Physics_movement2

自然概念的结构性特征——亚里士多德《物理学》第二卷研究硕士学位论文THESIS OF MASTER DEGREE论文题目:论自然概念的结构性特征 ??亚里士多德《物理学》第二卷研究(英文):On Structural Characteristics of the Conceptof Nature: Research on Aristotle’s PhysicsBook Ⅱ作者:钱圆媛指导教师:聂敏里副教授2009 年 5 月17 日论文题目:(中文) 论自然概念的结构性特征 ??亚里士多德《物理学》第二卷研究(外文)On Structural Characteristics of the Concept ofNature: Research on Aristotle’s Physics Book Ⅱ所在院、系、所 :哲学院专专业、名、称 : 外国哲学指专导专教专师姓专名、职专称 : 聂敏里副教授论文主题词: 自然;结构;同一性;目的论学专习专期专限 : 2007年 9月至 2009年 7月论文提交时间:2009年 5月 16日独创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

尽我所知,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果,也不包含为获得中国人民大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。

与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献已在论文中作了明确地说明并表示了谢意。

签名: 钱圆媛日期: 2009 年 5 月 16 日关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解中国人民大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。

签名:钱圆媛导师签名: 聂敏里日期: 2009 年 5 月 16 日摘要我们在日常生活中、以及在从日常生活中而来的理论或者科学知识领域内常常遭遇着“自然”。

小学上册英语第二单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.We learned about the ________ (全球化) in social studies.2.What is the capital of Sierra Leone?A. FreetownB. BoC. KenemaD. MakeniA3.My ________ (玩具) is perfect for outdoor play.4.My brother loves to __________ (探索) nature trails.5.The ancient Egyptians had a complex system of ________.6.The chemical formula for aluminum sulfate is _______.7. A _______ can symbolize friendship and kindness.8.What is the process by which water turns into vapor called?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. PrecipitationD. SublimationA9.What do we call a baby cat?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CalfD. Foal10.My sister is a ______. She enjoys studying animals.11.The _______ produces beautiful blooms each season.12.I can ______ my bicycle very fast. (ride)13.I can pretend to be a __________ (职业) with my __________ (玩具名).14.I enjoy visiting ________ (朋友) after school.15.Which animal is known to be very slow?A. CheetahB. SlothC. RabbitD. DeerB16.The _____ (fruit/vegetable) is fresh.17.What do we call a large body of fresh water?A. OceanB. RiverC. LakeD. Sea18.s built _______ in what is now Mexico City. (城市) The Azte19.She is an _____ (作家) who publishes articles.20.I pretend my dolls are having a _________ (派对).21.I saw a _______ (小鸭子) swimming in the pond.22.The _____ (groundcover) keeps soil in place.23.My _____ (弟弟) loves to play with his toy trains. 我弟弟喜欢玩他的玩具火车。

第三部分名人故事（一）1. Alfred Nobel, Founder of the Nobel Prizes阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔—诺贝尔奖的创始人在世界科学史上，有这样一位科学家：他不仅把自己的毕生精力全部贡献给了科学事业，而且还在身后留下遗嘱，把自己的遗产全部捐献给科学事业，用以奖掖后人，向科学的高峰努力攀登。

今天，以他的名字命名的科学奖，已经成为举世瞩目的最高科学大奖。

他的名字和人类在科学探索中取得的成就一道，永远地留在了人类社会发展的文明史册上。

这位伟大的科学家，就是世人皆知的瑞典化学家、诺贝尔奖的创立人阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔。

诺贝尔奖颁发给在物理，化学，医学，文学，和平和经济六个领域中成就最突出的人。

Some names have become famous because they are always connected with important things. One of these names is that of Alfred Nobel, who founded the famous Nobel Prizes.Nobel was born in Sweden in 1833. He became an engineer and an inventor. He was particularly interested in explosives. These were very dangerous in those days, and Nobel's own brother was killed in an explosion in their factory.In 1867, Nobel invented dynamite. This was a very powerful explosive, but unlike the others it was safe to handle. The invention made Nobel a very wealthy man.However, he was never particularly happy. He realized that his invention was being used for warlike purposes, and that thousands and perhaps hundreds of thousands of people were being killed and injured in wars with his explosives.When he died in 1896, he left over 3 million pounds to be spent setting up five prizes each year. These prizes were to be given to people who had made outstanding contributions to peace, to science, and to literature. Originally there were five rewards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first award ceremony.These Nobel Prizes became famous and because of them we still remember the name of Nobel.Comprehension Questions:A. it is less powerful and safe to handle.B. it is more powerful but less safe to handle.C. it is both powerful and safe.D. it won't kill people.4. Rich as he was, Alfred Nobel was never particularly happy because ______A. his dynamite was not safe enough.B. his explosives were being used in wars.C. his brother was killed by the explosives invented by him.D. he had killed hundreds of thousands of people with explosives.5. Those who had made outstanding contributions to peace, to science and to literature ______A. could get three million pounds.B. were given five prizes each year.C. could see Alfred Nobel himself.D. could receive Nobel Prizes.(CACBD)2. The General and the Corporal, A StoryAbout George Washington将军和下士—乔治•华盛顿的故事乔治·华盛顿，美国首任总统（1789～1797），美国独立战争大陆军总司令。

physics名词形式1.力量(force) - The change in motion of an object is determined by the force applied to it.物体运动的变化取决于作用在它上面的力量。

2.质量(mass) - Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object.质量是物体中物质数量的度量。

3.重力(gravity) - Gravity is the force that attracts objects with mass towards each other.重力是一种使有质量的物体相互吸引的力量。

4.运动(motion) - Motion refers to the change in position of an object over time.运动是指随时间变化物体的位置。

5.能量(energy) - Energy is the ability to do work or cause changes in an object.能量是做工作或导致物体变化的能力。

6.速度(velocity) - Velocity is the rate at which an object changes its position in a specific direction.速度是物体在特定方向上改变位置的速率。

7.加速度(acceleration) - Acceleration is the rate at which an object changes its velocity.加速度是物体改变速度的速率。

8.功率(power) - Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.功率是完成工作或能量传递的速率。

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

小学上册英语第2单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The ________ grows in many colors and sizes.2.I see a _____ elephant at the zoo. (big)3.What do you call the person who teaches students?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. EngineerD. ChefB4.What animal is known for its ability to fly?A. FishB. BirdC. DogD. Cat5.What is the main source of energy for plants?A. SoilB. WaterC. SunlightD. Air6.What is the capital of Italy?A. VeniceB. FlorenceC. RomeD. MilanC7.The ______ is known for his contributions to science.8.aring a _______ (漂亮的裙子). She is w9.He is a _____ (技术人员) who repairs electronics.10.What do we call the study of chemicals and their reactions?A. ChemistryB. PhysicsC. BiologyD. GeologyA11.What is the name of the longest river in South America?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. YangtzeA12.The chemical symbol for iron is __________.13.The capital of Peru is __________.14. A chemical reaction that forms new substances is called a ______ reaction.15.What do we call a sweet drink made from fruit juice and water?A. LemonadeB. PunchC. SmoothieD. Cocktail16.What instrument do you blow into to make music?A. DrumsB. FluteC. GuitarD. Piano17.How many legs does a dog have?A. TwoB. FourC. SixD. EightB18.The ______ loves to play music.19.The capital of Venezuela is __________.20. A displacement reaction involves one element replacing ______.21.The bear hibernates during the _____ winter.22.What do we call the process of converting a gas to a liquid?A. MeltingB. FreezingC. CondensationD. EvaporationC23. A skink is a type of ______ (蜥蜴).24.We will have a ___. (party) next month.25.How many planets are terrestrial (rocky.in our solar system?A. ThreeB. FourC. FiveD. SixB26.What is 30 15?A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 25B27.What is the capital of New Zealand?A. WellingtonB. AucklandC. ChristchurchD. HamiltonA28.What do we call a person who studies the effects of social changes?A. SociologistB. AnthropologistC. HistorianD. PsychologistA29.What do you need to write on a chalkboard?A. MarkerB. ChalkC. PencilD. PenB30.Planting _____ (季节性植物) adds variety to any garden.31.My mom is a great __________ (组织者) for family events.32. A ____ swims in ponds and has smooth skin.33.I want to ________ (lead) community projects.34.The __________ (历史的探索者) uncover stories long forgotten.35.What is the primary ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. OnionD. LimeB36.I love to ______ (与其他人分享) my knowledge.37.The __________ (历史的情感联系) draw us together.38.The ________ was a significant movement for women's rights.39.Bees help to __________ (授粉) flowers.40. A solution is a type of ______.41.Every weekend, I visit my friend and we play with our ________ (玩具名). It’s always a fun time!42.What is the process of water changing into vapor called?A. CondensationB. EvaporationC. PrecipitationD. SublimationB43.The _______ of a substance affects its reactivity. (温度)44.I enjoy _______ (打篮球) with my friends.45.The _____ (caterpillar) is on the leaf.46.How many players are in a football (soccer.team?A. 9B. 10C. 11D. 12C47.The movie was very ________.48.The stars are ___ (twinkling) in the sky.49.The ____ hops around and loves to chase things.50.Many _______ can thrive in extreme weather.51.I can’t wait for the flowers to ______ (盛开).52. A ___ (小狐狸) is clever and quick.53.What is 20 divided by 4?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6C54.The chemical formula for potassium permanganate is _______.55.What do we call a story about imaginary events?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. AutobiographyA56.How many continents are there on Earth?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. EightC57.My friend has a unique __________ (世界观).58.What is the fastest land animal?A. CheetahB. LionC. HorseD. ElephantA59.The monkey is very playful and _________. (顽皮)60.What is the fastest land animal?A. ElephantB. CheetahC. HorseD. LionB61. A _______ is used to measure the amount of energy used in a circuit.62.What do we call a person who sings?A. SingerB. MusicianC. PerformerD. All of the above63.When I grow up, I want to make a difference in the _______ (世界). I believe everyone can help.64.My dad _____ dinner every night. (cooks)65.What do we call the study of past events?A. ArchaeologyB. HistoryC. AnthropologyD. SociologyB66.What do you call the place where books are kept?A. LibraryB. MuseumC. SchoolD. StoreA67.The chemical formula for sodium bromide is ______.68.Flowers bloom in _____ (春天) and bring color to the garden.69.My favorite holiday tradition is ______.70.What do you call a story that teaches a lesson?A. NovelB. FableC. BiographyD. Myth71.I enjoy building ______ (模型) of historic landmarks.72.The ____ has a loud voice and is often seen in parks.73.The _______ of a wave can be felt as vibrations.74.The butterfly flies from flower to ______.75.The ancient Egyptians built ________ for their pharaohs.76.The _____ (tree/house) is tall.77. A reaction that produces heat is called an ______ reaction.78.What do we call a young deer?A. FawnB. CalfC. KidD. CubA79.I like to plant ______ (花) in the garden.80.The assassination of ________ (肯尼迪) shocked the nation.81.The _____ (forest) is dense.82.Which of these is a cold drink?A. SoupB. CoffeeC. Ice teaD. PastaC83.__________ are formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded.84.What is the name of the famous Egyptian structure built as a tomb?A. ColosseumB. Great WallC. PyramidD. Taj MahalC85.We have a ______ (丰富的) schedule filled with activities.86. A chemical _______ shows how substances react with each other. (反应式)87.What is the name of the famous artist known for his work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?A. MichelangeloB. Leonardo da VinciC. RaphaelD. DonatelloA88. A ________ is a raised area of land that is lower than a mountain.89.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)90.What is the term for a planet outside of our Solar System?A. ExoplanetB. AsteroidC. CometD. Dwarf planet91.We also share similar interests, like ______ and ______. Sometimes, we spend hours talking about our favorite books or movies. It’s amazing how we can understand each other so well.92.What is the name of the famous city known as the "City of Love"?A. RomeB. ParisC. VeniceD. Barcelona93.My favorite sport is ______ (basketball).94.My mom makes the best ____ (pancakes) on Sundays.95. A _______ can help to measure the speed of sound in various conditions.96.The _____ (种植者) cares for the plants every day.97.Rabbits are known for their strong ______ (后腿).98.The _______ (猴子) jumps from branch to branch.99.I have many _____ (亲戚) in town.100.The library is _______.。

IGCSE 物理中英词汇General Physicsmovement ：运动；活动position ：位置，方位acceleration ：加速，促进velocity ：[力] 速率；迅速investigate ：调查；研究force ：力量；促使weight ：重量，重力friction：摩擦，[力] 摩擦力precise ：精确的，准确的accurate ：精确的，准确的tape measure ：卷尺vernier calliper ：游标卡尺micrometer screw gauge ：螺旋千分尺[测微计]Measuring cylinder ：量筒sliding scale ：计算尺,按比例增减mass ：团，块，堆Pascal ：帕斯卡(Blaise,1623-1662,法国数学家、物理学家、哲学家)Action-reaction forces 反作用力resistance ：阻力；电阻upthrust ：向上推electrostatic：静电的；unbalance [力] 失衡；shape：形状；模型；elastic：松紧带；橡皮圈resilient ：弹回的horizontally ：水平地；横地lamina ：薄板，薄层，叶片clockwise ：顺时针方向的gravitation ：吸引力，趋势geothermal ：地热的hydroelectric ：水力发电的tidal ：潮水的：受潮汐影响的barometer ：气压计, 晴雨表nanometer ：纳米Dependent variable ：因变量Energy levels ：能级Buoyant force ：浮力Equilibrant force ：平衡力Centripetal force ：向心力Gravitational potential energy：重力势能Circular motion 圆周运动Coefficient of friction 摩擦系数Impulse-momentum theorem ：动量定理Coefficient of volume expansion ：体积膨胀系数Inertia ：惯性，Joule ：焦耳Constant acceleration：恒加速度Kelvin temperature scale ：凯式温度Instantaneous acceleration ：瞬时加速度Kinetic energy ：动能Magnification ：放大率weight ：负荷；使…变重moment ：转矩，动量，时刻equilibrium ：平衡，均势Sliding friction ：滑动摩擦Slope ：斜率Simple harmonic motion：简谐运动Static friction ：静摩擦Thermal energy 热能Kinetic-molecular energy ：分子能Momentum 动量Potential difference 势差Law of conservation of energy ：能量守恒定律Pressure：电压Linear accelerator：直线加速度Principle of superposition：叠加原理Uniform circular motion：等速圆周运动Uniform acceleration：匀加速度Thermal physicsconduction ：[生理] 传导,传导convection ：[流][气象] 对流；radiation ：辐射；发光；放射物insulator：[物] 绝缘体；electromagnetic ：电磁的invar ：不胀钢brass ：黄铜，铜管乐器calibrate ：校准，使标准化latent heat of vaporization ：汽化潜热knob ：(门、抽屉的)球形把手thermostat ：恒温(调节)器Mercury ：水星，水银junction ：联结点，枢纽thermocouple ：热电偶thermistor ：电热调节器insulation ：隔离，隔绝solidification ：凝固，spectrum ：光谱；频谱；hypothermic ：体温过低的absolute zero：[物] 绝对零度infra-red：红外线的energy efficient：节能arrangement ：安排；解决办法collide ：相撞，碰撞evaporation ：蒸发；发散；消失cap screw ：帽螺钉bimetallic strip ：(用于恒温器等中的)双金属条conduction ：(热、电等的)传导convection ：传送,对流infrared radiation ：红外辐射ion ：<物>离子metal gauze strainer ：金属网过滤器Bunsen burner ：本生灯(即煤气灯)latent heat of fusion ：熔解潜热boiling ：沸腾的，激昂的manganate ：锰酸盐electromagnetic spectrum ：电磁波频谱stirrer shaft ：搅拌器轴Carnot efficiency ：卡诺循环Specific heat ：比热Cohesive force ：内聚力Thermal equilibrium ：热平衡Convection ：对流传热Thermal expansion ：热膨胀Boiling point ：沸点Insulator：绝缘、隔热或隔音等的物质或装置matt ：表面暗淡的，无光泽的sea breeze ：(白天吹向内陆的)海风adhesion：附着力Bubble chamber ：气泡箱Entropy ：熵Calorimeter ：热量剂Evaporation ：蒸发Capillary action ：毛细管作用Melting point ：熔点Thermometer ：温度计Dynamics ：动力学IGCSE 数学中英对照词汇代数部分1.基础add，plus 加subtract 减difference 差multiply times 乘product 积divide 除divisible 可被整除的divided evenly 被整除dividend 被除数divisor 因子，除数quotient 商remainder 余数factorial 阶乘power 乘方radical sign, root sign 根号round to 四舍五入to the nearest 四舍五入2.有关集合union 并集proper subset 真子集solution set 解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term 代数项like terms, similar terms 同类项5.基本数学概念arithmetic mean 算术平均值weighted average 加权平均值geometric mean 几何平均数exponent 指数，幂base 乘幂的底数,底边cube 立方数，立方体square root 平方根cube root 立方根common logarithm 常用对数digit 数字constant 常数variable 变量inverse function 反函数complementary function 余函数linear 一次的，线性的factorization 因式分解absolute value 绝对值round off 四舍五入6.有关数论natural number 自然数positive number 正数negative number 负数odd integer 奇整数,odd number 奇数even integer, even number 偶数integer, whole number 整数4.有关分数和小数proper fraction真分数improper fraction假分数mixed number带分数vulgar fraction，common fraction普通分数simple fraction简分数complex fraction繁分数numerator分子denominator分母(least)common denominator(最小)公分母quarter四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数tenths unit十分位irrational(number)无理数inverse倒数composite number合数reciprocal倒数common divisor公约数multiple倍数(least)common multiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子common factor公因子prime number质数ordinary scale, decimal scale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数median中数common ratio公比positive whole number 正整数negative whole number 负整数consecutive number 连续整数real number, rational number 实数,有理数arentheses 括号=32proportion 比例permutation 排列combination 组合table 表格trigonometric function 三角函数unit 单位,位numerical coefficient 数字系数inequality 不等式triangle inequality 三角不等式range 值域original equation 原方程equivalent equation 同解方程等价方程linear equation 线性方程(e.g.5x+6=22) 7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列geometric progression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate 近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal 基数ordinal 序数direct proportion 正比distinct 不同的estimation 估计，近似几何部分1.所有的角alternate angle 内错角corresponding angle 同位角vertical angle 对顶角central angle 圆心角interior angle 内角exterior angle 外角supplementary angles 补角complementary angle 余角adjacent angle 邻角acute angle 锐角obtuse angle 钝角right angle 直角round angle 周角straight angle 平角included angle 夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle 等边三角形scalene triangle 不等边三角形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形right triangle 直角三角形oblique 斜三角形inscribed triangle 内接三角形solid 立体的cone 圆锥sphere 球体5.有关立体图形cube 立方体，立方数rectangular solid 长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron 正多面体circular cylinder 圆柱体tangent 切线的transversal 截线intercept 截距6.有关图形上的附属物altitude 高depth 深度side 边长circumference, perimeter 周长radian 弧度surface area 表面积volume 体积arm 直角三角形的股cross section 横截面center of acircle 圆心chord 弦radius 半径angle bisector 角平分线diagonal 对角线diameter 直径edge 棱face of a solid 立体的面hypotenuse 斜边3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle 半圆concentric circles 同心圆quadrilateral 四边形pentagon 五边形hexagon 六边形heptagon 七边形octagon 八边形nonagon 九边形decagon 十边形polygon 多边形parallelogram 平行四边形equilateral 等边形plane 平面square 正方形，平方rectangle 长方形regular polygon 正多边形rhombus 菱形trapezoid 梯形4.其它平面图形arc 弧line, straight line 直线line segment 线段parallel lines 平行线segment of a circle 弧形其它相关词汇cent 美分penny 一美分硬币included side 夹边leg 三角形的直角边median of a triangle 三角形的中线base 底边，底数(e.g.2 的5 次方，2 就是底数) opposite 直角三角形中的对边midpoint 中点endpoint 端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点quart 夸脱gallon 加仑(1gallon=4quart)yard 码meter 米micron 微米inch 英寸7.有关坐标coordinate system 坐标系rectangular coordinate 直角坐标系origin 原点abscissa 横坐标ordinate 纵坐标Number line 数轴quadrant 象限slope 斜率complex plane 复平面8.其它plane geometry 平面几何trigonometry 三角学bisect 平分circumscribe 外切inscribe 内切intersect 相交nickel 5 美分硬币dime 一角硬币dozen 打(12 个)score 廿(20 个)Centigrade 摄氏Fahrenheit 华氏foot 英尺minute 分(角度的度量单位，60 分=1 度) square measure 平方单位制cubic meter 立方米pint 品脱(干量或液量的单位) perpendicular 垂直Pythagorean theorem 勾股定理congruent 全等的。

剑桥中学英语教程剑桥中学英语教程第2级 Theme A 1BOOK2 Theme AUnit 3 1. flexible /5fleksIbl/ adj. that can bend easily without breaking 柔韧性, 易曲的, 灵活的, 柔软的2.squash /skwCF/ n. (also fml 正规作正规作 `squash rackets ) game played with rackets and a small softish hollow rubber ball, in a court enclosed by walls and a roof 壁球 3.anaerobic /AneE5rEubik/ adj. 无氧的, 厌氧性的 4.aerobic /eE5rEubik/ adj. 依靠氧气的, 与需氧菌有关的, 增氧健身法的 5.muscle / 5mQsl/ n. [C] length of stretchable tissue in an animal body that is attached at each end to bone and can be tightened or relaxed to produce movement 肌肉:6.improve / im5pru:v/ v. [I, Tn] (cause sth to) become better （使某事物）改进, 改善:7.circulation /7sE:kju5leiFEn/ n. [C, U] movement of blood round the body from and back to the heart 血液循环:8.breathe / bri:T/ v. [I] take air into the lungs and send it out again 呼吸: 9.oxygen / 5CksidVEn/ n. U] chemical element, a gas without colour , taste or smell, present in the air and necessary for all forms of life on earth 氧; 氧气:10.carbon / 5kB:bEn/ n. U] non-metallic chemical element that is present in all living matter and occurs in its pure form as diamond and graphite 碳11.dioxide /dai5Cksaid/ n. [U] (chemistry 化) oxide formed by combining two atoms of oxygen and one atom of another element 二氧化物: 12.champion / 5tFAmpjEn/ n. person, team, animal or plant that has defeated or excelled all others in a competition 冠军; 优胜者:13.medal / 5medl/ n. flat piece of metal, usu shaped like a coin and stamped with words and a design, which commemorates an event etc, or is awarded to sb for bravery, sporting achievement, etc 纪念章; 奖章14.probably / 5prRbEb(E)lI/ adv. 大概, 或许 15.weight / weit/ n. [U] degree of heaviness of a thing, esp as measured on a balance, weighing-machine, etc and expressed according to a particular system of measuring (eg kilos, tons, etc) 重量; 分量:16. length / leNW/ n. [U] measurement or extent from end to end 长度; 长:Phrase 1. an exellent way to keep fit 一个极好的保持健康的方式一个极好的保持健康的方式 2. breathe oxygen into one’s lungs 将氧气吸入到肺部将氧气吸入到肺部 3. breathe … out of 将…呼出呼出 4. the Olympics/the Olympic games 奥运会奥运会 5. begin training 开始训练开始训练 6. have a light breakfast 吃一顿清淡的早餐吃一顿清淡的早餐 7. at lunchtime 在午饭时间在午饭时间 8. lift weights 举重举重 9. keep fit 保持健康保持健康10. improve one’s blood circulation 促进某人的血液循环促进某人的血液循环 11. a top swimmer 一位顶级的游泳者一位顶级的游泳者 12. a day in the life of 某人一生中的一天某人一生中的一天 13. win a gold medal 赢得一块金牌赢得一块金牌 14. the timetable for every day 每一天的日程表每一天的日程表 Unit 4 1. diameter /dai5AmitE/ n. (length of a) straight line connecting the centre of a circleor sphere, or of the base of a cylinder or sphere, or of the base of a cylinder, to two points on its sides , to two points on its sides 直径: the diameter of a tree-trunk 树干的直径树干的直径2. formula / 5fC:mjulE/ n. (pl ~s or , in scientific use作科技用语, 复数作复数作 formulae / -mjuliː; -mjʊli /)(mathematics or physics 数或物) expression of a rule or relationship in algebraic symbols 公式:3. calcutate / 5kAlkjuleit/ v. work (sth) out by using numbers or one's judgement;estimate 计算; 推算; 估计: 4. triangle / 5traiAN^l/ n. geometric figure with three straight sides and three angles三角形 Phrase: 1. mind doing 介意做某事介意做某事 2. use the formula 使用公式使用公式 3. calculate the circumference of the circle 计算圆的周长计算圆的周长 4. in anaerobic sports 在无氧运动中在无氧运动中Unit 61. announcement [E5naJnsm[nt ] n. statement in spoken or written form that makessth known 宣布; 宣告; 通告: 2. loudspeaker [5l aJd5spi:kE (r )] n. 扩音器，喇叭3. pledge [pledV ] n. solemn promise; vow 誓言; 誓约; 保证:4. allegiance [E5li:dV[ns ] n. [U] (fml 文) ~ (to sb/sth) support of or loyalty to agovernment, ruler government, ruler, cause, etc , cause, etc （对政府﹑（对政府﹑统治者﹑统治者﹑ 事业等的）拥护, 忠诚: 5. except [Ik5sept ] n. not including (sb/sth); but not 除了（某人[某事物]）之外（表示所说的不包括在内）: 6. mathematics [9mAWE5mA t Iks ] n. science of numbers, quantity and space, of whicheg arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry and geometry are branches 数学7. metal [5me t [l ] n. [C, U] any of a class of mineral substances such as tin, iron, gold,copper , etc, which are usu opaque and good conductors of heat and electricity, or anyalloy of these 金属:8. weapon [5wep[n ] n. thing designed or used for causing physical harm (eg a bomb,gun, knife, sword, etc) 武器They were carrying weapons. 他们携带着武器 9. canteen [kAn5ti:n ] n. place serving food and drink in a factory, an office, a school,etc （工厂﹑（工厂﹑ 办事处﹑办事处﹑ 学校等的）食堂. 10. equipment [I5kwIpm[nt ] n. things needed for a particular purpose 设备; 装备: 11. locker [5lɒkE (r )] n. small cupboard, esp one of several where clothes can be kept, egat a swimming-pool 小厨柜（尤指供存放衣物的, 如在游泳池处），（有锁的）存衣柜，存物箱存物箱12. hall [hR:l ] n. building or large room for meetings, meals, concerts, etc 大厅，礼堂Phrase1. in the North East of 在…东北部东北部2. from 8.00am until 2.00pm 从早上8点到下午2点3. a long break for lunch 一段很长的午餐休息时间一段很长的午餐休息时间4. play in the school band 在校乐队演奏在校乐队演奏5. American football 美式足球美式足球6. school rules 校规校规7. look clean and tidy 看上去干净整洁看上去干净整洁8. put their things in the locker in the hall 把他们的东西放在大厅的储物柜里把他们的东西放在大厅的储物柜里1Theme B Words and ExpressionsUnit 8 In the rainforestWords1. cover [5kQvE ] (1) v.place sth over or in front of sth; hide or protect sth in this way 覆盖或遮掩某物覆盖或遮掩某物(2) n. [C] either or both of the thick protective outer pages of a book, magazine, etc, esp the front cover （书刊等的）封面（书刊等的）封面2. surface / ˈsɜːfɪs; ˋsəfɪs / n. outside of an object （物体的）表面（物体的）表面3. control / kənˈtrəul; kənˋtrol /(1) vt. (-ll-) have power or authority over (sb/sth) 控制, 操纵, 管理, 支配（某人[某事物]） 4. rubber / ˈrʌbə(r); ˋrʌbɚ/ n. 橡胶橡胶 5. medicine/ ˈmedsn; US ˈmedɪsn; ˋmɛdəsn / n 药品药品6. unfortunately [ʌnˈfɔ:tʃənitli] adv. used to say that a particular situation or fact makes you sad ordisappointed, or gets you into a difficult position 遗憾的是，可惜的是遗憾的是，可惜的是 7. chop / tʃɔp; tʃɑp / v. (-pp-) 砍,剁碎剁碎8. forever / fəˈrevə(r) / adv. used to say that a particular situation or state will always exist ；for all time; always永远永远 9. root / ruːt; rut / n. [C] part of a plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil （植物的）根（部）: 10. living adj. alive now 活的; 活着的活着的11. climate / ˈklaɪmɪt / n [C, U] the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place:气候气候 12. discovery / dɪˈskʌvərɪ; / n(1) [C, U] ~ (of sth) an act or the process of finding sb/sth, or learning about sth that was not known about before 发现，发觉发现，发觉(2) [C] a thing, fact or person that is found or learned about for the first time: 被发现的事物被发现的事物Phrases1. the natural world 自然界自然界2. make the air that we breathe 制造我们呼吸的空气制造我们呼吸的空气3. help to control the weather 有助于调节天气有助于调节天气4. many of the medicines 药物中的许多药物中的许多5. in danger 处于危险之中处于危险之中6. chop down the trees 砍倒树木砍倒树木7. plant rubber trees to make rubber 种植橡胶术来制造橡胶种植橡胶术来制造橡胶 8. fall from the clouds 从云中掉落从云中掉落9. run down the outside of the tree to the ground 顺着树木的外皮进入地面顺着树木的外皮进入地面进入地面10. go into the ground 进入地面进入树根11. go into the roots 进入树根从树的内部向上到树叶12. go up inside the tree to the leaves 从树的内部向上到树叶地球上最古老的生物13. the oldest living things on Earth 地球上最古老的生物一个奇妙的发现14. a fantastic discovery 一个奇妙的发现为一家在澳大利亚的报社工作15. work for a newspaper in Australia 为一家在澳大利亚的报社工作Unit 9 Language focusWords1. meteor [5mi:tjE] n. small mass of matter that enters the earth's atmosphere from outer space,making a bright streak across the night sky as it is burnt up 流星; 陨星; 陨石2. crash / kræʃ / v. 碰撞3. meat-eater n. 食肉兽, 食肉者4. plant-eater n. 食草兽5. triangular [traiˈæŋgjulə] adj. shaped like a triangle 三角(形)的（骨质﹑ 角质等的）盾片, 鳞片6. plate / pleɪt / n. thin flat piece of horn, bone, etc （骨质﹑7. almost / ˈɔːlməust / adv. nearly; not quite 几乎; 差不多8. alive / əˈlaɪv; əˋlaɪv/ adj. living; not dead 活着9. compare / kəmˈpeə(r) / v. to examine people or things to see how they are similar and howthey are different: 比较10. fossil / ˈfɔsl / n. the remains of an animal or a plant which have become hard and turned intorock: 化石11. prehistoric / ˏpriːhɪˈstɔrɪk / adj. connected with the time in history before information waswritten down: 史前的12. officially [əˈfiʃəli] adv. publicly and by sb who is in a position of authority: 官方地13. suggest/ səˈdʒest / v. to put forward an idea or a plan for other people to think about提议; 建议14. cousin / ˈkʌzn; ˋkʌzn/ n. (also first cousin) a child of your aunt or uncle: 堂[表]兄弟姐妹15. concert / ˈkɔnsət / n. a public performance of music: 音乐会16. record / ˈrekɔːd; US ˈrekərd / n. thin circular piece of plastic on which sound has been recorded唱片:Phrases在。

机械运动的英语短语Mechanical Motion.Mechanical motion is a fundamental concept in physics, referring to the movement of objects or particles from one position to another. It is the most basic form of motion and is governed by the laws of mechanics. Understanding mechanical motion is crucial in various fields, including engineering, physics, and astronomy, among others.Types of Mechanical Motion.1. Translational Motion: This type of motion involves an object moving in a straight line or along a curved path. For example, a car driving on a straight road or a planet orbiting the sun exhibits translational motion.2. Rotational Motion: In this type of motion, an object rotates around a fixed axis. Examples include a door swinging open, a fan rotating, or a planet spinning on itsaxis.3. Oscillatory Motion: This type of motion involves an object moving back and forth or up and down, such as a pendulum or a vibrating string. Oscillatory motion is often periodic, meaning it repeats itself at regular intervals.4. Combinational Motion: Objects can also exhibit a combination of different types of motion. For instance, a planet not only orbits the sun but also rotates on its axis, exhibiting both translational and rotational motion.Basic Principles of Mechanical Motion.1. Newton's Laws of Motion: These laws, formulated bySir Isaac Newton, form the foundation of classical mechanics. The first law states that an object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force. The second law establishes the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, stating that the force acting on an object is equal to its masstimes its acceleration. The third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.2. Conservation of Momentum: Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity. In an isolated system, the total momentum remains constant, meaning it is conserved. This principle is fundamental in understanding collisions and interactions between objects.3. Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another. Mechanical energy, which includes kinetic energy (due to motion) and potential energy (due to position or configuration), follows this conservation law.Applications of Mechanical Motion.1. Engineering: Mechanical motion plays a crucial role in engineering design. For instance, understanding rotational motion is essential in designing machines with rotating parts, such as engines, turbines, and gears.2. Transportation: The principles of mechanical motion are fundamental in transportation systems. Cars, trains, planes, and ships all rely on mechanical motion to move from one place to another.3. Robotics: Robotic systems often utilize mechanical motion to perform tasks. Understanding and controlling mechanical motion is crucial in ensuring robots move accurately and efficiently.4. Sports: Mechanical motion principles are also applicable in sports. For example, understanding projectile motion (a type of translational motion) is crucial in sports like baseball, cricket, and soccer, where players need to predict the flight of a ball.In conclusion, mechanical motion is a fundamental aspect of physics and plays a crucial role in various fields. Understanding its principles and applications is essential for engineers, physicists, and other professionals working in related fields.。

小学上册英语第二单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The capital of Mongolia is _______.2.What is the main ingredient in a salad?A. MeatB. VegetablesC. RiceD. Bread3.Rocks come in three main types: igneous, __________, and metamorphic.4.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Salt5.The bird flies in the ______.6.What do we call a song that tells a story?A. PoemB. BalladC. NovelD. PlayB7.I love to ___ (travel) to new places.8.I love to explore the ________ (城市) with my family.9.I have a _______ (小手指) that loves to play.10.The ________ was a period of great social change in the 1960s.11.The ____ is known for its ability to live in extreme conditions.12.The _____ (植物体验课程) can engage all ages in learning.13.What is the name of the longest river in North America?A. MissouriB. MississippiC. ColoradoD. Rio Grande14.The ________ is very important.15.His favorite hobby is ________.16.The polar bear lives in the ______.17.I want to ______ how to bake cookies. (learn)18.What is the primary color of a blueberry?A. BlueB. PurpleC. GreenD. Red19.The cat sleeps on a _____.20.The concept of ecosystem management focuses on maintaining healthy ______.21.What is the color of an emerald?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. YellowC22.What is the color of an orange?A. GreenB. YellowC. OrangeD. RedC23.I like to _______ (收集) stamps.24.My grandpa is a very nice ____.25. A ______ helps to spread seeds.26.The dog loves to go for a _________. (散步)27. A baby cat is called a ______.28.Natural disasters like earthquakes can cause ______ damage.29.Please _______ (安静) in the classroom.30.I call my neighbor ______ when I see him. (我见到我的邻居时称他为)31.What do you call the process of plants making their food?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. DigestionD. Fermentation32.What do we call a person who repairs cars?A. MechanicB. ElectricianC. PlumberD. Carpenter33.She is _____ (playing) a game.34.I enjoy _______ (做实验) in science class.35.My friend is very __________ (友好).36.The country known for its art and architecture is ________ (以艺术和建筑闻名的国家是________).37.My grandma loves to knit ____ (blankets).38.What is the name of our planet?A. MarsB. EarthC. VenusD. Jupiter39.The symbol for silicon is _____.40.The first human to orbit Earth was _______ Gagarin.41.What is 3 x 5?A. 12B. 15C. 20D. 2542. A __________ reaction releases energy in the form of heat.43.The _______ (The Great Society) introduced sweeping reforms for social welfare.44.The __________ (历史的思考方式) shape our discourse.45.I like to ___ (ride/skate) my bike.46.What do you call a person who repairs pipes?A. ElectricianB. MechanicC. PlumberD. BuilderC47.My favorite subject is _______ (科学) because it is very _______ (有趣).48.The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is __________.49.An element's atomic mass is the total number of ______.50.How many days are there in a week?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 851.What is the capital of Malaysia?A. JakartaB. BangkokC. Kuala LumpurD. Manila52. A force can change the _______ of an object.53.The body system that helps us breathe is the ______ system.54.We should _______ (互相帮助).55.How many days are there in February (not a leap year)?A. 28B. 29C. 30D. 31A56.My brother loves to __________ (探索) new hobbies.57.I want to ______ (travel) the world someday.58.Which animal is known for having a long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. HorseD. CamelB59.The country famous for its chocolate is ________ (比利时).60.My favorite summer fruit is a _______ (我最喜欢的夏季水果是_______).61.What is the name of the largest ocean on Earth?A. AtlanticB. IndianC. ArcticD. PacificD62. A _____ (马) can carry heavy loads.63.I have _____ (many/much) books to read.64.What is the national flower of the USA?A. RoseB. TulipC. DaisyD. OrchidA65.Chlorine is used to disinfect ______.66.The _____ (草原) is filled with wildflowers in the summer.67.An exothermic reaction releases _____ into the environment.68.Pandas eat mostly ______.69.What do you call a collection of short stories published together?A. AnthologyB. NovelC. CompilationD. CollectionA70.The _______ can help create a sustainable environment.71.The bumblebee is a type of _________. (蜜蜂)72.The ancient Romans had a complex system of _______.73.I enjoy creating my own music because it allows me to express my __________.74.The _______ can provide food for people and animals.75.What do we call a person who studies the effects of climate change?A. ClimatologistB. MeteorologistC. Environmental ScientistD. EcologistA76.What is the name of the famous detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam SpadeB77. A _______ (骆驼) can go without water for days.78.My favorite sport is _______ (滑板).79.The capital of the Czech Republic is ________ (布拉格).80. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called _______.81.My cousin enjoys __________ (滑板).82.I saw a _______ (小骆驼) at the zoo yesterday.83.Which season comes after summer?A. WinterB. SpringC. FallD. NoneC84.What do we call the study of the properties of matter?A. ChemistryB. PhysicsC. BiologyD. GeologyA85.The owl hoots softly in the ______ (夜晚).86.My cat likes to take _______ (午睡) in the sun.87.I think volunteering is a great way to help others. I want to volunteer at __________.88.What is the primary color that is associated with the sun?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red89.The parrot is very _________ (色彩斑斓).90.In which season do leaves fall from trees?A. SummerB. FallC. WinterD. Spring91.The __________ (历史的脉络) provides context for events.92.The __________ was a significant movement for women's rights. (女性选举权运动)93.The stars are ___. (bright)94.My cousin is a good __________ (演讲者) and speaks clearly.95.What is the opposite of 'easy'?A. SimpleB. HardC. FastD. Slow96.I want to plant a ________ in my garden.97.His favorite game is ________.98.What is the main ingredient in sushi?A. PastaB. RiceC. BreadD. PotatoesB99. A pendulum swings back and _______.100.Plants can create ______ (栖息地) for wildlife.。

小学上册英语第6单元测验卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My brother is a __________ (项目协调员).2.The __________ (奴隶制) was a major issue in American history.3.environmental science) studies interactions between humans and nature. The ____4.My favorite type of ________ (运动) is swimming.5.The _______ of a wave can be altered by changing its amplitude.6.In ancient times, people used the stars for ______.7.My aunt gives the best __________ (建议) about life.8.I have a _____ for my birthday party. (plan)9.Every holiday, I get a new ____. (玩具名称)10.Which animal says "woof"?A. CatB. DogC. CowD. Duck答案: B11.The __________ (历史的延续性) ensures legacy.12. A cow's moo can signify different ________________ (情绪).13.During my free time, I enjoy ______ (画画) or playing video games. It’s a good way to relax.14.What is the boiling point of water?A. 50 degrees CelsiusB. 75 degrees CelsiusC. 100 degrees CelsiusD. 150 degrees Celsius答案: C. 100 degrees Celsius15. A __________ can lead to the formation of new islands.16.The first humans settled in _____.17.Which month has the most days?A. FebruaryB. AprilC. JuneD. January答案: D. January18.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. RomeC. IstanbulD. Cairo答案:A19.What do we call the study of fungi?A. MycologyB. BotanyC. ZoologyD. Entomology答案: A20.The __________ hemisphere experiences summer when the other has winter.21.I like to _______ my friends at school.22.Practicing good ______ techniques can lead to a productive garden. (实践良好的园艺技巧可以带来丰收的花园。

小学上册英语第二单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the natural disaster caused by the movement of tectonic plates?A. HurricaneB. TornadoC. EarthquakeD. Flood2.On weekends, I visit my ________.3.What do we call the time when the sun goes down?A. SunriseB. SunsetC. NoonD. MidnightB4.What is 9 + 6?A. 14B. 15C. 16D. 17A5.The sun is ___ in the sky. (high)6.We should _______ (团结) as a team.7.I play _______ (football) on Sundays.8.The ancient Egyptians built temples for their ________.9. A _______ is a large area of sand or pebbles along the edge of the sea.10. A ______ is a type of mixture that can settle over time.11.Which animal is known for its ability to jump high?A. ElephantB. FrogC. TurtleD. Dog12.What do you call the food we eat at night?A. BreakfastB. LunchC. DinnerD. SnackC13.The characteristics of a plant can reveal much about its ______ and adaptations. (植物的特征可以揭示其栖息地和适应性。

小学上册英语第2单元真题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.It is _____ to play outside. (nice)2.The chemical symbol for vanadium is ____.3.What do you drink from?A. PlateB. CupC. ForkD. SpoonB4.The squirrel's _______ (尾巴) is bushy and long.5.What do astronauts wear to protect themselves in space?A. PajamasB. Space suitsC. RaincoatsD. Regular clothes6. A tectonic plate boundary can be associated with ______.7.The Sun's core is extremely ______ and hot.8.What do we call the science of matter and energy?A. BiologyB. ChemistryC. PhysicsD. Astronomy9.My toy ________ is very creative.10.My aunt loves __________ (收藏).11.The ancient Romans built _______ to entertain the public. (竞技场)12.I love to play _______ (篮球) after school.13.The ________ (攀岩活动) is popular among adventurers.14.What do we call the main character in a story?A. AntagonistB. ProtagonistC. NarratorD. Supporting CharacterB15.The ______ (海豹) can dive deep into the ocean.16.My friend is very ________.17.What do we call the study of the Earth’s features?A. GeographyB. HistoryC. SociologyD. Biology18.What is the color of an orange?A. YellowB. OrangeC. PurpleD. BlueB19. A __________ is a geological feature that can impact local ecosystems.20.We eat breakfast in the ______. (morning)21.The cat is ______ on the mat. (sleeping)22.How many hours are there in a day?A. 12B. 24C. 36D. 48B23.我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)24.I can ________ my homework.25.What is 2 + 2?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 626.What do you call a small, furry animal that hops?A. CatB. RabbitC. DogD. Mouse27.My uncle is a __________ (农民).28.What do we call the area of land that is covered with trees?A. ForestB. JungleC. WoodlandD. All of the aboveD All of the above29.What is the opposite of ‘begin’?A. StartB. CommenceC. EndD. Continue30.I saw a ladybug on a ______ (叶子). It was very ______ (小巧).31.aquifer) stores groundwater. The ____32.Which animal can fly?A. FishB. CatC. BirdD. DogC33.The hawk uses its keen eyesight to spot ________________ (猎物) from high above.34.The Earth's core is very ______, reaching temperatures as high as the sun's surface.35.The classroom is ______ (quiet) during the test.36.My cousin is a ______. She has many pets.37.What do you call a person who writes books?A. ArtistB. AuthorC. MusicianD. Scientist38.What do you call the study of weather?A. BiologyB. MeteorologyC. GeographyD. AstronomyB39.The flamingo's social behavior includes forming large ________________ (群体).40.My favorite outdoor game is ______.41.The ______ (植物的生理特征) can be fascinating to study.42.The bumblebee is important for _________ (授粉).43.What do you call a person who studies animals?A. BiologistB. ZoologistC. EcologistD. Botanist44.I like to ___ (explore/discover) new things.45.The ancient Egyptians created elaborate _____ for their elite.46.I saw a _______ (小海鸥) flying near the beach.47.What do we call the visible part of a plant that produces flowers and fruits?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. ShootD48.The ______ helps us understand social issues.49.globalization) connects economies worldwide. The ____50.The movement of tectonic plates can create ______ and valleys.51. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of _____ that can dissolve.52.The __________ (历史的时空交错) illustrate connections.53.What is the capital of Tuvalu?A. FunafutiB. NukufetauC. NuiD. NanumeaA54. A ______ (海豚) is very playful and friendly.55.The teacher is ______ the students. (helping)56.I have a ________ that brightens my day.57. A ___ (小鳄鱼) lives in the swamp.58. A ________ (植物使用手册) aids in identification.59.My brother bought a new _______ (我哥哥买了一个新的_______).60.My sister's favorite toy is a _____.61.The __________ (大树) took many years to mature.62. A chemical reaction can occur at different rates depending on ______.63.My favorite season is ______. I love this time of year because the weather is______. In spring, the flowers start to ______ and the trees become ______. It is also a great time to go outside and enjoy nature.64.The ancient Greeks created the concept of ________ (民主).65.I have a ________ (日记) to write in.66.My sister likes to _______ (动词) with her friends. 她总是 _______ (形容词).67.My pet tortoise is very ______.68.What do we call a picture made by painting or drawing?A. SculptureB. ArtworkC. PhotographD. Collage69.The country famous for its cheese is ________ (法国).70.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. RomeB. VeniceC. PompeiiD. Florence71.The air is _______ (fresh) after the rain.72.What do we call a group of wolves?A. PackB. FlockC. HerdD. SwarmA73.The __________ is a famous archaeological site in Mexico. (特奥蒂瓦坎)74.The stars are ______ (shining) brightly.75.The __________ (二战) began in 1939 and ended in 1945.76.What do we call the study of the human mind and behavior?A. PsychologyB. SociologyC. AnthropologyD. Philosophy77.The boy has a new ________.78.How many months have 28 days?A. OneB. TwoC. TwelveD. SixC79.I love to ___ (play/read) books.80.What do we call a scientist who studies the environment?A. EcologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. GeologistA81.The monkey is _____ in the tree. (hanging)82.What is the name of the process in which plants release oxygen?A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. TranspirationD. DigestionA83.I have many ______ in my class.84.What do you call a vehicle that travels on tracks?A. CarB. TrainC. PlaneD. BoatB85.My sister loves __________ (参与学校活动).86.Sodium chloride is the scientific name for ______.87. A _____ (植物景观设计) can transform spaces.88. A force can cause an object to ______.89. A toad prefers moist ______ (环境).90.What is the opposite of "love"?A. HateB. LikeC. CareD. EnjoyA91.Which animal is known for hopping?A. CatB. DogC. KangarooD. LionC92.My cousin is very __________ (积极向上).93.Which of these is not a fruit?A. MangoB. PeachC. LettuceD. Cherry94.What is the name of the famous American writer known for his novels about life on the Mississippi River?A. Mark TwainB. Ernest HemingwayC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. John SteinbeckA95. A ____(local action plan) addresses specific community needs.96. A dolphin leaps gracefully out of the _______ and splashes back in.97.How many notes are in an octave?A. 5B. 7C. 12D. 15答案:B98.What do we call the game played on a board with black and white squares?A. Snakes and LaddersB. ChessC. CheckersD. Monopoly99.My dad loves to watch _____ (比赛) on TV.100.What do you call the season after winter?A. FallB. SummerC. SpringD. AutumnC。

小学上册英语第2单元自测题英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the famous fictional detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle?A. Hercule PoirotB. Sherlock HolmesC. Miss MarpleD. Sam SpadeB2.The ________ was a time of great change in Europe.3.s built _______ in what is now Mexico City. (城市) The Azte4.What do we call the study of animal behavior?A. EthologyB. BiologyC. EcologyD. ZoologyA Ethology5.What do you call the time when the sun goes down?A. MorningB. NoonC. EveningD. MidnightC6.My uncle is a fantastic ____ (storyteller).7.I want to _______ (学习) gardening.8. A garden can be a great way to teach children about ______. (花园可以是教育孩子们了解自然的好方法。

)9.The squirrel has a bushy ______ (尾巴) for balance.10.What is the term for a shape with eight sides?A. HexagonB. HeptagonC. OctagonD. NonagonC11.Ancient Mesopotamia is often called the "cradle of _______." (文明)12.My ________ (堂姐) loves to read books.13.The _____ (春天) brings new growth and life.14.The capital of Fiji is _______.15.What do you call the movement of air?A. WindB. RainC. SnowD. StormA16.The chemical symbol for oxygen is ______.17.Her _____ (魔法棒) makes things disappear.18.I love to play ______ (棋) with my grandfather. He always teaches me new ______ (策略).19.The Earth's crust is made up of both continental and ______ components.20.She has a nice ________.21.What is 1 + 1?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4B22.What do we call a movie that tells a story through moving pictures?A. DocumentaryB. AnimationC. FilmD. TheaterC23.Distillation is a method used to separate _______ based on boiling points.24.What do we celebrate on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New YearC25.The _____ (温暖) climate is suitable for tropical plants.26.What do you call a person who teaches students?A. DoctorB. EngineerC. TeacherD. ArtistC27.My favorite snack is ______.28.What is the name of the planet known as the "Red Planet"?A. VenusB. MarsC. JupiterD. SaturnB29.The concept of climate adaptation emphasizes the importance of preparing for______ changes.30.What is the term for a group of wolves?A. PackB. FlockC. SchoolD. GaggleA31.The main use of citric acid is in _____.32. A __________ (科学实验室) is a hub for innovation and research.33.The Earth’s ______ is made up of solid rock and is where we live.34.What color is a traditional school bus?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red35.The _____ (大雁) travels long distances during migration.36.The dog loves to _____ in the water. (swim)37.What is the color of a watermelon?A. BlueB. RedC. GreenD. Yellow38. A ________ (壁虎) can climb walls and is often found in houses.39.What is the main function of leaves?A. To absorb waterB. To support the plantC. To make foodD. To reproduceC40.What is the capital of Saint Lucia?A. CastriesB. Vieux FortC. SoufrièreD. Gros IsletA41.The __________ (历史的总结) can inspire action.42.History is often recorded in __________. (书籍)43.What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. OrbitD. CycleB44.The ancient Romans built large ______ (建筑) for public gatherings.45.The _______ (Mount Rushmore) features the faces of four US presidents.46.What is the opposite of 'hot'?A. WarmB. CoolC. ColdD. Freezing47.ts are ______ (食用的) while others are not. Some pla48.My mom is a great __________ (家庭主妇).49.How many colors are in a rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 850. A __________ (化学分析方法) is essential for studying materials and substances.51.The __________ is a large body of water between Europe and Asia. (黑海)52.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. RectangleC. TriangleD. CircleC53.Which of these is a type of pasta?A. RiceB. SpaghettiC. BreadD. Pizza54.Chemical reactions may require catalysts to proceed at a reasonable ______.55.What is the term for a baby skunk?A. KitB. PupC. CalfD. ChickA56.In _____ (南非), you can see the Big Five animals.57.I have a _____ (plan) for the weekend.58.I see a _____ (butterfly) in the garden.59.The ________ (community) celebrates diversity.60.What is the opposite of empty?A. FullB. HeavyC. LightD. DeepA61.Mars is known as the ______ planet.62.The ______ (露台) is great for potted plants.63.My favorite game involves using my ________ (玩具名) to solve puzzles.64.I like _______ (尝试) new foods when I travel.65.Canal opened up trade routes between _____ and Asia. The Suez66.The _____ (太阳) is the main source of energy for plants.67.My dog loves to dig _______ (洞) in the yard.68.The _____ (鱼缸) is clean.69.The ______ (树木) provide shade on hot days.70.territory) is governed by a specific political entity. The ____71.My pet _____ loves to chase its tail.72.Which gas do plants need to live?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. HeliumB73.The tarantula spins a ________________ (网).74.What is the capital of Brazil?A. BrasíliaB. Rio de JaneiroC. São PauloD. SalvadorA75.My brother is a ________.76.The book is on the _______ (shelf).77.The __________ can provide important insights into Earth's history.78.What do you call the science of studying living organisms?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. AstronomyB79.Hydraulic machines use _______ liquids to transmit force.80.My ______ enjoys cooking traditional dishes.81.The ancient Greeks wrote _______ that are still studied today. (哲学)82. A __________ is a reaction that absorbs energy.83. A suspension contains larger particles that can ______.84.Chinchillas have very soft ________________ (毛发).85.What do you call the fear of spiders?A. AcrophobiaB. ArachnophobiaC. ClaustrophobiaD. AgoraphobiaB86.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. VenusC. MarsD. Neptune87.The ________ is buzzing around.88.How many teeth does an adult human typically have?A. 28B. 30C. 32D. 3489.The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of its __________.90.The _______ can bring a sense of calm and peace.91.The first man-made satellite was named _____.92.What is 45 15?A. 25B. 30C. 35D. 40B93. A mixture of solids is called a ______ blend.94.Learning about plant ecology is essential for effective ______. (了解植物生态学对有效保护至关重要。

小学上册英语第2单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The dog is ________ (快乐).2.The chemical formula for baking soda is ________.3.The element with atomic number is __________.4. A solution where no more solute can dissolve is called _____.5.She is a very ________ person.6.What is the chemical symbol for gold?A. AuB. AgC. FeD. PbA7.When I see a rainbow, I feel ______ (兴奋) because it reminds me of magic and beauty in the world.8.When a solid becomes a gas without turning into a liquid, it is called _______. (升华)9.The baby is _____ to sleep. (going)10.What do we call a young male horse?A. ColtB. FoalC. FillyD. StallionA11. A __________ is a mixture that can be separated by magnetism.12.agette movement fought for women's __________ (投票权). The Taip13.My mom enjoys _______ (动词) in her free time. 她也喜欢 _______ (名词).14.The ________ was a famous battle fought in 1815.15.The _______ (The Great Society) aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.16.My brother likes to _____ (play/video games).17.My dog likes to bark at _______ (陌生人).18.The chemical formula for sodium chloride is _______.19. A ________ (植物观察日记) captures findings.20.Which food is made from milk?A. BreadB. CheeseC. RiceD. PastaB21.What is the capital of Latvia?A. VilniusB. RigaC. TallinnD. MinskB Riga22.The __________ (树皮) protects the tree from damage.23.The fish swims in the ___ (water/air).24.Heat can change the state of ______.25.The _______ (The Tiananmen Square protests) called for political reform in China.26.What is the name of the famous fictional character who travels through time in a blue police box?A. Doctor WhoB. Sherlock HolmesC. Harry PotterD. Indiana JonesA27.My sister is my best _______ who shares secrets.28.We are going to the ___ (zoo).29.What is the main purpose of a map?A. To tell timeB. To show directionsC. To cookD. To readB30.The ancient Greeks created works of ________ that are still studied today.31. A ____ is known for its distinctive calls and is often found in forests.32.She is wearing a pretty ___. (hat)33. A _______ can help illustrate how energy is transferred in a circuit.34.Chemical reactions can produce light, heat, or ______.35.What is the main theme of the story "Little Red Riding Hood"?A. FriendshipB. AdventureC. DangerD. Love36.I love to explore nature trails and observe ________ (野生动物) in their natural habitat.37.I like to go fishing with my ______ (爸爸). It’s a peaceful activity tha t allows us to bond.38. A dolphin is known for its playful ________________ (性格).39.I think it’s important to ________ (照顾) our planet.40.Which animal is known for its big ears?A. RabbitB. ElephantC. CatD. DogB41.The center of an atom is called the ______.42.The movement of water can cause rocks to ______ over time.43. A reaction that occurs when light hits a surface is called a ______ reaction.44.What do we call the liquid that makes up blood?A. PlasmaB. SerumC. CytoplasmD. Lymph45.I have a toy _______ that can dive into water.46.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. SaltB47.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her shoe?A. Sleeping BeautyB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Little Red Riding Hood48.The ______ (青蛙) croaks loudly in the evening.49.What do you call a baby gosling?A. ChickB. DucklingC. GoslingD. Calf50.The _______ (小火烈鸟) is known for its pink feathers.51.What do we call the person who writes books?A. ArtistB. AuthorC. MusicianD. Chef52. A _____ (雨林) has many layers of vegetation.53.The __________ is a famous area known for its training grounds.54.I enjoy learning about science experiments. They show us how things work in our world. One experiment I found exciting was __________ because it demonstrated__________.55.The chemical process that produces energy in our cells is called ________.56.I believe that kindness creates a positive __________.57.What is the main ingredient in a sandwich?A. BreadB. CheeseC. MeatD. All of the aboveD58.I love visiting the _______ (地方) because I learn new things every time.59. A ____(urban heat island effect) raises city temperatures.60.The frog's skin can absorb ______ (水).61.What is the name of the popular dessert made with layers of pastry and cream?A. TiramisuB. BaklavaC. NapoleonD. EclairC62.Elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar ______.63.Practicing good ______ techniques can lead to a productive garden. (实践良好的园艺技巧可以带来丰收的花园。

Unity2DMovement物体移动案例Unity 2D Movement 物体移动案例导⼊⼯程可通过Unity Asset Store导⼊或者⾃⾏下载导⼊绘制地图1. 制作Tile Palette通过Window > 2D > Tile Palette调整⾯板新建Palette2. 导⼊素材：将Sunnyland/artwork/Environment/titleset-sliced拖⼊Tile Palette⾯板最后导⼊效果如图，如其他画板功能类似，左键单击（长按）选取，然后绘制。

注：如果导⼊素材后绘制像素过⼩，请检查素材Pixels Per Unit值的⼤⼩（本⼯程为16）3. 开始绘制在场景中添加TileMap（右键2D Object > Tilemap），即可利⽤Tile palette中的功能在场景中进⾏绘制。

注：如果有多个Tilemap，可以通过在Tile palette中激活需要操作的TileMap。

在绘制完后我们可通过组件Tilemap Collider 2D快速地添加碰撞盒前景：草、植物等ground层：地⾯等背景：墙、柱⼦等(通过改变Transform.Position.Z的值来改变前后关系)ground层⼈物制作⾸先简单地导⼊Sunnyland\artwork\Sprites\player\idle\player-idle-1.png到场景中为Player添加刚体及碰撞盒Character Controller包含Object受⼒、速度、状态判断的变量函数：1. Move(float move, bool crouch, bool jump)move：横向移动量2. Flip() —— ⼈物转向using UnityEngine;public class CharacterController2D : MonoBehaviour {[SerializeField] private float m_JumpForce = 400f; // Amount of force added when the player jumps.[Range(0, 1)] [SerializeField] private float m_CrouchSpeed = .36f; // Amount of maxSpeed applied to crouching movement. 1 = 100% [Range(0, .3f)] [SerializeField] private float m_MovementSmoothing = .05f; // How much to smooth out the movement[SerializeField] private bool m_AirControl = false; // Whether or not a player can steer while jumping;[SerializeField] private LayerMask m_WhatIsGround; // A mask determining what is ground to the character[SerializeField] private Transform m_GroundCheck; // A position marking where to check if the player is grounded.[SerializeField] private Transform m_CeilingCheck; // A position marking where to check for ceilings[SerializeField] private Collider2D m_CrouchDisableCollider; // A collider that will be disabled when crouchingconst float k_GroundedRadius = .2f; // Radius of the overlap circle to determine if groundedprivate bool m_Grounded; // Whether or not the player is grounded.const float k_CeilingRadius = .2f; // Radius of the overlap circle to determine if the player can stand upprivate Rigidbody2D m_Rigidbody2D;private bool m_FacingRight = true; // For determining which way the player is currently facing.private Vector3 velocity = Vector3.zero;private void Awake() {m_Rigidbody2D = GetComponent<Rigidbody2D>();}private void FixedUpdate() {m_Grounded = false;// The player is grounded if a circlecast to the groundcheck position hits anything designated as ground// This can be done using layers instead but Sample Assets will not overwrite your project settings.Collider2D[] colliders = Physics2D.OverlapCircleAll(m_GroundCheck.position, k_GroundedRadius, m_WhatIsGround);for (int i = 0; i < colliders.Length; i++) {if (colliders[i].gameObject != gameObject)m_Grounded = true;}}public void Move(float move, bool crouch, bool jump) {// If crouching, check to see if the character can stand upif (!crouch) {// If the character has a ceiling preventing them from standing up, keep them crouchingif (Physics2D.OverlapCircle(m_CeilingCheck.position, k_CeilingRadius, m_WhatIsGround)) {crouch = true;}}//only control the player if grounded or airControl is turned onif (m_Grounded || m_AirControl) {// If crouchingif (crouch) {// Reduce the speed by the crouchSpeed multipliermove *= m_CrouchSpeed;// Disable one of the colliders when crouchingif (m_CrouchDisableCollider != null)m_CrouchDisableCollider.enabled = false;} else {// Enable the collider when not crouchingif (m_CrouchDisableCollider != null)m_CrouchDisableCollider.enabled = true;}// Move the character by finding the target velocityVector3 targetVelocity = new Vector2(move * 10f, m_Rigidbody2D.velocity.y);// And then smoothing it out and applying it to the characterm_Rigidbody2D.velocity = Vector3.SmoothDamp(m_Rigidbody2D.velocity, targetVelocity, ref velocity, m_MovementSmoothing); // If the input is moving the player right and the player is facing left...if (move > 0 && !m_FacingRight) {// ... flip the player.Flip();}// Otherwise if the input is moving the player left and the player is facing right...else if (move < 0 && m_FacingRight) {// ... flip the player.Flip();}}// If the player should jump...if (m_Grounded && jump) {// Add a vertical force to the player.m_Grounded = false;m_Rigidbody2D.AddForce(new Vector2(0f, m_JumpForce));}}private void Flip() {// Switch the way the player is labelled as facing.m_FacingRight = !m_FacingRight;// Multiply the player's x local scale by -1.Vector3 theScale = transform.localScale;theScale.x *= -1;transform.localScale = theScale;}}Player Move ControllerInput.GetAxisRaw("Horizontal") —— 获取横向移动量，x的正⽅向移动为1，x的负⽅向移动-1，站⽴不动为0 Input.GetButtonDown("Jump") —— 判断按下"Jump"的指令Edit > Project Settings > Input Manager设定Input系统例如：Jump通过space键触发我们需要添加Crouch判定，触发爬⾏⾏为using UnityEngine;public class PlayerMoveController : MonoBehaviour {private CharacterController2D cc;private float move = 0f;private bool jump = false;private bool crouch = false;private void Awake() {cc = GetComponent<CharacterController2D>();}// Update is called once per framevoid Update() {move = Input.GetAxisRaw("Horizontal");if (Input.GetButtonDown("Jump"))jump = true;if (Input.GetButtonDown("Crouch"))crouch = true;else if (Input.GetButtonUp("Crouch"))crouch = false;}private void FixedUpdate() {cc.Move(move, crouch, jump);jump = false;}}其他设置1. Player脚本相关设置也可以通过Rigidbody调整物体的重⼒因素等，如Gravity Scale()、Collision Detection(刚体的碰撞检测模式)。

物理必修二圆周运动笔记Notes on Circular Motion from Physics Compulsory Book 21. Circular Motion Basics:Definition: Circular motion is the movement of an object along a circular path.Types: Uniform circular motion (constant speed) and non-uniform circular motion (varying speed).2. Centripetal Force:Definition: The force acting on an object to keep it moving in a circular path is called the centripetal force.Direction: Always pointing towards the center of the circle.Formula: (F_c = m \times \frac{v^2}{r}), where (F_c) is the centripetal force, (m) is the mass of the object, (v) is the speed, and (r) is the radius of the circle.3. Angular Quantities:Angular Velocity (ω): Measures the rate of change of angle per unit time. Formula: (ω = \frac{θ}{t}), where (θ) is the angle in radians and (t) is time.Angular Acceleration (α): Measures the rate of change of angular velocity per unit time. Formula: (α = \frac{Δω}{Δt}).4. Tangential Velocity and Acceleration:Tangential Velocity (v): The speed of an object moving along a circular path. Formula: (v = ω \times r).Tangential Acceleration (at): The acceleration of an object moving along a circular path. Formula: (a_t = α \times r).5. Centrifugal Force:Definition: The apparent force pushing an object outward when it is moving in a circular path is called the centrifugal force.Note: It is not a real force but a result of inertia.6. Applications of Circular Motion:Rotating Machines: Machines like fans, turbines, and gears use circular motion.Planetary Motion: Planets and moons move in circular paths around a central star or planet.These are the basic concepts and formulas related to circular motion in Physics CompulsoryBook 2. Understanding these principles is crucial for grasping more advanced topics in physics.。

合肥2024年05版小学四年级上册英语第二单元真题试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:110）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、What is the primary ingredient in a burrito?A, TortillaB, RiceC, BeansD, Meat2、What is the opposite of "happy"?A, SadB, ExcitedC, AngryD, Joyful3、What do bees make?A, MilkB, HoneyC, JamD, Butter4、What do you wear on your feet?A, HatB, ShoesC, GlovesD, Belt5、What do you call a young pelican?A, ChickB, KitC, PupD, Calf6、What is the capital city of Greece?A, AthensB, RomeC, CairoD, Istanbul7、What do we call the process of plants absorbing sunlight? A, RespirationB, PhotosynthesisC, TranspirationD, Combustion8、数一数，选一选。

9、What do we call the movement of the Earth around the sun? A, RotationB, RevolutionC, OrbitD, Cycle10、How many sides does a triangle have?A, TwoB, ThreeC, FourD, Five11、What do you call the study of living things?A, ChemistryB, BiologyC, PhysicsD, Geography12、What is the capital of Canada?A, TorontoB, OttawaC, VancouverD, Montreal13、What do you call the sound a dog makes?A, MeowB, RoarC, BarkD, Tweet14、Which animal is known for its stripes?A, LionB, ElephantC, ZebraD, Giraffe15、What is the name of the famous bear that is always looking for honey? A, Paddington BearB, Winnie the PoohC, Yogi BearD, Baloo16、Which of these is a type of pasta?A, RiceB, NoodlesC, BreadD, Cake17、What is the capital of Colombia?A, BogotaB, CaracasC, QuitoD, Lima18、What do we call a story with magical elements? A, FictionB, FantasyC, RealityD, Non-fiction19、What is the sum of 2 + 2?A, 3B, 4C, 5D, 620、What do bees produce?A, MilkB, HoneyC, SugarD, Butter二、听力题(共计20题，共40分)1、听力题：The heart pumps __________ throughout the body.2、听力题：__________ are important for the growth of crops.3、听力题：A saturated solution can be heated to dissolve _______ solute.4、听力题：The car is ___ (red/blue).5、听力题：We are going to a ______ (festival) this weekend.6、听力题：The _____ (湖泊) is calm.7、听力题：The polar bear lives in the ______.A rabbit’s ears are very ______.9、听力题：He is good at __________.10、听力题：The gift is _____ (for/from) you.11、听力题：The chemical symbol for antimony is ______.12、听力题：A ______ is a natural feature that can influence the environment.13、听力题：The puppy is ___ with a toy. (playing)14、听力题：The chemical symbol for yttrium is ______.15、听力题：We visit our _____ (grandparents/parents) every weekend.16、听力题：The house is ___. (colorful)17、听力题：The Earth's crust contains valuable ______.18、听力题：The birds are ______ in the morning. (chirping)19、听力题：The cat is ______ on the windowsill. (napping)20、听力题：She is ___ her bike. (riding)三、填空题(共计20题，共10分)1、填空题：I love to ______ (参加) sports events.Cats can climb ________ very well.3、填空题：The ________ (公共设施) support community needs.4、填空题：My aunt is a great __________ (演讲者).5、填空题：I love to ______ (探索) new ideas.6、填空题：A ________ (种植策略) is key for success.7、填空题：My dream is to travel to _______ (日本).8、填空题：My sister is a great __________ (乐器演奏者).9、n Massacre was a confrontation between British soldiers and ________ (殖民者). 填空题：The Bost10、填空题：A ________ (植物观察记录) is essential for research.11、填空题：A ______ (生态区域) supports specific plants and animals.12、填空题：A fluffy ___ (小羊) bleats softly.13、填空题：The dolphin plays with its _________. (朋友)14、填空题：The ancient Greeks created beautiful ________ (雕塑).15、填空题：The dog wags its _______ (狗摇着它的_______).16、填空题：The ________ is a small creature that likes to jump.My family celebrates ______ together. (我的家人一起庆祝______。