2012年南开大学外国语学院883语言学基础真题及详解Part I (20 分)1. Define each of the following terms. (本题20分)(1) suprasegmental【答案】Suprasegmental features refer to the features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meanings, which include syllable, stress, intonation and tone.(2) rime (rhyme)【答案】Syllable can be divided into two parts, the rhyme and the onset. The rhyme is the part with the vowel and the vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus, the consonant(s) after it will be termed the coda.(3) cranberry morpheme【答案】In morphology, a cranberry morpheme is a morpheme (that is, a word element, like the cran- of cranberry) that occurs in only one word. It is also called a unique morpheme, blocked morpheme, and leftover morpheme.(4) phrasal category【答案】Phrasal category is a category associated with linguistic phrase and is alsocalled linguistic phrase category, such as noun phrase, verb phrase and adjective phrase in English.(5) mental lexicon【答案】Mental lexicon, also called mental dictionary, internal lexicon or subjective lexicon, is a repository of all the information that a reader or a listener has concerning words of a language. It is in every speaker’s mind that exists a well-organized system of lexical representation which consists of word’s spelling, sound and meaning.(6) genetic relation【答案】In linguistics, genetic relationship is the usual term for the relationship which exists between languages that are members of the same language family. Two languages are considered to be genetically related if one is descended from the other or if both are descended from a common ancestor.(7) paraphrase【答案】A paraphrase is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words. A paraphrase typically explains or clarifies the text that is being paraphrased.(8) implicature【答案】According to Grice, it refers to the extra meaning not contained in the utterance, but understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or he knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of CP.(9) synecdoche【答案】Synecdoche is a figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole (such as fifty sail for fifty ships), the whole for a part (such as society for high society), the species for the genus (such as cutthroat for assassin), the genus for the species (such as a creature for a man), or the name of the material for the thing made (such as boards for stage)(10) syllabus【答案】A syllabus is a specification of what will happen in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology and is often used to refer to something similar to a language teaching approach.Part II (30 分)2. For each natural class of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature(s) that they all share. (本题10分)(1) [t] [p] [k] [q]【答案】stops(2) [i] [r] [æ] [e] [ε]【答案】front vowels(3) [rŋ] [ŋ] [n] [ŋ]【答案】nasals(4) [j] [w] [l] [r] [m]【答案】approximant(5) [z] [z] [ʒ] [ð] [v]【答案】fricatives3. In Southern Kongo, a Bantu language spoken in Angola, the non-palatalconsonants [t, s, z] are in complementary distribution with their palatal counterparts [c, ʃ, ʒ], as shown in the following words:(1) State the distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals; and (2) formulate onephonological rule and derive all the surface palatals with the rule formulated, using the word 3ima "to stretch" for illustrating the derivation, (本题10分)【答案】(1) The distribution of the palatals: they always appear before the vowel[i] while thenon-palatals before the vowel[a], [e], [o] and [u]. The distribution of the palatals and the non-palatals is complementary, which means when two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments(2)4. The English word unlockable has two different lexical meanings, i.e. "not able to lock" and ‘‘able to be unlocked". The semantic ambiguity of the word comes from structural ambiguity. Give the meaning corresponding to the morphemic structure of the word in your analysis. Draw two tree diagrams to show the difference between the two structures. Label the nodes in the tree diagram with proper categories. (本题10分)【答案】The word unlockable can be analyzed from two different morphemic structures. The first kind is constituted with the morphemes unlock-and–able, in which unlock can be further divided into un- and lock. In this morphemic structure, the meaning of the word is “able to be unlocked”. The second one is constituted with themorphemes un- and lockable, in which lockable can be further divided into lock and –able. In this second morphemic structure, the meaning of the word is “not able to lock”.Part III (30分)5. Syntactic analysis (本题14分)The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given in (la, lb) and (2a, 2b). (1a) The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b) Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a) The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b) *Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence (la) and sentence (lb) respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What syntactic mechanism(s) operate(s) to derive the structure of sentence (1 b) from the structure of sentence (la) ?。
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