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英译汉Cancer rates worldwide could increase by 50 percent by 2020，reaching 15 million new cases a year. The World Health Organization's World Cancer Report says that if no preventive measures are taken increases of this order are inevitable because they stem from habits-such as smoking-that are already established.到2020年，全世界癌症的发病率有可能增加50个百分点，每年可能将出现1500万新病例。
世界健康组织全球癌症报告指出，如果不采取积极的预防措施，这样的趋势将无法避免。
因为这是从已经形成的生活习惯—例如抽烟—滋生出来的。
汉译英人体是由各种类型的细胞构成的，这些细胞多达50万亿，它们之间相互联系，相互依赖。
如果丧失其中的某些细胞，比如说失去构成整条腿的细胞，将会严重影响其余所有肌体组织；而像心脏或肾脏之类的器官，哪怕相对较少的细胞受到严重损害，也可能会最终导致所有50万亿细胞的死亡。
A man body is composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types，all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells，such as those making up an entire leg，will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism，and serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ，such as the heart or kidneys，may end by killing all 50 trillion.英文写作电子版专业文献来源：King Pan Ng, Axel M Hillmer, Charles T H Chuah，et al,A common BIM deletion polymorphism mediates intrinsic resistance and inferior responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Nat Med. 2012 Mar 18;18(4):521-8. doi: 10.1038/nm.2713.This paper is chiefly centering on describing the discovery of a common polymorphism which mediates intrinsic resistance and inferior responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer.The authors discovered a common intronic deletion polymorphism in the gene encoding BCL2-like 11 (BIM) , by using paired-end DNA sequencing.Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) elicit high response rates among individuals with kinase-driven malignancies. However, the extent and duration of these responses are different, suggesting the existence of genetic modifiers affecting an individual’s response to TKIs.BIM upregulation is required for TKIs to induce apoptosis in kinase-driven cancers. The polymorphism was sufficient to confer intrinsic TKI resistance in CML and EGFR NSCLC cell lines, but this resistance could be overcome with BH3-mimetic drugs.To sum up, the paper offers an explanation for the heterogeneity of TKI responses across individuals and suggest the possibility of personalizing therapy with BH3 mimetics to overcome B I M -polymorphism–associated TKI resistance1。
小学上册英语第2单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.Vegetables like carrots grow _____ (在地下).2.Which season comes after summer?A. SpringB. FallC. WinterD. Summer3.We have a ______ (快乐的) time at the beach.4.How do you say "你好" in English?A. HelloB. GoodbyeC. PleaseD. Thank you5.How many eyes do humans have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four6.The city of Kathmandu is the capital of _______.7.What do we call the act of showing kindness?A. GenerosityB. CharityC. BenevolenceD. KindnessD8. A neutron is an uncharged particle in the ______.9.The __________ can affect the distribution of species.10.The chemical symbol for iron is _____.11.Solutions can be concentrated or ______.12.What do you call a group of stars?A. GalaxyB. UniverseC. ConstellationD. Solar SystemC13.Which instrument is known for its strings and is played with a bow?A. FluteB. TrumpetC. ViolinD. DrumC14.I have a special box where I keep my favorite ________ (玩具名).15.The _____ (阳光) is essential for photosynthesis.16.I saw a _______ (猫) sleeping in the sun.17.My cousin is a great __________ (活动组织者).18.__________ are used in the production of glass.19.What is the primary ingredient in a quiche?A. EggsB. CreamC. CheeseD. All of the above20.What is the boiling point of water?A. 50°CB. 100°CC. 150°CD. 200°C21.What is the name of the famous river in India?A. AmazonB. NileC. GangesD. Mississippi22.Which of these is a flying insect?A. AntB. BeetleC. ButterflyD. WormC23.The chemical symbol for arsenic is ______.24.She drinks _____ (牛奶) every morning.25.The __________ is a region known for its maritime culture.26.Which animal is known as man's best friend?A. CatB. DogC. RabbitD. HamsterB27. A _______ (小蜗牛) carries its home on its back.28. A ______ (植物的实验室) is crucial for research.29.The capital city of Spain is ________ (马德里).30.What do you call a small, round fruit that is usually sour?A. AppleB. CherryC. GrapeD. LemonD31.What do you call a baby cow?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb32.What do we call the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide?A. Carbon sequestrationB. Greenhouse effectC. Carbon footprintD. Emission reductionA Carbon sequestration33.What is a meteoroid?A. A piece of rock in spaceB. A starC. A planetD. A comet34.The puppy is _______ (在撒娇).35.What is the smallest continent?A. AsiaB. AfricaC. AustraliaD. EuropeC Australia36.What is the main ingredient in pasta?A. WheatB. RiceC. CornD. Barley37.The sea lion barks loudly to communicate with _______ (同伴).38.I can build a _________ (玩具飞机) that really flies.39.What is the main ingredient in salad?A. BreadB. LettuceC. RiceD. MeatB40.What is the color of a typical strawberry?A. GreenB. RedC. YellowD. Blue41.My favorite drink is ________.42.I go shopping with my __________. (妈妈)43.What is the capital of Germany?A. MunichB. FrankfurtC. BerlinD. HamburgC44.My sister loves to listen to __________ (音乐).45.The doctor gives _____ (建议) about staying healthy.46.I have a ___ (pencil) in my bag.47.I like to go ________ (溜冰) with my friends.48.What is the name of the event where people come together to celebrate a birthday?A. PartyB. GatheringC. CelebrationD. EventA49.What is the main ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. LemonD. OnionB50.What do we call a food that is cooked over an open flame?A. BoiledB. GrilledC. BakedD. Fried51.What is the main ingredient in pizza?A. RiceB. DoughC. ChickenD. FishB52.I help my dad with __________. (花园)53.The sun is very ________ today.54.I enjoy exploring ______ with my family.55.What is the capital of France?A. LondonB. BerlinC. ParisD. MadridC56.I love the sound of rain on the __________. (屋顶)57.I enjoy ________ (骑自行车) in the park.58.The process of ______ contributes to soil formation.59.The __________ (历史的广度) covers many topics.60.What do you call a story that is not real?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. HistoryD. BiographyA61.We enjoy _______ (hiking) in the mountains.62.My dog loves to splash in ______ (水) when it rains.63.What is the name of the famous landmark in Egypt?A. Great WallB. Eiffel TowerC. PyramidsD. Colosseum64. A ______ has a pouch for carrying its baby.65.The flowers smell ________.66.The capital of Australia is ________ (堪培拉).67. A sloth spends most of its time in ______ (树上).68.Which planet has the longest day?A. VenusB. JupiterC. MarsD. Mercury69.On hot summer days, I enjoy eating __________. (冰淇淋)70. A ___ (小蚂蚁) travels in a line.71.The chemical symbol for argon is ____.72.I like to organize my toys by ________ (名词) or size.73.How many players are on a basketball team?A. 5B. 7C. 9D. 11A74.What do you call the event where people come together to celebrate a national holiday?A. GatheringB. FestivalC. CeremonyD. CelebrationB75.What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. EggsD. SilkB76.The process of creating steam from water is called _______.77.The __________ (历史的探讨过程) invites inquiry.78.The dog is ________ in the grass.79.My brother is ______ years old. (eight)80.The cookies are ___. (baking)81.The __________ was a significant event in the history of Europe. (文艺复兴)82.The ant works together in a _______ (群体).83.I want to go ___ the zoo. (to)84.Endothermic reactions absorb ______ from their surroundings.85. A _____ (海星) can regenerate its arms if needed.86.The _______ (The French Revolution) inspired uprisings around the world.87.The mouse is very ______ (聪明) and can find food easily.88.I always share my toys with ______.89.Glaciers can carve out ______ and valleys.90.Vines are plants that can ______ along walls or trellises. (藤本植物可以沿着墙壁或支架生长。
高三英语询问科学单选题50题1. Recent research has found that some bacteria can form a complex community structure called a biofilm. In a biofilm, bacteria are surrounded by a self - produced matrix. Which of the following is a major component of this matrix?A. DNAB. ProteinC. LipidD. Carbohydrate答案：D。
解析：在生物膜的基质中，碳水化合物是主要成分之一。
选项A，DNA虽然存在于细胞中，但不是生物膜基质的主要成分。
选项B，蛋白质是生物膜的组成部分，但不是基质的主要成分。
选项C，脂质主要参与细胞膜结构构建，而非生物膜基质的主要部分。
本题主要考查生物科学知识，语法上是一般现在时的陈述语句。
2. The mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. Which process mainly occurs in mitochondria?A. PhotosynthesisB. GlycolysisC. Cellular respirationD. Protein synthesis答案：C。
解析：线粒体中主要发生的过程是细胞呼吸，这是其重要功能。
选项A，光合作用主要发生在叶绿体中。
选项B，糖酵解发生在细胞质中。
选项D，蛋白质合成主要发生在核糖体上。
从语法来看，这是一个考查一般现在时和生物知识结合的题目。
3. In the process of evolution, some animals have developed unique adaptations. The giraffe's long neck is an example. Which theory best explains the evolution of the giraffe's long neck?A. Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristicsB. Darwin's theory of natural selectionC. Mendel's law of inheritanceD. The theory of punctuated equilibrium答案：B。
泸州2024年11版小学英语第六单元真题考试时间：90分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：Plants can be a source of ______ (灵感).2、选择题：What is the name of the famous geological feature in Arizona?A. Grand CanyonB. Yellowstone ParkC. Yosemite ValleyD. Zion National Park3、What is the main ingredient in guacamole?A. TomatoB. AvocadoC. PepperD. Onion4、听力题：The chemical symbol for chromium is ______.5、听力题：The cake is ________ and tasty.6、What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?A. GoldB. DiamondC. IronD. Silver7、ts have medicinal ______ that can help treat illnesses.(一些植物具有药用特性，可以帮助治疗疾病。
) 填空题：Some plaMy ___ (小兔子) loves to eat carrots.9、填空题：My favorite type of music is _______ (流行音乐).10、填空题：In ancient Rome, people watched __________ (角斗士) fight in the Colosseum.11、What do we call a young female seal?A. PupB. CalfC. KitD. Kid答案：A12、填空题：The _____ (植物生态策略) can guide land management practices.13、选择题：What is the main source of energy for plants?A. SoilB. WaterC. SunlightD. Air14、填空题：A ____(public space) encourages community interaction.15、填空题：The __________ (世界) is full of wonders.16、What is the opposite of empty?A. FullB. HalfC. LightD. Heavy答案:A17、What is the name of the famous festival celebrated in India?A. ChristmasB. DiwaliC. ThanksgivingD. Halloween答案: BAn alloy is a mixture of two or more __________.19、What is the name of the famous ocean current that affects weather patterns?A. Gulf StreamB. Antarctic CurrentC. Kuroshio CurrentD. California Current答案: A20、填空题：I like to go ______ (钓鱼) with my grandfather by the lake.21、听力题：My sister wants to be a ____ (vet) when she grows up.22、What is the visible surface of the sun called?A. CoreB. AtmosphereC. PhotosphereD. Chromosphere23、填空题：A _____ (小猫) is playing with a ball of yarn.24、填空题：I enjoy ______ (参与) in team sports.25、Which animal is known for its wisdom?A. DogB. OwlC. CatD. Elephant26、填空题：The __________ (文化遗产) is valuable to us.27、What is a group of three called?a. Pairb. Trioc. Quartetd. Quintet答案:b28、What is the capital of Italy?A. VeniceB. RomeC. FlorenceD. Milan29、听力题：His favorite sport is ________.30、What is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?A. Brooklyn BridgeB. Golden Gate BridgeC. Tower BridgeD. Sydney Harbour Bridge答案:B31、What is the term for a baby rabbit?A. KitB. CubC. FoalD. Pup答案:A. Kit32、What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. Fish答案:C33、听力题：The ______ helps us learn about social entrepreneurship.34、听力题：The _______ can provide food and shelter for wildlife.35、听力题：A _______ can help visualize the concept of pressure in liquids.36、听力题：A __________ is a natural barrier that separates two areas.37、听力题：A solvent is a substance that dissolves a ______.38、听力题：The ________ (analysis) reveals important details.I enjoy learning about different ______ (文化习俗). It helps me understand the diversity of our world.40、What is the name of the famous river that runs through Egypt?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. Yangtze答案：B41、填空题：A ___ (小狐) has a bushy tail.42、选择题：What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Tower of PisaD. Willis Tower43、听力题：I like to _____ on weekends. (relax)44、What season comes after winter?A. FallB. SummerC. SpringD. Autumn答案:C45、What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on electricity?A. Nikola TeslaB. Thomas EdisonC. Alexander Graham BellD. Albert Einstein答案: A. Nikola Tesla46、What do we call the study of the universe beyond Earth?A. AstrologyB. AstronomyC. CosmologyD. Astrophysics答案: B. AstronomyThe ________ likes to sit on my shoulder.48、Listen and draw.(听录音，对的画笑脸，错的画哭脸。
关于霍金读大学选专业的英语阅读填空Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics (抗生素) given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed (喷射) onto fields as fertilizers (肥料), could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ______(46)Some 20, 000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. ______(47)Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf.______(48)With millions of tons of animals manure (施肥于) spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathwayseems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate (污染) the crops, which are then eaten. ______(49) Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. _______ (50) His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage (用污水灌溉) treatment.A. They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.B. And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.C. Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.D. But recent research has found a direct link between theincreased use of these farmyarddrugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.E. His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animals feed.F. They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.。
混合循环图的特征值作者：许英来源：《教育教学论坛》 2014年第14期许英（新疆财经大学应用数学学院，新疆乌鲁木齐830012）摘要：一个图的邻接矩阵的特征值我们称为这个图的特征值，在物理和化学领域中，通过对物质分子所对应的分子图的特征值的研究，可以预知该物质在某些物理和化学方面的性质。
而在计算机网络中，研究网络对应的图的特征值将为深入研究该网络提供一个非常有用的代数工具。
因此，计算特殊图类的特征值是图谱理论中令大家感兴趣的问题。
在这篇文章中，我们研究了混合循环图和混合循环有向图的特征值的问题。
关键词：混合循环图；邻接矩阵；特征值中图分类号：G642.3 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2014）14-0128-02设G是一个单位元为1的有限群，S是G\1的一个子集。
群G关于集合S的Cayley有向图D=D（G，S）是一个点集为G的有向图，对于点g1，g2∈G，从g1到g2有一条弧当且仅当g2g1-1∈S。
如果S是逆闭的，即S=S-1，则Cayley有向图D（G，S）被认为是一个无向图，被称为群G关于S的Cayley图，表示为C（G，S）。
在文献[5]中，L.Lovasz确定了关于传递自同构群的谱。
在文献[1]中，L.Babai得到了关于群G不可约特征的Cayley图X（祝，S）的谱的表达式。
为了研究半对称图（正则边传递但不是点传递的图），文献[6]中定义了双Cayley 图。
设G是一个有限群，S是G的一个子集，双-Cayley图BC（G，S）是一个点集为G×{0，1}的二部图，边集为{{（g，0），（sg，1）}：g∈G，s∈S}。
当G是一个循环群时，双-Cayley图BC（G，S）被称为双循环图。
双-Cayley图可以推广到双-Cayley有向图上。
对于一个有限群G和群G的子集T1，T2，群G的关于T1和T2的双-Cayley有向图D=（V（D）），E（D）=D （G，T1，T2）被定义为二部有向图，点集为V（D）=G×{0，1}，并且对于点g1，g2∈G，（（g1 ，0），（g2 ，1））∈E（D）当且仅当g2=t1g1，其中t1∈T1；（（g1 ，1），（g2 ，0））∈E（D）当且仅当g1=t2g2，其中t2∈T2。
职称英语综合A试题「阅读判断」2017年职称英语综合A试题「阅读判断」1.惜时、专心、苦读是做学问的一个好方法。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年职称英语综合A试题【阅读判断】，希望能给大家带来帮助!第2部分：阅读判断(第16——22题，每题l分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的.信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Irradiating FoodIrradiating fruits, vegetables, pork and chicken to kill insects and bacteria has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration over the past decade or so. Irradiation of other meats, such as beef and lamb, is being reviewed. Federal approval does not require that industry adopt the process, and few food processors presently offer irradiated products.Market studies have shown that many consumers are afraid that eating irradiated foods may cause cancer, despite scientific studies that prove the safety of treated foods. Some people argue that more severe government inspection, higher food-safety standards, and more careful-preparation practices by consumers are all that is needed to ensure that food is safe.Consequently, companies currently see no need to spend millions of dollars outfitting processing plants with the equipment necessary for a process that very few shoppers are in favor of.All supermarkets that sell irradiated food must label the food either directly on the packaging,or, in the case of bulk items like fruits and vegetables, by placing a sign nearby. There is norequirement for the labeling of irradiated food served by chain restaurants or hospitals that buy directly from distributors, nor any regulations for products that contain irradiated ingredients.Presently, the FDA allows food to be treated with three types of radiation-gamma rays, high-energy electrons, and X rays-and sets limits on doses, depending on the type of food. The principle is that the dose to be used for a certain type of food should not exceed the amount that is sufficient to kill most harmful insects and bacteria present in it. Different types of food, because of their molecular compositions, may require different doses of radiation.16. According to the passage, killing insects and bacteria present in foods by irradiating is not completely approved by the US government.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. There are quite a number of food processors which are interested in producing irritated foods.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Some consumers are doubtful of the safety of irradiated foods and suggest a more severe government inspection be taken.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Some companies foresee the promising future of setting up food processing factories, although they do not see the need now.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. It is required that labels placed on irradiated food or nearby bulk items such as vegetables and fruits should indicate irradiated ingredients.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. Restaurants can serve irradiated food bought directly from distributors without labeling it.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. The passage tells us that FDA approves irradiating food to some extent but irradiated food is not widely accepted.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第2部分：阅读判断16.A。
青岛“PEP”2024年小学5年级下册英语第4单元综合卷[含答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:110）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力填空题：Reading is one of my favorite activities. I enjoy books about __________ and__________. They take me on adventures and teach me new things.2、听力题：The __________ is a large area of land that is mostly empty.3、听力题：The cat is ______ (sleeping) on my lap.4、听力题：In a chemical reaction, the end products are known as ______.5、听力题：The Grand Canyon is a famous ______ that was formed by the erosion of the Colorado River.6、填空题：We made a robot out of our old ____. (玩具名称)7、听力题：The chemical formula for sulfuric acid is __________.8、填空题：The _____ (兔子) nibbles on fresh greens in the garden.9、听力题：The chemical formula for sodium phosphate is ______.10、填空题：The _____ (青蛙) has a unique way of communicating.The _______ (鹦鹉) is bright and colorful.12、What is the name of the longest river in North America?A. Mississippi RiverB. Colorado RiverC. Rio GrandeD. Missouri River答案: A. Mississippi River13、听力题：My cousin is very good at ____ (science).14、What do we call the process of making a new product?A. ProductionB. ManufacturingC. CreationD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above15、听力题：The park is ________ from my house.16、听力题：The horse is _______ (galloping) in the field.17、What is the primary color of a tiger's fur?A. BlackB. WhiteC. OrangeD. Brown18、填空题：The __________ (历史的纽带) connects us.19、填空题：The rabbit is eating a ______.20、填空题：A tarpon can be caught while ______ (钓鱼).21、填空题：I often ask my __________ for help. (父母)My favorite pet is a ______ (狗) because they are loyal companions.23、What do you call a large area covered with trees?A. DesertB. ForestC. PrairieD. Mountain答案:B24、听力题：The capital of Japan is __________.25、填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a character from a movie.26、选择题：What is the opposite of wet?A. DryB. MoistC. HumidD. Damp27、ration of Independence was signed in ________. 填空题：The Decl28、听力题：The __________ is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a substance.29、What is the capital of Slovenia?A. LjubljanaB. MariborC. CeljeD. Koper答案:A30、听力题：The city of Malé is the capital of _______.31、听力题：My friend is very ________.32、听力题：The process of crystallization involves forming __________ from a solution.I have ___ apples in my bag. (three)34、填空题：My __________ (玩具名) always makes me smile.35、What is the name of the famous magician known for his escape acts?A. David CopperfieldB. Harry HoudiniC. Penn & TellerD. Criss Angel答案: B. Harry Houdini36、填空题：I love to ______ (与朋友一起) explore new ideas.37、What is the sum of 4 + 4?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:C38、听力题：A butterfly goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and __________.39、填空题：The ocean is _______ (平静的).40、填空题：Many plants have medicinal ______ (用途).41、填空题：My brother is a __________ (游戏玩家).42、听力题：I love _____ (奶酪) on my sandwich.43、听力填空题：I think teamwork is important. Working together helps us achieve common goals. In group projects, I like to __________ and contribute my ideas.44、填空题：My friend, ______ (我的朋友), has a pet dog.A _______ (小龙虾) scuttles along the riverbed.46、What is the name of the famous ancient structure located in Greece?A. ColosseumB. ParthenonC. PyramidsD. Stonehenge答案：B47、听力题：A __________ is a reaction that occurs when two substances combine to form a new product.48、填空题：Gandhi is known for leading India to ________ from British rule.49、听力题：We play ______ (volleyball) during gym class.50、听力题：She is _____ (drawing) a picture.51、填空题：I think it’s fun to go ________ (参加舞会).52、听力题：The _____ (鸟) is flying in the sky.53、What do we call the imaginary line dividing the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres?A. EquatorB. Prime MeridianC. Tropic of CancerD. Tropic of Capricorn54、听力题：The process of polymerization creates ______.55、填空题：An understanding of ______ (植物病害) can aid farmers.56、听力题：I like to ________ my friends.The invention of the steam engine was a key development in the ______ (工业革命).58、听力题：The chemical symbol for germanium is __________.59、听力题：The __________ cycle describes how water moves through the environment.60、填空题：The __________ (历史的教育) shapes our understanding.61、What is the hardest natural substance on Earth?A. GoldB. DiamondC. IronD. Silver62、填空题：We should _______ (关心) our neighbors.63、听力题：We went to the _____ (store/market) yesterday.64、填空题：The cat caught a ______.65、听力题：An extinct volcano is one that is unlikely to ______ again.66、 (64) is the fastest river in the world. 填空题：The ____67、选择题：What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. FrenchB. ItalianC. SpanishD. Portuguese68、听力题：I can _____ (dance/sing) very well.69、听力题：We are _____ a field trip next week. (going on)70、What do you call a baby sheep?A. LambB. KidC. CalfD. Foal答案: A71、听力题：My mom is a ______. She enjoys taking photographs.72、听力题：The ____ is a quiet creature that spends most of its time sleeping.73、填空题：My pet ______ (兔子) loves to eat fresh greens.74、填空题：I enjoy making ________ (手工艺品) for my family.75、What do we call the first day of the week?A. SaturdayB. SundayC. MondayD. Friday答案:B76、What do we call a group of fish swimming together?A. SchoolB. PodC. FlockD. Pack77、填空题：My dog loves to play with its ______ (玩具).78、填空题：The _____ (独角兽) is a mythical creature that is very magical. 独角兽是一种非常神奇的神话生物。
2023翻译考试高级笔译模拟试题及答案2023翻译考试高级笔译模拟试题及答案【试题1】Numerous scientific studies conducted since 1939 have indicated that smoking is very harmful to health. Legislation is badly needed to ban all advertising of tobacco products as it persuades people to smoke more and so is in a large part responsible for people with deteriorating health or those who died of lung cancer.【参考译文】自从1939年以来，人们做了大量的科学研究确定了烟草对人体安康危害极大。
急需立法来制止各种烟草产品的广告宣传。
因为这种广告总是劝人们吸更多的烟，因此在很大程度应对那些安康状况恶化或由肺癌致死的人们负责。
【试题2】Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed. Yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents. Life’stransition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.What forms of life were able to make such adrastic change in lifestyle The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils--relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals. Vascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns, left the first prehensive megafossil record. Because of this, it has been monly assumed that the sequence of terrestrialization reflected the evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems. In this view, primitive vascular plats first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eaters. Moreover, the megafossils suggest that terrestrial life appeared and diversified explosively near the boundary between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more than 400 million years ago.Recently, however, paleontologists have beentaking a closer look at the sediments below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary. It turns outthat some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath. The technique has uncovered new evidence from sedimentsthat were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many instances the specimens areless than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously unknown organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular organisms. Our views aboutthe nature of the early plant and animal munities are now being revised. And with those revisions e new speculations about the first terrestrial life-forms.【参考译文】在地球形成不到十亿年的时间后，生命就起于早期的海洋了。
离散数学及其应用重要名词中英对应以及重要概念解释与举例1 The Foundations: Logic and Proofs（逻辑与证明）1.1 Propositional Logic（命题逻辑）Propositions（命题）——declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both.判断性语句，正确性唯一。
Truth Table（真值表）Conjunction（合取，“与”，and），Disjunction（析取，or，“相容或”），Exclusive（异或），Negation（非，not），Biconditional（双条件，双向，if and only if）Translating English Sentences1.2 Propositional Equivalences（命题等价）Tautology（永真式、重言式），Contradiction（永假式、矛盾式），Contingency（偶然式）Logical Equivalences（逻辑等价）——Compound propositions that have the same truth values in all possible cases are called logical equivalent.（真值表相同的式子，p<->q是重言式）Logical Equivalences——Page24Disjunctive normal form(DNF，析取范式)Conjunctive normal form(CNF，合取范式) 见Page27～291.3 Predicates and Quantifiers（谓词和量词）Predicates——谓词，说明关系、特征的修饰词Quantifiers——量词? Universal Quantifier(全称量词) "全部满足? Existential Quantifier(存在量词) $至少有一个Binding Variables(变量绑定，量词作用域与重名的问题)Logical Equivalence Involving QuantifiersNegating Quantified Expressions(量词否定表达：否定全称=存在否定，否定存在=全程否定) Translating from English into Logical Expressions(自然语句转化为逻辑表达)Using Quantifiers in System SpecificationsExamples from Lewis Carrol——全称量词与条件式(p->q)搭配，存在量词与合取式搭配。
Some non-normal Cayley digraphs of the generalized quaternion group of certain ordersEdward DobsonDepartment of Mathematics and StatisticsPO Drawer MAMississippi State,MS39762,U.S.A.dobson@Submitted:Mar10,2003;Accepted:Jul30,2003;Published:Sep8,2003MR Subject Classifications:05C25,20B25AbstractWe show that an action of SL(2,p),p≥7an odd prime such that4|(p−1), has exactly two orbital digraphsΓ1,Γ2,such that Aut(Γi)admits a complete blocksystem B of p+1blocks of size2,i=1,2,with the following properties:theaction of Aut(Γi)on the blocks of B is nonsolvable,doubly-transitive,but not asymmetric group,and the subgroup of Aut(Γi)thatfixes each block of B set-wiseis semiregular of order2.If p=2k−1>7is a Mersenne prime,these digraphsare also Cayley digraphs of the generalized quaternion group of order2k+1.In thiscase,these digraphs are non-normal Cayley digraphs of the generalized quaterniongroup of order2k+1.There are a variety of problems on vertex-transitive digraphs where a natural approach is to proceed by induction on the number of(not necessarily distinct)prime factors of the order of the graph.For example,the Cayley isomorphism problem(see[6])is one such problem,as well as determining the full automorphism group of a vertex-transitive digraphΓ.Many such arguments begin byfinding a complete block system B of Aut(Γ). Ideally,one would then apply the induction hypothesis to the groups Aut(Γ)/B and fix Aut(Γ)(B)|B,where Aut(Γ)/B is the permutation group induced by the action of Aut(Γ) on B,andfix Aut(Γ)(B)is the subgroup of Aut(Γ)thatfixes each block of B set-wise, and B∈B.Unfortunately,neither Aut(Γ)/B norfix Aut(Γ)(B)|B need be the automor-phism group of a digraph.In fact,there are examples of vertex-transitive graphs where Aut(Γ)/B is a doubly-transitive nonsolvable group that is not a symmetric group(see[7]), as well as examples of vertex-transitive graphs wherefix Aut(Γ)(B)|B is a doubly-transitive nonsolvable group that is not a symmetric group(see[2]).(There are also examples where Aut(Γ)/B is a solvable doubly-transitive group,but in practice,this is not usuallya genuine obstacle in proceeding by induction.)The only known class of examples of vertex-transitive graphs where Aut(Γ)/B is a doubly-transitive nonsolvable group,have the property that Aut(Γ)/B is a faithful representation of Aut(Γ)andΓis not a Cayley graph.In this paper,we give examples of vertex-transitive digraphs that are Cayley di-graphs and the action of Aut(Γ)/B on B is doubly-transitive,nonsolvable,not faithful, and not a symmetric group.1PreliminariesDefinition1.1Let G be a permutation group acting onΩ.Ifω∈Ω,then a sub-orbit of G is an orbit of Stab G(ω).Definition1.2Let G be afinite group.The socle of G,denoted soc(G),is the product of all minimal normal subgroups of G.If G is primitive onΩbut not doubly-transitive, we say G is simply primitive.Let G be a transitive permutation group on a setΩand let G act onΩ×Ωby g(α,β)=(g(α),g(β)).The orbits of G inΩ×Ωare called the orbitals of G.The orbit{(α,α):α∈Ω}is called the trivial orbital.Let∆be an orbital of G inΩ×Ω.Define the orbital digraph∆to be the graph with vertex setΩand edge set ∆.Each orbital of G has a paired orbital∆ ={(β,α):(α,β)∈∆}.Define the orbital graph∆to be the graph with vertex setΩand edge set∆∪∆ .Note that there is a canonical bijection from the set of orbital digraphs of G to the set of sub-orbits of G(for fixedω∈Ω).Definition1.3Let G be a transitive permutation group of degree mk that admits a complete block system B of m blocks of size k.If g∈G,then g permutes the m blocks of B and hence induces a permutation in S m,which we denote by g/B.We define G/B={g/B:g∈G}.Letfix B(G)={g∈G:g(B)=B for every B∈B}.Definition1.4Let G be transitive group acting onΩwith r orbital digraphsΓ1,...,Γr. Define the2-closure of G,denoted G(2)to be∩r i=1Aut(Γi).Note that if G is the auto-morphism group of a vertex-transitive digraph,then G(2)=G.Definition1.5LetΓbe a graph.Define the complement ofΓ,denoted by¯Γ,to be the graph with V(¯Γ)=V(Γ)and E(¯Γ)={uv:u,v∈V(Γ)and uv∈E(Γ)}.Definition1.6A group G given by the defining relationsG= h,k:h2a−1=k2=m,m2=1,k−1hk=h−1is a generalized quaternion group.Let p≥5be an odd prime.Then GL(2,p)acts on the set F2p,where F p is thefield of order p,in the usual way.This action has two orbits,namely{0}andΩ=F2p−{0}.The action of GL(2,p)onΩis imprimitive,with a complete block system C of(p2−1)/(p−1)= p+1blocks of size p−1,where the blocks of C consist of all scalar multiples of a givenvector inΩ(these blocks are usually called projective points),and the action of GL(2,p)on the blocks of C is doubly-transitive.Furthermore,fix GL(2,p)(C)is cyclic of order p−1,and consists of all scalar matricesαI(where I is the2×2identity matrix)in GL(2,p).Note that if m|(p−1),then GL(2,p)admits a complete block system C m of(p+1)mblocks of size(p−1)/m,andfix GL(2,p)(C m)consists of all scalar matricesαi I,whereα∈F∗p is of order(p−1)/m and i∈Z.Each such block of C m consists of all scalar multiples αi v,where v is a vector in F2p and i∈Z.Hence GL(2,p)/C m admits a complete blocksystem D m consisting of p+1blocks of size m,induced by C m.Henceforth,we set m=2so that C2consists of2(p+1)blocks of size(p−1)/2,and D2consists of p+1blocks ofsize2.Note that as p≥5,SL(2,p)is doubly-transitive on the set of projective points,asif A∈GL(2,p),then det(A)−1A∈SL(2,p).Finally,observe that(−1)I∈SL(2,p).Thus (−1)I/C2∈fix SL(2,p)/C2(D2)=1so that SL(2,p)/C2is transitive on C2.Additionally,as fix GL(2,p)(C2)={αi I:|α|=(p−1)/2,i∈Z},SL(2,p)/C2∼=SL(2,p).That is,SL(2,p)/C2 is a faithful representation of SL(2,p).We will thus lose no generality by referring toan element x/C2∈SL(2,p)/C2as simply x∈SL(2,p).As each projective point can be written as a union of two blocks contained in C2,we will henceforth refer to blocks in C2 as projective half-points.2ResultsWe begin with a preliminary result.Lemma2.1Let p≥7be an odd prime such that4|(p−1),and let SL(2,p)act as above on the2(p+1)projective half-points.Then the following are true:1.SL(2,p)has exactly four sub-orbits;two of size1and2of size p,2.SL(2,p)admits exactly one non-trivial complete block system which consists of p+1blocks of size2,namely D2,formed by the orbits of(−1)I.Proof.By[4,Theorem2.8.1],|SL(2,p)|=(p2−1)p.It was established above that SL(2,p)admits D2as a complete block system of p+1blocks of size2,and this complete block system is formed by the orbits of(−1)I as(−1)I∈fix SL(2,p)(D2)and is semi-regular of order2.As SL(2,p)/D2=PSL(2,p)is doubly-transitive,there are two sub-orbits of SL(2,p)/D2,one of size1and the other of size p.Now,consider Stab SL(2,p)(x),where x is a projective half-point.Then there exists another projective half-point y such that x∪y is a projective point z.As{x,y}∈D2is a block of size2of SL(2,p),we have that Stab SL(2,p)(x)=Stab SL(2,p)(y).Thus SL(2,p)has at least two singleton sub-orbits.As SL(2,p)/D2=PSL(2,p)has one singleton sub-orbit,SL(2,p)has exactly two singleton sub-orbits.We conclude that every non-singleton sub-orbit of SL(2,p)has order a multiple of p.As the non-singleton sub-orbits of SL(2,p)have order a multiple of p,Stab SL(2,p)(x) has either one non-singleton orbit of size2p or two non-singleton orbits of size p.As the order of a non-singleton orbit must divide|Stab SL(2,p)(x)|=p(p−1)/2which is odd as4|(p−1),SL(2,p)must have exactly two non-singleton sub-orbits of size p.Thus1)follows.Suppose that D is another non-trivial complete block system of SL(2,p).Let D∈Dwith v a projective half-point in D.By[3,Exercise1.5.9],D is a union of orbits ofStab SL(2,p)(v),so that|D|is either2,p+1,p+2,2p,or2p+1.Furthermore,as the sizeof a block of a permutation group divides the degree of the permutation group,|D|=2or p+1.If|D|=2,then D is the union of two singleton orbits of Stab SL(2,p)(v),in whichcase D consists of two projective half-points whose union is a projective point.Thus if |D|=2,then D∈D2and D=D2.If|D|=p+1,then D consists of2blocks of size p+1and D is the union of two orbits of Stab SL(2,p)(v),and these orbits have size1and p.We conclude that∪D does not contain the projective point q that contains v.Now,fix SL(2,p)(D)cannot be trivial,as SL(2,p)/D is of degree2while|SL(2,p)|=(p2−1)p.Then|fix SL(2,p)(D)|=(p2−1)p/2as SL(2,p)/D is a transitive subgroup of S2.Furthermore,−I∈fix SL(2,p)(D)as no block of D contains the projective point q that contains v so that−I permutes the two projective half-points whose union is q.Thus fix SL(2,p)(D2)∩fix SL(2,p)(D)=1.As −I =fix SL(2,p)(D2)and bothfix SL(2,p)(D2)and fix SL(2,p)(D)are normal in SL(2,p),we have that SL(2,p)=fix SL(2,p)(D2)×fix SL(2,p)(D). Thus a Sylow2-subgroup of SL(2,p)can be written as a direct product of two nontrivial 2-groups,contradicting[4,Theorem8.3].Theorem2.2Let p≥7be an odd prime such that4|(p−1).Then there exist exactly two digraphsΓi,i=1,2of order2(p+1)such that the following properties hold:1.Γi is an orbital digraph of SL(2,p)in its action on the set of projective half-pointsand is not a graph,2.Aut(Γi)admits a unique nontrivial complete block system D2which consists of p+1blocks of size2,3.fix Aut(Γi)(D2)= −I is cyclic of order2,4.soc(Aut(Γi)/D2)is doubly-transitive but soc(Aut(Γi)/D2)=A p+1.Proof.By Lemma2.1,SL(2,p)in its action on the half-projective points has exactly four orbital digraphs;one consisting of p+1independent edges(the edges of this graph consists of all edges of the form(v,w),where∪{v,w}is a projective point;thus∪{v,w}is a block of D2),one which consists of only self-loops(and so is trivial with automorphism group S2p+2and will henceforth be ignored)and two in which each vertex has in and out degree p.The orbital digraphΓof SL(2,p)consisting of p+1independent edges is then¯Kp+1 K2.The other orbital digraphs of SL(2,p),sayΓ1andΓ2,each have in-degree andout-degree p.If eitherΓ1orΓ2is a graph,then assume without loss of generality thatΓ1is a graph. Then whenever(a,b)∈E(Γ1)then(b,a)∈E(Γ1).AsΓ1is an orbital digraph,there existsα∈SL(2,p)such thatα(a)=b andα(b)=a.Raisingαto an appropriate oddpower,we may assume thatαhas order a power of2,and soα∈Q,where Q is a Sylow2-subgroup of SL(2,p).As a Sylow2-subgroup of SL(2,p)is isomorphic to a generalizedquaternion by[4,Theorem8.3],Q contains a unique subgroup of order2(see[4,pg.29]),which is necessarily −I .Ifαis not of order2,thenα2(a)=a andα2(b)=b so thatαhas at least twofixed points.However,(α2)c=−I for some c∈Z and−I has nofixedpoints,a contradiction.Thusαhas order2and soα=−I.Thus(a,b)∈¯K p+1 K2=Γ1, a contradiction.Hence1)holds.We now establish that2)holds.Suppose that for i=1or2,Aut(Γi)is primitive.Wemay then assume without loss of generality that Aut(Γ1)is primitive,and as Aut(Γ1)= K2(p+1),Aut(Γ1)is simply primitive,and,of course,SL(2,p)(2)≤Aut(Γ1).First observe that by[11,Theorem4.11],SL(2,p)(2)admits D2as a complete block system.Let v be a projective half-point.By Lemma2.1,SL(2,p)has four sub-orbits relative to v,two of size1,say O1={v}and O2={w},and two of size p,say O3and O4.By[11, Theorem5.5(ii)]the sub-orbits of SL(2,p)(2)relative to v are the same as the sub-orbits of SL(2,p)relative to v.Thus the neighbors of v inΓ1consist of all elements in one of the sub-orbits O3or O4.Without loss of generality,assume that this sub-orbit is O3.As Aut(Γ1)is primitive,by[3,Theorem3.2A],every non-trivial orbital digraph of Aut(Γ1)is connected.Then the orbital digraph of Aut(Γ1)that contains vw is connected, and so O2={w}is not a sub-orbit of Aut(Γ1).Of course,Aut(Γ1)=Aut(¯Γ1)so that Aut(¯Γ1)is primitive as well.As if Aut(Γ1)has exactly two sub-orbits,then Aut(Γ1)is doubly-transitive and henceΓ1=K2(p+1)which is not true,Aut(Γ1)has exactly three sub-orbits.Clearly O3is a sub-orbit of Aut(Γ1)so that the only sub-orbits of Aut(Γ1) relative to v are O1,O3,and O2∪O4.Thus the neighbors of v in¯Γ1are all contained in one sub-orbit of Aut(Γ1)relative to v.However,one of these directed edges is an edge (as¯Γ1=Γ2∪(¯K p+1 K2)),and so every neighbor of v in¯Γ1is an edge.Thus every neighbor of v inΓ1is an edge.However,we have already established thatΓ1is a digraph that is not a graph,a contradiction.Whence Aut(Γi),i=1,2,are not primitive,and as SL(2,p)≤Aut(Γi),we have by Lemma2.1that D2is the unique complete block system of Aut(Γi),i=1,2.Thus(2)holds.Iffix Aut(Γi)(D2)is not cyclic,then there exists1=γ∈fix Aut(Γi)(D2)such thatγ(v)=vfor some v∈V(Γi).It is then easy to see that Aut(Γi)has only three sub-orbits,two of size1,and one of size2p,a contradiction.Thus(3)holds.To establish(4),as SL(2,p)/D2=PSL(2,p)which is doubly-transitive in its action on the blocks(projective points)of D2,we have that Aut(Γi)/D2is doubly-transitive.As PSL(2,p)≤Aut(Γi)/D2,by[1,Theorem5.3]soc(Aut(Γi)/D2)is a doubly-transitive non-abelian simple group acting on p+1points.Thus we need only show that soc(Aut(Γi)/D2)= A p+1.Assume that soc(Aut(Γi)/D2)=A p+1.Recall that as p is odd,a Sylow2-subgroup Q of SL(2,p)is a generalized quaternion group.Furthermore,the unique element of Q of order2,namely−I,is contained is every Sylow2-subgroup of SL(2,p)and is semiregular. 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