RFID射频识别原理外文翻译文献

射频识别RFID中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译Shrouds of TimeThe history of RFIDIntroductionMany things are hidden in the shrouds of time. The task of tracing history and genealogy is arduous and challenging, but, ultimately, rewarding. Our past can open doors to our future. Whether we realize it or not, RFID (radio frequency identification) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles, collecting tolls without stopping, managing traffic, gaining entrance to buildings, automating parking, controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports, dispensing goods, providing ski lift access, tracking library books, buying hamburgers, and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management.One can trace the ancestry of RFID back to the beginning of time. Science and religion agree that in the first few moments of creation there was electromagnetic energy. "And God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light" (Genesis 1). Before light, everything was formless and empty. Before anything else, there was electromagnetic energy.Scientific thinking summarizes the universe was created in an instant with a Big Bang. Scientists deduce all the four fundamental forces - gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces - were unified. The first form in the universe was electromagnetic energy. During the first fewseconds or so of the universe, protons, neutrons and electrons began formation when photons (the quantum element of electromagnetic energy) collided converting energy into mass. The electromagnetic remnant of the Big Bang survives today as a background microwave hiss.Why is this important, you might wonder? This energy is the source of RFID. It would take more than 14 billion years or so before we came along, discovered how toharness electromagnetic energy in the radio region, and to apply this knowledge to the development of RFID.The Chinese were probably the first to observe and use magnetic fields in the form of lodestones in the first century BC. Scientific understanding progressed very slowly after that until about the 1600s. From the 1600s to 1800s was an explosion of observational knowledge of electricity, magnetism and optics accompanied by a growing base of mathematically related observations. And, one of the early and well known pioneers of electricity in the 18th Century was Benjamin Franklin.The 1800s marked the beginning of the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic energy. Michael Faraday, a noted English experimentalist, proposed in 1846 that both light and radio waves are part of electromagnetic energy. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, published his theory on electromagnetic fields and concluded that electric and magnetic energy travel in transverse waves that propagate at a speed equal to that of light. Soon after in 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist, confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and produced and studied electromagnetic waves (radio waves), which he showed are long transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, and polarizedlike light. Hertz is credited as the first to transmit and receive radio waves, and his demonstrations were followed quickly by Aleksandr Popov in Russia.In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated the successful transmission of radiotelegraphy across the Atlantic, and the world would never be the same. The radio waves of Hertz, Popov and Marconi were made by spark gap which were suited for telegraphy or dots and dashes.20th CenturyIn 1906, Ernst F. W. Alexanderson demonstrated the first continuous wave (CW) radio generation and transmission of radio signals. This achievement signals the beginning of modern radio communication, where all aspects of radio waves are controlled.In the early 20th century, approximately 1922, was considered the birth of radar. The work in radar during World War II was as significant a technical development as the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and was critical to the success of the Allies. Radar sends out radio waves for detecting andlocating an object by the reflection of the radio waves. This reflection can determine the position and speed of an object. Radar's significance was quicklyunderstood by the military, so many of the early developments were shrouded in secrecy.Since RFID is the combination of radio broadcast technology and radar, it is not unexpected that the convergence of these two radio disciplines and the thoughts of RFID occurred on the heels of the development of radar.Genesis of an IdeaThere is an old adage that success has many fathers but failure is an orphan. The development of technology is messy. The potential for an infinite number of things is present, yet the broader human choices determine how technology evolves. There's no clear, text book perfect, or logical progression, and often developments ahead of their time are not recognized until later, if ever. So it was with the development of RFID.An early, if not the first, work exploring RFID is the landmark paper by Harry Stockman, "Communication by Means of Reflected Power", Proceedings of the IRE, pp1196-1204, October 1948. Stockman stated then that "Evidently, considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."Thirty years would pass before Harry's vision would begin to reach fruition. Other developments were needed: the transistor, the integrated circuit, the microprocessor, development of communication networks, changes in ways of doing business. No small task. Like many things, timing is everything, and the success of RFID would have to wait a while.A lot has happened in the 53 years since Harry Stockman's work. The 1950s were an era of exploration of RFID techniques following technical developments in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s. Several technologies related to RFID were being explored such as the long-range transponder systems of "identification, friend or foe" (IFF) for aircraft. Developments of the 1950s include such works as F. L. Vernon's, "Application of the mic rowave homodyne", and D.B. Harris’, "Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder". The wheels of RFID development were turning.The 1960's through the 1980s: RFID Becomes RealityThe 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R. F. Harrington studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers "Field measurements using active scatterers" and "Theory of loaded scatterers" in 1963-1964. Inventorswere busy with RFID related inventions such as Robert Richardson's "Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices" in 1963, Otto Rittenback's "Communication by radar beams" in 1969, J. H. V ogelman's "Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar beams" in 1968 and J. P. Vinding's "Interrogator-responder identification system" in 1967.Commercial activities were beginning in the 1960s. Sensormatic and Checkpoint were founded in the late 1960s. These companies, with others such as Knogo, developed electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter theft. These types of systems are often use ‘1-bit’ tags –only the presence or absence of a tag could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective anti-theft measures. These types of systems used either microwave or inductive technology. EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID.In the 1970s developers, inventors, companies, academic institutions, and government laboratories were actively working on RFID, and notable advances were being realized at research laboratories and academic institutions such as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Northwestern University, and the Microwave Institute Foundation in Sweden among others. An early and important development was the Los Alamos work that was presented by Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp and Robert Freyman"Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification using modulated backscatter" in 1975.Large companies were also developing RFID technology, such as Raytheon's "Raytag" in 1973. RCA and Fairchild were active in their pursuits with Richard Klensch of RCA developing an "Electronic identification system" in 1975 and F. Sterzer of RCA developing an "Electronic license plate for motor vehicles" in 1977. Thomas Meyers and Ashley Leigh of Fairchild also developed a "Passive encoding microwave transponder" in 1978.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were also testing systems built by General Electric, Westinghouse, Philips and Glenayre. Results were favorable, but the first commercially successful transportation application of RFID, electronic toll collection, was not yet ready for prime time.The 1970's were characterized primarily by developmental work. Intended applications were for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. Examples of animal tagging efforts were the microwave systems at Los Alamos and the inductive systems in Europe. Interest in animal tagging was high in Europe. AlfaLaval, Nedap, and others were developing RFID systems.Transportation efforts included work at Los Alamos and by the International Bridge Turnpike and Tunnel Association (IBTTA) and the United States Federal Highway Administration. The latter two sponsored a conference in 1973 which concluded there was no national interest in developing a standard for electronic vehicle identification. This is an important decision since it would permit a variety of systems to develop, which was good, because RFID technology was in its infancy.About this time new companies began to surface, such asIdentronix, a spin-off from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and others of the Los Alamos team, myself being one of them, founded Amtech (later acquired by Intermec and recently sold to TransCore) in the 80s. By now, the number of companies, individuals and institutions working on RFID began to multiply. A positive sign. The potential for RFID was becoming obvious.The 1980s became the decade for full implementation of RFID technology, though interests developed somewhat differently in various parts of the world. The greatest interests in the United States were for transportation, personnel access, and to a lesser extent, for animals. In Europe, the greatest interests were for short-range systems for animals, industrial and business applications, though toll roads in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway were equipped with RFID.In the Americas, the Association of American Railroads and the Container Handling Cooperative Program were active with RFID initiatives. Tests of RFID for collecting tolls had been going on for many years, and the first commercial application began in Europe in 1987 in Norway and was followed quickly in the United States by the Dallas North Turnpike in 1989. Also during this time, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began commercial operation of RFID for buses going through the Lincoln Tunnel. RFID was finding a home with electronic toll collection, and new players were arriving daily.The 1990'sThe 1990's were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the wide scale deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States. Important deployments included several innovations in electronic tolling. The world's first open highway electronic tolling system opened in Oklahoma in 1991, where vehicles couldpass toll collection points at highway speeds, unimpeded by a toll plaza or barriers and with video cameras for enforcement. The world's first combined toll collection and trafficmanagement system was installed in the Houston area by the Harris County T oll Road Authority in 1992. Also a first was the system installed on the Kansas turnpike using a system based on the Title 21 standard with readers that could also operate with the tags of their neighbor to the south, Oklahoma. The Georgia 400 would follow, upgrading their equipment with readers that could communicate with the new Title 21 tags as well as the existing tags. In fact, these two installations were the first to implement a multi-protocol capability in electronic toll collection applications.In the Northeastern United States, seven regional toll agencies formed the E-Z Pass Interagency Group (IAG) in 1990 to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system. This system is the model for using a single tag and single billing account per vehicle to access highways of several toll authorities.Interest was also keen for RFID applications in Europe during the 1990s. Both Microwave and inductive technologies were finding use for toll collection, access control and a wide variety of other applications in commerce.A new effort underway was the development of the Texas Instruments (TI) TIRIS system, used in many automobiles for control of the starting of the vehicle engine. The Tiris system (and others such as from Mikron - now a part of Philips) developed new applications for dispensing fuel, gaming chips, ski passes, vehicle access, and many other applications.Additional companies in Europe were becoming active in the RFID race as well with developments including Microdesign, CGA,Alcatel, Bosch and the Philips spin-offs of Combitech, Baumer and Tagmaster. A pan-European standard was needed for tolling applications in Europe, and many of these companies (and others) were at work on the CEN standard for electronic tolling.Tolling and rail applications were also appearing in many countries including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Europe.With the success of electronic toll collection, other advancements followed such as the first multiple use of tags across different business segments. Now, a single tag (with dual or single billing accounts) could be used for electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. In the Dallas - Ft. Worth metroplex, a world's first was achieved when a single TollTag? on a vehicle could be used to pay tolls on the North Dallas Tollway, for access and parking payment at the Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport (one of the world'sbusiest airports), the nearby Love Field, and several downtown parking garages, as well as access to gated communities and business campuses.Research and development didn't slow down during the 1990s since new technological developments would expand the functionality of RFID. For the first time, useful microwave Schottky diodes were fabricated on a regular CMOS integrated circuit. This development permitted the construction of microwave RFID tags that contained only a single integrated circuit, a capability previously limited to inductively-coupled RFID transponders. Companies active in this pursuit were IBM (the technology later acquired by Intermec) Micron, and Single ChipSystems (SCS).With the growing interest of RFID into the item management work and the opportunity for RFID to work along side bar code, it becomes difficult in the later part of this decade to count the number of companies who enter the marketplace. Many have come and gone, many are still here, many have merged, and there are many new players ... it seems almost daily!Back to the future: The 21st CenturyExciting times await those of us committed to the pursuit of advancements in RFID. Its impact is lauded regularly in mainstream media, with the use of RFID slated to become even more ubiquitous. The growing interest in telematics and mobile commerce will bring RFID even closer to the consumer. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for a vast expansion of intelligent transportation systems with many new applications and services proposed. But, the equipment required to accommodate these new applications and services will necessitate more RFID advancements.As we create our future, and it is bright, let us remember, "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm" (Ralph Waldo Emerson). We have a great many developments to look forward to, history continues to teach us that.时间护罩RFID的历史介绍许多东西都藏在整流罩的时间,追踪历史和过去的任务是艰巨而富有挑战性的，但是最终都会得到奖励。

R F I D基本原理的英文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：电子信息系专业：通信工程班级： B090310姓名：陈少雄学号： B09031002外文出处：网络资源附件： 1.原文； 2. 译文2013年03月20日RFID Basic PrincipleWhat is the RFID?RFID is the abbreviation for Radio Frequency Identification, called electronics label .What is the RFID technology?RFID recognition is a non-contact automatic identification technology, rf signal through its automatic target recognition and access to relevant data, identify work without manual intervention, it can work in various environments. RFID technology can identify high-speed moving objects and can identify multiple tags, the operation is fast and convenient.Accenture laboratory's chief scientist sir alex ferguson feels RFID is a breakthrough technology: "first, can identify a very specific objects, rather like the code that can identify class objects; second, the use of rf, can read data through external materials, and bar code must rely on laser to read information; third, can also read on to multiple objects, and bar code can only read one by one. In addition, store of information is also very big."What is the basic component of RFID?The most basic RFID system consists of three parts:Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target;Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it canbe designed for portable or fixed;Antenna: Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader.The basic principle of RFID technology is what?The basic principle of RFID technology is not complex: Label into the field, Receive radio frequency signals from reader collision, with all the energy stored in a chip of the product information （ passive tag, there is no source label or labels ）,Or actively to send a frequency signals（ active tag and to label or labels ）； to read information and understanding of the decoder after the central information systems to carry out the relevant data processing.What makes retailers so highly RFID?Sanford Bernstein cristiano, according to analysts estimate the retailing company, by adopting the RFID, wal-mart can save $8.35 billion each year, mostly because of the purchase of artificial view does not need to save the cost of labor code. Although some analysts think $8 billion in the digital too optimistic, but undoubtedly, RFID help solve the problem: the two biggest retail commodities and loss (broken by theft and supply chain was unsettled and loss of products),now a wal-mart, stealing a loss is almost 20 billion dollars, if a legitimate business turnover can achieve this number, can in American 1,000 enterprise's list of top first 694. Research organizations estimate, This rfid technology can help to reduce the level of 25% reduction and stock. The typical application of RFID technology is what?Logistics and supply managementManufacturing and assemblyAirline baggage handlingMail/express parcelA document tracking/library managementAnimal identity tagsMovementAccess control/electronic ticketsAutomatic charge. RoadRFID automatic recognition term explanationmicro wave: wavelength of 0.1-100 centimeters or frequency in 1-100GHZ electromagnetic wave.radiation frequency: usually microwave.electronic tags: stored data object code identification tag, also calledrf CARDS.passive tags: without power and internal by receiving microwave energy work.active tags: by internal batteries work labels.microwave antenna: used for launching and receive a signal.read device: Used to read the labels in electronic data.programming device: for electronic data written to the label or labels for thestored data.beam bracketing: refers to the antenna beam range of microwave irradiation range launch power.tag capacity: The label of programming can be written in the number of digits or logical.A - Biz -utomatic identification technology application case frameASN - senior freight noticeBIS - commercial information systemDA - shipment notificationEAN --European articles coding EPCTM - electronic productsONS - objects name resolution servicesPML - entity markup languageUCC - unity coding committeeUML - unified modeling languageSystem composition and working principleThe most basic RFID system consists of three parts:Tag:Tag consists of components and chips, each Tag has only electronic coding, adhere to the object for identifiering target;Reader:read (sometimes also can write) label information equipment,it canbe designed for portable or fixed;Antenna: Transmit radio frequency signals between in the label and reader.Some systems have readers RS232 or RS485 interface with external computer (upper computer system) connection, and exchange data.The system of basic workflow is: reader through the antenna send certain frequencies of rf signals, when the rf card to enter the antenna working area induced current, rf cards gain energy to be activated, rf cards will own coding information through the card built-in transmitting antenna send out, System receiving aerial from rf card from the carrier signal, the antenna of a regulator to the reader, the reader to receive a signal and demodulates and decodes to the system to deal with therelevant ； the main system based on logic, determine the legality of smart cards, in different settings make the appropriate treatment and control signals control and direction of movement. in the coupling between inductors and electromagnetic way (), communication process (FDX, HDX, SEQ)、From rf card to the reader of data transmission of the load method (modulation, reverse scattering, high time harmonics) and frequency, from the contact method transmission a fundamental difference, but all the reader in principle, and the decision of the design structures are very similar. all the reader is a simple matter of high frequency and control unit two basic module. high frequency interface includes both transmitters and receivers, its functions include: to produce high-frequency transmit power to start and provide rf card energy. To launch signal used to send data to rf CARDS, Receive and demodulation of high frequency signals from rf CARDS. Different rfid system with some difference frequency interface design, the system frequency inductive coupling interface diagram shown.Readers of the control unit features include: communicate with the application software, Application software and to execute the order of radio frequencies ；control and communication from the principle of the lord - ()； signal of the decoding. to some specific systems are the collision, the algorithm to rf card reader, and to the transfer of data encryption and decryption, as well as on radio frequencies and the reader's authentication for an additional function.The rfid system is a key and distance of the parameters. At present, the price of long-distance rfid system is very expensive, thus to improve their reading for distance of the method is very important. Influence factors of distance and RF card reader, including antenna working frequency of RF output power, reader's reception sensitivity, RF card power, antenna and the resonant circuit Q value, antenna, RF card reader and the direction of the coupling, and RF card itself of energy and send information energy etc. Most of the system of writing is read and write different, read the distance is about 40% to 80%.Theory analysisRFID technology USES radio-frequency mode in the reader and rf card no contact between the bidirectional data transmission, in order to achieve target recognition and data exchange. And the tradition of code, magnetic and IC card, compared with non-contact, rf card reading speed, wear, not by environmental impact, long life, easy to use and has the characteristics of anti-collision function, can handle more CARDS. Abroad, rfid technology has been widely used in industrial automation, commercial automation, transportation control, etc.RFID基本原理什么是RFID?RFID是Radio Frequency Identification的缩写，即射频识别，俗称电子标签。

无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：当前无线射频识别技术应用略述摘要无线射频识别技术可以自动识别多目标并以非接触式方式移动目标。

越来越多的零售商、银行、交通管理系统、展览及物流供应商将这项新技术应用于他们的产品和服务。

因此，这给RFID技术的研究带来了机遇和挑战。

本文简单介绍了RFID系统的组成、原理及RFID技术的特点。

本文比较了RFID 与传统条码，然后提供了一个简短的关于目前RFID应用情况的调查报告。

关键词：无线射频识别技术应用物流一、简介无线射频识别（RFID）是一种识别技术。

与RFID技术的前身——条码技术相比，RFID技术具有很多的优点。

但由于其成本高，RFID技术至今未能广泛应用到各行各业。

RFID技术因其无需视线扫描而具有无可比拟的先进性，它能够降低劳动力水平，提高知名度并改善库存管理。

RFID技术的普及提供了一项人或物体定位及追踪的解决方案。

RFID定位与跟踪系统根据独特的识别标签、阅读器与物体标签间射频通信的信号强度确定物体的空间位置，主要适用于室内，而GPS系统是不适合应用于室内的。

RFID技术是一项基于“无线电频率”的非接触式的自动识别技术，自动识别静态或动态的人和对象。

RFID标签是一个特殊的微芯片，植入商品中，可以跟踪和管理物理对象，是物流管理信息化和跟踪信息化的重要手段。

RFID的系统组成部分包括：(1）标签（应答器）：对象植入待确定。

(2）阅读器：可以读或读/写，按结构和技术。

正如图1-1，RFID的工作原理图1-1 RFID的工作原理二、目前RFID技术的研究重点由于RFID技术日趋成熟且RFID标签价格下降，RFID越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。

通过在物品上贴射频标签，我们就可以跟踪和管理这些对象。

这项技术会逐渐取代目前的广泛采用的条码系统。

（一）RFID标签与条码条码技术广泛采用于商品和对象的识别。

我们能够在超市的任何包装产品上找到条码。

中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. To have the CPU;5．To have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks .Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International TelecommunicationUnion released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet"strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention.The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensoris the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In theera of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design andresearch and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the datacollection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one ofthe dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymericintegrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy detection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human can be more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to achieve the status of the "wisdom", to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve human the relationship between the natural.。

无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献无线射频识别技术外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：当前无线射频识别技术应用略述摘要无线射频识别技术可以自动识别多目标并以非接触式方式移动目标。

越来越多的零售商、银行、交通管理系统、展览及物流供应商将这项新技术应用于他们的产品和服务。

因此，这给RFID技术的研究带来了机遇和挑战。

本文简单介绍了RFID系统的组成、原理及RFID技术的特点。

本文比较了RFID 与传统条码，然后提供了一个简短的关于目前RFID 应用情况的调查报告。

关键词：无线射频识别技术应用物流一、简介无线射频识别（RFID ）是一种识别技术。

与RFID 技术的前身——条码技术相比，RFID 技术具有很多的优点。

但由于其成本高，RFID 技术至今未能广泛应用到各行各业。

RFID 技术因其无需视线扫描而具有无可比拟的先进性，它能够降低劳动力水平，提高知名度并改善库存管理。

RFID 技术的普及提供了一项人或物体定位及追踪的解决方案。

RFID 定位与跟踪系统根据独特的识别标签、阅读器与物体标签间射频通信的信号强度确定物体的空间位置，主要适用于室内，而GPS 系统是不适合应用于室内的。

RFID 技术是一项基于“无线电频率”的非接触式的自动识别技术，自动识别静态或动态的人和对象。

RFID 标签是一个特殊的微芯片，植入商品中，可以跟踪和管理物理对象，是物流管理信息化和跟踪信息化的重要手段。

RFID 的系统组成部分包括：(1）标签（应答器）：对象植入待确定。

(2）阅读器：可以读或读/写，按结构和技术。

正如图1-1，RFID 的工作原理图1-1 RFID 的工作原理与计算机通讯阅读器电磁波（操作指令和新的数据）标签发出的ID代码和数据二、目前RFID技术的研究重点由于RFID技术日趋成熟且RFID标签价格下降，RFID越来越受到工业界和学术界的关注。

通过在物品上贴射频标签，我们就可以跟踪和管理这些对象。

中英文对照外文翻译Shrouds of TimeThe history of RFIDIntroductionMany things are hidden in the shrouds of time. The task of tracing history and genealogy is arduous and challenging, but, ultimately, rewarding. Our past can open doors to our future. Whether we realize it or not, RFID (radio frequency identification) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles, collecting tolls without stopping, managing traffic, gaining entrance to buildings, automating parking, controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports, dispensing goods, providing ski lift access, tracking library books, buying hamburgers, and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management.One can trace the ancestry of RFID back to the beginning of time. Science and religion agree that in the first few moments of creation there was electromagnetic energy. "And God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light" (Genesis 1). Before light, everything was formless and empty. Before anything else, there was electromagnetic energy.Scientific thinking summarizes the universe was created in an instant with a Big Bang. Scientists deduce all the four fundamental forces - gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces - were unified. The first form in the universe was electromagnetic energy. During the first few seconds or so of the universe, protons, neutrons and electrons began formation when photons (the quantum element of electromagnetic energy) collided converting energy into mass. The electromagnetic remnant of the Big Bang survives today as a background microwave hiss.Why is this important, you might wonder? This energy is the source of RFID. It would take more than 14 billion years or so before we came along, discovered how toharness electromagnetic energy in the radio region, and to apply this knowledge to the development of RFID.The Chinese were probably the first to observe and use magnetic fields in the form of lodestones in the first century BC. Scientific understanding progressed very slowly after that until about the 1600s. From the 1600s to 1800s was an explosion of observational knowledge of electricity, magnetism and optics accompanied by a growing base of mathematically related observations. And, one of the early and well known pioneers of electricity in the 18th Century was Benjamin Franklin.The 1800s marked the beginning of the fundamental understanding of electromagnetic energy. Michael Faraday, a noted English experimentalist, proposed in 1846 that both light and radio waves are part of electromagnetic energy. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, a Scottish physicist, published his theory on electromagnetic fields and concluded that electric and magnetic energy travel in transverse waves that propagate at a speed equal to that of light. Soon after in 1887, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, German physicist, confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic theory and produced and studied electromagnetic waves (radio waves), which he showed are long transverse waves that travel at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, and polarized like light. Hertz is credited as the first to transmit and receive radio waves, and his demonstrations were followed quickly by Aleksandr Popov in Russia.In 1896, Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated the successful transmission of radiotelegraphy across the Atlantic, and the world would never be the same. The radio waves of Hertz, Popov and Marconi were made by spark gap which were suited for telegraphy or dots and dashes.20th CenturyIn 1906, Ernst F. W. Alexanderson demonstrated the first continuous wave (CW) radio generation and transmission of radio signals. This achievement signals the beginning of modern radio communication, where all aspects of radio waves are controlled.In the early 20th century, approximately 1922, was considered the birth of radar. The work in radar during World War II was as significant a technical development as the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and was critical to the success of the Allies. Radar sends out radio waves for detecting andlocating an object by the reflection of the radio waves. This reflection can determine the position and speed of an object. Radar's significance was quicklyunderstood by the military, so many of the early developments were shrouded in secrecy.Since RFID is the combination of radio broadcast technology and radar, it is not unexpected that the convergence of these two radio disciplines and the thoughts of RFID occurred on the heels of the development of radar.Genesis of an IdeaThere is an old adage that success has many fathers but failure is an orphan. The development of technology is messy. The potential for an infinite number of things is present, yet the broader human choices determine how technology evolves. There's no clear, text book perfect, or logical progression, and often developments ahead of their time are not recognized until later, if ever. So it was with the development of RFID.An early, if not the first, work exploring RFID is the landmark paper by Harry Stockman, "Communication by Means of Reflected Power", Proceedings of the IRE, pp1196-1204, October 1948. Stockman stated then that "Evidently, considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."Thirty years would pass before Harry's vision would begin to reach fruition. Other developments were needed: the transistor, the integrated circuit, the microprocessor, development of communication networks, changes in ways of doing business. No small task. Like many things, timing is everything, and the success of RFID would have to wait a while.A lot has happened in the 53 years since Harry Stockman's work. The 1950s were an era of exploration of RFID techniques following technical developments in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s. Several technologies related to RFID were being explored such as the long-range transponder systems of "identification, friend or foe" (IFF) for aircraft. Developments of the 1950s include such works as F. L. Vernon's, "Application of the mic rowave homodyne", and D.B. Harris’, "Radio transmission systems with modulatable passive responder". The wheels of RFID development were turning.The 1960's through the 1980s: RFID Becomes RealityThe 1960s were the prelude to the RFID explosion of the 1970s. R. F. Harrington studied the electromagnetic theory related to RFID in his papers "Field measurements using active scatterers" and "Theory of loaded scatterers" in 1963-1964. Inventorswere busy with RFID related inventions such as Robert Richardson's "Remotely activated radio frequency powered devices" in 1963, Otto Rittenback's "Communication by radar beams" in 1969, J. H. V ogelman's "Passive data transmission techniques utilizing radar beams" in 1968 and J. P. Vinding's "Interrogator-responder identification system" in 1967.Commercial activities were beginning in the 1960s. Sensormatic and Checkpoint were founded in the late 1960s. These companies, with others such as Knogo, developed electronic article surveillance (EAS) equipment to counter theft. These types of systems are often use ‘1-bit’ tags –only the presence or absence of a tag could be detected, but the tags could be made inexpensively and provided effective anti-theft measures. These types of systems used either microwave or inductive technology. EAS is arguably the first and most widespread commercial use of RFID.In the 1970s developers, inventors, companies, academic institutions, and government laboratories were actively working on RFID, and notable advances were being realized at research laboratories and academic institutions such as Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Northwestern University, and the Microwave Institute Foundation in Sweden among others. An early and important development was the Los Alamos work that was presented by Alfred Koelle, Steven Depp and Robert Freyman "Short-range radio-telemetry for electronic identification using modulated backscatter" in 1975.Large companies were also developing RFID technology, such as Raytheon's "Raytag" in 1973. RCA and Fairchild were active in their pursuits with Richard Klensch of RCA developing an "Electronic identification system" in 1975 and F. Sterzer of RCA developing an "Electronic license plate for motor vehicles" in 1977. Thomas Meyers and Ashley Leigh of Fairchild also developed a "Passive encoding microwave transponder" in 1978.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey were also testing systems built by General Electric, Westinghouse, Philips and Glenayre. Results were favorable, but the first commercially successful transportation application of RFID, electronic toll collection, was not yet ready for prime time.The 1970's were characterized primarily by developmental work. Intended applications were for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. Examples of animal tagging efforts were the microwave systems at Los Alamos and the inductive systems in Europe. Interest in animal tagging was high in Europe. AlfaLaval, Nedap, and others were developing RFID systems.Transportation efforts included work at Los Alamos and by the International Bridge Turnpike and Tunnel Association (IBTTA) and the United States Federal Highway Administration. The latter two sponsored a conference in 1973 which concluded there was no national interest in developing a standard for electronic vehicle identification. This is an important decision since it would permit a variety of systems to develop, which was good, because RFID technology was in its infancy.About this time new companies began to surface, such as Identronix, a spin-off from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, and others of the Los Alamos team, myself being one of them, founded Amtech (later acquired by Intermec and recently sold to TransCore) in the 80s. By now, the number of companies, individuals and institutions working on RFID began to multiply. A positive sign. The potential for RFID was becoming obvious.The 1980s became the decade for full implementation of RFID technology, though interests developed somewhat differently in various parts of the world. The greatest interests in the United States were for transportation, personnel access, and to a lesser extent, for animals. In Europe, the greatest interests were for short-range systems for animals, industrial and business applications, though toll roads in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, and Norway were equipped with RFID.In the Americas, the Association of American Railroads and the Container Handling Cooperative Program were active with RFID initiatives. Tests of RFID for collecting tolls had been going on for many years, and the first commercial application began in Europe in 1987 in Norway and was followed quickly in the United States by the Dallas North Turnpike in 1989. Also during this time, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began commercial operation of RFID for buses going through the Lincoln Tunnel. RFID was finding a home with electronic toll collection, and new players were arriving daily.The 1990'sThe 1990's were a significant decade for RFID since it saw the wide scale deployment of electronic toll collection in the United States. Important deployments included several innovations in electronic tolling. The world's first open highway electronic tolling system opened in Oklahoma in 1991, where vehicles could pass toll collection points at highway speeds, unimpeded by a toll plaza or barriers and with video cameras for enforcement. The world's first combined toll collection and trafficmanagement system was installed in the Houston area by the Harris County Toll Road Authority in 1992. Also a first was the system installed on the Kansas turnpike using a system based on the Title 21 standard with readers that could also operate with the tags of their neighbor to the south, Oklahoma. The Georgia 400 would follow, upgrading their equipment with readers that could communicate with the new Title 21 tags as well as the existing tags. In fact, these two installations were the first to implement a multi-protocol capability in electronic toll collection applications.In the Northeastern United States, seven regional toll agencies formed the E-Z Pass Interagency Group (IAG) in 1990 to develop a regionally compatible electronic toll collection system. This system is the model for using a single tag and single billing account per vehicle to access highways of several toll authorities.Interest was also keen for RFID applications in Europe during the 1990s. Both Microwave and inductive technologies were finding use for toll collection, access control and a wide variety of other applications in commerce.A new effort underway was the development of the Texas Instruments (TI) TIRIS system, used in many automobiles for control of the starting of the vehicle engine. The Tiris system (and others such as from Mikron - now a part of Philips) developed new applications for dispensing fuel, gaming chips, ski passes, vehicle access, and many other applications.Additional companies in Europe were becoming active in the RFID race as well with developments including Microdesign, CGA, Alcatel, Bosch and the Philips spin-offs of Combitech, Baumer and Tagmaster. A pan-European standard was needed for tolling applications in Europe, and many of these companies (and others) were at work on the CEN standard for electronic tolling.Tolling and rail applications were also appearing in many countries including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, and Europe.With the success of electronic toll collection, other advancements followed such as the first multiple use of tags across different business segments. Now, a single tag (with dual or single billing accounts) could be used for electronic toll collection, parking lot access and fare collection, gated community access, and campus access. In the Dallas - Ft. Worth metroplex, a world's first was achieved when a single TollTag® on a vehicle could be used to pay tolls on the North Dallas Tollway, for access and parking payment at the Dallas/Ft. Worth International Airport (one of the world'sbusiest airports), the nearby Love Field, and several downtown parking garages, as well as access to gated communities and business campuses.Research and development didn't slow down during the 1990s since new technological developments would expand the functionality of RFID. For the first time, useful microwave Schottky diodes were fabricated on a regular CMOS integrated circuit. This development permitted the construction of microwave RFID tags that contained only a single integrated circuit, a capability previously limited to inductively-coupled RFID transponders. Companies active in this pursuit were IBM (the technology later acquired by Intermec) Micron, and Single Chip Systems (SCS).With the growing interest of RFID into the item management work and the opportunity for RFID to work along side bar code, it becomes difficult in the later part of this decade to count the number of companies who enter the marketplace. Many have come and gone, many are still here, many have merged, and there are many new players ... it seems almost daily!Back to the future: The 21st CenturyExciting times await those of us committed to the pursuit of advancements in RFID. Its impact is lauded regularly in mainstream media, with the use of RFID slated to become even more ubiquitous. The growing interest in telematics and mobile commerce will bring RFID even closer to the consumer. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for a vast expansion of intelligent transportation systems with many new applications and services proposed. But, the equipment required to accommodate these new applications and services will necessitate more RFID advancements.As we create our future, and it is bright, let us remember, "Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm" (Ralph Waldo Emerson). We have a great many developments to look forward to, history continues to teach us that.时间护罩RFID的历史介绍许多东西都藏在整流罩的时间,追踪历史和过去的任务是艰巨而富有挑战性的，但是最终都会得到奖励。

Radio Frequency Identification Overview IntroductionWith the development of Internet technology, Internet-based expansion and extension form a new generation of network technology that is of things.The so-called Internet of Things, also known as sensor networks, the English name is "Internet of Things" referred to (IOT).Internet of Things is a computer based on the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless communication technology, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners and other information sensing device, according to the agreed protocol to connect to any goods and the Internet, exchange of information and communication, in order to achieve intelligent identification, location tracking, monitoring and management of a network.SummaryInternet of Things technology is the most critical of RFID technology.RFID is the abbreviation of Radio Frequency Identification. It is a non-contact automatic identification technology, RF signal through the automatic target recognition and access to relevant data, without human intervention, it can work in a variety of environments.First RFID components and working principleRadio frequency identification system consists of electronic tags, reader, antenna composition.Tag: the coupling components and chips, each tag has a unique electronic code, attached to the object on the target object.Reader: Also known as the read set, can be read without contact and identification tag in the preservation of electronic data, so as to achieve automatic ten-fold purpose of the object, there are two kinds of hand-held or fixed, usually with a computer reader connected to the read tag information is transmitted to the computer for further processing.antenna :Tag and reader antennas in the RF signal to pass between antenna.Second RFID applicationsRadio frequency identification technology with its unique advantages, gradually been widely used in industrial automation, business automation and transport control management.In China, due to radio frequency identification technology started late, RFID is not very wide applicated, in the following areas:(1) automatic vehicle identification, as early as 1995, the North American rail system used radio frequency identification technology ATIS standard.(2) fees and intelligent traffic on the highway, the car can be equipped with automatic radio frequency identification tags, no parking fee, which greatly improve the speed and efficiency.(3) cargo tracking, management and monitoring, Australia and the UK airport used radio frequency identification technology in baggage management, which greatly improve the efficiency of sorting andreduced the error rate.(4) radio card applications in China, mainly used in RF card public transport, subways, schools, social security and so on. China RF card application largest project is the second generation citizen ID card.(5) in the production line automation and process control, the German company BMW car assembly line to ensure the accuracy of the position to complete the assembly task, the radio frequency identification system used in automobile assembly line.Third Development problems faced by RFID technology (1) privacy issuesIn RFID systems, tags could be embedded in anything in advance, such as people's daily life items, but because the items (such as clothing) of the owner, not necessarily aware of the article pre-embedded in an electronic tag and its own may not be controlled by scanning, positioning and tracking, which is bound to make the issue of personal privacy have been violated.Therefore, how to ensure the label material with the inviolability of personal privacy become a radio frequency identification technology as well as things to promote the key issues.(2) standardsChina made no introduction of RFID standards, the rapid development of the domestic RFID industry in China is not in accordance with the standard, causing confusion in product standards, greatly reduces the international competitiveness(3) security issuesCurrent Things security issues face the industry including the tag information of illegal changes to the label's illegal to track effectively the identity of pretending and deception.(4) market demandSome things look very convenient service, but in both cases, whether people have an incentive to use these new services yet to be questionable. Fourth RFID TrendsAs RFID technology continues to promote the development and application of the popularity of radio frequency identification technology and other aspects of performance will have improved greatly, the cost will be gradually reduced, can foresee the future development of RFID technology will have the following trends:(1) label product diversification.(2) system network.(3) a better system compatibility(4) integration with other industries.Therefore, we have reasons to believe that RFID is enormous potential for industrial development, whichwill be the future development of a new growth point. RFID technology will be inextricably linked with people's daily lives.。

附录A 外文翻译-原文部分Based on the RFID Digital warehouse managementsystem1.Design and implementationRFID Radio frequency identification technology to its non-contact, repeatable, easy to use, fast scanning, and error-handling fast, large data capacity, long life and other advantages in logistics industry more and more attention. This paper introduced in warehouse management information system RFID technology, first in, first out of the goods, electronic location management, process monitoring and management, with a view to resolving the barcode of the inadequate, resulting in a digital and information technology, enhance warehouse management information system on the basis of the maximum benefit.Currently, most domestic logistics center using bar code scanning technology as a carrier of the goods in the warehouse management logistics and information flow synchronization, but with the increasing requirements of enterprise Information ization, bar code technology, storage capacity cannot be changed because of information such as small, easy to read information is not shortcoming has been unable to meet the requirements. RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)radio frequency identification technology to its non-contact, repeatable, easy to use, fast scanning, and error-handling fast, large data capacity, long life and other advantages in logistics industry more and more attention. This paper introduced in warehouse management information system RFID technology, first in, first out of the goods, electronic location management, process monitoring and management, with a view to resolving the barcode of the inadequate, resulting in a digital and information technology, enhance warehouse management information system on the basis of the maximum benefit.2. System function and structure designBased on the RFID Digital warehouse is introduced in an existing warehouse management RFID Technology, the accuracy of the information and process automation requirements are very high, need to meet the various sectors of the job of the warehouse to automated data collection and ensure data warehouse management of all aspects of data entry speed and accuracy to ensure timely and accurate inventory of real data, reasonable maintain control and warehouse inventory.System is composed of both hardware and software module, the main idea is implemented in the warehouse management information system of a barcode and RFID Combine. Pallet put RFID electronic tags, the use of RFID electronic label-Cho repeated use, large data capacity, without manual Interventional advantages, to increase the level of automation and achieve entire deposit taking based on pallets; Goods posted a-dimensional bar code, using a barcode costs significantly lower than RFID Advantages of RFID to cut costs, save zero takes based on the goods and cargo tracking. A barcode and RFID combined. Precise control of not only can I get information on the warehouse data can also lower system costs.Based on the RFID Ninghua County warehouse management system architecture, decided that the system should at least have the following hardware device:①Main control system. Includes the master computer, the/into the mouth of the RFID reader, group pun RFID reader. Master computer via cable or wireless networkand out/into the mouth of the RFID reader, group pun RFID reader and connected servers.②Server. Servers connected through a wireless network with the master machine and forklifts to connect.③Car and automobile Tablet automotive Tablet installed on forklift truck navigation subsystems for location navigation. In-car navigation systems with the server over the wireless network connection.④Handheld units. Including one-dimensional bar code scanner and mobile RFID reader. A barcode scanner for the goods barcode reading, via cable(or wireless)network connection to the host computer. Mobile RFID reader used to read pallet RFID tag information for inventory counting.⑤Warehouse facilities. Automated warehouse, containing bearing the RFID electronic label pallets, ring the pickup lines, Stacker and WinCC monitoring system, on a cargo pallet that can automate/off the shelf.Based on the RFID Digital warehouse management systems functionality of traditional warehouse management system implementation and expansion, including the following features:Management, electronic storage location management, warehouse management, cargo, and so on.①Storage management. For storage, operation, completed documents in the entry, modify, delete, allocation of storage location automatically, manually assigned, assigned instructions send job location documents.②The library management. And storage management are similar. Goods out of the library operations can complete a library entry, modify, delete documents, library location is automatically assigned, manually assigned, assigned instructions send job location documents.③Electronic location map management. Mainly used to display cosmetic box with raised decoration and warehouse storage condition and location of the Visual location of adjustment operations, including area inventory location information displayed at an appropriate time, goods(pallets)inventory address query, adjustment, and so on.④Cargo tray. Achieving location in/out tray in group operations. This warehouse management information system to support a whole pallets into, out of the warehouse, so into/out of the library job requires to achieve storage group disk group disk function modules, split out of operation. Tray from the main group disk function module enables read and write RFID tag information(primarily one-dimensional bar code information), pallet goods increase/reduction, group undo functions.⑤Queries and reports. Warehouse administrator by querying the database inventory in inventory and report on system status, manage documents and goods, location status. Including: adjust the single location query, a library, into a single query.⑥Basic data maintenance. In the present system of goods, people, forklifts and other information to view, add, delete, and modify operations to facilitate other data used in the function.3.System design workflowSystem workflows include storage process, a process in and inventory management processes.(1)Into the process. Library jobs main steps are as follows:①When storage, warehouse management manual entry into electronic documents generated documents.②Library personnel on the master machine to select the current documents detail the implementation of storage storage operations, complete storage location assignment and build into the operating instructions. Sent over the wireless network to the server.③Car receives the server broadcast into the operating instructions, to a group to group of goods the Agency disks.④Group completed, forklift doing pallet put into sorting the pallet storage ), Under car Tablet I location map determines the location address of the second.⑤WINCC Managers running WINCC System of storage and selection on the pallet is placed in the specified location (Stacker run automatically) 。

外文翻译译文标题：射频识别(RFID)趋势的调查报告原文标题：A Survey Paper on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Trends学院：机械与动力工程学院班级：机制本13--3班姓名：hezijie学号：321304010315指导老师：lidajie图1：无源RFID标签（[维基RFID]，图2：一个简单的RFID系统库。

应用程序检索后台数据。

在许多情况下,阅读器都配有应用程序。

例如超市的电子标签,因为它们更常见,然而如果标。

当阅读器扫描条码时，应用程序使用派生标识符查找当前价格。

此外，后端也提供合格产品的折扣信息。

如果数量低于[Haehnel04]是关于映射和本地化的另一篇论文。

对比其他文件，它使用的是相对于右方机器人45度的位于左方德的有两个天线的机器人，而且机器人（阅读器）是移动的。

通过比较天线所接收的信号强度，可以按照蒙特卡洛定位算法来估计标签的位置。

这表明在一个高度动态的环境下标签连接到移动的物体是可能的。

此外这还表明，此法也可用于获得机器人的坐标以判断其环境是否可用。

[信息周刊]和[Radar Golf]实际应用了RFID定位。

将RFID标签纳入一个高尔夫球。

由活动球员携带阅读器，这个阅读器可以通过液晶显示屏或音频反馈来显示球的位置，它的检测范围为30 - 100英尺。

遗憾的是这种用来定位球的方法是专业的。

这部分对追踪标记的对象进行了一个简介。

随着RFID标签的普及，这些机制可能成为我们寻找物品时的第二性质,也许可以用以跟踪我们的孩子等。

6．新的生产方法本节将讨论生产RFID标签的新途径。

目前标准生产的标签成本在7.5和15美分之间。

而项目级标签的生产成本更高。

一个调查报告说,理想标签的成本不到一分钱。

目前在生产中是将低成本的硅晶片放到外部天线。

生产的最大部分是芯片天线的附件。

即使拥有先进的方法，如[Subramanian05]报道的有选择放置和流体自身组装，成本仍然较高。