外文翻译---Wincc在供热站恒压供水监控系统中的应用

Constant pressure water supply frequency changerThe transistor frequency changer not only overcame has formerly exchanged velocity modulation many shortcomings, moreover the velocity modulation performance might compare favorably with the direct current motor velocity modulation performance. The three-phase asynchronous motor has the service to be convenient, merit and so on price small advantage, power and rotational speed adapt breadth, its frequency conversion velocity modulation technology in the miniaturization, the low cost and the redundant reliable aspect holds the obvious superiority. To the end of the 80's, the alternating current machine frequency conversion velocity modulation technology rapidly develops into a mature technology, it will supply the alternating current machine the labor frequency alternating current supply to turn direct current after the diode rectification, again by component and so on IGBT or GTR module counter will turn the alternating current supply which the frequency might move, will drive the electrical machinery by this power source to move under the speed change condition, and automatic suitable strain load condition. After it changed in the traditional industry the electrical machinery to start only can by the rated power, decide the rotational speed the sole movement way, thus achieved the energy conservation goal. The modern frequency conversion velocity modulation technology applies in the electric power water pump water supply system.Because the frequency conversion velocity modulation has the velocity modula -tion the physical characteristics well, efficiency high, velocity modulation scope -wide, precision high, adjusting character curve smooth, may continual realize, the steady velocity modulation, the volume small, the maintenance simple is conven -ient, the automated level higher a series of prominent merits but time people's favor. When it applies especially in the air blower, the water pump and so on the large capacity load, may obtain the energy conservation effect which other velocity modulation ways is unable to compare. The frequency conversion velocity modulation system main equipment is provides the frequency conversion power source the frequency changer, the frequency changer may divide into exchange - direct current - to exchange the frequency changer and the exchange - exchanges the frequency changer two big kinds, at present domestic mostly uses hands over - is straight - hands over the frequency changer.Has been published since the general frequency changer, the frequency conversion velocity modulation technology obtained the widespread application in each domain. The frequency conversion modulates velocity the permanent water level feed water equipment by its energy conservation, security, high quality merit and so on water supply quality, caused our country to supply water the profession technical equip level to start from the beginning of the 90's to experience a leap. The constant pressure, the permanent water level water supply velocity modula -tion system realization water pump electrical machinery step less speed regulation, rests on with the water level change regulator system movement parameter, in the water consumption change regulator system movement parameter, changes when the water consumption maintains the hydraulic pressure to be constant and the water level constantly by satisfies the water used request, is now most advanced, the reasonable energy conservation water supply system. Obtained the very big development in the practical application. Along with the electric power electronic technology rapid development, the frequency changer function more and more is also strong. Fully uses each kind of function which in the frequency changer sets, to the reasonable design frequency conversion velocity modulation constant pressure feed water equipment, reduces the cost, guaranteed aspect and so on product quality has the extremely vital significance.In the short several years, the frequency conversion velocity modulation constant pressure water supply system experienced the developing process which consummated gradually, the early time has pumped the velocity modulation constant pressure system to pump only the velocity modulation system to replace gradually. Although only pumps the velocity modulation system design simple reliable, but because only pumps the electrical machinery depth velocity modulation to create the water pump, the electrical machinery operating efficiency lowly, but pumps the velocity modulation system investment more to save, the operating efficiency is high, by the actual proof is the most superior system design, very quickly develops into the leading product. The Semen’s frequency changer design level compares with various brands frequencychanger, the function is formidable, impeccable! If again can from the design consider will service convenient to the future, The nature and enhanced the components in the manufacture selection the quality is most ideal.The Semen’s frequency changer rectification unit pressure resistance is 1200V. If can use pressure resistance 1600V the rectification unit, I thought can enhance the stability greatly and reduce the failure rate.Guards against the disturbance the measure to wait for strengthens, Semen’s frequency changer sometimes can but control because of the disturbance question the host the board or I/The O port burnt.The constant pressure water supply series frequency conversion voltmeters is for the air blower, pumps kind, current capacity and the special-purpose frequency conversion voltmeters the pressure control characteristic specially and so on air compressor which but develops. This aircraft type has the general frequency changer the basic function.This product design had mainly considered the energy conservation and the automated request, in sets at the automatic energy conservation, PID, simple PLC and function and so on RS485 communication connection, may facilitate and PLC, the computer or the main line carries on the communication, the convenient customer operation and the monitoring, at the same time this company also specially developed one kind to process the constant pressure water supply specially the control panel, might conveniently be used together with the far biography pressure gauge.First, frequency conversion constant pressure water supply characteristic:1st, the frequency conversion constant pressure for the hydro-energy automatic 24 hour maintenances constant pressure, and automatically starts the relay pump according to the pressure signal, the step less -adjustment pressure, the water supply quality is good, compares with the traditional water supply, cannot create the pipe network to burst and the water cock resonance effect.2nd, the start is smooth, reduces the electrical machinery water pump the impact, lengthened the electrical machinery and the water pump service life, has avoided in the traditional water supply impingement phenomenon.3rd, uses the frequency conversion constant pressure water supply protection function completely, the movement is reliable, has owes presses, haspressed, has flowed, protection function and so on the heat.5th, may according to the user need, choose each kind of attachment function, for example: The electrical machinery fixed time takes turns, function and so on dormancy.Second, principle of work:The frequency conversion constant pressure water supply system uses a potentiometer hypothesis pressure (also to be possible to use kneading board interior hypothesis pressure), uses a pressure transmitter (feedback is 4-20mA) examines in the pipe network the pressure, the pressure transmitter sends in the signal the frequency changer PID return route, after PID return route processing, sends out a water volume to increase or the reduced signal, controls the motor rotational speed. Like in certain delay time, pressure insufficiency or oversized, then does work the frequency through PLC/The frequency conversion cut, causes the actual pipe network pressure to be consistent with the hypothesis pressure.Moreover, along with the water consumption reduction, the frequency changer automatic reduction output frequency, has achieved the energy conservation goal. Third, applicable scope:Uses the frequency conversion constant pressure water supply, has the highly effective energy conservation, the pressure stable, movement reliable, operation simple, installment convenient, occupying a land area of few, the noise is low, does not have the pollution, invests lowly, benefit higher merit. Is suitable specially for:1. Place the and so on guesthouse, office, apartment, inhabitant plot life gives the heat of hydration water heating system.2. The high-rise construction, the large-scale civil construction fire prevention gives the aqueous system.3. Industry and mining production enterprise.4. Each kind of running water factory.恒压供水变频器晶体管变频器不但克服了以往交流调速的许多缺点，而且调速性能可以和直流电动机的调速性能相媲美。

１恒压供水基本工作原理系统采用变频调速方式自动调节水泵电机转速或加、减泵。

恒压供水自动控制原理框图如１图所示，它主要是由变频调速系统、ＰＩＤ调节器、压力传感器、液位传感器、动力控制线路等组成。

用户通过上位监控系统或控制柜面板上的指示灯、按钮、转换开关来了解和控制系统的运行。

图１恒压供水原理框图在基于ＰＩＤ的控制方式下，操作人员在操作界面设定供水压力，ＰＬＣ对压力设定值和测量值的偏差进行ＰＩＤ运算，并通过变频器调节配水泵转速，使供水压力保持在设定值。

２系统的硬件配置本系统采用西门子公司的Ｓ７－２００系列ＰＬＣ及其组态软件ＷｉｎＣＣＶ６．０构成恒压供水控制系统，实现供水过程的压力监控。

图２为恒压供水系统结构图。

工业以太网用于ＰＬＣ控制器和计算机操作站之间的通讯，远程Ｉ／Ｏ网用于ＰＬＣ控制器与变频器、软起动器的设备之间的通讯。

ＰＬＣ控制器主要用来监测和控制供水系统和供电系统，用于１＃～４＃加压泵的变频器采用ＡＢＢ公司的ＡＣＳ５１０－０１－０３１Ａ４变频器，５＃、６＃采用的是Ａ－Ｂ公司具有泵控功能的ＳＭＣＤＩＡＬＯＧＰＬＵＳ智能马达控制器，ＨＭＩ操作站选用ＤＥＬＬ计算机，工控机、服务器的工业以太网通讯网卡采用西门子公司的ＣＰ１６１２。

３系统的软件设计本控制系统软件采用西门子公司的ＰＣＳ７Ｖ５．２软件包，ＰＬＣ控制器采用ＳＴＥＰ７Ｖ５．２，ＨＭＩ监控系统采用ＷｉｎＣＣＶ６．０版本。

ＨＭＩ服务器和操作站都采用的是Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ２０００操作系统，具有开放的编程环境。

供热站使用ＷｉｎＣＣ组态软件主要监控恒压供水系统和输煤廊两部分。

实现对系统的自动检测和自动控制。

检测恒压供水和输煤廊运行设备的各项参数，实现实时数据的采集、上传、实时显示和记录。

控制机组运行、故障的自动停机和报警操作。

在恒压供水系统设定供水压力参数，实时监控调节加压泵，使供水压力保持定值。

在输煤廊中控制给煤量和给煤速度，监测给煤质量（煤的粉碎程度和含杂质量）。

毕业设计(论文)翻译资料课题名称：S7-200 PLC控制的变频调速恒压供水系统设计毕业设计(论文)起止时间：2007 年 3 月 1 日～ 6 月10 日(共17周)学生姓名：学号：指导教师：报告日期：The control and Energy-saving of automatic Water Supply SystemAbstract: Based one simple analysis of the methods for water supply used domestically and abroad, this paper discusses the principe and system’s structure of automatic water supply system by using frequency conversion speed regulation in detail. Then the system’s advantages are discussed and some key problems that should be pay attention to designing are presented.Keyword: Frequency conversion speed regulation; water supply with stable pressure: PID regulator.1、ForewordAt present , supply water in residential area and life of the skyscraper of our country generally adopt the way common frequently . It has heavy energy consumption, high noise ,and there has a great deal of questions in the source of water, such as secondary pollution etc. And it is a kind of comparatively ideal mode to adjust the watersupply device controlled rapidly with frequency conversion .Entering the middle and later periods of the 1990s, as the speed technology of frequency conversion achieves more development becomes perfect, the way of the full-automatic constant pressure that based on this technology supplied water has already been widely used in the developed country , and is becoming riper.In recent years, author has made some real work on rapidly to the transformation in frequency conversion supply water design and construction of control system , have accumulated some experience, and has formed the view on some questions. The reason why the energy-conserving principle frequency conversion of the water pump system of speed adjustment becomes popularized , is mainly because that it has a better energy- conserving result. To pump system of frequency conversion, the water pump after adjusting the speed has functional relation of the following:Q1/Q2 =n1/n2 (1) H1/H2 = (n1/n2)2 (2) of the type. Q1, Q2 represents the flow before and after the speed for the water pump respectively; N1, n2 represents the rotational speed before and after the speed for the water pump respectively; H1, H2 represents the lift before and after the speed for the water pump respectively . According the above:H1/H2=(f1/f2)2 Namely real lift of a water pump is power the square of frequency in direct radio. Therefore changing the power supply frequency of the electrical machinery of water pump through the frequency converter , can control supporting water pressure strength of the water pump . 2 constant pressure as Fig. 1 shows supply water of the automatically controlled frequency conversion water -supply system principle block diagram. P1 is the give pressure value, p2 for the actual pressure value had examined from the pipeline of the pressure sensor, PID regulator passes the error operation of the two value, and through controlling the frequency output of the frequency converter, thus make the pressure of the pipeline remain throughout on establishing value p1.This system can measure users' instantaneous water pressure adjust automatically , regulate the amount of quantity of supplying water and operation conditions of the electrical machinery in view of the above. Can according to give water pressure strength to set for and control pressure value which needed , make the equipment in the constant pressure state all the time, can know from load characteristic of electricalmachinery axle power and its the third power of in direct radio rotational speed of electrical machinery mixed, that is p1/p2=(n1/n2)3. For example, as the frequency converter output frequency for 35Hz (establish as 50Hz at most), that is to say that the actual rotational speed is 70% o'clock of specified rotational speed, the power consumption of the governor is 0.73 =0.343, account for specified 35%. That is to say , the water pump is always in constant pressure and turn the working state of matching the way into the flow , is it is it keep to exceed to dispel and backset current have work loss. Constant speed transfer with frequency conversion speed axle power change curve as Fig. 2 shows , relatively can know, it is the most obvious that frequency conversion adjusts the energy-conserving result of speed way.2、Case analyseConstant pressure is it regulate flow of water to the purpose to up to constant pressure through suiting well rapidly in frequency conversion to supply water, the goal that it controls finally is the water pressure. Controlling the target has non-linear , lagging characteristics. The quality of PID regulator performance , has determined the quality of the water -supply system to a great extent When the system is during the course of starting and stopping, or the pressure establishing value changes by a large margin , because there is a very great deviation within short time, no matter the controll algorithm of PID regulator adopts the increment type or the position type, its total mark one will fetch the cistern , water pump group (1M , 2M ) and complement the fittings to form relevantly. The core of this system is that frequency conversion adjusts the speed switch board, it monitors the pressure of the pipe network in real time through the pressure sensor , and change into the electric signal and offer the frequency converter to to make operation, through the controlling commonly of frequency converter , programmable controller PLC and relay array, adjust the system of supplying water rapidly after forming perfect full-automatic frequency conversion. Frequency converter is various in kind, for instance the types , such as Mitsubishi , Fuji , three Kenya and ABB ,etc.. Generally often select the pumps , special-purpose series of air blower for use. Whether take Mitsubishi FR-A140E as an example, it except general function had of brand , there are the following characteristics : The inside adopts the intellectual power module of IPM, it is lowest to make the noise of the electrical machinery to reduce ; Frequency converter, and work-frequency power can is it switch over to go on frequently, user is it is it start , stop through PLC and switch over the order automatically to input to need only, can conveniently through to lock movement switch over different water pump each other contactor, and does not need to design the tedious control procedure by oneself like the thing that in the past , this is one of this peculiar functions of frequency converter; Built-in instantaneous power cut starts and retries and starts the function , in a situation that nobody guarded, even if can be started by oneself after the frequency converter shuts down, totally realize with the operation of the automatic way. PID regulator available frequency converter of system this built-in value very heavy, this will store deviation in regulate. During the process of dispelling the deviation to regulate , must lead to the fact the system and present greater ultra mediation long-time vibration , can produce the serious integration saturation phenomenon also at the same time , thus influence thenormal running of the equipment. Is it drop the influence to most low to want , should adopt PID control method that integration separate among controlling algorithm, in order to reach the anticipated result. After dealing with like this , can shorten the system and reach steady transition course time greatly System allocate two 11kW water pump support 600 over resident water. Two pump offer large peak flow most when working at the same time, single platform meet the small flow and supply water at night. In addition all water pump can run by way of frequency conversion , can circulate way soft to start, in this way , can reduce the impact to the electric wire netting and pipe network . What merits attention is two pump when frequency conversion and worker are switched over frequently , have procedure it locks to be enough each other only, outputting must adopt machinery to interlock the contactor , can avoid the situation that two contactors close at the same time in the twinkling of an eye in this way, so as not to short out in twinkling of an eye causing power . pressure sensor P monitors the size of the water pressure signal in real time, the signal is dealt with by PID, input it to the frequency converter. At the small flow, water pump electrical machinery 1M turn round (whether 1KM1 is it shut to suck), and through feedback password change his rotational speed constantly, it is invariable in order to keep the pressure; In case of large flow , compare frequency conversion by pressure circuit send out through PLC " constant/changed switch over frequently" " operate and interlock " the order, machinery interlocks the contactor ( 2KM2 in 2KM (2KM1 +2KM2 ), contactor 3KM have the electricity. At this moment, electrical machinery 2M is started by way of frequency conversion, 1M is switched over and run at full speed frequently to run . In this way, this system can maintain water consumption on a invariable pressure all the time . Built up in the aforesaid district initial stage , supply water and adopt the way frequently of workers, because of energy consumption being heavy dependability is bad, the household reflects strongly. Use instead after frequency conversion supply water, installation total capacity reduce 25% than original equipment , economize on electricity the index is close 30% synthetically actually, the result is remarkable.3、Several questions while apply are in case of great majorityThe environment for use of the scene is comparatively abominable . Though frequency converter has very strong protection functions itself, such as owe keep , excessive pressure , is it flow to pass, electric current amplitude limiting is it make exactly to choose, overload, overheated lacking looking , shorting out and disconnected ink protect the function But must prevent trouble before it happens . Through using finding , two kinds of brands of Mitsubishi , Fuji, because has fully considered various kinds of abominable running environment in design and manufacture. The dependability and service life under the same condition are higher than some brands. One small city of mountain area of west place in Hubei in Hubei, average 1200m above sea level, the humidity on the high side of long-term most of the time (about 80%), the sulfur dioxide is seriously polluted, a set of frequency conversion that one factory produces supplies water of the equipment, because has not considered above-mentioned factors , less than one year, the relevant parts of the equipment are corroded seriously. And the like product which we designed , installedin the same area, because has fully considered the situations of different difference, on the selecting types of the equipment and component , have adopted the ship standard. Through the use of more than two years , ran well , stood the tests of different sternness. Find in using actually , the frequency converter itself is that a strong interference takes place in the source , will often influence the normal running of the equipment. Especially when the low rotational speed of the water pump operates, the frequency shown on the frequency converter does not correspond to actual operation frequency. Generally there are two kinds of spread ways to interfere: The circuit bunch is disturbed and space radiation is interfered. Can take the corresponding measure to solve according to the actual conditions of the scene. For example is it strain wave and absorb the return circuit to increase to programmable power end of controller, PID regulator introduction of unit output sure to have reliable shielding , link frequency converter , ground terminal of electrical machinery with earth stake firmly, control the line and motive force line leave certain distance , in order to strengthen and resist the electromagnetic ability to interfere. Only in this way ,can make system keep the long and steady working state in high temperature , humidity , mould , strong harsh terms of interfering etc..4、ConclusionsAre by way of adjusting the speed as the central water supply in frequency conversion, the result is obvious to economize on water , economize on electricity, can be extensively suitable for 20-10000 residents the biotope , skyscraper , hotels and retaurants , fire control or district pressurize and supply water, it is ideal facilities that the medium and small- scale waterworks supplied water too. Its amount of water quality supported is high, the economic benefits are obvious, the social benefit is enormous, with the development of national economy and constant improvement of the living standards of the people, it is sure to be used and popularized progressively in our country5、List of referencesZhang Wanzhong, Zhu Jie, Wang Mingquan. A kind of new-type frequency conversion constant pressure supplies water of the plan of design of the pump station. Electrical age, 1999 (10): 22-232Liu YingChun. Principle design of the sensor and application. Beijing: University of Science and Technology of the national defence publishing Presss, 1989.59-623Lu Guangda. Electric installation project manual of the building . Beijing: The electric publishing house of water conservancy, write the group in 1995.222- 2244 "The automatic projecting ". Give and drain off water the automatic project. Beijing: The electric publishing house of water conservancy, 1997.301-312恒压供水的控制与节能的探索摘要:在简要分析国内外给水系统现状的基础上,介绍了系统的组成,提出了以变频调速为核心所构成的全自动给水系统控制方式,并以实例详细分析了该系统的组成、工作原理以及在控制与节能方面所表现出的优越性.文中根据作者的实际使用经验,简要阐述了该系统在应用中应注意的一些问题。

北京理工大学毕业论文PLC在恒压供水系统中的应用The Operating Theory of Essential Truth in Journalism作者姓名：学科、专业：学号：指导教师：完成日期：Shandong Universit摘要本论文根据中国城市小区的供水要求，设计了一套基于PLC 的变频调速恒压供水系统,并利用组态软件开发良好的运行管理界面。

变频恒压供水系统由可编程控制器、变频器、水泵机组、压力传感器、工控机等构成。

本系统包含三台水泵电机，它们组成变频循环运行方式。

采用变频器实现对三相水泵电机的软启动和变频调速，运行切换采用“先启先停”的原则。

压力传感器检测当前水压信号，送入PLC与设定值比较后进行 PID 运算，从而控制变频器的输出电压和频率，进而改变水泵电机的转速来改变供水量，最终保持管网压力稳定在设定值附近。

通过工控机与 PLC的连接，采用组态软件完成系统监控，实现了运行状态动态显示及数据、报警的查询。

关键词：变频调速 , 恒压供水， PLC，组态软件目录1 绪论 (1)1.1 课题的提出 (1)1.2 变频恒压供水系统的国内外研究现状 (2)1.3 本课题的主要研究内容 (4)2 系统的理论分析及控制方案确定 (5)2.1 变频恒压供水系统的理论分析 (5)2.2 变频恒压供水系统控制方案的确定 (8)3 系统的硬件设计 (16)3.1 系统主要设备的选型 (16)3.2 系统主电路分析及其设计 (20)3.3 系统控制电路分析及其设计 (22)4 系统的软件设计 (28)4.1 系统软件设计分析 (28)4.2 PLC 程序设计 (30)5结束语参考文献 (46) (48)致谢 (49)符号说明输出功率 P出水流量 Q水压 H水泵的转速 nf表示电源频率p表示电动机极对数s表示转差率上限频率下限频率设定压力反馈压力1 绪论1.1 课题的提出水和电是人类生活、生产中不可缺少的重要物质，在节水节能已成为时代特征的现实条件下，我们这个水资源和电能源短缺的国家，长期以来在市政供水、高层建筑供水、工业生产循环供水等方面技术一直比较落后，自动化程度较低，而随着我国社会经济的发展，人们生活水平的不断提高，以及住房制度改革的不断深入，城市中各类小区建设发展十分迅速，同时也对小区的基础设施建设提出了更高的要求。

PLC和WINCC在供热控制系统的应用刘喜梅;郭静;褚衍贺【摘要】研究了以下位机S7-300系列PLC和上位机WinCC为核心的供热控制系统.其硬件主要由SIEMENS S7-300 PLC、MM430变频器组成,完成变频恒压供水的控制任务和现场的数据采集.并由WinCC6.0组态软件完成系统的监控.实际运行表明,该系统提高了供热水系统的稳定性与可靠性,减轻了工人劳动强度,实现了节能降耗.%The heating control system which uses S7-300 as subordinate computer and WinCC as supervisory computer is introduced. Its hardware consists of SIEMENS S7-300 PLC and MM430 converter to fulfill the task of variable frequency constant pressure water-supply and field data collection. Industry supervision software WinCC 6. 0 can achieve the task of monitoring. Practical operation demonstrates that the stability and reliability of the water supply system have been improved and the labor intensity of workers is reduced. The purpose of saving energy and reducing consumption has been realized.【期刊名称】《青岛科技大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2011(032)004【总页数】6页(P415-419,425)【关键词】PLC;变频器;WINCC监控;供热【作者】刘喜梅;郭静;褚衍贺【作者单位】青岛科技大学自动化与电子工程学院,山东青岛266042;青岛科技大学自动化与电子工程学院,山东青岛266042;青岛科技大学自动化与电子工程学院,山东青岛266042【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP273城市供热是城市基础设施之一，是保证城市经济发展，居民正常过冬的必要条件。

理工学院毕业设计外文资料翻译专业：自动化姓名：刘双彬学号： 08L0802130外文出处： Procedia Engineering ,(用外文写)Volume15 Pages 436-442附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于ABB 变频器的恒压供水系统的设计齐亚德·阿西·奥贝德，纳斯里苏莱曼和M.N.哈米顿博特拉大学工程学院，电气与电子工程部摘要变频器恒压供水系统是一个比传统供水方式更加高效，节能的解决方案，相对传统方式能够节能50％以上。

根据在特定的速度下，出水口和管道内水压与电机转速和运动频率之间的关系这一性能,可以实现变频调速恒压供水。

这里介绍了恒压供水系统中使用ABB 的ACS510驱动器和控制器。

实际运行表明，所设计的系统，可以在误差允许的范围内，实现对设定的压力进行跟踪。

假如一年工作8000小时，该系统可比阀门节流方式降低能耗54.4％。

1. 引言无论是在生产上还是生活上，恒压供水系统被广泛使用。

相比传统的水塔和高水箱的方式，新的变频恒压供水供电系统具有设备投资少，系统的稳定性强，自动化程度高的优势。

该泵是一个典型的平方转矩类负载，这意味着它的扭矩和速度的平方成正比，和流动速度成正比，因此功率损耗是和速度是成正比的。

当使用节流阀方式时，无论阀门开度如何，电机始终为额定转速。

假设供水系统是理想态，阀门开度为80％，在这一点上，速度为n1，功率为p 。

在相同的情况下，当涉及到变频的方式，不仅降低电机额定转速的80％，而保持阀全开能满足供水需求。

与这一点上的功率损耗P2与P1具有下列关系，512.08.0n n p p 31131212=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=n n （1） 从公式（1）可以看出，与传统供水方式相比，阀门的开度是80％，变频控制方式损耗功率只有传统方式的0.512倍。

通常情况下，电动机的容量因留有一定的余量而比实际需求更大，也就是说电机不能正常工作在额定状态和速度达不到最高，即使是在用水高峰期。

PLC 与WinCC flexible 在远程供水系统中的应用：输配电设备网安装在管网干线上的压力传感器，用于检测管网的水压，将压力转化为4-20mA 的电流信号，提供给可编程控制器。

ABB ACS510 变频器是水泵电机的控制设备，能按照水压恒定需要将0～50 Hz 的频率信号供给水泵电机，调整其转速，ABB ACS510 变频器功能强大，即预先编置好的参数集，将使用过程中所需设定的参数数量减小到最小，参数的缺省值依应用宏的选择而不同。

系统采用默认的宏进行逻辑控制。

可编程根据恒压时读取的变频器当前频率值与从压力传感器获得的反馈电流信号，利用PID 控制宏自动调节，改变频率输出值来调节所控制的水泵电机转速，以保证管网压力恒定要求。

在两个泵的各个主回路中有智能电量变送器，用于测量主回路中每一路的电流和电压，给PLC 模拟量输入信号，以确保两台水泵的安全可靠运行。

恒压供水主电路图如图1-2 所示，接触器KM2、KM4 分别接到变频的输出端，分别连接1#水泵和2#水泵。

而接触器KM1、KM3 将工频电源分别接到两台水泵。

变频器可以对任何一台水泵启动和恒压供水控制。

空气开关（QF）是当电动机过载时自动将电动机从电网中断开热继电器（FR）是利用电流的热效应原理工作的保护电路，它在电路中用作电动机的过载保护。

在切换工频的电机，停车方式设定为自由停车[3]，切忌不能软停车。

接触器KM2 与KM4 断开变频器输出与电动机的连接，再用接触器KM1 与KM3 接通工频与电动机，用控制变频的接触器的常闭触点去接通控制工频的接触器电磁线圈，即控制变频的接触器和控制工频的接触器一定要互锁。

这样就保证了变频器的输出端与工频不可能短接，避免切换时造成炸机、跳闸等故障。

对变频器的启/停控制，是将输出端连接的交流接触器是先接通，然后再给出变频器运。

wincc应用案例WinCC是一个功能强大的监控和数据采集（SCADA）系统，广泛应用于各种工业自动化领域。

以下是一个应用案例，描述了如何使用WinCC实现一个简单的设备监控系统。

案例：设备监控系统1. 需求分析我们需要设计一个设备监控系统，能够实时监控设备的运行状态、电量消耗以及生产数量，并通过图形界面展示这些信息。

此外，我们还需要能够触发警报，以便在设备出现故障时及时通知操作员。

2. 解决方案考虑到WinCC的功能和我们的需求，决定采用WinCC来实现这个系统。

具体步骤如下：创建WinCC变量首先，我们需要创建与设备运行数据相关的WinCC变量。

这些变量包括运行状态、电能表数据和生产数量等。

我们将使用结构变量来存储这些数据，其中每个设备的变量名称只有编号不同。

设计图形界面接下来，我们需要设计一个图形界面，用于实时显示设备的运行状态、电量消耗和生产数量。

我们将使用WinCC的图形编辑器来创建界面，包括趋势图、数值显示和警报触发器等元素。

配置数据连接为了实时获取设备的运行数据，我们需要配置数据连接。

我们将使用WinCC的通讯驱动程序与设备进行通信，并确保数据能够实时传输到WinCC系统中。

编写脚本为了实现更复杂的功能，例如警报触发和数据处理，我们需要编写脚本。

我们将使用WinCC的脚本编辑器来编写这些脚本，并在需要时自动执行。

3. 实施与测试完成以上步骤后，我们将开始实施系统并进行测试。

测试内容包括数据采集、图形界面显示、警报触发等功能的验证。

如果一切正常，系统将投入使用。

4. 结论通过使用WinCC，我们成功地设计并实现了一个功能强大的设备监控系统。

该系统能够实时监控设备的运行状态、电量消耗和生产数量，并提供图形界面显示和警报功能。

这将有助于提高设备的可靠性和生产效率，并为操作员提供更好的监控体验。

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water supply system is the national production and life indispensable important one annulus. The traditional method of water supply area, water pollution, infrastructure investment, but the main drawback is that water can not be kept constant, causing part of the equipment can not work normally. Variable frequency speed control technology is a new mature AC motor stepless speed regulating technology, its unique excellent control performance is widely applied to the speed control field, especially in water supply industry. Due to the safety in production and the water quality of special needs, for constant pressure water supply with the stringent requirements, so the frequency control technology has been more in-depth application. Constant pressure water supply ways to advanced technology, constant pressure, convenient operation, reliable operation, energy saving, high degree of automation, in pump station water supply can perform the following functions:( 1) to maintain constant pressure;( 2) the control system can be manual or automatic operation;( 3) a plurality of pump automatic switch operation;(4) system of sleep and wake, when people stop when water, the system is in a sleep state, until the water demand automatically wake;(5) adjusts the PID parameters on line;( 6) pump unit and circuit protection detection alarm, signal display.The actual pressure of the pipe network feedback and a given pressure were compared, when the pressure of a pipe network is low, increase the output of frequency converter, pump speed faster, water supply quantity increases, forcing the pipe network pressure rise. Vice pump speed slow down, reduce the water supply pipe network pressure drop,, to keep the constant pressure water supply.System hardware structureSystem uses a pressure sensor, PLC and inverter as a central control device, to achieve a desired function. Source: network transmission and distribution equipmentinstallation in pipe line pressure sensor, for detecting the water pressure of the pipe network, converting pressure is 4 ~ 20 mA current or voltage signal is 0 ~ 10V, supplied to the inverter.Converter pump motor control device, in accordance with the constant water pressure needs to be 0 ~ 50 Hz frequency signal supply pump motor, adjust its speed SAJ converter is powerful, i.e. pre-programmed set parameter set, will use the required in the process of setting the number of parameters is reduced to a minimum, default value according to the application parameter of the macro choice and different. The system adopts the PID control application macro, closed loop control. Inverter based on a constant pressure corresponding to the voltage setting value and from the pressure sensor to obtain the feedback current signal, the use of PID control macro automatically adjust, change the frequency output value to adjust the control the speed of the pump motor, to ensure that the pipe network pressure constant requirements. PLC IntroductionPLC-Programmable Logic Controllers are widely used in recent years the field of industrial control Such as metallurgy, steel, production lines, etc Its main feature is its stable performance, high control precision and easy maintenance. With PC connection, compiled in the production process according to the corresponding program will convert digital signals into analog signal input commands output instructions to control the implementation of components to achieve automatic control purposes. Currently, the main aspects of the music program-controlled fountain imported lighting console and its matching control decoder, once the failure is not easy to repair, the price is more expensive. Using PLC technology, you can use an ordinary PC to replace imported lighting control, easy maintenance, low cost PLC article on how to use music technology to analyze the problem of program-controlled fountain.The application of inverter in the constant pressure water supply Ⅰ．The characteristic and analysis of variable frequency speed regulation The water users in general is dynamic, so the water supply is insufficient or excess water supply situation has occurred. The water supply and the imbalance between the concentrated reflection in water supply pressure, namely water and watersupply is less, the low pressure; less water consumption and water supply, the pressure. Keep the water pressure constant, can make the water supply and water balance between water supply and water for a long time, that is, less water when the water is less, so as to improve the quality of water supply.Constant pressure water supply system for the user is very important. In production and living water, if water supply due to insufficient pressure or short of water, may affect the quality of life, serious when can influence the survival safety, such as when a fire occurs, if the water pressure is insufficient or water supply, can quickly fire, may cause significant economic losses and casualties. Therefore, water area by means of Arts is the constant pressure water supply system, can produce great economic benefit and social benefit.With the development of electric power technology, frequency conversion technology perfected, with variable frequency speed control as the core of the intelligent water control system replaced the previous high level water tank and a pressure tank and water supply equipment, stable starting, the starting current can be limited within specified current, thereby avoiding the starting time of the impact of power grid; because the average rotational speed of pump is reduced, which can extend the pumps and valves and other things of life; to eliminate the start and stop of the water hammer effect. The stable and safe performance, simple and convenient operation, and complete and thoughtful function, will make the water supply and water conservation, energy saving, labor saving, ultimately achieve efficient operation.Ⅱ．The application of variable frequency control constant pressure water supply modeUsually in the same way in the water supply system, setting multiple common pump, water supply when the quantity of multi pump full open, water supply on one or two hours. In the variable frequency speed control for constant pressure water supply, in two ways, one is all pumps with a frequency converter; and each water pump with a frequency converter. After a method based on pressure feedback signal, operated by PID automatically adjusts the output frequency of the inverter, change the speed of the motor, eventually reaching the purpose of network voltage, a closed loop,is relatively simple, but the cost is high. The previous method of low cost, less than kind of poor performance, but the control program is complex, is the future direction of development, such as the Shanghai arts and science and technology of constant pressure water supply control system can realize a inverter control any number of motor function. The principle mentioned below are multiple motor inverter drive system.Ⅲ．The PID control principleAccording to the feedback principle: to maintain a physical quantity unchanged or essentially unchanged, it should bring the physical quantity and the constant comparison, to form a closed loop system. We want to keep the pressure constant, so we must introduce the hydraulic feedback value with a given value, thereby forming a closed loop system. But the control system is characterized by nonlinear, inertial system, now the control method combined with PID in the large pressure fluctuation, using fuzzy control, in order to accelerate the response speed in the pressure range; using PID to maintain static accuracy. This through the PLC and intelligent instrument can show the algorithm, while the PLC programming to show when the pump frequency and inverter switching between. Practice has proved that, using this method is feasible, and the cost is not high.To maintain the constant pressure water supply network, according to the feedback theorem in network management system installed on the pressure transmitter as a feedback element, because of long, large diameter pipe system of water supply, pipeline pressure charging are slower, so the system is a big time lag system, is not easy to directly with PID regulator for control, and adopts PLC is involved in the control of the way to achieve the control system regulates the effect. Ⅳ．Frequency controlUsing frequency control to realize constant pressure water supply, with adjustable valve to realize constant pressure water supply, energy-saving effect is very significant ( according to the specific circumstances calculated ). The utility model has the advantages of:1, starting balance, the starting current can be limited within specified current, thereby avoiding the starting time of the impact of power grid;2, because the average rotational speed of pump is reduced, thereby prolonging the service life of pump and valve etc.;3, can eliminate the start and stop of the water hammer effect;Generally speaking, when performed by a frequency converter to control a motor, just make the inverter motor capacity and the actual capacity of the motor can be. When one inverter control two motors, principle of inverter motor capacity should be equal to the capacity of the two motors. But if the peak load of water more than two pumps at full supply a lot of difference, Shanghai arts and science and technology engineers suggested, may be considered appropriate to reduce the capacity of the frequency converter, but attention should be paid to leave enough capacity.Although the pump at low speed, small working current of the motor. However, when the user with the water volume changes frequently, the motor will be in frequent ascending, descending and ascending, descending speed state, the current speed slightly over the motor rated current, cause the motor overheat. Therefore, the motor thermal protection is required. For this due to frequent ascending, descending speed and accumulated temperature rise, frequency converter in electronic thermal protection function is difficult to play a protective role, so should be used in thermal relay for motor thermal protection.The main function of preset, the highest frequency should be rated motor frequency converter the highest working frequency. Ascending, descending speed time in using PID regulator case, ascending, descending velocity time should be set to be short, so as not to affect the PID adjuster determines the dynamic response process. Such as the frequency converter with PID regulation function, as long as the preset set PID function effectively, the setting of the acceleration and deceleration time will automatically lapse.Ⅴ．Constant pressure water supply system1, power: the optimal energy-saving control software, so the pump to achieve maximum energy efficiency;2. according to the actual water use, water saving setting pressure of the pipe network, the automatic control pump out the water, reducing the water running, leakage phenomenon;3, reliable operation: by the frequency converter to realize the soft starting of pump, the pump is realized by frequency to the frequency of the bumpless transfer, prevent network impact, to avoid the pipe network pressure gauge, pipe rupture.4, network function : the whole Chinese industrial control configuration software, real-time monitoring of each site, such as the motor voltage, current, frequency, pipe network pressure and flow. And the ability to accumulate each site electricity use, cumulative per pump out the water, at the same time to provide various forms of print statements, in order to analyze the statistical.5, flexible control: section water supply, water supply, manually select working mode.6, self protection functions: such as a pump failure, take the initiative to the PC alarm information, at the same time start standby pump, in order to maintain water balance. If the control system failure, the user can directly operate manual system, in order to protect the water supply.Ⅵ．The system application1, water plant, pressure pump2, the residents living area, hotels and other buildings3, enterprise production water4, boiler circulating water system5, the farmland irrigation systemCompared with other water supply, frequency constant pressure water supply system, in addition to having significant energy-saving effect obviously, has the following advantages:1, constant pressure water supply technology by using the frequency converter to change the motor power supply frequency, and to adjust the pump speed to change the pump outlet pressure, than by regulating valve control pump outlet pressure, has a reduced resistance greatly reduced the effectiveness of the interception loss.2, because of the variable pump work in the frequency condition, at its outlet flow rate is less than the rated flow rate, pump speed is reduced, reducing the abrasion of the bearing and fever, to extend the pump and motor of the service life of the machine.3, pump adopts soft starting mode, by setting the accelerated acceleration time, avoid the motor starting current impact, on the grid voltage fluctuations caused by the impact, but also to avoid the sudden acceleration caused by motor pump systems surge. The complete elimination of water hammer.4, to realize automatic control, operating personnel do not need frequent operation, reduces labor intensity of workers, saves the manpower.Working principleTransducer in the water system in conjunction with the introduction of small Plc technology not only change the traditional use of water control valves, and in energy conservation, Hengya control, are very good results, the paper introduced a transducer --PLC control technology in the pump control applications.Control system using one Taiwan transducer can bring three pumps, pumps can work at the frequency pump in the conventional model can work in the frequency conversion pump model. At the pump only in frequency conversion or one of the working frequency mode through two relays efficient ensure its security and reliability. System structure as figure 1 shows, the use of placement in the life of water pressure Biansongqi water pressure signal transmission to the regulator, in accordance with the regulator to set the value and warning of lower compared to send signals to the Plc and the transducer, the system has stopped pumping from regulator pressure level signals and transducer frequency range signal, if the low pressure, regulator to the Plc a pressure lower signal Plc activation transducer, and a frequency conversion 1st pumps work state, and the output frequency gradually increasing, after a period of adjustment, such as pressure is low, then, Plc for 1st pumps in the frequency of work, 2nd pump frequency conversion work at the state pumps, such as pressure is low, 2 pumps at the frequency for the state and make the state 3rd pumps in frequency conversion work, and so on. When the pressure regulator to limit the police on duty, regulator output reduction, transducer frequency reduced to the low frequency range set value at a given frequency transducer signals to the lower PLC,PLC According to Kai principle pause control pump operation sequence, for example, Plc received lower frequency signals, the system pumps state is the frequency 1st, 2nd-frequency, 3rd frequency conversion, the first time 1st pumpsactivated, the first stop, then as the pressure was high, then stopped on the 2nd pumps. Each system is used for slow start, high-speed operation in order to enhance operational efficiency.Constant pressure water supply equipment1, frequency conversion control cabinet structure and principleVariable frequency pump control system through the pipeline pressure, the inverter system with built-in PID regulator operation, regulate the output frequency, and then to achieve a constant pressure water supply pipe network. The frequency of the transducer overrun signal ( generally used as pipeline pressure limit signal ) can be timely informed the PLC variable frequency pump switch. In order to prevent the occurrence of water hammer, pump switch is linked to the outlet valve.Variable frequency water pump control cabinet works as follows:Various types of directly from the municipal pipe network water tank ( box ). Such as: the construction of various types of ground water reservoir water, ground boiler cold water supplying, ground air conditioning system cooling water circulating pool water, ground water circulating pool water, fire and spray for ground water reservoir inlet. The intelligent variable frequency constant pressure water supply energy-saving control cabinet, frequency conversion water supply energy-saving control cabinet assumes the entire system is composed of four pumps, a converter, a PLC and a PID and a pressure transmitter and a plurality of auxiliary components. The function of each part are as follows : installed in the water supply pipe network pressure pressure transmitter will be converted into 1-5 volt electrical signal; frequency conversion speed regulator used for adjusting the pump speed to regulate the flow; PLC for logic switching. In addition, the system is also equipped with an auxiliary circuit, in order to ensure automatic control system failure can be regulated through the artificial way to maintain the system operation, to ensure continuous production.2, frequency conversion control cabinet features:According to tank ( box ) the height of the water level in the automatic control electromagnetic valve ( or electric valve ) opening and closing, in order to control thewater tank ( pool ) of the water inlet and the tank ( box ) to automatically maintain a certain amount of water for use by the user.3, frequency conversion control cabinet selection instructions of variable frequency water pump control cabinet is mainly composed of variable frequency control box, a pressure sensor, pump etc.. Frequency conversion control cabinet comprises a circuit breaker, inverter, contactor, an intermediate relay, PLC etc..Variable frequency water pump control cabinet system selecting principlePump head should be greater than the actual height.Pump flow sum should be greater than the actual maximum supply quantity.Selection of variable frequency pump control cabinet:According to the user's water supply and water height determination model of pump and the number, then the control cabinet selection.May foresee: The future frequency conversion technology will be able to develop to the below direction:(1)high performanceThus including internal leveling circuit, the contravariant electric circuit all use the high frequency PWM electric circuit to cause the input, the output all are sine waves; Uses the multi-densification regarding the large capacity frequency changer and many machine is parallel; Reduces frequency changer own loss, the realization high efficiency; Realizes autotune or from the optimization, the remote control and controls far; Even more faces the user, further enhances the workability and Maintainability: Turns towards, the featherweight development small, as well as reduces the cost and so on.(2)IntellectualizationIncluding two aspects: Reduces the hardware as far as possible, realizes the hardware software; Uses the intelligent electric power electronic device and other intellectualized part. The integration is the intellectualized foundation.(3) entire digitizationIn recent years, each kind of modern control theory, the expert system, the fuzzy control and the neuron control and so on all were the development hot spots, will cause the electric power electronic control technological development to a brand-newstage. Estimated the 21st century entire numerical control the application will be more widespread thoroughly, even will substitute for the simulation control.(4) SystematizationFrequency conversion technology development is inseparable from the development of related technologies, frequency conversion technology development in the 21st century is to grid, regulators, rely machine, electric motors, production machinery and control systems as a whole, from the system for consideration. ConclusionA high quality variable frequency control box, from the design, technology, manufacturing, transportation, packaging, is the actual products require a higher request, all aspects of quality assurance, can make the high quality and the level of control cabinet.Constant pressure water supply used in the field of1, water supply, community living and fire water supply system, and can also be used for hot water supply, constant pressure sprinkler system.2, industrial business life, production water supply system and the other factory needs constant voltage control areas ( such as air compressor system of constant pressure gas supply, constant pressure air supply ). On various occasions, the constant pressure control, cooling water and circulating water supply system.3, sewage pumping stations, sewage treatment and sewage lifting system.4, agricultural irrigation, garden sprinkler, waterscape and music fountain system.5, hotels, large public building water and fire system.译文供水系统是国民生产生活中不可缺少的重要一环。

第九卷7CAMETA0 引 言随着社会经济的飞速发展，人们对城市供水的数量、质量、稳定性提出了越来越高的要求。

在居民小区生活用水、工业用水、各类自来水厂等供水系统中，原来均是采用水塔、高位水箱等设备，这些设备不但占地广、投资大，能耗高、而且越来越不能满足现代化的供水要求。

变频调速技术是一种新型的交流电机无级调速驱动技术，它以其独特优良的控制性被广泛应用在速度控制领域。

数据采集监控系统SCADA （Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition）具有丰富的设置项目，使用方式灵活，功能强大，具有操作方便简单、界面友好、编程易掌握、与PLC通讯良好等优点。

我们采用德国西门子公司的西门子S7－200 PLC与SCADA软件WinCC相结合，设计出变频恒压供水系统，可以取得较好的恒压供水效果。

1 控制系统硬件构成与恒压控制原理1.1 控制系统硬件构成设计 控制对象是某校区供水系统，根据校区的实际用水情况，白天用水量大，需开动一台大泵和一台小泵，就能满足生产需要。

晚上用水低峰时，只需开动一台大机就能满足供水需要。

因此采用一大一小两台水泵，用二台变频器控制水泵电机。

控制器硬件电路图如图1所示。

中心控制器采用德国西门子公司的S7-226 P L C （24I /16O ），可满足系统对数字开关量的要求。

系统采用两只量程为0~1.0Mpa由两台FT-1压力传感器分别检测两台水泵后的输水管道的压力，压力变送器将检测到的压力信号转换为4~20mA的电流信号，送到PLC的模拟量输入模板EM231，通过PLC的PID运算，由模拟量输出模块EM232板输出4~20mA的电流到变频器频率给定接口，通过改变水泵电机运行频率从而调整管网压力。

考虑到电机性能上的差异及机械负载的不相同，变频器容量应是电机容量的1~2倍。

另外，也可根据生产机械所需的实际转矩与稳定运行时的转速，求其乘积，得到所需电机的轴上功率，据此确定变频器容量。

附录IV外文文献翻译原文Wincc in heating supply stapply stations Constant Pressure Monitoring System Application onstant voltagesupply basic working principleSystem uses Automatic Frequency Control regulation or pump motor speed. Plus or minus pump.It is primarily by the Frequency Control System.PID regulator,pressure sensors,liquid level sensor power control circuits and other conponents.Host users control system or control board light over-the-counter transactions,buttons,switchto understand and control systen operation,Based on the PID control mode,the operator interface settings in water pressure,PLC to pressure settings and measured valucs for the deviation PID operation and regulation of distribution through inverter pump speed,so that water pressure was maintained at the set value.Systen hanlware configurationThe system uses Siernens S7-200 PLC and its configuration software constitute a constant WinCC V6.0 Water pressure control system,water pressure monitoring process.Industroal Ethernct controller for PLC and the operator station computer communication betwween the Remote I/O network for the PLC and the operator station compuler communication betwween the Remote I/O network for the PLC controller and inverter,the soft starter of communication betwween equipment.PLC controller mainly used to monitor and control water and electricity systems.For1#-4#pressurized pump converter using the ABB Acs510-01-031A4 inverter,HMI operatostation selection DELL conputers,conputer,Industrial Ethernet server card Siemens conmmunications company CP1612.Software design of SystenThe control system software company Siemens PCS7V5.2 package,STEP7V5.2 PLC controller mainly used to monitor and control water and electricity systems.For 1#~4# pressurized pump converter using the ABB ACS510-031A4 inveter,HMI operatorstation selection DELL puter,Industrial Ethernet server card Siemens communications company Cp1612Software design of SystemThe control system software company Siemens PCS7V5.2 package.STEPV5.2 PLC controller.HMImonitoring system used WinCCV6.0 version.HMI server and operating station are using the Windows2000 operating system to have an open programming environment.HeatingSation Wincc configuration control software maior constant pressure water system and coal Gallery in two parts.Implemention of the system of automatic detection and automatic control.Detection constant pressure water and coal Gallcry equipment operation parameters.the real-time data acquisition.uploads.real-time data acquisition.uploads,real-time display and recording.Ciontrol unit operation.fault alarm and automatic parking operation .Theconstant pressureof water supply pressure system configuration parameters.real-time monitoring regulatory pressure pumps water pressure and so valued.CoalHanding Gallery in to control the volume.of coal to speed,to monitor the quality of coal (coal crushing degree of quality and impurity)PLC-Based Fuzzy Constant water suppl;y system design constant pressure water system componentsFrom the water supply system programmable controller,inverter,pressure transmiter,and the constact group on the pump unit and other components.Programmable controller selection of AB ControlLogix system.It includes Logix5550 controller,analog input modules,digital input and output modules and communication modutes.Which analog input modute used to test the water pressure on the export signal,digital input module and valves Kai stopped.Inverselection of AB 1336 Plus Inverter.Inverter and Devi2 cenet controller thtough the network for communication.Constant Pressure Water PrincipleThe outlet channel of pressure sensor installation will export water pressure signals are converted to electrical signals, send PLC fuzzy inference operation, the output control signals to the converter, regulating the operation of pump motor speed, until the actual elimination of hydraulic pressure and set the deviation, constant voltage supply. Programmable controller can control pumps Kai stopped. When the system started working, inverter control from start on 1st pump frequency operation. If users increased consumption of the converter output frequency up to 50 Hz, the pressure will still be less than the set value, then after some time delay, on the 1st of the pump switching frequency operation; Inverter start again on the 2nd pump operation. If pressure is less than the set value, they will be on the 2nd to pump switching frequency operation; Inverter start again on the 3rd pump operation until the output pressure settings to achieve so far. However, if users to reduce water consumption, in accordance with the “Kai-stop”principle will be followed with pumps. This cycle repeatedly to achieve constant pressure water system.Fuzzy2PI control algorithmAs the water supply system in many areas (such as the pipe network and pumps) nonlinear, time-varying, and the variables still exist between the cross-coupling, so it is difficult to establish a precise mathematical system model. For such a complicated process that merely using the conventional PID control is difficult to achieve the desired control. Fuzzy control is not dependent on the mathematical model and the right parameters sensitive to the merits, Fuzzy used to control the water supply system, we can improve the control system dynamic performance. But Fuzzy Control System steady-state performance is poor, this design of a dual-mode Fuzzy2PI control, As shown in figure 2, and its design thinking is; when the pressure is greater error when using fuzzy control, to obtain good transient; When the pressure on the stead-state error into smaller, switched to process from PI control, to obtain good steady precision. PI control algorithms and fuzzy control algorithms are PLC, switching time by a computer program based on prior to the error autormatically.The system uses two-input single-output fuzzy controller. to pressure the desired value and the measurement of e error and the error as a fuzzy controller input linguistic variables, transducer frequency variation u language as output variables. To e error, the error rate ec and control volume u fuzzy subset of ( NB,NS,ZE,PS,PB) and they quantified the domain of seven grades, (-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3). Fuzzy subset of the membership function used triangle. Initial experience of fuzzy control rules, as shown in table 1. Under these rules calculation of the total fuzzy relation R:Where x, U fuzzy relationship matrix on behalf of the “Cartesian”and the “and”operator. According minimax inference rules synthesis of output variables language domain of fuzzy sets U:U Finally, the weighted average method used for solutions vague and fuzzy volume U converted into precise amount u. The process is carried out offline, eventually Fuzzy Control Table, as shown in table 2. This form of the PLC memory storage, real-time control, fuzzy control would streamline the process for finding inquiries on the questionnaire process.Parametric Selection of Frequency-water systema reasonable selection pressure control parameters constant pressure to achieve energy-supply system. The realization of is this objective the key is pressure control parameter selection, usually pipe network pressure control point two choice: a pipe network is the most negative pressure on constant pressure control and the other is the constant pressure pump outlet.pressure control. How will the two choices, we have to analyze simple Network pressure on the most disadvantaged constant, the water pipe network by QMAX reduced to Q1, pumps reduce speed, and water characteristic curve of A (unchanged) at the intersection point C, pump characteristic curve downward, network pressure on the most disadvantaged H0. And the pump outlet pressure constant pressure control, Ha unchanged, reduce water consumption by QMAX QI and Ha to pay to point B, water characteristic curve upward A through B, the network most disadvantaged Hb pressure into points. Hb-H0 lift the poor namely, energy waste, so I chose the most disadvantaged network points for the smallest head pressure control parameters. Formation pressure on the closed-loop control system, making the pump speed and PID regulator set pressure match, achieve maximum energy-saving effect, but the constant pressure to achieve the purpose of water supply.the converter and put into operation after the commissioning of the system to ensure optimum operation of the state means necessary. According to the inverter load inertia size of the start and stop the motor when the time is not the same, Set time is too short to be accelerated when the inverter overcurrent, overvoltage decelerating protection; Set time will lead to excessive speed converter running in the system become regulate slow, delayed response, contingency ability is poor. Yi system at the state short-term instability. To protect the converter is not tripping, the scene of many of them using converter increases deceleration time setting too long, the problems they bring very easily be the appearance of the normal equipment and hide, but the converter operating in less-than-optimal state. So the scene when used according to the load driven by a different nature, testing out the permission of the shortest load increases deceleration time, setting. For the pump motor, plus deceleration time in the choice between 0.2-20 seconds.附录V外文文献翻译Wincc在供热站恒压供水监控系统中的应用恒压供水基本工作原理系统采用变频调速方式自动调节谁笨点击转速或加、减泵。

恒压供水控制器恒压供水控制器（Constant Pressure Water Supply Controller）是一种自动控制设备，用于维持水流的稳定压力，确保供水系统能够稳定运行。

它广泛应用于建筑物、工业设施和农业灌溉等领域，为用户提供高质量的水流供应和便利的使用体验。

一、恒压供水控制器的工作原理恒压供水控制器是通过传感器实时监测水流压力，并根据设定的压力值进行反馈控制，调整水泵的工作状态，从而实现恒定的水流压力。

其工作原理可以简要描述如下：1. 感应控制：恒压供水控制器内置感应器，用于监测供水管道中的水流压力。

当水流压力低于设定的压力值时，控制器会感知到并发出信号。

2. 反馈控制：接收到感知信号后，恒压供水控制器会根据预设的工作模式进行反馈控制，启动水泵，提供足够的水压力，确保供水系统的正常运行。

3. 压力调节：恒压供水控制器能够根据实时测量的水流压力进行精确调节，使水泵的工作状态始终保持在合适的范围内，以满足用户所需的恒定水压。

二、恒压供水控制器的特点和优势1. 精确稳定的供水压力：恒压供水控制器能够实时监测和调节水流压力，确保供水系统提供稳定的水压力，避免因压力波动而影响用户的使用体验。

2. 自动化控制：恒压供水控制器采用先进的自动化控制技术，无需人工干预即可实现对水泵的智能控制，大大降低了人力成本。

3. 节能环保：恒压供水控制器能够根据实际需求智能调节水泵的运行，减少不必要的能源消耗，提高能源利用效率，达到节能环保的目的。

4. 可靠性高：恒压供水控制器采用优质的材料和先进的生产工艺，具有稳定可靠的性能，可长时间稳定运行，降低了设备故障率和维修成本。

5. 易于安装和操作：恒压供水控制器的安装简便，只需按照说明书进行正确连接即可。

用户只需设置合适的压力值，即可自动实现恒压供水，无需复杂的操作。

三、恒压供水控制器的应用场景1. 建筑物供水系统：恒压供水控制器广泛应用于住宅楼、商业综合体、写字楼等建筑物的供水系统，确保每个用户都能够享受稳定而高品质的水流供应。

工业组态软件WinCC及其在水电站自动化中的应用Industrial Configuration Software WinCC and Its Application in Automation of Hydro-power Stations（许昌学院）马俊朋；杨钢Ma,Junpeng;Yang,Gang摘要：介绍了工业组态软件WinCC及其一般组态方法，结合水电厂监控的特点和要求，论述了软件在水电厂自动化监控中的应用。

关键词：水电站；自动化；组态软件中图分类号：TP31 ; TV736 文献标识码：BAbstract:This paper introduces WinCC, an industrial configuration software and its general configuration method. According to the demands and characters of hydro-power stations it discusses theapplication of the software in automatic monitoring of hydro-power plants.Keyword: Hydro-power Stations；Automation；Configuration software1 引言随着计算机网络技术和可编程控制器(PLC)及现场总线技术（Fieldbus）的迅猛发展和日益成熟，性能先进、运行可靠稳定的水电站综合自动化系统得到广泛的应用，逐步替代了传统的继电保护与自动化设备，通过对主设备运行状态参量的实时、快速数字处理，完成故障诊断、保护动作，确保复杂的机组启停控制、变压器保护等系统得以可靠的实现。

要真正提高水电站自动化水平和质量，除了硬件还必须有与之相配套的高效、可靠、易用、功能强大的自动化软件。

而工业控制组态软件就是可以从可编程控制器、各种数据采集卡的现场设备中实时采集数据、发出控制命令并监控系统运行状态的一种软件包。

Heating temperature and pressure test Thermistors are inexpensive, easily-obtainable temperature sensors. They are easy to use and adaptable. Circuits with thermistors can have reasonable outout voltages - not the millivolt outputs thermocouples have. Because of these qualities, thermistors are widely used for simple temperature measurements. They're not used for high temperatures, but in the temperature ranges where they work they are widely used. Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. All resistors vary with temperature, but thermistors are constructed of semiconductor material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. However, unlike most other resistive devices, the resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. That's due to the properties of the semiconductor material that the thermistor is made from. For some, that may be counterintuitive, but it is correct. Here is a graph of resistance as a function of temperature for a typical thermistor. Notice how the resistance drops from 100 kW, to a very small value in a range around room temperature. Not only is the resistance change in the opposite direction from what you expect, but the magnitude of the percentage resistance change is substantial.Temperature Sensor - The Thermocouple You are at: Elements - Sensors - Thermocouples Return to Table of Contents A thermocouple is a junction formed from two dissimilar metals. Actually, it is a pair of junctions. One at a reference temperature (like 0 oC) and the other junction at the temperature to be measured. A temperature difference will cause a voltage to be developed that is temperature dependent. (That voltage is caused by something called the Seebeck effect.) Thermocouples are widely used for temperature measurement because they are inexpensive, rugged and reliable, and they can be used over a wide temperature range.In particular, other temperature sensors (like thermistors and LM35 sensors) are useful around room temperature, but the thermocouple can The Thermocouple Why Use thermocouples To Measure Temperature? They are inexpensive. They are rugged and reliable. They can be used over a wide temperature range. What Does A Thermocouple Look Like? Here it is. Note the two wires (of two different metals) joined in the junction. What does a thermocouple do? How does it work? The junction of two dissimilar metals produces a temperature dependent voltage. For a better description of how it works, click here. How Do You Use A Thermocouple? You measure the voltage the thermocouple produces, and convert that voltage to a temperature reading. It may be best to do the conversion digitally because the conversion can be fairly nonlinear. Things You Need To Know About Thermocouples A junction between two dissimilar metals produces a voltage. In the thermocouple, the sensing junction - produces a voltage that depends upon temperature. Where the thermocouple connects to instrumentation - copper wires? - you have two more junctions and they also produce a temperature dependent voltage. Those junctions are shown inside the yellow oval. When you use a thermocouple, you need to ensure that the connections are at some standard temperature, or you need to use an electronically compensated system that takes those voltages into account. If your thermocouple is connected to a data acquisition system, then chances are good that you have an electronically compensated system. Once we obtain a reading from a voltmeter, the measured voltage has to be converted to temperature. The temperature is usually expressed as a polynomial function of the measured voltage. Sometimes it is possible to get a decent linear approximation over a limited temperature range. There are two ways to convert the measured voltage to a temperature reading. Measure the voltage and let the operator do the calculations. Use the measured voltage as an input to a conversion circuit - either analog or digital. Let us look at someother types of base-metal thermocouples. Type T thermocouples are widely used as are type K and Type N. Type K (Ni-Cr/Ni-Al) thermocouples are also widely used in the industry. It has high thermopower and good resistance to oxidation. The operating temperature range of a Type K thermocouple is from -269 oC to +1260 oC. However, this thermocouple performs rather poorly in reducing atmospheres. Type T (Cu/Cu-Ni) thermocouples can be used in oxidizing of inert atmospheres over the temperature range of -250 oC to +850 oC. In reducing or mildly oxidizing environments, it is possible to use the thermocouple up to nearly +1000 oC. Type N (Nicrosil/Nisil) thermocouples are designed to be used in industrial environments of temperatures up to +1200 oC. A polynomial equation used to convert thermocouple voltage to temperature (oC) over a wide range of temperatures. We can write the polynomial as: The coefficients, an are tabulated in many places. Here are the NBS polynomial coefficients for a type K thermocouple. (Source: T. J. Quinn, Temperature , Academic Press Inc.,1990) Type K Polynomial Coefficients n an 0 0.226584602 1 24152.10900 2 67233.4248 3 2210340.682 4 -860963914.9 5 4.83506x1010 6 -1.18452x1012 7 1.38690x1013 8 -6.33708x1013 What If The Surrounding Temperature Exceeds Limits? There are really no thermocouples that can withstand oxidizing atmospheres for temperatures above the upper limit of the platinum-rhodium type thermocouples. We cannot, therefore, measure temperature in such high temperature conditions. Other options for measuring extremely high temperatures are radiation or the noise pyrometer. For non-oxidizing atmospheres, tungsten-rhenium based thermocouples shows good performance up to +2750 oC. They can be used, for a short period, in temperatures up to +3000 oC. The selection of the types of thermocouple used for low temperature sensing is primarily based on materials of a thermocouple. In addition, thermopower at low temperatue israther low, so measurement of EMF will be proportionally small as well. More Facts On Various Thermocouple Types A variety of thermocouples today cover a range of temperature from -250 oC to +3000 oC. The different types of thermocouple are given letter designations: B, E, J, K, R, S, T and N Types R,S and B are noble metal thermocouples that are used to measure high temperature. Within their temperature range, they can operate for a longer period of time under an oxidizing environment. Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm. Type S and type R thermocouples are made up of platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) mixed in different ratios. A specific Pt/Rh ratio is used because it leads to more stable and reproducible measurements. Types S and R have an upper temperature limit of +1200 oC in oxidizing atmospheres, assuming a wire diameter of 0.5mm. Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. Types E, J, K, T, and N are base-metal thermocouples that are used for sensing lower temperatures. They cannot be used for sensing high temperatures because of their relatively low melting point and slower failure due to oxidation. Type B thermocouples have a different Pt/Rh ratio than Type S and R. It has an upper temperature limit of +1750 oC in oxidizing atmospheres. Due to an increased amount of rhodium content, type B thermocouples are no quite so stable as either the Type R or Type S. we will look into some differences between different base-metal thermocouples. Type E (Ni-Cr/Cu-Ni) thermocouples have an operating temperature range from -250 oC to +800 oC. Their use is less widespread than other base-metalthermocouples due to its low operating temperature. However, measurements made by a Type E have a smaller margin of error. 1000 hours of operation in air of a Type E thermocouple at +760 oC, having 3mm wires, shold not lead to a change in EMF equivalent to more than +1 oC. Type J (Fe/Cu-Ni) thermocouples are widely used in industry due to their high thermopower and low cost. This type of thermocouple has an operating temperature range from 0 oC to +760 oC. Links to Related Lessons Temperature Sensors Thermistors Thermocouples LM35s Other Sensors Strain Gages Temperature Sensor Laboratories Return to Table of ContentsExperiments With Temperature Sensors - Data Gathering Measuring temperature is the most common measurement task. There are numerous devices available for measuring temperature. Many of them are built using one of these common sensors. Thermistor Thermocouple LM35 Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensor You can get more information about these sensors by clicking the links above. Laboratory The purpose of this laboratory is to get time response data for the three sensors you were introduced to labs week. Here are links to LabVIEW programs you can use. NTempsHydra.vi - to measure temperature from the Hydra. NVoltsHydra.vi - to measure voltage from the Hydra. ResetHydra.vi - A "sub-vi" you need to reset the Hydra. 1Temp.vi - A sub-vi that will take one temperature measurement on the Hydra. 1VoltHydra.vi - A sub-vi that will take one voltage measurement on the Hydra. You should have all the files above on your desktop. You can click on each link and save to the desktop, or you can find the NMeas folder in my public space and copy the entire folder to the desktop (best). You only need to double click the NTemps or NVolts files to start and run them in LabVIEW - but they have to be taken out of the network folder! Once you have the files together in a single folder onyour desktop, Start NTempsHydra.vi to measure temperature using the thermocouple attached to terminals 21 (yellow lead) and 22 (red lead). Note that these terminals (21 and 22) are the connections for channel 1 for the Hydra. (For example, if you were doing a manual temperature reading using the front panel, you would need to set to channel 1.) You need to connect the yellow lead of the thermocouple to the top connector for Channel #1 (Terminal #21) and the red lead of the thermocouple to the bottom connector (ground?) for Channel #1 (Terminal #22). Both of those connections are made to the connector strip on the top of the Hydra Data Acquisition Unit. Start NVoltsHydra.vi to measure voltages using the LM35 and the voltage divider circuit for the thermistor. Both sets of measurements should be taken from the front panel connection points on the Hydra. For both the LM35 and the thermistor circuit, you need to supply 5v to the circuit board. In your lab notebook record any circuitry you use, and any pertinent points regarding the equipment you use. Note any other features of each sensor that will help you for your project or make things more difficult. Do the following: Connect each sensor. Here are links to using each sensor in a measurement. Thermocouples LM35s Thermistors For each sensor you need to get data in two situations: As the sensor heats up (rising time constant behavior) As the sensor cools down to ambient temperature (decaying time constant behavior) That data should be stored in a computer file. Use a different, understandable name for each file. The program will prompt you for a file name. Suggested file names are things like ThermistorUp.txt, etc. Before you leave lab be sure that you can bring your data up in Excel (to test that you have a good data file) and that you can plot the data to see that it looks like what you expect. Estimate the following for each sensor. The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC when the sensor is in good thermal contact with the temperature environment being measured and the temperature sensor starts at 25 oC and goes to 50 oC. (That means tomeasure the time it takes to get to between 49 oC and 51 oC.) The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC of the final value when the sensor is in air at a constant temperature and the temperature sensor starts at 25oC and goes to 50oC. In other words, when will the temperature sensor reach 49oC? The time it will take for the sensor to get within 0.1oC for the two situations above. (i.e., between 49.9 oC and 50.1 oC.) The time it will take for the sensor to get within 1oC when the sensor is in good thermal contact with the temperature environment being measured and the temperature sensor starts at 50 oC and goes to 25 oC. Explain why there is a difference in the speed of the response in the various situations above. Your report should show calculations for the time constant(s) for each device, and should show the results using the three methods. Tabular presentation of the results is best. Finally, you should - as best possible - explain your results. Why would the time constant be different going up and going down.供热站温度压力实时检测热敏电阻很便宜，易于得到的温度传感器。

ＰＬＣ在变频恒压热水供应控制系统中的应用PLC used in hot water supply system based on frequency changes and constant pressure佘国君，于莲芝ＳＨＥ　Ｇｕｏ－ｊｕｎ，　ＹＵ　Ｌｉａｎ－ｚｈｉ（上海理工大学　光电信息与计算机工程学院，　上海　２０００９３）摘 要：本系统采用ＦＸ２Ｎ系列ＰＬＣ设计了一套变频恒压热水供应控制系统。

阐述了系统主要的工艺原理。

设计了系统流程图。

完成了手动档和自动档的程序编制过程。

最后设置了报警系统并进行了触摸屏画面制作。

试验证明本系统能够达到高效的控制作用。

关键词：ＰＬＣ；变频器；热水器；传感器；远程表；触摸屏中图分类号：ＴＰ２７３文献标识码：Ｂ 　文章编号：１００９－０１３４（２０１０）０１－００７３－０４收稿日期：２００９－０５－１４作者简介：佘国君（１９８３－），男，上海人，助理工程师，工学学士，在读研究生，研究方向为自动化仪表与自动控制系统。

０ 引言一般规定城市管网的水压只保证６层以下楼房的用水，其余上部各层均须　“提升”水压才能满足用水要求。

以前大多采用传统的水塔、高位水箱，或气压罐式增压设备，但它们都必须由水泵以高出实际用水高度的压力来“提升”水量，其结果增大了水泵的轴功率和能量损耗。

变频调速恒压供水设备以其节能、安全、高品质的供水质量等优点，使我国供水行业的技术装备水平经历了一次飞跃。

恒压供水调速系统实现水泵电机无级调速，依据用水量的变化自动调节系统的运行参数，在用水量的变化自动调节系统的运行参数，在用水量发生变化时保持水压恒定以满足用水要求，是当今最先进、合理的节能型供水系统。

１ 系统工艺原理系统工艺原理图如图１所示。

太阳能热水器作为主要加热途径，通过水循环不断提升水温，提供给用户使用；冷水箱用于装冷水，是主要的水源存储器，当热水箱水位过低时，通过泵２向热水箱加水，防止干烧造成危险；热水箱是存储热水的容器，主要作用是向用户提供热水：水位传感器分别装在两个水箱里的“高水位”与“低水位”处，用来检测水位，当两个水箱水位过高或过低时将信息传给　ＰＬＣ［１，２，５］通过总的控制指令启动泵，来对水位作调整；温度传感器则在太阳能热水器出水口和热水箱出水口分别安装一个来检测两个出水口的温度，是系统运行指令的重要判断依据；远程表是一种压力传感器，和水位传感器的作用一样，是用来判断水位的，但它是根据水箱的压力来判断热水箱中的水位，反馈给ＰＬＣ的是一个具体的数值，比水位传感器要精确的多，启用远程表，能使系统更快的给出判断结果，加快系统处理速度。

Transducer in the water control system applicationsCurrently，the water level control in a large part of the electrical pumps are not towing gear shift system, no gear shift most of the electrical energy consumed in the water supply to the frequent changes in the pumps stopped. This not only makes the electrical work in inefficient zones, cut short the useful life of electrical and electrical equipment for the frequent failure to stop the high rate, leading to serious waste of water resources, system maintenance，repairs larger workload。

With high living water and industrial water gradually increased, the traditional control methods that are outdated。

Originally used for artificial water level control，water level due to the lack of accurate positioning hour monitoring，it is difficult to accurately control the pumps have stopped；Using buoys or mechanical control devices such as water supply situation has made some changes，but because of mechanical failure more devices，poor reliability to maintenance will face great trouble。