TheLegalEnvironmentofBusiness(5)

Unit 13Legal Environment of BusinessText I Government Regulation of BusinessDictionary Workbyword, ruthless, unscrupulous, tycoon, aggressive, profiteer, altruistic, terse, hovering, undercut, dubious, crafty, latitude, intervene, abuse,, empower, unconstitutional, interpret, interstate, intrastate,Pre-reading Questions1.What is government regulation of business?2.Why is government regulation necessary to business?3.How does the government exercise its regulatory power over business?Historical Evolution of Government Regulation1It’s important to understand that regulation hasn’t always been with us. Relatively speaking, it’s a rather novel idea if one takes the long historical view. America’s founders believed in a laissez-faire1–or “hands-off” –approach to the regulation of business. Business leaders took care of business, politicians took care of government, and the two groups left each other alone. Caveat emptor2, “let the buyer beware,” was the byword of the marketplace in the 1800’s. Moreover, there was little room for “friendly competition” in nineteenth century business transactions. With limited markets, hard-to-get supplies, and few production shortcuts, the business that hoped to survive often felt pressured into taking a fairly ruthless approach –wiping out competitors wherever opportunity permitted and taking full advantage of consumers not sufficiently wily to protect their own interests.2But by the late 1800s, too many competitors and consumers had fallen victim to unscrupulous business practices. Public opinion turned decidedly against the business tycoons, and this new philosophical tone set the stage for more aggressive laws3that sought to intervene in the marketplace. Despite widespread public support, however, early efforts at reform were not as successful as advocates had hoped. It was not until the late 1930s that it became generally accepted by lawmakers and the courts, that the Constitution did allow Congress fairly wide in in regulating commerce.3 In fact, today’s ongoing di scussions about the proper amount of governmental regulation are only the latest round in a debate – and, at times, fight – that is unlikely to end. Typically, business leaders insist that government interference does more harm than good. But many workers and citizens point to abuses of the past and present as proof of the dangers of unregulated industry. In general, legislators and federal agencies now tryto balance the ideal of the free marketplace with the less altruistic realities of human nature.4 Most observers these days agree that some form of government control is necessary. But where and how to apply that control has never been an easy issue to resolve. Few persons want to return to the days in which consumers took their chances in a marketplace where profiteering was an integral part of shrewd business management; yet, at the same time, almost no one favors the insufferable hovering of a government that involves itself in even the least important decisions.The Sources of Government Regulatory Power5 City, country, state, and federal administrative agencies together have created a web of regulations that govern how and under what circumstances a company is allowed to transact business, sell securities, set loan terms, ship freight, use resources, hire and fire employees, compete with rival firms, or negotiate labor contracts. You name it, and there’s probably some type of regulation to govern it.6 The government derives most of its power to regulate business from the U.S. Constitution’s “comme rce clause4,” which states that “The Congress shall have power … to regulate commerce among the several states.” This clause – together with the Constitution’s Article I, Section 8, which empowers Congress to levy taxes – are the twin pillars on which government regulation rests.7 The terse phrase among the several states allows some latitude in interpretation, and this has resulted in changes over time in the allowable scope of government control. At various points in its history, the commerce clause has been given a narrow interpretation; at other times, the interpretation has been considerably more extensive. At the heart of the issue is the debate over what constitutes interstate commerce (from inter, meaning between) versus intrastate commerce (from intra, meaning within). If the Supreme Court5interprets “interstate” commerce to include only the transportation of goods from one state to another, this is quite different from an interpretation that considers “interstate” commerce to be business practice s in one state (that is, intrastate) that affects business practices in another state. This distinction between intra-and inter state commerce is critical because the commerce clause allows Congress to regulate only that commerce that is among the several states.The Early Years of Regulation8 Early in the nineteenth century, the Supreme Court interpreted the commerce clause very broadly, giving the government power to regulate not only commerce that passed between states, but also “local” transactions that in some way “affected” interstate commerce. But this broad interpretation had little impact, since Congress left business pretty much alone to do as it wanted; the fact that the Supreme Court would permit broad regulation made little difference. As we noted earlier, however, by the end of the Civil War, workers and social advocates became increasingly upset with the overreaching practices of business, and Congress became more involved in attempting to regulate business practices. The passage of laws outlawing child labor andsixteen-hour workdays were major examples of this initial regulation.9 As Congress began to intervene in business practices this way, however, the Supreme Court also began to re-evaluate its interpretation of the commerce clause. It came to believe that federal power could only extend to those business transactions that in fact moved from one state to another – only these transactions met the definition of interstate commerce. It concluded that all other business transactions –even if their influence extended beyond a state’s boundaries – were part of intrastate commerce and, as such, beyond the reach of the federal government to regulate. So, ironically, as Congress became interested in passing regulatory law, the Supreme Court came to see those efforts as potentially unconstitutional. This conflict between what the public and Congress wanted and what business and the Supreme Court said the Constitution would allow continued until the late 1930s. But around that time, the Supreme Court again re-evaluated its interpretation of the commerce clause and concluded that Congress had the power to regulate any transactions by businesses that organized themselves on a national scale, not just those transactions that crossed state lines.The Current Regulatory Environment10 Today, the Supreme Court continues to reflect this broader reading of the commerce clause6, bringing it in line with the opinions held by the earliest Supreme Court views. Put simply, the current view is that the federal government can constitutionally not only regulate commerce that passes through or is transacted across two states, but also commerce that affects business in other states. Let’s consider an example to see how this works.11 Let’s say that Sharpe, a street vendor of chocolate-chip cookies, uses some questionable business practices to undercut his competitors in the Seattle business district cookie market. At this point, he is probably violating only local fair-business ordinances. But suppose Sharpe instead distributed packages of cookies to be sold in Seattle supermarkets. If Sharpe’s dubious practices are cutting into national markets, Sharpe may be charged with violating federal regulations –even though his is not a national company. Similarly, when business booms and Sharpe expands to form Northwest Cookies, a larger interstate company, he must either abandon his crafty methods of competition or risk running afoul of federal regulations. (1,156 words) Notes1. laissez-faire: let (people) do (as they choose). [尤指对商业活动的]自由放任的、不干涉的原则It’s a motto of 18th century French economists who protested excessive government regulation of industry. See: 1) the reaction against free trade and laissez-faire economy 2) a central position between laissez-faire and a planned economy2. Caveat emptor: Let the buyer beware. （购者当心，指货物出门概不退换原则）I t’s a maxim of the common law expressing the rule that the buyer purchases at his peril. Implied warranties in the sale of personal property are exceptions to the rule thus expressed. The maxim is applicable to salesof real estate in respect of conditions of the premises open to observation. The doctrine of the maxim applies in its utmost vigor and strictness to judicial sales, so that the purchaser takes upon himself the risk of finding outstanding rights that could have been asserted against the parties to the proceedings and which necessarily affect the title conveyed to him.3. more aggressive laws: referring to the multitude of laws, acts and statutes enacted in the late 19th century and also in the 20th century, for instance, the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890, the Clayton Act in 1914, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Consumer Credit Protection Act, the Consumer Product Safety Act, the Clean Air Act, etc., to regulate business practices and protect customers and the environment, which are more forceful or threatening.merce clause: Art. 1, §8, cl. 3 of the United States Constitution which gives Congress exclusive powers to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes. 美国宪法商业条款5. the Supreme Court: the highest of the three-tier American federal court system. Established by the US Constitution, the Supreme Court is made up of nine justices and has both original and appellate jurisdiction. It also has the final responsibility for interpretation of the Constitution and federal statutes. 最高法院6. broad reading of the commerce clause: an interpretation of the meaning and extent of the commerce clause, which suggests an extensive scope of the commerce clause.Language Points1.With limited markets, hard-to-get supplies, and few production shortcuts, the business thathoped to survive often felt pressured into taking a fairly ruthless approach –wiping out competitors wherever opportunity permitted and taking full advantage of consumers not sufficiently wily to protect their own interests. (paragraph 1)Pay attention to the use of the verb-ing forms: wiping out competitors and taking full advantage of consumers. They are gerunds used here in apposition to the preceding noun phrase a fairly ruthless approach.2.It was not until the late 1930s that it became generally accepted by lawmakers and the courtsthat the Constitution did allow Congress fairly wide latitude in regulating commerce.(paragraph 2)Pay attention to the sentence pattern “It is/was not until … that + S + V”. It means the same as “S + do/does/did not +V + until …”. Hence, this sentence can be revised as: It didn’t become generally accepted by lawmakers and the courts until the late 1930s that the Constitution did allow Congress fairly wide latitude in regulating commerce.The pronoun it that follows the connective that is a nominal subject, standing for the real subject -- the noun clause that the Constitution did allow Congress fairly wide latitude in regulating commerce, which comes in the end of the sentence.3.Typically, business leaders insist that government interference does more harm than good.(paragraph3)Pay attention to the clause that follows the connective that. It’s a noun clause. A noun clause usually functions in the sentence as subject, object, prepositional object, or in apposition to the subject or object. There are other noun clauses in the text.4.It concluded that all other business transactions –even if their influence extended beyond astate’s boundaries –were part of intrastate commerce and, as such, beyond the reach of the federal government to regulate. (paragraph 9)Such here refers to the previous statement all other business transactions –even if their influence extended beyond a state’s boundaries –were part of intrastate commerce, and the insertion as such means because of this.5.Put simply, the current view is that the federal government can constitutionally not onlyregulate commerce that passes through or is transacted across two states, but also commerce that affects business in other states. (paragraph 10)Put simply here is a parenthetical phrase, meaning “to be put in short or to sum up”.6. Similarly, when business booms and Sharpe expands to form Northwest Cookies, a largerinterstate company, he must either abandon his crafty methods of competition or risk running afoul of federal regulations. (paragraph 11)Pay attention to the collocation risk running afoul of federal regulations. The verb risk is usually followed by a gerund or a noun. The collocation means to run the risk of getting into conflict with federal regulations.ComprehensionQuestions about the text1.What is a laissez-faire economy?2.What is the nature of government regulation of business in America?3.Why was there little room for “friendly competition” in the 19th century businesstransactions?4.Where does the government’s power to regulate bus iness mainly come from?5.What is the most satisfactory government regulation as history shows?6.What is the scope of government regulation in U.S. business?7.Was the Congress’ power to regulate business challenged in the 19th century?8.What is the difference between interstate commerce and intrastate commerce?9.What was the conflict between what the public and Congress wanted and what business andthe Supreme Court said the Constitution would allow, which went on until the late 1930s?10.What was the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Congress’ power to regulate business inthe 19th century and what is its current position?VocabularyWrite out the word or phrase according to the explanation provided:A Ba.r________ 1. to control, direct, or to replace confusion with orderb.s________ 2. fixed or controlled by lawc.a________ 3. statement which is not supported by proof, that someone has donesomething bad or criminald.e________ 4. the gradual change and developmente.c________ 5. an agreement reached in a way that is acceptable to both sides of theconflict or lawsuitf.p________ 6. the approval of a law, statute, or act by a legislatureg.r_________ 7. the action of resolving somethingh.i________ 8. the definition or explanation of a term or clause in the statutei.a_______ 9. a method of doing something or dealing with a problemj.i_______ 10. a person who comes between two people or groups of peoples, esp. inorder to bring them into agreementk.d_______ 11. clear differencel.a_______ 12. a person who speaks for or supports an idea, way of life, etc.m.a________ 13. the settling of an argument by the decision of a person or group thathas been chosen by both sidesn.t________ 14. the doing or performing of trade, including the purchase, sale,exchanging, leasing, and distribution of commoditieso.s________ 15. having the highest position, in terms of power, importance, orinfluenceParaphraseParaphrase the following sentences from the text:1.In general, legislators and federal agencies now try to balance the ideal of the free marketplacewith less altruistic realities of human nature. (para. 3)2.Few persons want to return to the days in which consumers took their chances in a marketplacewhere profiteering was an integral part of shrewd business management; yet at the same time, almost no one favors the insufferable hovering of a government that involves itself in even the least important decisions. (para. 4)3.But this broad interpretation had little impact; since Congress left business pretty much alone todo as it wanted; the fact that the Supreme Court would permit broad regulation made little difference. (para. 8)4.But suppose Sharpe instead distributed packages of cookies to be sold in Seattle supermarkets;if Sharpe’s dubious practices are cutting into national markets, Sharpe may be charged with violating federal regulations – even though his is not a national company. (para. 11)Useful Phrases and Collocationsleave sb/sth alone, wipe out, take (full) advantage of, fall victim to sth, set the stage for, balance sth with sth else, take (one’s) chances, involve oneself in, compete with rival firms, derive (sth) from, empower sb to do sth, allow some latitude in, result in, at the heart of the issue, consider sth to be, in some way, be involved in, outlaw child labor, intervene in, beyond the reach of, bring sth in line with, be charged with, run afoul ofExercisesI. Blank fillingFill in the blanks with the proper phrases given below. Add words and/or change the form of the given words when necessary.leave sb/sth alone, take an approach, take (full) advantage of,fall victim to sth, involve oneself in, allow some latitude in,make little difference, bring sth in line with, run afoul of sth, result in1.At a time, a lot of people complained that the administrative agencies _______ ______________almost all business activities, making it hard to conduct business.2.As our country is approaching its accession to the WTO, we have to ___________________________ the international norms.3.When you open up a business in a new market, you have to ___________________.4.In the initial years of the reform and opening-up some people ______________ the loosegovernment regulation and accumulated a lot of wealth.5.In market economy companies should ___________________ running their own business.6.His own carelessness ___________ his injuries, so he couldn’t expect any remedy from theemployer.7.At a time businesspeople wanted the government _______________, but customers complainedabout the abuses as a result of lack of government regulation.8.Before Congress granted the government with regulatory power in business many customers________________ immoral business practices.9.Nowadays business managers have to study laws in order to prevent their businesses from________________ government regulations.10.Whether the government curbs smoking by levying heavier tax on tobacco or not___________________ to him as he has quit smoking.II. Error correction1.Public opinion turned decidedly against the business tycoons, and this new philosophical toneset the stage for less aggressive laws that sought to intervene in the marketplace.2.Today’s ongoing discussions about the proper amount of governmental regulation are only thelast round in a debate – and, at times, fight – that is unlikely to end.3.Business leaders insist that government interference does more harm than good, but manyworkers and citizens point to abuses of the past and present as proof of the dangers of regulated industry.4.Most observers these days agree that some form of government control is necessary, but whereand how to apply that control has always been an issue to resolve.5.Since Congress left business pretty much alone to do as it wanted, the fact that the SupremeCourt would permit broad regulation made a little difference.6.If Sharpe’s dubious practices are cutting in to national markets, he may be charged withviolating federal regulations – even though he is not a national company.7.The parties whose dispute is solved through mediation are more unlikely to be able to workconstructively within the agreement.8.Almost no one favors the insufferable hovering of a government that involves itself in even theleast momentous of decisions.9.At the heart of the issue is the debate in what constitutes interstate commerce versusintrastate commerce.10.At this point, Sharpe is probably violated only local fair-business ordinances.III. GrammarA.The following exercises are about noun clauses. Choose the most appropriate answer from theoptions provided to complete the sentences:1.The truth _______ the US is a country with rule of law is known to all of us.a. ifb. whetherc. thatd. which2.______ the customer will win the lawsuit against the seller remains a question.a. Thatb. Whetherc. Ifd. What3.______ the government should apply its regulatory power in business relationshipshas never been an easy issue to resolve.a. Whetherb. Ifc. Whyd. How4.The lawyer has not answered my question ________ I can count on some remedyfor the damage.a. whetherb. whenc. whered. why5.His success is due to _________ he had been working hard.a. thatb. the fact whichc. the fact thatd. the fact of6.Mr. Cooper looked rather depressed. Do you know ________ trouble was?a. hisb. why hisc. how hisd. what his7.When dealing in a litigious environment, you cannot take ________ approach youprefer.a. whatb. whateverc. whicheverd. whosever8._______ worries us a lot is what the world will be like in the future.a. Thatb. Whichc. Whod. What9.I’m not sure ________ the U.S. antitrust law should be enacted.a. ifb. whetherc. whend. why10.He is concerned about ________ judge will preside over the court hearing.a. whichb. whatc. whose thatB. Complete the sentences by translating the expressions in the brackets:1.The States retain the exclusive power to regulate intrastate commerce – economic activities thathave no significant effect on commerce outside their own borders, while____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ ________ (联邦政府单独享有调解美国所有的涉外贸易和州际贸易活动的权力).2.Many people who favored increased regulation of business felt that the courts and legislatures_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ (不太适应处理我们所处的不断变化的环境中出现的复杂问题).3.The Federal Trade Commission Act, which created one of the most active and controversialfederal administrative agencies and _______________________________________________________________________(赋予它调解竞争性商业活动的广泛权限), is a good example of the feder al government’s extensive regulation of business.4.The large number of injuries caused by defective consumer products _________________________________________________________ (导致了国会于1972年通过了《消费品安全法》).5.The equality of the sexes is literally applied so that a law is unconstitutional when it gives towomen a protection or an advantage _____________________________________________ (而不给予从事同种工作的男子).IV. ClozeWhy Is Government Regulation Necessary?The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of American society. Before the Civil War, more than 80 percent of Americans were self-employed, and the small proprietorship was the 1________ form of business organization. Many forms of organization were objects of public 2 _ Labor unions were treated as criminal conspiracies, and even corporations were viewed with some suspicion.The 3 of corporate power and the abusive activities of the large industrial combines and trusts after the Civil War became subjects of major public concern, producing a public outcry for federal action. Congress responded by 4 the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890.In addition, life was becoming more 5 . New forms of human activity that presented a need for regulation were (and are today) 6 on an almost daily basis. Ever-expanding scientific knowledge also continued to increase our understanding of the effects of our behavior on each other and on the environment.This tremendous growth of government regulation, while it has no doubt produced many 7_____ social benefits, has also produced considerable public dissatisfaction. We all regularly hear complaints about government “red tape”* and bureaucratic inefficiency. Some commentators argue that the costs associated with complying with government regulations are a 8 contributor to spiraling inflation. Others complain that 9 a business is becoming more and more difficult in an environment of increasing and sometimes 10 regulations. Regulatory agencies are criticized as being inefficient and overzealous on the one hand and “captive” tools of industry on the 11.Despite current 12 disenchantment with regulation, however, it is probably fair to say that regulation is here to stay. Today, we are witnessing a “13” movement aimed at reducing numerous “friendly” regulations that in the past operated to shield some businesses from the forces of competition. In other areas, conflicting or 14_________ regulations may need to be reworked. Nonetheless, as long as the United States continues to be a highly complex and industrialized society, 15 will be an important fact of life.*red tape: forms and routines followed in official business; the protective helmet of bureaucracy.V. Translation1. In the eyes of many observers, administrative agencies like the Federal Trade Commission, theSecurities and Exchange Commission, and the Environmental Protection Agency form an unofficial fourth branch of government with the authority to enact rules and regulations (quasi-legislative power) and the power to hold hearings to determine whether those rules have been violated (quasi-judicial power).2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with anyother person or persons to monopolize any of the trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.3. By the middle of the 20th century, realizing that business needs had been given too muchpreferential treatment –often at the expense of consumers’ rights, consumer activists bega n to convince local, state, and federal governments to pass laws that would re-evaluate priorities and give consumers the protection they needed and deserved.4. 中国宪法明文规定：中国政府鼓励外商来华投资并依法保护外国企业和个人的合法权益。

UNDERSTANDING CANADIAN BUSINESSCHAPTER # 1 noteschater1MANAGING WITHIN THE DYNAMIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT动态商业环境下的管理Business and Entrepreneurship: Revenues, Profits, and Losses 事业和企业家能力:收益，利益和损失Business: Any activity that seeks to provide goods and services to others while operating at a profit.事业：寻求当在一笔利润操作时向其他人提供货物和服务的任何活动。

Profit: The amount a business earns beyond what it spends for salaries and other expenses.利益:一种商业在它为了薪金和其他话费所话费的以外赚的量Entrepreneur: A person who risks time and money to start and manage a business.企业家能力:冒险用时间和金钱开始和管理一种商业的一个人Revenue: The total amount of money a business takes in during a given period by selling goods and services. 收益:一种商业在一段特定的时间期间通过出售商品和服务获得的金钱Loss: When a business’s expenses are more then its revenue.失去：当一种商业的花费超过其收益时Risk: The chance an entrepreneur takes of losing time and money on a business that may not prove profitable.风险：一个企业家浪费了时间和金钱在事业上,却无利可图的机会Responding to the Various Business Stakeholders对各种各样的傻瓜也既得利益者作出反应Stakeholder:All the people who stand to gain or lose by the policies andactivities of a business.财产保管人：他通过政策和一种商业活动赢得或者失去的所有人- Investors; invest in the business投资者：在商业中的投资- Financial Institutions; lend money to the business 金融的社会公共机构:借钱给企业- Supplier; sell to the business供应商：向企业卖物品- Customers; buy goods and services from the business 消费者：从企业中购买商品和服务- Government; gets taxes from the business 政府：从企业中收税- Employees; get jobs from the business受雇者：从企业中得到工作- Dealers; buy and sell for the business经销商：为企业进行交易买卖- Environmentalists; protest the businesses pollution habits环境保护主义者：抗议商业污染习惯- Surrounding Community; get many positives and negatives from the business 周围的社区：从商业之中得到很多积极的和消极的影响Outsourcing: Assigning various functions, such as accounting, production, security, maintenance, and legal work, to outside organizations.外包:委托给外部单位的业务有很多,像审计,产品,安全,维护保养和政法工作.There is a major trend toward outsourcing in North Americanbusiness in an effort to cut costs and become more competitive. Much production has moved off shore, and many management functions are now sub contracted to external sources such as consulting firms.在北美的外包业务有一个大致的发展趋势:就是努力缩减成本提高竞争力.很多的产品现在已经转移到了沿海地区,许多管理职能现在订约与外部资源像咨询公司.Using Business Principles in Non-profit Organization非营利组织的商业原则的应用Non- profit Organization: An organization whose goals do not include making a personal profit for its owners or organization. 无利益组织：其目标不包括为其所有者或者组织赚取一笔个人的利润的一个组织。

企业对外投资国别(地区)营商环境指南英文版1. IntroductionIntroductionInvesting in foreign markets can be a strategic move for businesses seeking growth, diversification, and competitive advantage. However, navigating the complexities of different countries' (regions') business environments is crucial for success. This guide provides an overview of key factors to consider when evaluating potential investment destinations, ensuring informed decision-making and minimizing risks.2. Political Stability & GovernancePolitical Stability & GovernancePolitical stability is fundamental to a conducive business environment. Assess the host country's political climate, including government stability, democratic processes, and likelihood of civil unrest or regime change.A transparent, predictable, and corruption-resistant governance system fosters investor confidence.3. Legal & Regulatory FrameworkLegal & Regulatory FrameworkInvestigate the legal system, particularly the enforceability of contracts, property rights protection, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Understand the regulatory landscape, including sector-specific laws, licensing requirements, and compliance costs. A well-defined, consistent, and business-friendly legal framework mitigates operational uncertainties.4. Economic ConditionsEconomic ConditionsEvaluate the target country's economic health, such as GDP growth rate, inflation, exchange rate stability, and debt levels. Consider market size, consumer purchasing power, and sector-specific growth prospects. Robust economic indicators and promising sector trends indicatea fertile ground for investment.5. Market Access & CompetitionMarket Access & CompetitionAnalyze market access barriers, such as tariffs, quotas, or non-tariff measures. Study the competitive landscape, including local and international players, market concentration, and entry barriers. Favorable accessconditions and a healthy competitive environment enhance the potential for market penetration and profitability.6. Infrastructure & LogisticsInfrastructure & LogisticsAssess the quality and accessibility of transportation networks, energy supply, digital connectivity, and other essential infrastructure. Well-developed infrastructure reduces operational costs and facilitates efficient supply chain management. Additionally, examine the availability and cost of skilled labor, as a capable workforce is vital for business operations.7. Taxation & IncentivesTaxation & IncentivesFamiliarize yourself with the host country's tax regime, including corporate income tax rates, value-added tax, withholding taxes, and any double taxation treaties. Investigate available investment incentives, such as tax holidays, grants, or special economic zones. A favorable tax environment and attractive incentives can significantly impact the project's financial viability.8. Intellectual Property ProtectionIntellectual Property ProtectionStrong IP protection is crucial for businesses operating in knowledge-intensive sectors or with proprietary technologies. Evaluate the host country's IP laws, enforcement mechanisms, and track record in addressing IP infringement. Adequate IP protection safeguards your company's assets and encourages innovation.9. Environmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) FactorsEnvironmental, Social, & Governance (ESG) FactorsConsider the host country's commitment to environmental sustainability, labor standards, human rights, and anti-corruption measures. Ensure your investment aligns with your company's ESG policies and international best practices. Adhering to high ESG standards can mitigate reputational risks and foster long-term stakeholder relationships.10. Cultural Compatibility & Local PartnershipsCultural Compatibility & Local PartnersshipsUnderstanding and respecting local culture is vital for successful business integration. Cultivate relationships with potential local partners who can provide valuable market insights, facilitate regulatorycompliance, and help navigate cultural nuances. Strong local partnerships can expedite market entry and enhance overall performance.ConclusionConclusionNavigating the complexities of different countries' (regions') business environments is paramount for successful overseas investments. By diligently considering the factors outlined in this guide, companies can make informed decisions, minimize risks, and maximize the potential for profitable, sustainable growth in their chosen investment destinations.。

完整版)法律专业英语词汇Part 1: 刑法词汇1.罪犯（criminal）：犯罪行为的实施者。

2.杀人（murder）：故意造成他人死亡的行为。

3.盗窃（theft）：非法占有他人财产的行为。

4.强奸（rape）：非法性侵他人的行为。

5.纵火（arson）：故意放火的行为。

6.敲诈（___）：以暴力或威胁手段获取财产的行为。

7.走私（smuggling）：非法将商品或物品携带入境或出境。

8.贩毒（drug trafficking）：非法交易毒品或在毒品交易中参与。

9.偷税漏税（___）：通过欺诈手段逃避缴纳税款。

10.洗钱（money laundering）：将非法获取的资金合法化。

Part 2: 民事法词汇1.合同（contract）：双方达成的书面或口头协议，产生法律效力。

2.索赔（claim）：要求对方支付损失或赔偿的权利。

3.诉讼（n）：通过法律程序解决争端。

4.侵权（infringement）：侵犯他人权益或利益的行为。

5.损害赔偿（n）：对因他人行为受到损害的一方支付的补偿款项。

6.法定继承人（legal heir）：根据法律规定，有权继承遗产的人。

7.执行（enforcement）：将法律判决或裁决强制执行的行为。

8.违约（breach of contract）：不履行或违反合同中规定的义务。

9.诉讼费用（n costs）：诉讼过程中产生的费用，如律师费、鉴定费等。

10.司法鉴定（judicial appraisal）：法院指定的专门机构对相关事实或证据进行鉴定。

Part 3: 行政法词汇1.行政机关（administrative organ）：政府管理机关，行使行政权力。

2.行政处罚（administrative penalty）：行政机关根据法律或法规对违法行为采取的处罚措施。

3.行政许可（administrative license）：行政机关根据法律或法规对特定行为发出的批准文件。

《国际商法》（英）课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码：16168802课程名称：国际商法（英）英文名称：International Business Law课程类别：专业方向课学时：32学分：2适用对象: 商务英语专业、英语专业（国际商务管理方向）考核方式：（分散）开卷笔试先修课程：《当代商学概论（英）》二、课程简介《国际商法》是研究国际商法相关理论和实际运用的综合性应用学科，是外国语学院商务英语专业的专业基础课，以及英语专业和翻译专业学生的专业方向选修课，是一门用英语讲授有关国际商事法律基础知识的专业课程。

通过对本课程的学习，使学生了解国际商法的基本概念和商业惯例，并培养学生的案例分析能力。

《国际商法》课程主要涉及国际商事法律的三大核心领域——公司法、合同法、买卖法。

具体内容包括：国际商法概述、公司法、合同法以及货物买卖法。

四大章节以课堂讲授为主，讲授国际商法的基础知识、基本理论和典型案例。

另设英文案例分析和分组案例讨论专题。

课程成绩评定以学生的平时成绩50%、期末考核50%的权重来计算。

其中，平时成绩包括小组课堂讲介、案例讨论、个人课堂答问、书面作业及出勤情况等五个部分。

Emphasizing practical application and theory of international business law, International Business Law is a comprehensive and compulsory course designed for Business English majors and optional course for English majors and Translation majors. This course is meant to equip students with the fundamentals of the law relating to international business, such as basic concepts and important practices, and to cultivate students’ elementary ability of case analysis.Examining the three core fields of international business law, namely, company law, contract law and sales law, this course is designed to cover various topics in four chapters on introduction to international business law, company law, contract law, and international sale of goods.Lectures will be focused on legal concepts, important doctrines and typical cases. Some cases will be assigned to students for after-class reading and then in-class discussion. And some special lectures will be devoted to case analysis and in-class case discussion on a group basis.Course assessment is based on the weighted average of class participation 50% and final term case analysis 50%. Marks for class participation consist of five parts --- determined respectively by students’ in-class group presentation, group case discussion, and individual in-class question-answering, written assignments and class attendance.三、课程性质与教学目的《国际商法》是外国语学院为商务英语专业以及英语专业和翻译专业高年级学生开设的专业基础拓展课。