英语自考本科高级英语笔记-下册-Lesson Six 2

Lesson Fifteen Is America Falling Apart Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1 a castellated townThis is a town built in the style of a castle.2the hammer and sickle painted on the rumps of public statuesThe hammer and sickle is the symbol of the Communist Party in Italy. It shows that the Communist Party was active at that time.3 a thousand-lira note shrunk to the slightness of a dollar billThis tells us that the Italian money was very much depreciated (贬值) at that time.4the open markets are luscious with esculent colorthe open markets are full of delicious fruits and vegetables in mouth-watering color.5…the human condition is humorously accepted.Italians accept their difficult living condition with a sense of humor.6… but the next Wednesday's return of an old Western is something to look forward to.…but an old American film about cowboys to be re-showed next Wednesday is something the local people look forward to.7What matters is… the wresting of minimal sweetness of the long-known bitterness of living.For many years they have been living a bitter life, yet they can still get through effort the least amount of pleasure out of the bitter life. This is what is important to them.8…prewar, if one thing went wrong the day was ruined; postwar, if one thing went right the day would be made.…before the war people felt everything was going on fine and they were unprepared for anything to go wrong. So if anything went wrong, they would be in a bad mood, feeling the whole day was spoiled. But after the war, if one thing went right, people would be in high spirits, feeling the whole day was nice.9…the Kafka feeling that the whole marvelous fabric of American life is coming apart at the seams.… the feeling that the whole of American society is breaking down fundamentally, which is similar to the feeling described in Kafka's novels.come apart: fall to pieces 破掉，碎掉The teapot just came apart in my hands.10The run-down rail services of America are something I try, vainly, to forget.The railway services of America are extremely bad, I try to forget them, but I failed to.11American individualism…wishes to manifest itself in independence of the community.American individualism…finds its expression in being independent of or being different from other people in the community.12Once let the acquisitive instinct burgeon, and there was ruggedly individual forces only too ready to make it come to full and monstrous blossom.As soon as the acquisitive instinct begins to grow, strong individual forces will develop it fully, which is something outrageous.ruggedly individual forces: often termed rugged individualism, the disguised, hot pursuit of practical and realisticinterests of an didividualonly too ready to make it come to full and monstrous blossom:very ready to make the acquitive instinct develop fully.13This self-elected deprivation was a way into the nastier side of the consumer society.I myself chose not to buy an automobile and that led me to see the more disgusting side of the consumer society.14The nightmare of filth, outside and in, that enfolds the trip from Springfield, Mass., to Grand Central Station would not be accepted in backward Europe.The filth inside the trains and along the railway line from Springfield to New York is so horrible that it would not be accepted in backward Europe.15The more efficiently self-contained the home seems to be, the more dependent it is on the great impersonal corporations…When the home is efficiently equipped with all sorts of gadgets, it becomes dependent on the great indifferent corporations.The more the home is thus equipped, the more dependent it is on the latter…16Skills at the lowest level have to be wooed slavishly and exorbitantly rewarded.Even workers doing the least skilled jobs have to be begged to come and paid much too high.17And doctors…know their scarcity value and behave accordingly.And doctors…know their great value because there are not enough doctors to meet the needs and therefore charge excessive medical fees.18Planned obsolescence is not conductive to pride in workmanship.Articles that are designed to break or wear out quickly do not help people to take pride in their work.19On another level, consumption is turning sour.… consumption is becoming something unpleasant.20Indestructible plastic hasn't even the grace to undergo chemical change.to have the grace to do something means to be polite enough to do something proper.明智地做某事，爽爽快快地做某事He had the grace to say that he was sorry.Here it is used humorously to refer to the fact that goods made of plastic cannot be recycled.21Awareness of this is a kind of redemptive grace, but it has not led to repentance and a revolution in consumer habits.Awareness of this is a kind of compensation for their guilty feelings about consumption. Yet it has not noticeably brought about deep regret for or a drastic change in the way they consume.22… they don't noticeably clamor for a decrease in the number of owner-vehicles.…they don't demand loudly a decrease in the number of private cars.23America has always despised its teachers and, as a consequesnce, it has been granted the teachers it deserves.America has always looked down upon its teachers, as result, it deserves to have the kind of teachers it gets.as a consequence: as a result 结果He's never studied hard, as a consequence, he's never passed examinations.24The quality of first-grade education…could not…be faulted on the level of dogged conscientiousness.You could not find fault with the teachers for the quality of first-grade education. The teachers were conscientious and determined to do a good job.on the level of: in the aspect of, in connection with25But there seemed to be no spark, no daring, no madness, no readiness to engage the individual child's mind as anything other than raw material for statistical reductions.但是除了把孩子的头脑当作进行数字计算训练的原料以为，似乎不存在能使孩子开动脑筋的火花，胆识，激情与愿望。

高级英语下册Lesson One1.The lower your position is, the more people you are afraid of . (1)—此处采用了‖the + 比较级…+ the + 比较级…‖结构，表示‖越…，就越…‖，前者是状语从句，后者是主句。

E.g. the more, the better 越多越好。

The harder she worked, the more progress she made. 她工作越努力，进步越大。

2. And all the people are afraid of the twelve men at the top who helped found and build the company and now own and direct it. (1)—who found and build the company and now own and direct it为men 的定语从句。

另外注意，found 意为‖创立、设立‖。

E.g. The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国于1949年成立。

这里不要与find 的过去分词found 混淆，因常用的搭配形式为help (to) do sth.3. In the normal course of a business day…(3)—in the course of为固定词组，意为‖在…当中‖。

E.g. In the course of the discussion many constructive opinions were heard.在讨论当中，听到了很多具有建设4. Green is afraid of me because most of the work in my department is done for the Sales Department, which is more important than his department,… (3)—which is more important than his department为the Sales Department的非限时性定语从句。

Lesson 6 Disappearing Through the SkylightOsborne Bennet Hardison Jr.1 Science is committed to the universal. A sign of this is that the more successful a science becomes, the broader the agreement about its basic concepts: there is not a separate Chinese or American or Soviet thermodynamics, for example; there is simply thermodynamics. For several decades of the twentieth century there was a Western and a Soviet genetics, the latter associated with Lysenko's theory that environmental stress can produce genetic mutations. Today Lysenko's theory is discredited, and there is now only one genetics.2 As the corollary of science, technology also exhibits the universalizing tendency. This is why the spread of technology makes the world look ever more homogeneous. Architectural styles, dress styles, musical styles--even eating styles--tend increasingly to be world styles. The world looks more homogeneous because it is more homogeneous. Children who grow up in this world therefore experience it as a sameness rather than a diversity, and because their identities are shaped by this sameness, their sense of differences among cultures and individuals diminishes. As buildings become more alike, the people who inhabit the buildings become more alike. The result is described precisely in a phrase that is already familiar: the disappearance of history.3 The automobile illustrates the Point With great clarity. A technological innovation like streamlining or all-welded body construction may be rejected initially, but if it is important to the efficiency or economics of automobiles, it will reappear in different ways until it is not only accepted but universally regarded as an asset. Today's automobile is no longer unique to a given company or even to a given national culture, its basic features are found, with variations, in automobiles in general, no matter who makes them.4 A few years ago the Ford Motor Company came up with the Fiesta, which it called the "World Car." Advertisements showed it surrounded by the flags of all nations. Ford explained that the cylinder block was made in England, the carburetor in Ireland, the transmission in France, the wheels in Belgium, and so forth.5 The Fiesta appears to have sunk Without a trace. But the idea of a world car was inevitable. It was the automotive equivalent of the International Style. Ten years after the Fiesta, all of the large automakers were international. Americans had Plantsin Europe, Asia, and South America, and Europeans and Japanese had plants in America and South America, and in the Soviet Union Fiat Fiat (= Fabbrica Italiana Automobile Torino ) workers refreshed themselves with Pepsi-Cola). In the fullness of time international automakers will have plants in Egypt and India and the People's Republic of China.6 As in architecture, so in automaking. In a given cost range, the same technology tends to produce the same solutions. The visual evidence for this is as obvious for cars as for buildings. Today, if you choose models in the same price range, you will be hard put at 500 paces to tell one makefrom another. In other words, the specifically American traits that lingered in American automobiles in the 1960s--traits that linked American cars to American history--are disappearing. Even the Volkswagen Beetle has disappeared and has taken with it the visible evidence of the history of streamlining that extends from D'Arcy Thompson to Carl Breer to Ferdinand Porsche.7 If man creates machines, machines in turn shape their creators. As the automobile is universalized, it universalizes those who use it. Like the World Car he drives, modern man is becoming universal. No longer quite an individual, no longer quite the product of a unique geography and culture, he moves from one climate-controlled shopping mall to another, from one airport to the next, from one Holiday Inn to its successor three hundred miles down the road; but somehow his location never changes. He is cosmopolitan. The price he pays is that he no longer has a home in the traditional sense of the word. The benefit is that he begins to suspect home in the traditional sense is another name for limitations, and that home in the modern sense is everywhere and always surrounded by neighbors.8 The universalizing imperative of technology is irresistible. Barring the catastrophe of nuclear war, it will continue to shape both modern culture and the consciousness of those who inhabit that culture.9 This brings us to art and history again. Reminiscing on the early work of Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp, Madame Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia wrote of the discovery of the machine aesthetic in 1949:"I remember a time ... when every artist thought he owed it to himself to turn his back on the Eiffel Tower, as a protest against the architectural blasphemy with which it filled the sky.... The discovery and rehabilitation of ... machines soon generated propositions which evaded all tradition, above all, a mobile, extra human plasticit y which was absolutely new....”10 Art is, in one definition, simply an effort to name the real world. Are machines "the real world" or only its surface? Is the real world that easy to find? Science has shown the in substantiality of the world. It has thus undermined an article of faith: the thingliness of things. At the same time, it has produced images of orders of reality underlying the thingliness of things. Are images of cells or of molecules or of galaxies more or less real than images of machines? Science has also produced images that are pure artifacts. Are images of self-squared dragons more or less real than images of molecules?11 The skepticism of modern science about the thingliness of things implies a new appreciation of the humanity of art entirely consistent with Kandinsky's observation in On the Spiritual in Art that beautiful art "springs from inner need, which springs from the soul." Modern art opens on a world whose reality is not "out there" in nature defined as things seen from a middle distance but "in here" in the soul or the mind. It is a world radically emptied of history because it is a form of perception rather than a content.12 The disappearance of history is thus a liberation--what Madame Buffet-Picabia refers to as the discovery of "a mobile extra-human plasticity which [is] absolutely new." Like science, modern art often expresses this feeling of liberation through play--in painting in the playfulness of Picasso and Joan Miro and in poetry in the nonsense of Dada and the mock heroics of a poem like Wallace Stevens's "The Comedian as the Letter C."13 The playfulness of the modern aesthetic is, finally, its most striking--and also its most serious and, by corollary, its most disturbing--feature. The playfulness imitates the playfulness of science that produces game theory and virtual particles and black holes and that, by introducing human growth genes into cows, forces students of ethics to reexamine the definition of cannibalism. The importance of play in the modern aesthetic should not come as a surprise. It is announced in every city in the developed world by the fantastic and playful buildings of postmodernism and neo-modernism and by the fantastic juxtapositions of architectural styles that typify collage city and urban adhocism.14 Today modern culture includes the geometries of the International Style, the fantasies of facadism, and the gamesmanship of theme parks and museum villages . It pretends at times to be static but it is really dynamic. Its buildings move and sway and reflect dreamy visions of everything that is going on around them. It surrounds itscitizens with the linear sculpture of pipelines and interstate highways and high-tension lines and the delicate virtuosities of the surfaces of the Chrysler Airflow and the Boeing 747 and the lacy weavings of circuits etched on silicon, as well as with the brutal assertiveness of oil tankers and bulldozers and the Tinkertoy complications of trusses and geodesic domes and lunar landers. It abounds in images and sounds and values utterly different from those of the world of natural things seen from a middle distance.15 It is a human world, but one that is human in ways no one expected. The image it reveals is not the worn and battered face that stares from Leonardo's self-portrait much less the one that stares, bleary and uninspired, every morning from the bathroom mirror. These are the faces of history. It is, rather, the image of an eternally playful and eternally youthful power that makes order whether order is there or not and that having made one order is quite capable of putting it aside and creating an entirely different or the way a child might build one structure from a set of blocks and then without malice and purely in the spirit of play demolish it and begin again. It is an image of the power that made humanity possible in the first place.16 The banks of the nineteenth century tended to be neoclassic structures of marble or granite faced with ponderous rows of columns. They made a statement" "We are solid. We are permanent. We are as reliable as history. Your money is safe in our vaults."17 Today's banks are airy structures of steel and glass, or they are store-fronts with slot-machinelike terminals, or trailers parked on the lots of suburban shopping malls.18 The vaults have been replaced by magnetic tapes. In a computer, money is sequences of digital signals endlessly recorded, erased, processed, and reprocessed, and endlessly modified by other computers. The statement of modern banks is "We are abstract like art and almost invisible like the Crystal Palace. If we exist at all, we exist as an airy medium in which your transactions are completed and your wealth increased."19 That, perhaps, establishes the logical limit of the modern aesthetic. If so, the limit is a long way ahead, but it can be made out, just barely, through the haze over the road. As surely as nature is being swallowed up by the mind, the banks, you might say, are disappearing through their own skylights.(from Disappearing Through The Skylight )--------------------------------------------------------------------NOTES1. Hardison: Osborne Bennet Hardison Jr. was born in San Diego, California in 1928. He was educated at the University of North Carolina and the University of Wisconsin. He has taught at Princeton and the University of North Carolina. He is the author of Lyrics and Elegies (1958), The Enduring Monument (1962), English Literary Criticism: The Renaissance(1964), Toward Freedom and Dignity: The Humanities and the Idea of Humanity(1973), Entering the Maze: Identity and Change in Modern Culture (1981) and Disappearing Through the Skylight (1980).2. Ford Motor Company: one of the largest car manufacturing companies of America3. International Style: as its name indicates, an architectural style easily reproduced and accepted by countries throughout the world. These structures use simple geometric forms of straight lines, squares, rectangles, etc., in their designs. It is often criticized as a rubber-stamp method of design. These structures are meant to be simple, practical and cost-effective.4. Fiat: the biggest Italian car manufacturing company. Fiat is an acronym of the Italian name, Fabbrica Italiana Automobile Torina.5. Pepsi-Cola: a brand name of an American soft drink. It is a strong competitor of another well-known American soft drink, Coca-Cola.6. Volkswagen Beetle: model name of a car designed and manufactured by the German car manufacturing company, Volkswagen7.D'Arcy Thompson: D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860-1948) placed biology on a mathematical foundation. In his book On Growth and Form. Thompson invented the term Airflow to describe the curvature imposed by water on the body of a fish, The airflow or streamling influenced the future designing of cars and airplanes to increase their speed and reduce air friction.8. Carl Breer: auto-designer, who designed the Chrysler Airflow of 1934.9. Ferdinand Porshe: auto-designer of the original Volkswagen10. Holiday Inn: name adopted by a hotel chain11. Picabia: Francis Picabia (1878-1953). French painter. After working in an impressionist style, Picabia was influenced by Cubism and later was one of the original exponents of Dada in Europe and the United States.12.Duchamp: Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), French painter. Duchamp is noted for his cubist-futurist painting Nude Descending a Staircase, depicting continuous action with a series of overlapping figures. In 1915 he was a cofounder of a Dada group in New York.13. Madame Gabrille Buffet-Picabia: perhaps wife of Francis Picabia14. Eiffel Tower: a tower of iron framework in Paris, designed by A.G. Eiffel and erected in the Champ-de-Mars for the Paris exposition of 188915. self-squared dragons: a picture of a four-dimensional dragon produced by computer technique16. Kandinsky: Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Russian abstract painter and theorist. He is usually regarded as the originator of abstract art. In 1910 he wrote an important theoretical study, Concerning the Spiritual in Art.17. Picasso: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Spanish painter and sculptor, who worked in France. His landmark painting Guernica is an impassioned allegorical condemnation of facism and war.18. Miro: Joan Miro (1893-1983), Spanish surrealist painter. After studying in Barcelona, Miro went to Paris in 1919. In the 1920s he came into contact with cubism and surrealism. His work has been characterized as psychic automatism, an expression of the subconscious in free form.19. Dada: a movement in art and literature based on deliberate irrationality and negation of traditional artistic values; also the art and literature produced by this movement20. Stevens: Wallace Stevens (1879-1955), American poet, educated at Harvard and the New York University Law School. A master of exquisite verse, Stevens was specifically concerned with creating some shape of order in the "slovenly wilderness" of chaos.21. game theory: a mathematical theory of transactions developed by John Von Neumann. He called this theory, which has important applications in economic, diplomacy, and national defense, "game theory". Even though they are serious, however, the games are often so intricate and their rules so strange that the game becomes overtly playful.22. virtual particles: particles that serve all practical purposes though they do not exist in reality23. black hole: A star in the last phases of gravitational collapse is often referred to asa "black hole". Even light cannot escape the black hole but is turned back by the enormous pull of gravitation. Therefore it can never be observed directly.24. lunar lander: a vehicle designed to land on the surface of the moon25. collage city: Collage City (1975) by Colin Rowe. In it he calls for a city that is a rich mixture of styles. It also implies the preservation of many bits and pieces of history. collage: an artistic composition made of various materials (as paper, cloth or wood) glued on a picture surface26. adhocism: This is a key term used by Charles Jencks in his book. The Language of Post-Modern Architecture (1977). The ad hoc city is intended to avoid the horrors of the totally planned city. The ad hoc city clearly shows a fondness for clashing styles and queer postmodern buildings as well as fantastic architectural complexes.27. facadism: It is a form of mosaic architecture. In mosaic architecture bits and pieces of older buildings are combined with bits and pieces of modern buildings. In facadism fronts of nineteenth-century buildings may be propped up while entirely new buildings are created behind them and often beside and above them.28. theme parks and museum villages: Such places try to reproduce history certain themes through architectural complexes. For example, Disneyland Anaheim, California, tries to reproduce the main street of a typical nineteenth centutry American town, but everything is stage set and nothing is real.29. Chrysler Airflow: a car model manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation of America30. Boeing 747: an airplane model manufactured by the Boeing Company of America31. Tinkertoy: a trademark for a toy set of wooden dowels, joints, wheels etc., used by children to assemble structures32. Crystal Palace: building designed by Sir Joseph Paxton and erected in Hyde Park, London, for the great exhibition in 1851. In 1854 it was removed to Sydenham, where, until its damage by fire in 1936, it housed a museum of sculpture, pictures, and architecture and was used for concerts. In 1941 it demolition was completed because it served as a guide to enemy bombing planes. The building was constructed of iron, glass, and laminated wood One of the most significant examples of 19th century proto-modern architecture, it was widely imitated in Europe and America.。

Lesson Sixteen Through the Tunnel Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1Contrition sent him running after her.Contrition made him run after her mother.to send sth/sb doing something means to make sb/sth do somethingThe blast sent everything in the house flying in all directions.2…he said quickly, smiling at her out of that unfailing impulse of contrition-a sort of chivalry.that unfailing impulse of contrition: 那无时不在的懊悔之情out of: because of3I must be careful.I must be careful not to let him feel that he ought to be with me.4…that his mother had gained her beach…that his mother had reached the beach she liked to stay.to gain a place means to arrive at or reach a place after a lot of effort or difficultyThe small boat finally gained the lighthouse.5He swam back to shore, relieved at being sure she was there, but all at once very lonely.Jerry was concerned with his mother very much. He felt relieved when he was sure that his mother was safe and sound on her beach. But without the company of her son, she suddenly looked very lonely.all at once: suddenly6To be with them, of them…to be with them is to be among themto be of them is to belong to the group of boys or become their friend.7They were big boys-men to Jerry.To Jerry the big boys looked like grownups.8He cried openly, fists in his eyes.他毫不掩饰地大哭起来，用手揉眼睛。

Lesson Six Trifles (Part Two) Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1You won't feel them when you go out.If you don't take of your things (coat,etc.), when you put them on again to go out into the cold you won't feel you have them on.2Frank's fire didn't do much up there…The fire Frank made didn't make the upstairs room warmer…3Well, let's go out to the barn and get that cleared up.Here " to clear up" means to find out what can be discovered there, so that we know whether the barn has anything to do with the murder.4…smoothing out a block with decision.…she smoothed a square part of the quilt with determination.5It's all over the place!针脚很乱！6…as if she didn't know what she was about!…as if she didn't know what she was doing!7They may be through sooner than we think.They may finish their work in the barn sooner than we expected.8…they'd be about it.…they should hurry up with it.9… and no company when he did come in.…after work when he finally came into the house, he did not keep his wife company, which means he was not pleasant to be with and his wife still felt lonely even though he was in the house.10Not to know him.I don't know him well.11Here's some red.Here are some red patches.12It's all - other side to.The neck is twisted to the other side.13They're superstitious, you know. They leave.Cat have insticts for unlucky things to happen and they leave the place before unlucky things happen.14I knew John Wright.I knew what kind of person John Wright was, I am sure it was he who killed the bird.15But you know juries when it comes to women.Juries are always more sympathetic to women and we need convincing evidence to make them convict women.16…a sheriff's wife is married to the law.…a sheriffs wife is law abiding, is always on the side of the law.17Not - just that way.Not just thinking about the law and being law abiding.18 A moment Mrs. Hale holds her…Mrs. Hale's eyes hold Mrs. Peter's eyes for a moment…They look into each other's eyes for a moment…19He didn't drink, and kept his word as well as most.He didn't drink alcohol and tried his best to keep his promise.keep one's word: keep one's promise 信守诺言He never fails to keep his word so you can rely upon him.20Now let's go up again and go over it piece by piece.Now le't go upstairs once again and examine the room little by little.piece by piece: one at a time 一件一件地，逐渐地We have to clean the big house piece by piece.21The two women sit there not looking at one another, but as if peering into something.The two women sit there not looking at each other, but as if gazing into something.peer into: look closely 凝视，盯着看He peered into the pictures on the screen.22Catches herself.Mrs. Peters stopped speaking suddenly.catch oneself: stop speaking suddenly, shut up 突然住嘴Tome caught himself, knowing that he had said something unsuitable.23Very nervously begins winding this around the bottle.Very nervously begins wrapping the petticoat closely around the bottle.wind something around something: fold or wrap closely 包紧，裹住She wound a blanket around her baby.24Under her breath.Mrs. Hales speaks in a whisper.under one;s breath: in as whisper 低声地说某事The grandpa spoke to me under his breath.25She …goes to pieces, stands there helpless.She breaks up mentally, stands there without knowing what to do.go to pieces: break up physically, mentally or morally （肉体，精神，或道德）崩溃He went to pieces when he knew that he was dismissed.。

Lesson Eight Science Has Spoiled My Supper Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1Science, to my mind, is applied hoesty…Science is something in which honesty is put into practice. There is no room for cheating in science.2…I feel the way a man would if his favorite uncle had taken to drink.You have mixed feelings if your favorite uncle has got into the bad habit of drinking alcoholic liquor. On the one hand, you feel resentful for his doing so, but on the other hand, as he is your beloved uncle, you may feel bitterly disappointed and sorry for him. This is exactly how the author feels about error committed in the name of science.3America can set as good a table as any nation in the world.America can provide food as good as that provided by any nation in the world.4… it is sad to go back eating with my friends - even the alleged "good cooks" among them.The food prepared by his friends is tasteless. This is true of the food prepared by those friends who are said to be god cooks.So it is sad to go back to eating with them. Here "eating" is a verbal noun, expresses a frequent action.5The latter were sharp but not too sharp.Cheese can be made to be pungent, less pungent or light in taste. Usually the world "sharp" or "medium" or "light" is printed on the package of the cheese for the convenience of the customers.6…but no one comes within miles of the old kinds - for flavor.…they are all inferior in flavor to the old kinds of cheeses.但是在味道上没有一种不和原来的奶酪差上十万八千里。

英语自考本科高级英语笔记-下册-LessonTwelve2Lesson Twelve The Everlasting Witness Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1 a thousand and one felicitous birdsa great number of birds singing merrily2Marian's brother-in-law read the English page, as dedicated as a nice little boy reading the funnies…the English page refers to the special page printed in English of the local paper.the funnies are comic strips in newspaper.Her brother-in-law read the English page with such great interest and attention that he did not join in the conversation. 3Theresa's bright smile had always been her mark and now, childless and with a husband beyond war age, and a life both ordered and gay, it looked as if that smile had justified itself.Theresa always had a bright smile which is typical of hercharacter. It seemed reasonable for her to have the smile. Her husband was beyond war age so she did not have to worry about his being drafted for war. And they were leading an orderly and happy life without their children living with them.4Marian opened her mouth to tell them what she had done the night before and then she closed it on brioche, no words.She opened her mouth to say something, and then she changed her mind and bit the brioche instead, saying nothing.5the trip to Mexico was for her to find herself, get back on her feetthe trip to Mexico was for her to find out what kind of situation she was in and get rid of her mental suffering and return to her normal condition.on one's feet: be in good health after an illness 痊愈，复原It's nice to see you on your feet again.6who was Jerry's stepfather and therefore involved multifoldly in her sufferingJerry's stepfather was worried about his wife and, for her sake, about her son.7For the matter she would drive herself and keep the whole event within her control.She would drive her own car to the cinema. In this way she could have all the freedom and plenty of time to decide what to do, when to do it and how long it should take.8But that part had not worked because she hadn't been able to let it work.That part refers to her husband's assumption that she would not be able to find the newsreel in Mexico.But she was determined to find, and in fact had found three cinemas that had the newsreel on show. And because of that, herhusband's assumption hadn't worked. In other words, it hadn't come true.9She had to manage him alone, had sometimes failed him, had sometimes been burdened too greatly.She alone had had to teach him how to behave, had sometimes disappointed him by not meeting his needs, and had sometimes had to bear too much work so as to keep the family going.10…but this had not given him a retroactive father for the twelve-thirteen-fourteen-year-old times of crisis.…but this had not given him a father whose help he had needed most in his difficult early teens. It is believed that the early teens are a critical period of time for the growth of a boy.11She could hardly remember now what happened to her after the notification.She could hardly remember now what happened to her after she was notified her son was missing in action.12Nightmares of looking for him over hills of rubbled dying…She had nightmares in which she was looking for him amony the dyi ng soldiers lying in rubbles over one hill after another…13Once two indolent people in the seats next to theirs delayed them…Once two impolite people in the seats next to theirs were so lazy as not to stand up in time for them to pass…14Her husband was lost to her.She was so absorbed in the newsreel that she forgot about the presence of her husband.15But she knew that no emotion was pertinent.Watching those shining new weapons for death, she could not help but become emotional and her hands and her neckbegan to sweat. But she knew that it was not a time for her to bring in any emotion.pertinent: having to do with the matter in hand.16She felt her blood pricking along her temples and there was pressure in her chest below the hollow.She felt a sharp pain along ther temples as if the blood was bursting out and there was pressure on her heart.17So strong a hope must play delaying games.Marian strongly hoped to see Jerry, but at the same time she was afraid that it might not be Jerry. So, psychologically, she tried to put off that decisive moment for fear of being disappointed, thus feeling as if the scene was delayed in coming.18She got out of her seat still unconscious of her husband.This shows that her mind was fully occupied by what she had seen in the picture.19We ain't going to play up to this and grin from ear to ear to make out we're well off…We are not going to make use of this film to gain anything for ourselves and grin ear to ear to show that we are in pretty good condition.We are not going to put on smiles and look nice so as to pretend for the film we are happy as prisoners of war.play up to: flatter 献媚He always plays up to his political bosses.be well of: provided with enough supply 供应充裕的He is well off for bright ideas.20That was hope and she had to feed it.She had the feeling that the newsreel should last a little longer, and that gave her hope that her son might be still alive.She must keep this hope alive and go to see the newsreel in21Up to now Theresa went with her, or dropped her and picked her up.Up to now Theresa either went with her to the flower market, or drove her there, let her get out of the car and then drove back, and then came back at an appointed time to take her back home.22This is the day. But what day?This is the day for her to go and see the newsreel alone, to find out if her son is in the newsreel. But is it going to be a satisfying day? Will she see her son in the newsreel or not? These are Marian's inner thoughts.23…she would simply ma ke waiting womanly and rational.she would endure all her emotional distress like a woman, waiting for her son to come back in a patient and reasonable manner.24The uncertainty was at last behind her.She no longer felt uncertain about her son's life. She had made a decision.25Now she could go, whatever was that need for buying flowers, taken care of.No matter what need it was for buying flowers, she had that need taken care of when she left the flowers in the woman's place. So now she could go to the cinema.26Everything was getting ready for this moment.This moment refers to watching the newsreel.27Either she could tolerate.she had made a decision, so she felt she could endure either-her son's death or his being alive.28It did not occur to her that the newsreel might not be there.She did not think of the possibility that the newsreel might29She came in the middle of a French costume picture.A French costume picture is a film in which the actors wear French historical clothes (古装片).30She had long ago given the boys names.。

高级英语学习者英语下册知识点整理
本文档将整理高级英语研究者在英语下册中的重要知识点。

以下是各个部分的知识点概述：
1. 语法
1.1 时态
- 过去完成时
- 过去完成进行时
- 未来完成时
1.2 语态
- 被动语态的使用和构成
- 不同时态的被动语态
1.3 条件句
- 条件状语从句的几种类型
- 含蓄条件句
2. 词汇
2.1 词根与词缀
- 前缀和后缀的使用
- 表示数量、时间和状态的词根
2.2 动词短语
- 动词短语的不同形式和使用方法- 表示结果、原因和方式的动词短语
2.3 名词短语
- 名词短语的用法和修饰
- 不同类型的名词短语
3. 阅读理解
3.1 推理题
- 推理题的解答方法和技巧
- 寻找线索和信息的关键点
3.2 主旨题
- 如何确定文章的主旨和中心思想- 文章段落的组织结构和主题
3.3 词义题
- 通过上下文推断词义
- 判断词义的方法和技巧
4. 写作技巧
4.1 论证写作
- 如何进行有效的论证和辩证
- 合理运用证据和例子来支持论点
4.2 描述写作
- 描述事件、人物和场景的技巧- 运用形象化的语言来增强描述
4.3 议论文写作
- 搭建清晰的议论结构
- 运用正确的语言风格和逻辑
以上是高级英语学习者在英语下册中的重要知识点。

希望这份整理对您的学习有所帮助。

Lesson Thirteen Selected Snobberies Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1There are certain disfiguring and mortal diseases about which there has probably never been any snobbery.Probably there has never been anybody who is snobbish about diseases which destroy the looks and are incurable.2adolescent consumption-snobsteenagers who suffer from TB and feel superior because of it.3to fade away in the flower of youthto die gradually when young4the final stages of the consumptive fadingthe last stages of TB when the patient is weakening and dying5the complacent poeticizings of these adolescents must seem as exasperating as they are profoundly pathetic.These teenage TB patients feel so satisfied with themselves that they romanticize their illness. They are so ignorant that people both sorry for and annoyed at them.6whose claim to distinctiontheir demand that they are different and should be respected.7…exasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy.…our exasperation is not reduced by sympathy. We have no sympathy for those snobs. We only feel exasperated.8problematical diseasesWhethe they are really ill at all is rather doubtful. The author indicates that these rich people are not really ill.9…of which now some, now others take pride of place in general esteem.At one time some snobberies are generally regarded as the most popular or fashionable; at another time other snobberies are regarded so.10The snobbery of culture, still strong, has now to wrestle with an organized and active low-browism The snobbery of culture now has to fight with low-browism which is very active and effectively acted upon by large numbers of people.11Even in France, where the existence of so many varieties of delicious wine had hitherto imposed a judicious connoisseurship and has led to the branding of mere drinking as a brutish solecism, …In France, the existence of so many different kinds of wonderful wine has set up the authority of the French people on judging the quality of wines and has led them to reard drinking alcoholic drinks as an uncivilized offense against good social manners.12… for well-brought-up men and well-brought-up womem of all ages, from fifteen to seventy, to be seen drunk, if not in public, at least in the very much tempered privacy of a party.If well-brought-up men and women still can't be seen drunk in public, at least now it is all right for them to be seen drunk in a party, which, though not very private with the guests around, is less public than in front of the public eyes.13Organized waste among consumers is the first condition of our industrial properity.If our industry is to develop quickly so the capitalists can make even more money, the first thing these people need to do is to deliberately produce things of poor quality that will not last long, or things that are easily dated in style. This way the consumers have to keep buying things.14…and you have the gospel of any leader of any modern industry.Any leader of any modern industry will accept this as the principle and act upon it.15The newspaper do their best to help those who help them.The newspaper do their best to help the industrialists who pay them millions and millions a year for advertisements.16The value of snobbery in general, its humanistic "point"…The value of snobbery in general, its value concerning human beings…17The society-snob must be perpetually lion-hunting…The society-snobs must try constantly to have famous people as their guests at social getherings or parties, or just try to get acquainted with them.18…because it compels the philistines to pay at least some slight tribute to the things of the mind and so helps to make the world less dangerously unsafe for ideas than it otherwise might have been.Those people who do not like or understand good art, music, literature, etc. and do not think they are important (here the author uses this word to refer to the people in power who only pay attention to material things) will have to at least show a little bit of respect for the products of the mind (ideas), instead of banning or not welcoming them. Thus it will be less dangerous and unsafe for things of the mind.pay (a) tribute to: show respect or admiration 表示敬意或推崇By erecting this statue we have paid a tribute to the memory of the founder of our university.19Each hierarchy culminates in its own particular Pope.Each group of people has its most highly esteemed snobbery.20People who possess sufficient leisure, sufficient wealth, not to mention sufficient health, …can not expect us to be very lavish in our solicitude and pity.Don't expect us to be generous in showing our concern and pity to those people who are leisured, wealthy and healthy.not to mention: without mentioning 更不用说We are too busy to take a long holiday this year, not to mention the fact that we can't afford it.21Even in France the American booze-snobbery, … is making headway among the rich.The American booze-snobbery starts to be popular among the rich people even in France.make headway: make progress 有进展Their scientific experiment has made much headway.22Thanks to modern machinery, production is outrunning consumption.Owing to modernized machines, production exceeds consumption.thanks to: owing to; as the result of 由于，因为Thanks to your help I passed the exam.23…the producer must do his bit by producing nothing but the most perishable articles.The producer tries his best to produce goods that go back easily only.do noe's bit: perform one's share of task 做份内之事 ; give as much help as is expected of one 尽力帮助The old professor did his bit to help the students finish the experiment.nothing but: only, meerly 只有，仅仅，只不过Nothing but a miracle can save him.24Which in fact he does do - on an enormous scale and to the tune of millions and millions a year - by means of advertising.Producers spend millions of dollars on advertisement to encourage modernity-snobbery greatly.On an enormous scale: to a large degree 大规模地They are preparing for war on an enormous scale.to the tune of: to the amount of 总数高达His company was fined to the tune of ten thousand dollars.by means of: through, with the help of 借，用Thoughts are expressed by means of words.25Then we shall condemn all snobberies out of hand.We shall scold all snobberies at once.out of hand: at once 立即The situation needs to be dealt with out of hand.。

Lesson One The Company in Which I work Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1All these twelve men are elderly now and drained by time and success of energy and ambition.All of them are elderly now and are exhausted, both physically and mentally, by long years of striving to fulfill their ambition for success.2They seem…always courteous and mute when they ride with others in the public elevators.They always show good manners and do not say a word when they ride with others in the elevators that all company members can use.3They …make promotions…They … decide who are given higher positions…4…and allow their names to be used on announcements that are prepared and issued by somebody else.These announcements have to bear their names to be authoritative. Although they do not prepare and issue theseannouncements, they must allow their names to be used on them.5Nobody is sure anymore who really runs the company (not even the people who are credited with running it), but the company does run.Even the managers at different levels who are thought to be managing the company don't know who really manages the company. This is because their responsiblities are limited. They are also afraid of their superiors. They appear to be running the company, but they do not have the final say. Nevertheless, the company goes in working order.6I will bypass him on most of our assignments rather than take his time and delay their delivery to people who have an immediate need for them.I will ignore him on most of our assignments and deliver them directly to people who need them. I prefer to do so becauseI do not want to take up his time and delay their delivery.7Green distrusts me fitfully.Green distrusts me from time to time.8He truns scarlet with rage and embarrassment if he has not seen or heard of it.His face turns red because of rage and embarrassment. He is extremely angry because the narrator does not show due repect to him as his boss. He feels embarrassed because it is considered his neglect of duty not to have seen or heard of it.9They are always on trial…They are always examined to see how well they do…10The strain, …, to look good on paper; and there is much paper for them to look good on.They work hard…to make their performances look good in written form, even if their performances may not be that good in reality. And there are a lot of documents such as records and reports, on which they have to make themselves look good.11When they are doing poorly, they are doing terribly.When they are doing badly, that is, when they fail to sell products, they are getting along terribly, that is, they are havinga terrible time.12When a salesman lands a large order or brings in an important new account…When a salesman obtains a large order of goods from a client or brings in an important new account receivable…13They are a vigorous, fun-loving bunch when they are not suffering abdominal cramps or brooding miserably about the future.Apart from this physical trouble in digestion, they are also worried about their future. Otherwise they are vigorous, struggling for success.14who he feels has a grudge against him and is determined to wreck his careerwho he feels has resentment against him and is determined to ruin his careers. This reveals the horrible human relationship in the corporation. People bear ill will against each other.15that they squander generously on other people in and out of the company.that they are generous in spending money on other people.16The company, in fact, will pay for their country club membership and all charges they incur there…The company encourages salesmen to establish good relationship with their clients, so it will pay the fees for them to be members of country clubs, and pay them back the money they spend there.17…it is difficult and dangerous for unmarried salesmen to mix socially with prominent executives and their wives or participate with them in responsible civic affairs.This is to indicate the danger of possible love affairs between unmarried salesman and the wives of prominent executives.With such a fear, prominent executives don't like to mix socially with unmarried salesmen. Yet prominent executives are the company's important clients, whom it cannot afford to lose. So the company does not employ unmarried salesmen in order to avoid such a difficult and dangerous situation.18They thrive on explicit guidance toward clear objectives.They succeed and become prosperous by following their boss's clearly expressed guidance.19There must be something in the makeup of a man that enables him not only be a salesman, but to want to be one.A man must have some special character and temperament to want to be a salesman.20…all that does matter is that the information come form a reputable source.…what is important is that the information should come from a respected source. So long as the source is reputable, they don't mind whether or not the information suits their individual case.21They are not expected to change reality, but merely to find it if they can and suggest ingenious ways of disguising it.This satirizes the nature of their work, which is to use some clever ways to cover up reality.22…in converting whole truths into half truths and half truths into whole ones.…in changing the whole truth into a half truth and changing a half truth into the whole truth. In either case, deception is done.23I am continuously astonished by people in the company who do fall victim to their own propaganda.This is a satire on the people who are deceived by their own propaganda.to fall victim to something: to become a victim of, or be deceived by something.24who graduated from a good business school with honors.who graduated from a good business school with special excellence, or at a level higher than the most basic level.This implies that they shouldn't have been deceived since they are intelligent people.25We goose-step in and goose-step out, change our partners and wander all about, and go back home till we all drop dead."to goose-step" originally means to march without bending the knees.We get inot and out of the company in a seemingly important but actually foolish manner. After work, we go out withpeople from other departments instead of our working partners and stay out late having fun and then go back home till we are so tired out as to fall asleep at once. We live like this day after day till we die.26This makes my boredom worse.This makes me feel even more bored.27I rejoice with tremendous pride and vanity in the compliments I receiveI feel extremely proud and self-conceited when I receive compliments.28I began constructing tables of organization…I began making systematic arrangements by way of tables…A table is a list of facts, information, etc. arranged in columns.29I call these charts my Happiness Charts.Happiness Charts are charts in which one can find happiness. Only when he was arranging these charts could he forget about his agony and feel happy.30These exercises in malice never fail to boost my spirits…Every time I do these exercises with ill desire to harm others, I feel I am in a much better mood…This is a dark satire on his inability to do anything against those he dislikes.31to whom the company is not yet an institution of any sacred meritto those young people the company is not yet an organization that has any important worth. If the company has any excellence that is extremely important to them, they will be loyal and stick to the company, instead of taking it as a temporary place to work.32…he would give you a resounding No!, regardless of what inducements were offered.…no matter what incentives might be offered, he would still say loudly that he would not work for the company all his life.33He makes it clear to me every now and then that…He makes it clear to me from time to time that…every now and then: from time to time 时而，不时He goes shopping with his wife every now and then.34And I will bypass him on most of our assignments rather than take up his time…And I will not let him know on most of our assignments in order not to occupy his time…take up one's time: occupy one's time 占用某人的时间You shouldn't take up the manager's time.35Most of the work we do in my department is, in the long run, trivial.Most of the work we do in my department is of small importance ultimately.in the long run: ultimately 最终地，终极地He will lose money in the longrun.36They are…, always on the verge of failure…They are always on the border of failure.on the verge of: very close to, on the border of 处于……的边缘The bride was on the verge of committing sucide.37for fear they may start doing worse.They are afraid that they may start doing worse.for fear: in order that…should not occur 以免…；唯恐...I daren't tell you what he did, for fear he should be angry with me.38For the most part, they are cheerful, confident and gregarious…。