H O T 高清明细

完美解码设置方法（详细图解）本帖最后由 felix2005 于 2010-7-10 11:58 编辑话说目前高清视频在网络上比比皆是，我们也推出了一些关于高清视频的新闻，其中我们推荐大家使用一款名为“完美解码”的播放软件来观看高清，在使用便利性方面较为适合广大高清玩家，那么我们今天不妨来看看完美解码这款播放软件利器，让大家更容易上手。

高清硬件加速实际上对于高清解码方面，更多的是解码器与分离器的设置，我们今天主要来讨论如何设置解码器的问题：作为一款傻瓜化的播放软件，完美解码提供了足够人性化的设计，不仅集成了多款播放器软件，还提供了一个完美解码的设置中心，令用户对于这款播放软件的设置更加简单，更加傻瓜化，让高清视频播放的门槛大大降低。

完美解码播放器由于完美解码这款播放软件集成了各种解码器，因此在对视频文件的兼容方面是非常不错的，甚至可以说是通吃目前所有格式视频，这对于新上手的用户是十分友好的，也降低了对高清爱好者的要求，更多的解码器也可以让高清老鸟详细挑选，使用自己最欣赏的解码器进行配置。

那么我们下面就来看看这款完美解码播放器的细节：完美解码播放器作为一个电脑玩家与高清爱好者，相信大家都会安装软件，那么在这个前提下我们装好软件可以看到，这款完美解码播放器并不仅仅有高清播放器软件，还有一个可以提供相当详细设置的控制中心，在这里我们可以看到几乎全部与媒体播放相关的重要设置选项，也是高清用户必须调节的部分之一，无论是分离器还是解码器，都有相当详细的列表。

完美解码播放器作为高清爱好者，自然少不了调节一下解码器——解码器是播放高清视频的关键，一个玩高清的老鸟在使用播放软件之前一定会仔细选择自己喜欢的解码器并进行调节的，这样才能针对不同的视频获得最好的效果。

不过笔者并不建议初级玩家调节这些选项，因为通过笔者观察，默认的解码器、分离器等设置就已经相当科学，如果随便调节很可能起到反效果。

完美解码播放器作为近两年装机的用户，使用的独立显卡几乎都具有很好的高清视频硬件加速功能，打开硬件加速功能则对电脑处理器的要求降低了许多。

passionhdPassionHD：追寻心中的激情人类的生活充满了各种各样的激情。

我们每个人都有自己的追求和激情，这些激情可以驱动我们不断前进，成就自我。

而PassionHD正是致力于捕捉并展现人们内心深处的激情。

PassionHD是一个以镜头为媒介的组织，我们通过摄影和电影来讲述并传达各种各样不同的激情。

我们关注并展现的是一个个正能量、积极向上、充满灵感的故事，通过这些故事，我们希望激发人们对生活的热爱，追求他们内心真正的激情。

在PassionHD中，我们追求的激情不仅限于职业或工作，它是更广泛、更深层次的。

无论是追逐爱情的激情，还是对体育运动、音乐艺术、自然景观等的热爱，我们都希望能够将这些激情通过镜头展示出来，触动人们的心灵。

通过摄影和电影，我们将普通的人和日常的场景转化为充满激情的画面。

我们捕捉到的不仅是外表，更是内心的闪光点。

通过细致入微的镜头和创意的构图，我们致力于将每一个瞬间都变得令人难忘。

通过镜头，我们希望能够唤起每个人内心最真挚的情感。

在PassionHD中，我们强调的是个体的独特性。

每个人都是独一无二的，拥有各自的激情和热爱。

我们不会去设定标准，而是通过镜头捕捉到每个人最真实、最自然的一面。

我们追随着内心的引导，记录每一个人在追逐激情的过程中展露出的真实与美丽。

除了摄影和电影，我们还通过不同的传媒平台来分享激情。

杂志、社交媒体、展览等形式都被我们用来展示并传达激情。

通过这些媒介，激情可以得到传播，触动更多人的心灵，让更多人找到自己独特的激情，获得内心的满足与快乐。

追寻激情是我们每个人内心的渴望。

而PassionHD作为一个以镜头为媒介的组织，通过摄影和电影，通过各种形式的展示和分享，致力于捕捉和传达人们内心深处的激情。

我们希望每个人都能找到自己的激情，追求自己热爱的事物，并通过真实的表达与分享，让激情在世界中绽放光芒。

hd是什么意思 hd高解析度
基本内容
通常把物理分辨率达到720p以上的格式则称作为高清，英文表述High Definition，简称HD。

所谓全高清(Full HD)，是指物理分辨率高达1920×1080逐行扫描，即1080p，是较高级的高清规格。

参考资料
高解析度
HD是指画面的垂直解析度是1080i、720p或1080p。

1080i就是指解析度为191080，采交错扫描，每秒呈现30个完整画面;720p就是指解析度达1280__720，采循序扫描，每秒呈现60个完整画面;1080p就是指解析度达191080，采逐行扫描，每秒呈现60个完整画面。

不过市面上薄面电视的解析度应不仅止于上述这些款式，只要显示萤幕的解析度≥1280__720即可以列为HD等级。

高清(视频)
HD 是英文 High Definition 的缩写，就是“高清”的意思，在水果机上则常用来表示某软件是 iPad 专用或是通用版。

在 iPad 刚出现的'时候，iPhone 4 还没诞生，比起 3GS 之前的 iPhone 的 480x320 分辨率，iPad 的1024x768 确实算得上“高清”了，因此有了这种约定俗成的叫法。

顺便做个预言，下一代支持 Retina 屏的 iPad 软件，大概会加上 XD(Extra Definition)的后缀。

HM-TD5537T-7/WThermographic Thermal & Optical Bi-spectrum Network MINI Positioning SystemHIKMICRO HM-TD5537T-7/W Thermographic Thermal & Optical Bi-spectrum Network MINI Positioning System equipped with built-in GPU which supports intelligent behavior analysis algorithm, can realize high-precision VCA detection and real-time alarm. It is applied to fire-prevention purposes in scenes such as transformer substation, recycling center, gas station, and factory. The pre-alarm system helps you discover unexpected events immediately and protects your property.Key Feature●Behavior analysis function, based on deep learning algorithm: line crossing, intrusion, region entrance & exit●Temperature exception alarm for fire prevention●Fire detection algorithm●384 × 288 resolution 17 μm, VOx UFPA, NETD ≤ 35 mK (25°C, F# = 1.0)●Image processing technology: Liner, histogram, and self-adaptive thermal AGC mode, DDE, 3D DNR●High quality detector with 10 years guaranteeSpecificationThermal ModuleImage Sensor Vanadium Oxide Uncooled Focal Plane ArraysResolution 384 × 288Pixel Pitch 17 μmSpectral Range 8 μm to 14 μmNETD ≤ 35 mK (25 °C, F# = 1.0)Focal Length 6.3 mmIFOV 2.7 mradAperture F1.0Field of View 54.8° × 42.5° (H × V)Min. Focusing Distance 0.6 mDigital Zoom × 2, × 4, × 8Optical ModuleImage Sensor 1/2.8" Progressive Scan CMOSResolution 2688 × 1520, 4 MPMin. Illumination Color: 0.05 Lux @ (F1.6, AGC ON), B/W: 0.01 Lux @ (F1.6, AGC ON)Field of View 58.4° × 33.8° (H × V) to 2.14° × 1.2° (H × V)Focal Length 4.8 mm to 153 mm, 32 ×Aperture (Range) F1.2 to F4.4Focus Mode Semi-auto, manualDigital Zoom × 2, × 4, × 8, × 16Shutter Speed 1 s to 1/100,000 sWDR 120 dBOptical Defog YesImage EffectPicture in Picture Display partial image of thermal channel on the full screen of optical channel Target Coloration Yes. Supported in white hot and black hot mode.PTZMovement Range Pan: 360° Continuous Rotate; Tilt: From -90° to +90° (auto flip)Pan Speed Configurable, From 0.5°/s to 90°/sTilt Speed Configurable, From 0.5°/s to 40°/sProportional Zoom YesPresets 300Patrol Scan 8 patrols; Up to 32 presets per patrolPower Off Memory YesPark Preset/Patrol Scan/Auto Scan/Tilt Scan/Random Scan/Frame Scan/Panorama Scan PT Status Turn On/Turn OffScheduled Task Preset/Patrol Scan/Auto Scan/Tilt Scan/Random Scan/Frame Scan/Panorama Scan/Dome Reboot/Dome Adjust/Aux OutputIlluminatorIR Distance Up to 30 mIR Intensity and Angle Automatically adjustedSmart FunctionVCA 4 VCA rule types (line crossing, intrusion, region entrance, and region exiting), 10 scenes and 8 VCA rules for each scene.Temperature Measurement 3 temperature measurement rule types, 273 presets as scene, 21 rules of each scene (10 points, 10 areas, and 1 line)Temperature Range -20°C to 550°C (-4°F to 1022°F) Temperature Accuracy Max. (± 2°C, ± 2%)Fire Detection Dynamic fire and smoke detection, up to 10 fire points and 10 smoke points detectable.Video and AudioMain Stream Optical channel50 Hz: 25 fps (2688 × 1520, 1920 × 1080, 1280 × 960, 1280 × 720)60 Hz: 30 fps (2688 × 1520, 1920 × 1080, 1280 × 960, 1280 × 720)Thermal channel50 fps (1920 × 1080, 1280 × 960, 1280 × 720, 704 × 576, 640 × 512, 384 × 288)Sub-stream Optical channel50 Hz: 25fps (704 × 576, 352 × 288)60 Hz: 30 fps (704 × 576, 352 × 288) Thermal channel50 fps (704 × 576, 640 × 512, 384 × 288)Video Compression Main stream: H.265+/H.265/H.264+/ H.264 Sub-stream: H.265/H.264/MJPEGAudio Compression G.711alaw/G.711ulaw/G.722.1/G.726/MP2L2/AAC/PCM NetworkProtocols IPv4/IPv6, HTTP, HTTPS, 802.1x, Qos, FTP, SMTP, UPnP, SNMP, DNS, DDNS, NTP, RTSP, RTCP, RTP, TCP, UDP, IGMP, ICMP, DHCP, PPPoENetwork Storage MicroSD/SDHC/SDXC card (up to 128 GB) local storage, and NAS (NFS, SMB/CIFS), auto network replenishment (ANR)API ISAPI, HIKVISION SDK, third-party management platform, ONVIF (Profile S, Profile G, Profile T)Simultaneous Live View Up to 20 channelsUser/Host level Up to 32 users. 3 levels: administrator, operator, userSecurity User authentication (ID and Password), MAC address binding, HTTPS encryption, IEEE 802.1x (EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS), access control, IP address filteringClient iVMS-4200, Hik-ConnectWeb Browser Live view (plug-in allowed): Internet Explorer 11 Live view (plug-in free): Chrome 57.0 +, Firefox 52.0 + Local service: Chrome 57.0 +, Firefox 52.0 +InterfaceAlarm Input 2-ch inputs (0 to 5 VDC)Alarm Output 2-ch relay outputs, alarm response actions configurableAlarm Action Preset/patrol scan/SD card record/relay output/smart capture/FTP upload/email linkageAudio Input 1 Audio Output 1Communication Interface 1, RJ45 10 M/100 M self-adaptive Ethernet interface. 1, RS-485 interfaceGeneralMenu Language 32 languagesEnglish, Russian, Estonian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Greek, German, Italian, Czech, Slovak, French, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Croatian, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, Korean, Traditional Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Japanese, Latvian, Lithuanian, Portuguese (Brazil)Power Supply 24 VDC Power Consumption 20 WWorking Temperature/Humidity -40°C to 70°C (-40°F to 158°F) 90% or lessWiper YesProtection Level IP67 StandardTVS 6000V lightning protection, surge protection, voltage transient protectionDimensions 321 mm × 194 mm × 153 mm (12.64" × 7.64" × 6.02") Weight Approx. 4.8 kg (10.582 lb)DRI Range Table* The table is only for reference and the performance may vary according to different environment.* The optimal detection, recognition, and identification distances are calculated according to Johnson’s Criteria.Detection Range: In order to distinguish an object from the background, the object must be covered by 1.5 or more pixels. Recognition Range: In order to classify the object (animal, human, vehicle, etc.), the object must be covered by 6 or more pixels.Identification Range: In order to identify the object and describe it in details, the object must be covered by 12 or more pixels..Detection Range (Vehicles: 1.4 × 4.0 m) Detection Range (Humans: 1.8 × 0.5 m) Recognition Range (Vehicles: 1.4 × 4.0 m) Recognition Range (Humans: 1.8 × 0.5 m) Identification Range (Vehicles: 1.4 × 4.0 m) Identification Range (Humans: 1.8 × 0.5 m) 568 m185 m142 m46 m71 m23 mSmart Function Table* The table is only for reference and the performance may vary according to different environment.VCA Range(Vehicles: 1.4 × 4.0 m) VCA Range (Humans: 1.8 × 0.5 m) Temperature Measurement (Object: 2 × 2 m) Temperature Measurement (Object: 1 × 1 m) Fire Detection (Object: 2 × 2 m) Fire Detection (Object: 1 × 1 m) 132 m44 m 148 m 74 m371 m185 mAvailable Model HM-TD5537T-7/WDimensionCOMPLIANCE NOTICE: The thermal series products might be subject to export controls in various countries or regions, including without limitation, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom and/or other member countries of the Wassenaar Arrangement. Please consult your professional legal or compliance expert or local government authorities for any necessary export license requirements if you intend to transfer, export, re-export the thermal series products between different countries.。

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hd是什么功能HD是一个包含多种功能的术语，在不同的背景下可能指代不同的含义。

在不同领域和应用中，HD可以代表高清、硬盘、高度、高酯化度等不同的概念和功能。

以下将详细介绍HD在几个常见领域中的功能。

1.高清（High Definition）：HD最常见的含义是高清，用于描述视频、电视和图像等媒体的清晰度。

高清通常意味着更高的分辨率和更丰富的细节，能够提供更逼真的观看体验。

随着科技的发展，高清的定义也在不断提高，从最初的720p、1080p，到现在的4K和8K等更高清晰度。

2.硬盘（Hard Drive）：HD也可以指代硬盘，是计算机和其他电子设备中用于存储数据的重要组件。

硬盘的功能是能够持久地保存和检索数据。

它通常通过磁盘的旋转和磁头的读写来实现数据的存储和访问。

硬盘的容量在不断增加，现在已经有数TB甚至更大容量的硬盘可供选择。

3.高度（Height）：HD在一些技术和工程领域中也可以代表高度。

例如，在航空领域中，HD是指高度数据，用于飞行计算和飞行控制。

在地理信息系统中，HD可以指海拔高度的测量和显示。

4.高酯化度（High Degree of Esterification）：在化学领域中，HD可以指酯的高酯化度。

酯是一类常见的有机化合物，是通过酸酐和醇反应生成的。

高酯化度表示酯化反应的程度，也可以影响酯的性质和用途。

综上所述，HD具有多种功能，包括高清、硬盘、高度和高酯化度等。

这些功能在不同领域和应用中具有不同的意义和用途，从提供高质量的视频体验到存储重要的数据，再到测量高度和描述化学反应的程度。

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标清、高清、全高清、超清(超高清)的区别480x320, 640x480 标清1024x720p 高清1920x1080i (隔行扫描) 也属于高清1920x1080p 全高清3840x2160,7680x4320 超(高)清美国消费电子协会（CEA）将4K的分辨率正式命名为Ultra HD（Ultra High-Definition）目前视频行业里的视频分辨率的规范：（1）高清（High Definition），是我们目前相对比较熟悉的一个词语。

高清是在广播电视领域首先被提出的，最早是由美国电影电视工程师协会(SMPTE)等权威机构制定相关标准，视频监控领域同样也广泛沿用了广播电视的标准。

将“高清”定义为720p、1080i与1080p三种标准形式，而1080P又有另外一种称呼--全高清（Full High Definition）。

关于高清标准，国际上公认的有两条: 视频垂直分辨率超过720p或1080i; 视频宽纵比为16:9。

（2）标清（Standard Definition），是物理分辨率在720p以下的一种视频格式。

（3）超高清（Ultra High-Definition），这是我们今天的重点内容。

来自国际电信联盟(International Telecommunication Union)最新批准的信息显示，“4K分辨率(3840×2160 像素)”的正式名称被定为“超高清Ultra HD(Ultra High-Definition)”。

同时，这个名称也适用于“8K 分辨率(7680×4320像素)”。

CEA要求，所有的消费级显示器和电视机必须满足以下几个条件之后，才能贴上“超高清Ultra HD” 的标签：首先屏幕像素必须达到800万有效像素（3840×2160），在不改变屏幕分辨率的情况下，至少有一路传输端可以传输4K视频，4K内容的显示必须原生，不可上变频，纵横比至少为16:9。

Chemistry of Archaeological Animal FatsRICHARD P.EVERSHED,*STEPHANIE N.DUDD,MARK S.COPLEY, ROBERT BERSTAN,ANDREW W.STOTT, HAZEL MOTTRAM,STEPHEN A.BUCKLEY,AND ZOE CROSSMANOrganic Geochemistry Unit,Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry,University of Bristol,Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS81TS,U.K.Received November15,2001ABSTRACTAnimal fats are preserved at archaeological sites in association with unglazed pottery,human and animal remains,and other deposits or hoards.High-temperature gas chromatography(HT-GC)and combined HT-GC/mass spectrometry(HT-GC/MS)has confirmed the presence of animal fats in lipid extracts of artifacts.Degradation products and pathways have been discerned through the analyses of archaeological finds and the products of laboratory and field-based decay experiments.The origins of preserved fats have been determined through detailed compositional analysis of their com-ponent fatty acids by GC,by GC/MS of dimethyl disulfide deriva-tives of monoenoic components,and by GC-combustion-isotope ratio-MS(GC-C-IRMS),to derive diagenetically robustδ13C values. Regiospecific analysis of intact triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography/MS(HPLC/MS),with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization,provides a further criterion for establishing the origin of fats.Preparative GC has been employed to isolate individual fatty acids from archaeological pottery in sufficient amounts for14C dating.IntroductionIn the late1970s and1980s it began to be realized that lipids are preserved under favorable conditions in as-sociation with various classes of archaeological artifact and ecofact.1The prominence of animal fats among the solvent-soluble components of various organic residues encountered at archaeological sites is consistent with their wide range of potential uses in antiquity,i.e.,diet,art materials,lubricants,illuminants,binders,waterproofing agents,bases for cosmetics,ointments,and perfumes,use in religious rituals and burial practices,varnishes,glues, polishes,etc.2Until the1990s the identification of archaeological fats generally proceeded with base treatment of solvent ex-tracts followed by methylation to yield fatty acid methyl esters and subsequent analysis by GC.Interpretations of the origins of the remnant fats were then based on comparisons between the proportions of the major fatty acids in the ancient fats and the known compositions of the fats of modern animals(reference fats).The early literature in this area contains numerous references to identifications of ancient fats or oils which are unsub-stantiated by rigorous analytical chemical data.3Major hurdles in the identification of ancient fats are the effects of decay which complicate direct comparison of fatty acid compositions of the aged materials with modern reference data.Although degradation of archaeological fats is re-tarded due to preservation or burial in favorable environ-ments,it can never be halted.Thus,all archaeological fats are degraded and,without detailed analyses,the most realistic interpretations based on the earlier studies would be of general more easily distinguishable categories of fats or oils,e.g.adipose fats of terrestrial animals,marine mammals,and fish or vegetable oils.4,5During the past10years we have undertaken extensive chemical investigations of lipids from a wide range of archaeological finds,including pottery,soils,human and animal remains,and various aged amorphous organic deposits,addressing a range of archaeological questions.6 We review herein the analytical techniques employed in this work,providing examples of compositional ranges that exist for ancient animal fats and case studies to illustrate degree of specificity that can now be achieved in assigning the origins of archaeological animal fats.Richard P.Evershed obtained his first degree(B.Sc.)in applied chemistry from Trent Polytechnic,Nottingham,U.K.,in1978and Ph.D.from the University of Keele in1981.He held postdoctoral research positions at the Universities of Bristol (1981-1984)and Liverpool(1984-1993)before moving to the School of Chemistry, University of Bristol as Lectuer in1993.He was awarded his Personal Chair in Biogeochemistry in2000.In2002he received the Royal Society of Chemistry 2002Theophilus Redwood lectureship for his application of chromatography and mass spectrometry to provide stable isotope and molecular information to enhance our understanding of modern and ancient environments. Stephanie N.Dudd obtained her first degree(B.A.)in environmental systems at the University of Wales in1991and then completed her Ph.D.in1999at the University of Bristol in the chemical identification of animal fats preserved in prehistoric pottery.She is now a technical sales specialist with Micromass UK Ltd.Mark S.Copley obtained a B.Sc.in biomolecular archaeology sciences at the University of Bradford in1996and then an M.Sc.in biomolecular archaeology (UMIST/Sheffield University).In2002he completed his Ph.D.at Bristol University, where he is currently a postdoctoral research fellow investigating the antiquity of dairying using isotopic and biomolecular methods.Rob Berstan obtained his first degree(B.Sc.)in chemistry from the University of Bristol in1997and is currently completing his Ph.D.in archaeological chemistry investigating aspects of the identification of animal fats in archaeological pottery and radiocarbon dating.Andrew W.Stott completed his B.Sc.in geology at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in1990,where he then undertook a Ph.D.in organic geochemistry. From1994to1999he undertook postdoctoral research at the University of Bristol, investigating compound-specificδ13C and14C approaches to the analysis of lipids in archaeological bones and pottery.He is currently manager of the NERC15N Stable Isotope Facility,CEH,Merlewood,UK.Hazel Mottram received her B.Sc.in chemistry(1995)and Ph.D.(1999)from the University of Bristol.She is currently undertaking postdoctoral reseach in stable isotopes and microbial ecology.Stephen A.Buckley completed his B.Sc.degree in chemistry at the University of Sheffield in1994,then obtained an M.Sc.degree in analytical chemistry and instrumentation in1995.He is currently completing a Ph.D.in the organic chemistry of embalming agents in Egyptian mummies at the University of Bristol.Zoe Crossman obtained her first degree(B.Sc.)in chemistry from the University of Bristol and is currently completeing her Ph.D.in stable isotope and microbial ecology.Acc.Chem.Res.2002,35,660-668660ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH/VOL.35,NO.8,200210.1021/ar000200f CCC:$22.00©2002American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web08/20/2002Experimental ApproachesThe most extensively studied materials have been un-glazed pottery,human and animal remains,soils,and other amorphous deposits.Archaeological pottery or bones (1-10g)are cleaned with a modeling drill fitted with an abrasive bit to remove soil and postexcavation contaminants and then crushed in a pestle and mortar.Soils (10-50g)are sieved (2mm).Dried tissues or amorphous organic remains (1-10mg)are crushed to a powder.The powdered material is then extracted (ultra-sonication or Soxhlet)with organic solvent (e.g.dichlo-romethane or chloroform/methanol,2:1v/v).Aliquots of extract are either trimethylsilylated directly and analyzed by GC and GC/MS or separated into different compound classes using either solvent partitioning,solid-phase ex-traction,or “flash”column chromatography.The resulting fractions are derivatized as required.Hydroxy compounds (mono-and diacylglycerols,hydroxy carboxylic acids)are trimethysilylated,7carboxylic acids (fatty acids,dicarbox-ylic acids,hydroxy fatty acids)are methylated,8and monounsaturated fatty acids are converted to methyl ester -dimethyl disulfide derivatives 9,10and analyzed as required by GC,GC/MS,11and/or GC -C -IRMS.12Where appropriate,intact acyl (i.e.mono-,di-,and triacylglyc-erols)or “bound”lipids are hydrolyzed to their component neutral and acidic moieties prior to derivatization as described above.13Quantitative analyses use internalstandard(s)added at the extraction stage.14Regiospecific analyses of triacylglycerols are performed by high-performance liquid chromatographic -MS analyses of triacylglycerols employing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI).15High-Temperature-GC and HT-GC/Mass Spectrometry (HT-GC/MS)In 1990we reported the use of HT-GC and HT-GC/MS for the analysis of lipid residues from archaeological ceramics to derive detailed compositional information directly from extracts without chemically degrading them to release their simpler fatty acid moieties.11An example of a HT-GC/MS analysis of the trimethylsilylated solvent extract of an ancient potsherd using a capillary column coated with a thin film (0.1µm)of high-temperature stable stationary phases (dimethyl polysiloxane)is shown in Figure 1.11The advantage of the approach lies in the simplicity of performing such analyses,i.e.,minimal sample manipulation,and the wide range of lipid classes revealed within a single analytical run.By basing our analytical protocols around HT-GC and HT-GC/MS,we have been able screen large numbers of extracts of archaeological finds for the presence of lipid residues.Moreover,the results of such analyses have revealed the presence of hitherto unrecognized components and pro-vide the starting point for more detailed compositional investigations of archaeological animal fats.Degraded Animal FatsHydrolyzed Fats.Figure 1shows the GC profile typical of many lipid residues detected in archaeological pottery.Such residues are characterized by a readily recognizable distribution of free fatty acids,mono-,di-,and triacyl-glycerols dominated by C 16:0and C 18:0acyl moieties.11,16,17The distribution is consistent with the degradative path-way shown in Figure 2.Mono-and diacylglycerols pro-duced by the loss of two or one fatty acyl moieties,respectively,are often low in abundance since complete hydrolysis is rapid following the loss of one fatty acid.Animal fat triacylglycerols commonly range in acyl carbon number (C n )between C 40and C 54,with the C 50and C 52components the most abundant.The laboratory decay of animal fat produces a pattern of acyl lipids components exactly analogous to that shown in Figure 1,via a combination of enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis.17,18The advantages of applying HT-GC and HT-GC/MS are immediately apparent from the profile shown in Figure 1.First,the state of preservation is readily assessed;such information is completely lost if lipid extracts are hydro-lyzed and only analyzed for their fatty acid content.Although the HT-GC profile shown in Figure 3reveals that extensive hydrolysis has taken place,it is remarkable that intact triacylglycerols are preserved intact in pottery vessels of this age (ca.6000years B.P.);the ceramic fabric appears to be a highly protective environment for such readily degraded compounds.Second,additional diag-nostic neutral lipids are readily detected.For example,theFIGURE 1.Partial HTGC profile of the trimethylsilylated extract from a Romano -British sherd from Stanwick,Northamptonshire,U.K.The analysis was performed on a 15m ×0.32mm i.d.fused silica capillary column coated with HP1stationary phase (immobilized dimethyl polysiloxane;0.1µm film thickness;J&W Scientific)using hydrogen as carrier gas (column head pressure 10psi).Temperature program:2min of isothermal at 50°C and then 50to 350°C at 10°C min -1,followed by a 10min hold at 350°C.Sample introduction was by on-column injection.Major peaks in chromatogram expanded off scale to reveal the minor constituents.Peak identities:FA12,FA14,FA15,etc.)n -alkanoic acids with 12,14,and 15carbon atoms,etc.,respectively;FA17br )branched-chain alkanoic acid with 17carbon atoms;FA16:1and FA18:1)monounsaturated n -alkanoic acids containing 16and 18carbon atoms,respectively;M16and M18)monoacylglycerols containing 16and 18acyl carbon atoms,respectively (the 1-isomer elutes before the 2-isomer);K31,K32,etc.,)midchain ketones,discussed further below;D30,D32,etc.,)diacylglycerols containing 30,32,etc.,acyl carbon atoms,respectively (the 1,2-isomer elutes before the 1,3-isomer);T44,T46,T48,etc.,)triacylglycerols bearing 44,46,48,etc.,acyl carbon atoms,respec-tively;IS )internal standard (n -tetratriacontane).All peak assign-ments were confirmed by GC/MS.VOL.35,NO.8,2002/ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 661Neolithic potsherd lipid extract shown Figure 3also contains a high proportion of n -alkanes,long-chain al-cohols and wax esters,characteristic of beeswax.Secondary Long-Chain Ketone Formation.The series of 2°ketones eluting at 20-25min in the chromatogram shown in Figure 1occur commonly in lipid extracts of cooking vessels of widely varying age and origin.The series includes components containing 29-35carbon atoms and correspond to nonacosan-15-one,triacontan-14-one,tria-contan-15-one,hentriacontan-16-one,dotriacontan-15-one,dotriacontan-16-one,tritriacontan-16-one,tetratri-acontan-17-one,and pentatriacontan-18-one.Monoun-saturated ketones containing 33and 35carbon atoms are also detectable in some instances,eluting immediately prior to the fully saturated components of the same carbon number.Similar compounds are common con-stituents of plant leaf waxes,19have previously been detected in the total lipid extracts of pottery vessels,andare used to demonstrate the use of ancient cooking jars in the processing of leafy vegetables.11,12,16,20,21However,GC -C -IRMS showed the three major long-chain ketone components,i.e.,the saturated 31,33,and 35carbon number components,to have δ13C values ca.10‰too enriched in 13C for them to derive from the epicuticular leaf waxes of C 3plants,22,23suggesting an alternative origin for these long-chain ketones.24Significantly,comparable δ13C values of the two major fatty acids (C 16:0and C 18:0)and the ketones present in the same extract suggested a precursor -product relationship.Indeed a free radical-induced dehydration and decarboxylation has been re-ported to occur for a variety of carboxylic acid salts at temperatures,generally,in excess of 400°C.25,26Further evidence for this mechanism of ketone formation comes from closer inspection of the structures and compositions of the components of the mixture of ketones,most notably the following:(i)carbon number range of the ketones and of the putative precursor fatty acids;(ii)position of the carbonyl group in the long-chain ketones;(iii)relative abundance of the ketones compared with the relative abundances of the co-occurring fatty acids.The structures of the ketones typically identified are shown in Scheme 1;formation of the C 33and C 35ketones bearing unsatur-ated alkyl moieties occurs by condensation of the mo-nounsaturated C 18:1fatty acid with the C 16:0and C 18:0fatty acids,respectively.Laboratory experiments involving the heating (g 300°C)of either triacylglycerols or free fatty acids,in the presence of fired marl clay,showed that such mixtures of long-chain ketones to form readily.27These findings indicate that caution must be exercised in interpreting the origins of long-chain ketones in archaeological pottery,given the close similarity of the ketones produced by pyrolysis of acyl lipids and those biosynthesized by higher plants.InFIGURE 2.Hydrolytic pathway for the transformation of triacyl-glycerols to free fattyacids.FIGURE 3.Partial HTGC profile of the trimethylsilylated total lipid extract of the rim sherd of an early Neolithic bowl.GC conditions and peak identities are as for Figure 1.OH24-OH32refer to primary alcohols with 24-32carbon atoms,respectively.FIGURE 4.Partial HTGC profile of the trimethylsilylated total lipid extract of an early Neolithic Fengate ware rim sherd from Eton Rowing Lake,showing the distribution of midchain ketones.GC conditions and peak identities are as for Figure 1.Scheme 1.Ketonic Decarboxylation Leading to the Formation of 2°Ketones by Self-and Cross-Head-to-Head Condensation of FattyAcids (Modified from Refs 24and27)662ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH /VOL.35,NO.8,2002some cases the ketones become the dominant compo-nents of potsherd extracts (Figure 4)presumably due to free fatty acids being leached from the sherds by percolat-ing groundwater.The significantly more hydrophobic ketones are well-preserved,with the C 31and C 35compo-nents likely to reflect the original distribution of the C 16:0and C 18:0free fatty acids,confirming the vessel had been used to process animal products.Oxidized and Polymerized Fats.One of the major processes of transformation of fats and oils is via the “drying”reaction to produce a semisolid polymer.Po-lymerized and oxidized fats are encountered in many situations in art and archaeology 2notably in association with mummified human remains from arid locations.28,29Recent work has also provided examples of polymerized and oxidized fats in archaeological pottery.13Elemental analyses (organic carbon)of the extracted potsherds suggested that “unextractable”or “bound”lipid may still be present.Alkaline treatment of the insoluble residues of previously solvent-extracted potsherds yielded GC chromatograms of the type shown in Figure 5,with GC/MS confirming the presence of oxygenated fatty acid derivatives (Figure 6),including R ,ω-dicarboxylic acids ranging from C 7to C 12,with azelaic (C 9)acid the dominant component.C 8-C 12R -hydroxy carboxylic acids were also present,together with the saturated carboxylic acids,9-and 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acids,unsaturated hydroxy-octadecenoic acids and 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids.These data indicated a new mechanism for the preserva-tion of degraded lipids in archaeological pottery involving chemical or physical “bonding”,most likely via ester linkages or strong dipole or ionic interactions.Figure 7shows the results of the py-GC/MS analysis of a microgram fragment of tissue taken from an Egyptian mummy.28The analysis was aimed at determining the presence or otherwise of embalming agents.30The data show homologous series of alkanes and alkenes identified from mass spectra and m /z 55(alkenes)and 57(alkanes)mass chromatograms.Since the sample was exhaustivelysolvent extracted prior to py-GC/MS analysis,it is assumed that the pyrolysis products derive from an insoluble,possibly highly aliphatic polymer probably derived through the polymerization of animal fat either endogenous to the body or added as part of the embalming process.Similar py-GC/MS profiles have been obtained from charred surface residues of potsherds where they are also ascribed to aliphatic polymers formed through the free radical cross-linking of animal fats or plant oils.31Origins of Animal FatsThe question of the origin of animal fats is perhaps most crucial in the case of archaeological pottery due to the importance of archaeological pottery and the high fre-quency of occurrence of animal fats detected therein;>40%of all sherds studied yield appreciable lipidresi-FIGURE 5.Partial gas chromatogram of the base treated residue (as methyl ester -trimethylsilyl ester derivatives)of a potsherd from a Neolithic cooking vessel.Peak identities:C 16:0,18:0,etc.,saturated fatty acids;C 18:1,monounsaturated fatty acid;O C x ,R ,ω-diacrboxylic acids with carbon chain length x ;b C x ,ω-hydroxy acids with carbon chain length x.FIGURE 6.Structures of fatty acid oxidation products found in the saponified residue of a Neolithic cooking potsherd shown in Figure 5.Structures:(a)C 9indicates R ,ω-diacrboxylic or nonanedioic acid (azaleic acid);(b)9-hydroxyoctadecenoic acid;(c)9,10-dihydroxy-octadecanoic acid;(d)ω-hydroxydodecanoicacid.FIGURE 7.GC/MS analysis of the pyrolysis (610°C)products of bandage/tissue of an Egyptian mummy (Khnum Nakt,ca.2000B.C.).Peak identities are the following:9)alkenes;b )alkanes;1)alicyclic hydrocarbons;2)aromatic hydrocarbons;O )2-al-kanones;0)3-alkanones;3)nitriles;])amides;/)steroids.C 10and C 15refer to the carbon numbers of the alkenes and alkanes.VOL.35,NO.8,2002/ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 663dues.6,14,16,32While the detection of degraded animal fats is straightforward (see above),identifying the origin of the fats or specifying whether they are mixtures of fats is much more challenging.Evidence that the origins of fats may be established using subtle differences in the chemical compositions of preserved fatty acids came during an investigation of two types of English medieval vessel,classified as lamps and “dripping dishes”.10,32Previous analyses of such vessels from other excavations had consistently shown them to contain appreciable quantities (102-103µg of lipid g -1of dry weight of potsherd)of degraded animal fat.In the case of the lamps this represents the residue of fuel burned,while its presence in “dripping dishes”is consistent with their use as receptacles for fat collection from carcasses during spit-roasting.33Fatty Acid Compositions.GC “fingerprints”of the trimethylsilylated lipid extracts or the methyl esters of the alkanoic and alkenoic acids showed the two vessel types to be clearly separable;i.e.,in the lamps C 18:0was more abundant than C 16:0,while the “dripping dishes”showed C 16:0in greater abundance (Table 1).While the high C 18:0saturated alkanoic acid content of both vessel types confirmed an animal source,34distinct differences were also apparent in the distributions of the minor compo-nents for the two vessel types.For example,the lamps contained significant amounts of branched-chain alkanoic acids which were undetectable in all but one of the “dripping dishes”and then only in very low abundance.The lamps also displayed a higher abundance of odd carbon numbered,straight-chain components,specifically C 15:0,C 17:0,and C 19:0(Figure 8).These compositions pointed to ruminant origin for the lamp lipid and monogastric origin for the dripping dish residue.Positional Isomers of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids.GC-MS analysis of the dimethyl disulfide derivatives of the monounsaturated acids in the extracts of the lamp lipid residues revealed a complex mixture of positional isomers of octadecenoic acid with the double bonds located at the 9-,11-,13-,14-,15-,and 16-positions.Such mixtures of isomers appear in the fats of ruminant animals,such as sheep and cattle,as a result of bio-hydrogenation of unsaturated dietary fats in the rumen.34In contrast,the fats of monogastric animals,such as pigs,contain only a single isomer,Z -9-octadecenoic acid,a finding consistent with the conclusions drawn from the alkanoic acid compositions.Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analyses.The ap-plication of GC -C -IRMS to the analysis of animal fats for the first time (Figure 9)revealed pronounced differ-ences in the δ13C values of the individual fatty acids of the ancient fats and reference animal fats,consistent with the differences detected in the structures and distributions of the alkanoic and alkenoic acids.The δ13C values of the major n -alkanoic acids also correlated with vessel type.In the lamps the C 16:0was enriched in 13C relative to C 18:0,whereas in the “dripping dishes”the situation was re-versed (Figure 10).Significantly,the δ13C values correlated with those of the fats of animals considered to be the major domesticated species in the medieval period in the U.K.These preliminary findings suggested that the lipids preserved in the “dripping dishes”derived from mono-gastric animals,such as pigs,while those from the lamps derived from ruminant animals,such as sheep and/or cattle.10,32None of the other modern reference fats (chicken,horse,and deer)displayed δ13C values consistent with those obtained from the “dripping dishes”(Figure 10).The high content of saturated n -alkanoic acids and the pres-Table 1.Ratios of C 16:0to C 18:0Fatty Acids in Lampsand Dripping Dishes Determined by GCvessel type %C 16:0%C 18:0ratio C 16:0:C 18:0lamp 19360.5lamp 19340.5lamp17540.3dripping dish 3917 2.3dripping dish 4915 3.3dripping dish 3817 2.3dripping dish36152.5FIGURE 8.Partial GC chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters recovered from a dripping dish (a)and lamp (b).Peak identities are the following:x :y ,where x is the carbon number of the fatty acid and y is the degree of unstauration;15br and 17br,i and a are iso-and anteiso isomers of branched C 15and C 17alkanoicacids.FIGURE 9.Partial m /z 44and m /z 45/44traces obtained by GC -C -IRMS analysis of fatty acids (as their methyl ester derivatives)in modern reference pig adipose fat.664ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH /VOL.35,NO.8,2002ence of a mixture of positional isomers of monounsat-urated alkenoic acids and branched-chain components excludes vegetable oils as the potential source(s)of lipid in the ancient lamps.Laboratory degradation experiments of fats dosed into modern potsherds have confirmed the robustness of the δ13C values of the individual fatty acids.6,35,36The results presented in Table 2shows the δ13C values of the major saturated fatty acids (C 16:0and C 18:0)of ovine fat are unchanged after laboratory degradation for 1300days.The results obtained for the oxic degradation are especially noteworthy,since >90%of the original fat dosed into the experimental sherd had been consumed by microorgan-isms during the experiment.Figure 11shows the application of this approach to 30vessels from the Late Saxon/early medieval site of West Cotton,Northamptonshire,U.K.37The data show that both ruminant and nonruminant fats are present in the ar-chaeological vessels with the mixing of fats being indicated by the points following the mixing line drawn between the means values for the ruminant and pig reference fats.Interestingly,the trends in the processing of animal products in the various archaeological vessels revealed by these data follow the statistical trends seen in the animalbone assemblage from the site.Application of this tech-nique to pottery from prehistoric periods is beginning to reveal important cultural biases in the exploitation of animal products.32,40Dairy Fats in k fats differ from adipose fats in their fatty acid composition through the presence of short-chain saturated fatty acids in the C 4-C 14carbon number range.41,42Surprisingly,animal fat residues con-taining these characteristic shorter chain fatty acids are detected very rarely in archaeological pottery.Possible explanations for this are that either dairy products were not processed to any significant extent in pottery vessels or that diary fats become altered,through decay,in such a way as to make them indistinguishable from adipose fats.Indeed,it can be argued that the short fatty acyl moieties would be more susceptible to hydrolysis,due to reduced steric effects at ester linkages in triacylglycerols compared with their long-chain counterparts.Further-more,once released from triacylglycerols by hydrolysis the short-chain fatty acids are appreciably more water soluble (and volatile)than their long-chain counterparts.We have tested this hypothesis in laboratory degradation experi-ments and shown that the milk fats absorbed in pottery vessels rapidly hydrolyze with preferential decay (“loss”)of their short-chain fatty acid moieties to produce a distribution of fatty acids and triacylglycerols,dominated by C 16:0and C 18:0,reminiscent of adipose fat,18,37thereby explaining why ourselves and others 43have consistently failed to detect dairy fats in potteryvessels.FIGURE 10.Plot showing the δ13C values of the 16:0and 18:0fatty acids form archaeological lamps (O )and dripping dishes (0)and from modern reference animal fats [cattle ([),sheep (b ),and pig (9)].Table 2.δ13C Values Obtained by GC -C -IRMS for the Major Fatty Acids Present in Ovine Adipose Fat before and after Accelerated Laboratory Degradation under Oxic and Anoxic Conditions for 1300daysat 45°Cδ13C values (‰)incubation time T days (incubation conditions)C 16:0C 18:0T 0(preincubation)-30.1-31.9-30.1-32.3T 1300(oxic)-30.1-32.2-30.0-32.3T 1300(anoxic)-30.0-32.5-29.8-32.3FIGURE 11.Plot of the δ13C values of the major n -alkanoic acid components (C 16:0and C 18:0)of modern reference fats and the lipid extracts of potsherds from the Late Saxon/early medieval site of West Cotton,Northamptonshire,U.K.The filled circles represent the archaeological fats.The mixing curve was determined as in Woodbury et al.38to illustrate the δ13C values which would result from mixing ovine and porcine fats in the vessels.Reference fat fatty acid δ13C values have been corrected for the post-Industrial Revolution effects of fossil fuel burning.39Instrumental error is (0.3‰,and samples were run in triplicate.The inset HT-GC chromatograms show the total lipid extracts obtained from selected vessels to illustrate characteristic differences in the distributions of triacyl-glycerols (eluting >30min).VOL.35,NO.8,2002/ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 665。

【科普】标清、⾼清、超清、1080p、蓝光、4k有什么区别？【观影科普·新⼈必看】⾼清、极清、超清、1080p、蓝光、4k各⾃的分辨率不同，观看的清晰度有差别，⾏频也不同。

【简介】标清：480x320，640x480⾼清：1024x720全⾼清：1920x1080p超清（4K）：3840x2160，7680x4320【详解】标清格式：分辨率为640x480 ，⾏频为15.25kHz⾼清格式：分辨率为1024x720p，⾏频为31.5kHz1080i格式：分辨率为1920×1080/60Hz，⾏频为33.75kHz720p格式：分辨率为1280×720p/60Hz，⾏频为45kHz1080p格式：分辨率为1920×1080，（专业级）2K格式：分辨率为2560x1440，PC领域从电视标准衍⽣的⼀个“标准”，⽬前国际上没有公认。

（简单点说：好点的摄影机基本就是2K）4K格式：分辨率是1080p的4倍，3840×2160 = 1920×2×1080×28K格式：分辨率是4K的4倍，7680×4320 = 3840×2×2160×2这就是⽬前电影资源的所有格式，还有⼩伙伴遇到的⼀些问题，为什么我下载1080p的电影还没有720p清楚？2种解释：第⼀种，你下的是1080i格式的，第⼆种，720p是蓝光转换版。

新款电视机基本都⽀持投屏【HD/BD/4K】通常把物理分辨率达到720p以上的格式称为⾼清，英⽂表述High Definition，简称HD，所谓全⾼清（Full HD）。

⽹络流通的资源⼤多也是以HD为主，俗称⾼清电影。

BD是指蓝光（Blu－ray）或称蓝光盘（Blu－ray Disc，缩写为BD），⽬前为⽌，蓝光是最先进应⽤最⼴泛的⼤容量光碟格式，⽹上下载的标有BD或者Blu－ray的⾼清影⽚，是指直接通过蓝光⽚源录制的，画⾯品质⽐HD和WEB-DL要好。

TURBO HD H8T Series Dome CameraUser ManualUser ManualThank you for purchasing our product. If there are any questions, or requests, do not hesitate to contact the dealer.This manual applies to the models below:Type ModelType I Camera DS-2CE59H8T-(A)VPIT3ZFType II Camera DS-2CE56H8T-(A)ITZFType III Camera DS-2CE5AH8T-(A)VPIT3ZFThis manual may contain technical incorrect places or printing errors, and the content is subject to change without notice. The updates will be added to the new version of this manual. We will readily improve or update the products or procedures described in the manual.0100001080730Regulatory InformationFCC InformationPlease take attention that changes or modification not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.FCC compliance: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.FCC ConditionsThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:1. This device may not cause harmful interference.2. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.EU Conformity StatementThis product and - if applicable - thesupplied accessories too are marked with"CE" and comply therefore with theapplicable harmonized European standards listed under the Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU, the EMC Directive 2014/30/EU.2012/19/EU (WEEE directive): Productsmarked with this symbol cannot bedisposed of as unsorted municipal waste inthe European Union. For proper recycling,return this product to your local supplier upon the purchase of equivalent new equipment, or dispose of it at designated collection points. For more information see: .2006/66/EC (battery directive): This productcontains a battery that cannot be disposedof as unsorted municipal waste in theEuropean Union. See the productdocumentation for specific batteryinformation. The battery is marked with this symbol, which may include lettering to indicate cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), or mercury (Hg). For proper recycling, return the battery to your supplier or to a designated collection point. For more information see:.Industry Canada ICES-003 ComplianceThis device meets the CAN ICES-3 (A)/NMB-3(A) standards requirements.Safety InstructionThese instructions are intended to ensure that user can use the product correctly to avoid danger or property loss.The precaution measure is divided into “Warnings” and “Cautions”.Warnings: Serious injury or death may occur if any of the warnings are neglected.Cautions: Injury or equipment damage may occur if any of the cautions are neglected. ArrayWarnings●In the use of the device, you must be in strict compliance with the electrical safety regulations of the nation and region.●Input voltage should meet both the SELV (Safety Extra Low Voltage) and the Limited Power Source with 12 VDC according to the IEC60950-1 standard. Refer to technical specifications for detailed information.●The camera is powered by the external DC power supply (12 VDC, 1 A) which is complied with the LPS, and the output current of this external DC power supply must be no more than 6 A.●Do not connect multiple devices to one power adapter to avoid over-heating or a fire hazard caused by overload.●Make sure that the plug is firmly connected to the power socket.●Make sure that the device is firmly fixed if wall mounting or ceiling mounting is adopted.●If smoke, odor or noise rise from the device, turn off the power at once and unplug the power cord, and then contact the service center.●Never attempt to disassemble the camera by unprofessional personal.Cautions●Do not drop the camera or subject it to physical shock.●Do not touch senor modules with fingers.●Do not place the camera in extremely hot, cold (the operating temperature shall be -40°C to 60°C), dusty or damp locations, and do not expose it to high electromagnetic radiation.●If cleaning is necessary, use clean cloth with a bit of ethanol and wipe it gently.●Do not aim the camera at the sun or extra bright places.●The sensor may be burned out by a laser beam, so when any laser equipment is in using, make sure that the surface of sensor will not be exposed to the laser beam.●Do not expose the device to high electromagnetic radiation or extremely hot, cold, dusty or dampenvironment.● To avoid heat accumulation, good ventilation is required for the operating environment. ● Keep the camera away from liquid while in use for non-water-proof device.● While in delivery, the camera shall be packed in itsoriginal packing, or packing of the same texture. Mark Description1 Introduction1.1 Product FeaturesThe main features are as follows: ● High performance CMOS sensor ● IR cut filter with auto switch● OSD menu with configurable parameters ● Auto white balance ● Internal synchronization ● SMART IR mode● 4 in 1 video output (switchable TVI/AHD/CVI/CVBS) ● 3-axis adjustment1.2 Overview1.2.1Overview of Type I CameraBubbleLensPower Cord Video CableSwitch ButtonFigure 1-1 Overview of Type I CameraNote:Press and hold the switch button for 5 seconds to switch the video output. Four kinds of video outputs are available: TVI, AHD, CVI, and CVBS. 1.2.2 Overview of Type II CameraBubbleBack BoxBase PlateLensPower CordSwitch Button Video CableFigure 1-2 Overview of Type II CameraNote:Press and hold the switch button for 5 seconds to switch the video output. Four kinds of video outputs are available: TVI, AHD, CVI, and CVBS.1.2.3Overview of Type III CameraNote:Press and hold the switch button for 5 seconds to switch the video output. Four kinds of video outputs are available: TVI, AHD, CVI, and CVBS.2InstallationBefore you start:●Make sure that the device in the package is in goodcondition and all the assembly parts are included.●Make sure that all the related equipment is power-offduring the installation.●Check the specification of the products for theinstallation environment.●Check whether the power supply is matched with yourpower output to avoid the damage.●Make sure the wall is strong enough to withstandthree times the weight of the camera and the mount.●If the wall is cement, you need to insert expansionbolts before you install the camera. If the wall iswooden, you can use self-tapping screws to secure the camera.●If the product does not function properly, contact yourdealer or the nearest service center. Do NOTdisassemble the camera for repair or maintenance by yourself.2.1Ceiling Mounting of Type I and Type II Camera Before you start:Both wall mounting and ceiling mounting are suitable for the dome camera. Ceiling mounting will be taken as an example in this section. You can take steps of ceiling mounting as a reference for wall mounting.Steps:1.Paste the drill template to the celling.2.Drill screw holes and the cable hole (optional) on theceiling according to the supplied drill template.Type I CameraType II CameraFigure 2-1 The Drill TemplateNote:Drill the cable hole, when adopting the ceiling outlet to route the cable.3. Loosen the screws on the bubble of the dome camera to remove the bubble and the black liner.4. Attach the back box of type I camera/base plate of type II camera to the ceiling and secure them with supplied screws.Type I CameraType II CameraFigure 2-2 Attach the Back Box/Base PlateNote: ● The supplied screw package contains self-tappingscrews, and expansion bolts. ● For cement ceiling, expansion bolts are required tofix the camera. For wooden ceiling, self-tapping screws are required.5. Route the cables through the cable hole, or the side opening.6. Secure the camera on the back box/base plate. 1) For type I camera secure the camera on the back box by tightening the screw.2) For type II camera secure the camera on the base plate by rotating the camera clockwise.Type I CameraType II CameraFigure 2-3 Fix the camera to the Ceiling7. Connect the corresponding cables, such as power cord and video cable.8. Power on the camera to check whether the image on the monitor is gotten from the optimum angle. If not, adjust the camera according to the figure below to get an optimum angle.0° to 355°0° to 355°0° to 75°Type I Camera0° to 340°0° to 355° 0° to 75°Type II CameraFigure 2-4 3-Axis Adjustment9. Fit the black liner back to the camera and tighten the screws on the bubble of the dome camera to finish the installation.2.2 Wall Mounting of Type I and Type II CameraBefore you start:You need to purchase a wall mount first. Steps:1. Drill 4 screw holes in the wall according to the holes of the mount.2. Attach the mount to the wall by aligning the 4 screw holes of the mount.3. Insert supplied expansion screws in the screw holes.4. Secure the mount with 4 hex nuts and washers.Type I CameraType II CameraFigure 2-5 Install Wall Mounting Mount5. Refer to step 3 of 2.1 Ceiling Mounting of Type I and Type II Camera to remove dome camera’s bubble and the black liner.6. Attach the back box/base plate of the dome camera to the wall mount and secure them with supplied screws.Type I CameraType II CameraFigure 2-6 Attach the Base Plate to the Mount 7. Route the cables through the mount.8. Repeat steps 6 to 9 of the 2.1 Ceiling Mounting of Type I and Type II Camera to complete the installation.2.3 Ceiling Mounting of Type III CameraBefore you start:Both wall mounting and ceiling mounting are suitable for the dome camera. Ceiling mounting will be taken as an example in this section. And you can take steps of ceiling mounting as a reference for wall mounting. Steps:1. Paste the drill template to the celling.2.Drill screw holes and the cable hole (optional) on theceiling according to the supplied drill template.Figure 2-7The Drill TemplateNote:Drill the cable hole (hole A) when adopting the ceiling outlet to route the cable.3.Loosen the screws on the bubble of the dome camerato remove the bubble.Figure 2-8Remove the Bubble and the Black Liner 4.Attach the back box of camera to the ceiling andsecure them with supplied screws.Attach the Back BoxNote:●The supplied screw package contains self-tappingscrews, and expansion bolts.●For cement ceiling, expansion bolts are required tofix the camera. For wooden ceiling, self-tappingscrews are required.5.Route the cables through the cable hole, or the sideopening.6.Connect the corresponding cables, such as powercord, and video cable.7.Power on the camera to check whether the image onthe monitor is gotten from the optimum angle. If not, adjust the camera according to the figure below to get an optimum angle.0° to 355°0° to 75°0° to 355°Figure 2-103-Axis Adjustment8.Fit the bubble back to the camera.Figure 2-11Fit the Black Liner Back9.Tighten the screws on the bubble of the dome camerato finish the installation.Figure 2-12Finish Installation2.4Wall Mounting of Type III CameraBefore you start:You need to purchase a wall mount first.Steps:1.Drill 4 screw holes in the wall according to the holes ofthe mount.2.Attach the mount to the wall by aligning the 4 screwholes of the mount.3.Insert supplied expansion screws in the screw holes.4.Secure the mount with 4 hex nuts and washers.Figure 2-13Install Wall Mount5.Refer to step 3 of 2.3Ceiling Mounting of Type IIICamera to remove dome camera’s bubble.6.Attach the back box of the dome camera to the wallmount, and secure them with supplied screws.Figure 2-14Attach the Back Box to the Mount7.Route the cables through the mount.8.Repeat steps 6 to 9 of the2.1 Ceiling Mounting of TypeIII Camera to complete the installation.3 Menu DescriptionPurpose:Call the menu by clicking the button on the PTZ Control interface, or call preset No.95. Steps:1. Connect the camera with the TVI DVR, and the monitor, shown as the figure 3-1.Figure 3-1 Connection2. Power on the analog camera, TVI DVR, and the monitor to view the image on the monitor.3. Click PTZ Control to enter the PTZ Control interface.4. Call the camera menu by clicking button, or call Figure 3-2 Main Menu Overview5. Click the direction arrow to control the camera.1).Click up/down direction button to select the item.2).Click Iris + to confirm the selection.3).Click left/right direction button to adjust the valueof the selected item.3.1VIDOE FORMATYou can set the video format as 5MP@20fps,4MP@25fps, 4MP@30fps, 2MP@25fps, and 2MP@30fps. Note:●When switching the video output as CVBS, you canset the video format as PAL, or NTSC.●When switching the video output as AHD, you canset the video format as 5MP@20fps, 4MP@25fps, or 4MP@30fps●When switching the video output as CVI, you can setthe video format as 4MP@25fps, or 4MP@30fps.●Click SAVE & EXIT to validate the resolutionchanging.3.2EXPOSUREExposure describes the brightness-related parameters, which can be adjusted by EXPOSURE MODE, and AGC.Figure 3-3EXPOSUREEXPOSURE MODEYou can set the EXPOSURE MODE as GLOBAL, BLC, and WDR.●GLOBALGLOBAL refers to the normal exposure mode which performs exposure according to the whole image brightness.●BLC (Backlight Compensation)BLC (Backlight Compensation) compensates light for the front object to make it clear, but this may cause the over-exposure of the background, where the light is strong.●WDR (Wide Dynamic Range)The WDR helps the camera provide clear images even under backlight circumstances. When both very bright and very dark areas simultaneously exist in the image, WDR balances the brightness level of the whole image to provide clear images with details.AGC (Automatic Gain Control)It optimizes the clarity of the image in poor light conditions. The AGC level can be set as HIGH, MEDIUM, or LOW.Note:The noise will be amplified when setting the AGC level. The higher the level is, the more obvious the noise is. 3.3DAY/NIGHTCOLOR, BW (Black White), and AUTO are selectable for DAY/NIGHT switch.COLORThe image is colored in day mode all the time.B & W (Black and White)The image is black and white all the time, and the IR LIGHT turns on in the poor light conditions.You can turn on/off the IR LIGHT and set the value of SMART IR in this menuFigure 3-4B & W●IR LIGHTYou can turn on/off the IR LIGHT to meet the requirements of different circumstances.●SMART IRThe Smart IR function is used to adjust the light to its most suitable intensity, and prevent the image from over exposure. The SMART IR value can be adjusted from 0 to 3. The higher the value is, the more obvious effects are. AUTOAutomatically switch Color, or BW (Black and White) according to actual scene brightness.You can turn on/off the IR LIGHT, and set the value of SMART IR in this menu.Figure 3-5AUTO●IR LIGHTYou can turn on/off the IR LIGHT to meet the requirements of different circumstances.●SMART IRThe Smart IR function is used to adjust the light to its most suitable intensity, and prevent the image from over exposure. The SMART IR value can be adjusted from 0 to3. The higher the value is, the more obvious effects are.●Dà N Threshold (Day to Night Threshold)Day to Night Threshold is used to control the sensitivity of switching the day mode to the night mode. You can set the value from 1 to 9. The larger the value is, the more sensitive the camera is.●Nà D Threshold (Night to Day Threshold)Night to Day Threshold is used to control the sensitivity of switching the night mode to the day mode. You can set the value from 1 to 9. The larger the value is, the more sensitive the camera is3.4VIDEO SETTINGSMove the cursor to VIDEO SETTINGS and click Iris+ to enter the submenu. IMAGE MODE, WHITE BALANCE, BRIGHTNESS, CONTRAST, SHARPNESS, SATURATION,3DNR, and MIRROR are adjustable.Figure 3-6 VIDEO SETTINGSIMAGE MODEIMAGEMODE is used to adjust the image saturation, and you can set it as STD (Standard), or HIGH -SAT (High Saturation).WHITE BALANCEWhite balance, the white rendition function of the camera, is to adjust the color temperature according to the environment. It can remove unrealistic color casts in the image. You can set the mode as AUTO , or MANUAL . ● AUTOUnder AUTO mode, white balance is being adjusted automatically according to the color temperature of the scene illumination.● MANUALYou can set the R-GAIN /B-GAIN value from 1 to 255 to adjust the shades of red/blue color of the image.Figure 3-7 MANUAL MODEBRIGHTNESSBrightness refers to the brightness of the image. You can set the BRIGHTNESS value from 1 to 9 to darken or brighten the image. The higher the value is, the brighter the image is.CONTRASTThis feature enhances the difference in color and light between parts of an image. You can set the CONTRAST value from 1 to 9.SHARPNESSSharpness determines the amount of detail an imaging system can reproduce. You can set the SHARPNESS value from 1 to 9.SATURATIONAdjust this feature to change the saturation of the color. The value ranges from 1 to 9.3DNR (Digital Noise Reduction)The 3DNR function can decrease the noise effect and deliver more accurate and sharp image. You can set the 3DNR value from 1 to 9.MIRROROFF , H , V , and HV are selectable for mirror. OFF : The mirror function is disabled. H : The image flips 180° horizontally. V : The image flips 180° vertically. HV : The image flips 180° both horizontally and vertically.3.5 FUNCTIONSIn the FUNCTIONS submenu, you can set the privacy mask, and the motion detection of the camera. MOTION DETECTIONIn the user-defined motion detection surveillance area, the moving object can be detected and the alarm will be triggered. Up to 4 motion detection areas can be configured.Figure 3-8 MOTIONSelect a MOTION area. Set the MODE as ON . Click the up/down/left/right button to define the position, and the size of the area. Set the SENSITIVITYfrom 1 to 9. PRIVACYThe privacy mask allows you to cover certain areas which you don’t want to be viewed, or recorded. Up to 4 privacy areas are configurable.Figure 3-9 PRIVACYSelect a PRIVACY area. Set the MODE as ON . Click up/down/left/right button to define the position, and the size of the area.3.6 FACTORY DEFAULTMove the cursor to FACTORY DEFAULT and click Iris+ to reset all the settings to the factory default.3.7 EXITMove the cursor to EXIT and click Iris+ to exit the menu without saving.3.8 SAVE & EXITMove the cursor to SAVE & EXIT and click Iris+ to save the settings, and exit the menu.UD10373B。

h20t热红外影像数据技术指标
H20T热红外影像数据技术指标是指在使用H20T热红外相机进
行图像采集和处理时所涉及的技术性能指标。

H20T是一种集成了热
红外和可见光相机的先进设备，广泛应用于无人机、航空器和其他
载具上，用于执行监测、搜索、救援等任务。

首先，H20T热红外影像数据技术指标包括分辨率。

这是指热红
外影像的清晰度和细节程度，通常以像素为单位来衡量。

高分辨率
能够提供更为精细的图像，有助于识别目标和区分细微的温度差异。

其次，灵敏度是另一个重要的技术指标。

热红外影像设备的灵
敏度决定了其对温度变化的检测能力。

高灵敏度意味着设备能够捕
捉到微小的温度差异，有助于在复杂环境下进行目标识别和监测。

另外，色彩模式和调色板也是H20T热红外影像数据技术指标中
的重要内容。

不同的色彩模式和调色板可以帮助用户更好地理解图
像中的温度信息，以及目标和背景的区分。

常见的色彩模式包括黑
白热、彩色热等，而调色板则可以根据用户需求进行选择和调整。

此外，H20T热红外影像数据技术指标还涉及测温范围、数据输
出格式、图像处理算法等方面。

测温范围决定了设备可以覆盖的温
度范围，数据输出格式则关系到数据的传输和处理方式，而图像处
理算法则直接影响图像质量和后续分析的准确性。

总的来说，H20T热红外影像数据技术指标涵盖了设备的分辨率、灵敏度、色彩模式和调色板、测温范围、数据输出格式以及图像处
理算法等多个方面，这些指标直接影响了设备在监测、搜索、救援
等任务中的性能和应用效果。

名词解释：CHD高清视频种类（1080p、720p、480p）1.REMUX：提取原版Blu-ray和HDDVD视频进行无损封装，TS/A VI视频部分不重编码，音频一般采用原片音轨，可能采用DVD提取的国粤语和其他音轨；2.VC1/H264toMPEG2：对原版Blu-ray和HDDVD视频进行重编码，在保证画质前提下造福广大机器低端配置的高清发烧友，音频部分一般采用原片音轨，可能采用DVD提取的国粤语和其他音轨；3.HDRIP-1080p：对原版Blu-ray和HDDVD视频进行重编码，编码形式采用X264/VC1，容量一般为DVD9(8128M)和DVD5(4470M)的组合倍数，音频采用原片音轨，可能采用DVD中提取的音轨和重编码音轨；视频分辨率一般采用1920X1080或者1920X800；4.HDRIP-720p：对原版Blu-ray和HDDVD视频进行重编码，编码形式采用X264/VC1/DivX，容量一般为DVD9(8128M)和DVD5(4470M)的组合倍数，音频采用原片音轨，可能采用DVD中提取的音轨和重编码音轨；视频分辨率一般采用1280X720/688/544/536/528等;5.HDRE-480p：对原版Blu-ray和HDDVD或者其他高清视频进行重编码，编码形式采用X264，容量一般为DVD5(4470M)的二分之一或者三分之一，音频采用AAC 5.1或者AC3 5.1；视频分辨率一般采用848X480/360/352 等；从以上分类可以看出，CHD论坛目前的高清视频格式满足了高中低三种要求，追求极品高清画质和音效的不妨去下载REMUX，如果机器配置低端或者有高清播放机的朋友可以下载VC1/H264toMPEG2，因为mpeg2视频对机器要求很低，理论上是有损,但实际观看上,没有多大区别；对于电脑容量小，显示设备中端的电影爱好者，完全可以下载本站的MPEG4重编码作品，容量适中，画质清晰，一定能满足中级发烧友的要求；至于480p的HDRE影片，也是考虑一部分入门级的高清爱好者兼电影迷的需要，本类影片的特点是出片速度快，特别是正版蓝光和HDDVD的出版目前越来越和DVD的出版日期接近，480p这种小体积高画质的东西绝对是物超所值！。

qhd uhd 标准QHD和UHD标准是用于描述显示器和电视屏幕分辨率的术语。

这些标准对于我们选择和使用数字设备时起到了重要的指导作用。

以下是关于QHD和UHD标准的详细解释。

首先，QHD是指"Quad High Definition"，也被称为2K分辨率。

它是指在水平方向上有2560个像素，垂直方向上有1440个像素的显示屏分辨率。

它比传统的全高清（Full HD）分辨率（1920x1080像素）更高，并能提供更加清晰和细腻的图像细节。

QHD广泛应用于智能手机、平板电脑和计算机显示器等设备上，为用户呈现出更好的视觉体验。

其次，UHD是指"Ultra High Definition"，也被称为4K分辨率。

它是指在水平方向上有3840个像素，垂直方向上有2160个像素的显示屏分辨率。

相比于QHD，UHD提供了更高的像素密度和更加逼真的图像效果。

UHD广泛用于高端电视、电影院和专业摄影领域，使观众能够获得更加震撼和身临其境的视觉盛宴。

QHD和UHD标准的出现，为我们的观影和使用体验带来了显著的提升。

无论是在商业领域还是个人娱乐领域，这些高分辨率的屏幕使得图像更加清晰、细节更加丰富，为用户提供了更加逼真和真实的视觉享受。

此外，这些高分辨率的屏幕也对游戏和影视行业产生了重大影响，使得游戏画面更加逼真，电影和电视剧更具震撼力。

总结而言，QHD和UHD标准是描述屏幕分辨率的术语，分别代表着2K和4K 分辨率。

它们在数字设备领域扮演着关键角色，为用户提供更好的视觉体验。

通过提供更高的像素密度和更加逼真的图像效果，QHD和UHD屏幕正在逐渐成为主流，改变着我们的观影和使用习惯。

高清HD模式下，FH、HQ、SP、LP四种图象质量有什么区别？
今天，为了观察高清HD模式下，FH、HQ、SP、LP四种图象质量有什么区别，我分别用四种模式拍摄了同一画面（包括图片和文字的彩色宣传册），然后在大屏幕电视上观看，结果令我很意外：FH、HQ、SP、LP四种图象质量肉眼看不出有什么区别！
4种模式主要的不同之处是码率，而码率的高低对动态画面的表现差别才大，静止画面的差别是比较小的，当然，用1920×1080的电视看会更仔细。

HP SP LP是录像带在拍摄时的运行速度，原来的录像机只有SP 和LP两种速度，在录像带相同的条件下，SP是标准速度，可以拍摄清晰的画面，LP是慢速，可以拍摄较长时间，现在出现了高清晰视频，就是HP，即1080线技术，所以准确的应该是HP/高清晰、SP/标准、LP/较长时间（60DV带，HP拍摄30分钟高清晰视频，LP拍摄60分钟标准视频，LP拍摄90分钟的录像时间）。

背光太亮要调节（菜单－设置－个性化－智控节能－关；菜单－设置－图像－背光调节－30），彩色也太浓（色度调为40），这样图像就差不多了，3D效果也不错，硬屏从各种侧面看都清晰，功能是很强大的。

电影TC、HC、TS、SCR、R5、BD、HD版本的区别电影TC、HC、TS、SCR、R5、BD、HD版本的区别HCHC是Hard Core的缩写，意思是视频中包含的硬字幕，非外挂字幕，而是被合成到了视频本身里面。

TC(胶片版)TC是TELECINE的缩写。

TC使用电视电影机从胶片直接数字拷贝。

画面质量还不错,但亮度不足，有些昏暗。

很多时候制作TC使用的音源来自TS，因此音质很差，但画面质量远好过TS。

如果不是太讲究的话TC版还是不错的选择。

HD RIP（高清版）(正式的DVD版)HDRip 是HDTVRip（高清电视资源压缩）的缩写，是用DivX/XviD/x264等MPEG4压缩技术对HDTV的视频图像进行高质量压缩，然后将视频、音频部分封装成一个.avi或.mkv文件，最后再加上外挂的字幕文件而形成的视频格式。

画面清晰度更高。

BD（蓝光版）BD是Blue Disk的简称，翻译成中文是“蓝光影碟”的意思。

就是从蓝光影碟转录的视频和音频，画面清晰度很高。

TS(准枪版)TS是TELESYNC的缩写。

TS与CAM版的标准是相同的。

但它使用的是外置音源（一般是影院座椅上为听力不好的人设的耳机孔）这个音源不能保证是好的音源，因为受到很多背景噪音的干扰。

TS是在空的影院或是用专业摄像机在投影室录制，所以图象质量可能比CAM 好。

但画面的起伏很大。

论坛上常出现的有一般TS版和经过修复清晰TS版。

DVDSCR(预售版)SCR是SCREENER的缩写。

DVDSCR预览版的或者是测试版的DVD，非正式出版的版本。

从预览版DVD 中获取，通过mpeg-4技术进行高质量压缩的视频格式。

能比DVDRip早发布，但画质稍差。

（经常有一些不在黑边里在屏幕下方滚动的消息，包含版权和反盗版电话号码，会影响观看。

）如果没有严格的划分它的画质应与TC版差不多。

CAM（枪版）CAM通常是用数码摄像机从电影院盗录。

有时会使用小三角架，但大多数时候不可能使用，所以摄像机会抖动。