.护身符 amulet103.印章 seal104.仙丹 elixir105.“四苦” Four Miseries106.净土歌赞Pure Land Carol107.六祖坛经 The Sutra Spoken by the Sxith Patriarch108.作孽 sin-committing109.降魔 demon-conquering110.空间结构 the spatial structure111.藏经洞 Library cave112.灵验记 An Efficacious Record113.行像活动 tht statue events114.三阶教 three-stage religion115.神仙 immortal being116.妙法莲华经 the Lotus Sutra117.吐蕃统治Tibetan Reign118.佛像东传 the transmission of buddhist images to East Asia119.敦煌山水画Dunhunag landscape paitings120.空间表现the representation of space121.供养人patron122.造像 image-making123.人物画 figure painting124.绢画 silk painting125.八大菩萨曼陀罗the Eight Mahaboddhisattva Mandala126.视觉联系 visual links127.胡化因素 foreign elemnts128.波罗王朝Pala Dynasty129.地藏菩萨Ksitigarbha130.虚空藏菩萨Akasagarbha131.菱形印 rhombus seal132.花供养菩萨flower-offering bodhisattva133.香供养菩萨incense-offering bodhisattva134.灯供养菩萨lamp-offering bodhisattva135.舞供养菩萨dance-offering bodhisattva136.歌供养菩萨song-offering bodhisattva137.金刚索vajra noose138.如意轮cintamani cakra139.净瓶water bottle140.西魏 the Western Wei Dynasty141.克孜尔石窟 Kizil Grottoes142.黎北岚 Penelope Riboud143.窑前殿堂palaces and halls in front of the cave 144.平面图plane figure145.立面图elvation drawing146.华尔纳Langdon Warner147.敦煌文物研究所Dunhuang Historic Relic Intitute 148.国立敦煌艺术研究所the State Dunhuang Art Institute149.石窟档案室 grotto file library150.脚手架架穴 scaffold holes151.抹泥plaster152.瘞窟 tomb cave153.僧房窟 Biddhist quarter cave154.多室禅窟 multi-room Buddhist cave155.廪窟storage cave156.西夏文 Wester Xia Language157.八思巴文Ph’ags-pa158.叙利亚文Syrian159.木活字 wood type160.通道 passage161.八瓣莲花 eight-lotus162.夯土 rammed earth163.条砖 soap brick164.建筑木构件 timber components165.石门枕 crossdrift pillow166.鎏金铜菩萨 fine gold bodhisattva167.三维激光扫描技术the three-dimensional laser scanning system168.全景数码摄影the panoramic digital photography 169.九层楼 the Nine-storey Building170.北大像North Buddha Statue171.重飞四级 four-storey eaves172.下寺 the Lower Temple173.上寺 the Upper Temple174.结社造窟 building caves by societies175.法身佛 Dharmakaya Buddha176.鹿野苑the deer park177.执金刚神 sorcerer178.天神deity179.笈多朝 the Gupta Dynasty180.萨尔纳特Sarnath181.莲花座 the Lotus Throne182.菩萨装天众Heavenly Beings in Bodhisattva Csotumes183.焰肩佛 Buddha with flames on the shoulders 184.背屏back screen185.修行 cultivate/ cultivation186.缦网 silk fabric187.大司马 minister of war188.四壁 the four walls189.中心柱 the center pillar190.九色鹿本生故事 the story of nine-color deer191.因缘故事 karma story192.东王公龙车 the Dragon Chariot of East Duke 193.歇山顶the slanting top194.三远法three ways of perspective in Chinese traditional paintings195.护国宗教National Religion196.高丽八万大藏经 Tripitaka Koreana197.八角座octagonal throne198.阿弥陀三尊 Amitabha triad199.上品三生the upper three levels of rebirth 200.护国神 the nation-protecting deities201.往生俗人reborn devotees202.弩家crossbar maker203.都料 commander-in-chief204.卧佛the reclining Buddha205.西域技法 the Western Region Drawing Techniques 206.飞天Apsaras207.汉简Bamboo Slips of the Han Dynasty208.烽燧遗址the beacon tower site209.悬泉置遗址 Xuanquanzhi Site210.天龙八部或天部类 the demi-gods and semi-devils 211.畏兽frightening animals212.佛爷庙 Buddha Temple213.葡萄纹 grape pattern214.蔓草纹turnip pattern215.小圆毯a small round woolen carpet216.舞筵 dancing mat217.洞窟功德主cave merits and virtues owner 218.中亚the Central Asia219.韦陀希 Vaidehi220.teaching mudra221.reasoning mudra222.觉胜印S upreme Enlightenment Mudra 223.转法轮印turning-the-wheel-of-law mudra 224.说法印exposition mudra225.合掌 verneration mudra226.伽蓝 samgha-arama227.僧伽蓝 sangharama228.主尊 the main image229.阿胡拉·玛兹达Ahura Mazda230.巴米扬 Bamiyan231.护火图像 fire-protecting pictures232.不空成就 amoghasiddi233.禅定 dhyanasana234.胁侍菩萨 flanking Bodhisattva235.神变miraculous transformations236.莲茎 the lotus stalk237.上求下化238.ārhat239.法身如来 dharmakaya(doctrine) buddha240.色身佛 physical body buddha241.菩萨万行法身常往242.世尊lord of worlds243.一乘法 the one yama/ the vehicle of one-ness 244.尊格status245.佛传故事 the stories of Buddha’s life 246.政权regime247.朝臣courtier248.思益梵天249.游戏坐250.观无量寿变经amitayurr-dhyana-sutra251.金刚索 vajra pasa252.金刚拳vajrasandhi253.金刚语vajrabhasa254.金刚蔓 vajramala255.宝生如来ratnasambhava256.不动明王fudo257.智拳印wisdom-fist mudra258.婆薮仙vasu259.持国天 heavenly king in the east260.cross-ankled 交脚的261.the two-tree niche 双树龛262.tower-shaped niche阙形龛263.attendant Boddhisattva供养菩萨264.narrative paintings of Sākyamuni’s previous lives 本生故事画265.the Sivi-jataka尸毗王割肉贸鸽本生故事画266.Jataka of Prince Moonlight 月光王施头本生故事画267.the life of Sakyamuni佛传故事268. the four encounters出游四门269.the Scene of Buddha in preaching 说法图270.heavenly musicians 天宫伎乐271.the Queen Mother of the West 西王母272. asura阿修罗273.god of thunder雷公274.god of light 电母275.maha-kasyapa 迦叶276.。

文章的结构方式英语作文Title: Exploring Structural Patterns in English Composition。

Introduction:In English composition, the structure plays a pivotal role in conveying ideas effectively. Various structural patterns exist, each serving different purposes and catering to diverse writing styles. In this essay, we will delve into some common structural approaches employed in English composition.1. Chronological Structure:The chronological structure arranges information in the order it occurred, making it suitable for narratives, historical accounts, and process essays. This structure helps readers follow events sequentially, enhancing comprehension. For instance, in a personal narrative abouta journey, the writer may begin with the departure, followed by key events during the trip, and conclude with the return.2. Spatial Structure:Spatial structure organizes content based on physical space or location. It is commonly used in descriptive writing to depict scenes, settings, or environments. Writers employ vivid imagery and sensory details to immerse readers in the depicted space. For example, in a travelogue describing a city, the writer may divide the essay into sections corresponding to different neighborhoods or landmarks.3. Cause and Effect Structure:This structure elucidates the relationship between actions and their consequences. It is prevalent in analytical essays, argumentative pieces, and expository writing. Writers identify causal chains, demonstrating how events lead to specific outcomes. In a persuasive essayadvocating for environmental conservation, the writer may delineate the causes of deforestation and highlight its detrimental effects on biodiversity.4. Compare and Contrast Structure:The compare and contrast structure juxtaposes two or more subjects, highlighting similarities and differences.It is instrumental in persuasive writing, analytical essays, and literature critiques. Writers employ this structure to elucidate relationships, make arguments, or draw conclusions. For instance, in a literature review, thewriter may compare and contrast different theories to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.5. Problem-Solution Structure:In problem-solution essays, writers identify a problem, analyze its causes and effects, and propose solutions. This structure is common in persuasive writing, research papers, and policy analyses. Writers present evidence tosubstantiate the problem's existence, propose feasiblesolutions, and outline implementation strategies. For example, in an essay addressing homelessness, the writer may discuss the root causes, such as poverty and lack of affordable housing, and advocate for policy reforms and community interventions.Conclusion:In English composition, mastering structural patterns empowers writers to articulate ideas cogently and engage readers effectively. By understanding the nuances of each structure, writers can tailor their compositions to suit different genres, purposes, and audiences. Whether crafting narratives, arguments, or analyses, the thoughtful application of structural patterns enhances the clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness of written communication.。

中轴线英文作文The Importance of the Central Axis in Urban PlanningThe central axis, also known as the main axis or the central spine, is a fundamental concept in urban planning that has been widely adopted in the design of many cities around the world. This architectural and urban design element serves as the backbone of a city, providing a unifying structure that organizes and connects various elements within the urban landscape. The central axis is not only a physical feature but also a symbolic representation of the city's identity, history, and cultural heritage.One of the primary functions of the central axis is to establish a clear and legible spatial organization within a city. By creating a strong visual and functional connection between key landmarks, public spaces, and transportation hubs, the central axis helps to orient residents and visitors, making it easier for them to navigate the urban environment. This sense of order and coherence is particularly important in large and complex cities, where the risk of disorientation and confusion can be high.Moreover, the central axis plays a crucial role in shaping the overallcharacter and identity of a city. By aligning significant buildings, monuments, and public spaces along this axis, urban planners and architects can create a harmonious and visually striking cityscape that reflects the city's cultural, historical, and political significance. The central axis can also serve as a symbolic representation of a city's values, aspirations, and civic pride, becoming a source of civic identity and community pride for its residents.In addition to its spatial and symbolic functions, the central axis can also serve as a catalyst for urban revitalization and economic development. By concentrating public and private investments along this axis, cities can create vibrant and attractive urban corridors that attract businesses, residents, and visitors. This can lead to increased economic activity, job creation, and improved quality of life for the local community.One of the most famous examples of a successful central axis is the Champs-Élysées in Paris, France. This iconic avenue stretches for nearly two miles, connecting the Place de la Concorde with the Arc de Triomphe and the La Défense district. The Champs-Élysées is not only a renowned tourist destination but also a hub of commercial and cultural activity, featuring high-end shops, restaurants, and cultural institutions. The visual and functional coherence of the Champs-Élysées has made it a symbol of French elegance and sophistication, contributing to the city's global reputation as acultural and architectural powerhouse.Another notable example of a central axis is the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which serves as the heart of the city's monumental core. This expansive green space, flanked by the U.S. Capitol, the Washington Monument, and the Smithsonian museums, is a testament to the power of the central axis in shaping the civic and political identity of a nation. The National Mall not only provides a unifying spatial structure for the city but also serves as a gathering place for national celebrations, protests, and commemorations, reinforcing its role as a symbol of American democracy and civic engagement.While the central axis is a powerful urban design tool, its implementation and success are not without challenges. Maintaining the visual and functional coherence of the central axis can be particularly challenging in rapidly growing or changing urban environments, where new development and infrastructure projects can disrupt the established spatial order. Additionally, the high concentration of public and private investments along the central axis can lead to issues of gentrification and displacement, as rising property values and rents can price out lower-income residents and small businesses.To address these challenges, urban planners and policymakers mustadopt a holistic and inclusive approach to the development of the central axis, balancing the need for economic growth and urban revitalization with the preservation of the city's cultural heritage and the promotion of social equity. This may involve strategies such as the integration of affordable housing, the provision of public amenities and community spaces, and the active engagement of local stakeholders in the planning and design process.In conclusion, the central axis is a fundamental element of urban planning that plays a crucial role in shaping the spatial, symbolic, and economic character of cities around the world. By creating a unifying structure that organizes and connects the various elements of the urban landscape, the central axis can contribute to the legibility, identity, and vibrancy of a city, while also serving as a catalyst for urban revitalization and economic development. As cities continue to evolve and face new challenges, the central axis will remain a vital tool in the arsenal of urban planners and designers, helping to create more livable, sustainable, and equitable urban environments for all.。

新天地导游词英语（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲致辞、总结报告、心得体会、合同协议、条据文书、策划方案、导游词、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of classic sample essays for everyone, such as speeches, summary reports, insights, contract agreements, documentary evidence, planning plans, tour guides, teaching materials, complete essays, and other sample essays. If you want to learn about different formats and writing methods of sample essays, please stay tuned!新天地导游词英语新天地是一个以石库门建筑为主体，有着欧式风情的休闲和娱乐总汇，汇集了各式的酒吧、餐厅和夜总会，是上海新建景观之一。

儿童公园的英文单词你知道儿童公园的英语怎么说吗?下面一起来看看吧。

儿童公园的英文释义：children's garden儿童公园的英文例句：我今天和我的朋友去了儿童公园。

I went to the Children's Park with my friends today.看孩子们玩耍：去儿童公园，看孩子们玩耍。

Watch children play: Go to a children's park and watch children play享受印度门茂盛的绿色草坪，它拥有著名的划船俱乐部和一个儿童公园。

Enjoy the lush green lawns of India Gate, which house the famous boat club anda children's park.为迎接儿童节的到来，新的儿童公园已经落成。

A new park for children has been set up to welcome' the coming of Children's Day你要去儿童公园吗?当然，什么时间?10点30分。

好的。

Do you want to go to the children's center . Sure. What time? 10:30. Ok.春天来了，在这三天的假期里，我带领我的儿子去了儿童公园、天香公园和环城公园等。

Here comes spring, During the three-day holiday, I took my son to the Children'sPark and Tianxiang Park and the Around-city park and so on.其中，出现了以大众娱乐为主的儿童公园;Among them, there are Children Park which major for public entertainment;儿童公园亭台曲桥，碧波泛舟，宛若水上世界;Quqiao children's park pavilions, boating blue, like water in the world;古佛寺建筑在坡度平缓的珍珠岭上，曾经占据了整个珍珠岭，即今宜昌市儿童公园。

毕业论文开题报告论文题目：《通天塔》电影中的时空结构特色分析学生姓名：XXX学号：1008611二级学院名称：电视艺术学院专业：电视节目制作指导教师：XXX职称：讲师填表日期：2014年12月28日浙江传媒学院教务处制一、选题的背景与意义：电影是叙事的艺术，并且是大众艺术。

那么这样的叙事首先就要让人们懂得，这是大众艺术的前提。

因此就要有清晰的叙述线和逻辑线。

叙述线的设置要符合观赏者的习惯，在叙述线中还要尽可能提高信息传递的有效性，并减少对有用信息的干扰。

时间的运动线和空间的运动线是叙事线的两条主干。

要正确地完成叙述任务，时间线和空间线就必须明确、清晰。

时空结构是电影中最主要的故事架构。

一部电影如果时空关系发生了混乱，就必然造成理解上的失误。

因此，无论是对于剧本的写作，还是镜头表现性、镜头的剪辑以及蒙太奇制作都离不开对时间结构、空间结构的描写与准确表现。

因此，电影又是一种时空的表现艺术。

2006 年由墨西哥导演冈萨雷斯•伊纳里多执导的影片《通天塔》，借用了《圣经》中“通天塔”的典故为影片命名，向我们揭示了一个跨越时间和空间局限的，拥有普世价值的主题：人类由于缺乏沟通、理解和信任从而造成了许多小到普通家庭，大到国家民族的冲突和争端。

导演冈萨雷斯•伊纳里多以此片对人类命运的深刻思考和此片所揭示的深刻而具有普世性的主题获得了金球奖最佳剧情片奖、戛纳电影节最佳导演奖等多项大奖。

而用来承载和体现这一宏大主题的故事情节也是非常的庞大和复杂。

影片由涉及三个大洲，分别发生在摩洛哥、美国、日本和墨西哥四个国家的四个故事组成。

这些故事涉及到因沟通不佳而导致的各种矛盾，它们互相平行发展，又有所交叉，是如此的纷繁复杂。

本片导演采用了交错式的多重时空结构，将这些纷繁复杂的故事建构到了影片独特的艺术时空之中，使之成为一个艺术整体，从而很好地呈现了影片深刻的人文主题，而这种独特的时空结构也成为了影片成功的关键因素。

二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题：1、时空交错式剧作结构由多条叙事线索组成，每条叙事线索都具有相对独立性，可以独立成篇，其间人物角色不同，故事情节无重叠之处，并且发生发展有头有尾，有因有果，逻辑严密。