Test-Linked Specification For Safety-Critical Software
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Mouse EGF ELISA KitCatalog NO.:RK00364version:2.0This package insert must be read in its entirety before using this productIntroductionThe kit is a sandwich enzyme immunoassay for in vitro quantitative measurement of EGF in mouse serum,plasma,cell culture supernatants and other biological fluids.Principle of the AssayThis assay employs the quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique.An antibody specific for mouse EGF has been pre-coated onto a microplate.Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any EGF present is bound by the immobilized antibody.After washing away any unbound substances,a biotin-conjugated detection antibody specific for human EGF is added to the wells. After incubating,an enzyme-linked streptavidin is added and binds to biotin. Following a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent,a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of EGF bound in the initial step.The color development is stopped,and the absorbance is measured.Material Provided&Storage ConditionsStore unopened kit at 2-8°C for 1week.If more than one week,please keep the components of the kit according to the instructions,Do not use after expiration date.It is highly recommended to use the remaining reagents within 1month after opening.Part Size Cat.No.Storage of opened/reconstitutedmaterialAntibody Coated Plate 8×12RM01484Return unused wells to the foilpouchcontaining the desiccant pack and store at ≤-20°C.Resealalong entire edge of zip-seal.Standard Lyophilized 2vials RM01481Aliquot and store at ≤-20°C in amanual defrost freezer.Avoidrepeated freeze-thaw cycles.Concentrated Biotin ConjugateAntibody (100×)1×120ul RM01482May be stored for up to 6months at -20°C.Streptavidin-HRP Concentrated(100×)1×120ul RM01483May be stored for up to 6months at 2-8°C.Standard/Sample Diluent (R1)1×20mL RM00023May be stored for up to 6months at2-8°C.Biotin-Conjugate AntibodyDiluent (R2)1×10mL RM00024Streptavidin-HRP Diluent(R3)1×10mL RM00025Wash Buffer(25x)1×30mL RM00026TMB Substrate1×10mL RM00027Stop Solution1×10mL RM00028Plate Sealers4Strips Specification 1Other Supplies Required1.Microplate reader capable of measuring absorbance at450nm,with thecorrection wavelength set at630nm or570nm.2.Pipettes and pipette tips.3.Deionized or distilled water.4.Squirt bottle,manifold dispenser,or automated microplate washer.5.Incubator6.Test tubes for dilution of standards and samplesPrecautions*FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY.NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES.1.Any variation in diluent,operator,pipetting technique,washing technique,incubation time or temperature,and kit age can cause variation in binding.2.Variations in sample collection,processing,and storage may cause samplevalue differences.3.Reagents may be harmful,if ingested,rinse it with an excess amount of tapwater.4.Stop Solution contains strong acid.Wear eye,hand,and face protection.5.Please perform simple centrifugation to collect the liquid before use.6.Do not mix or substitute reagents with those from other lots or othersources.7.Adequate mixing is particularly important for good e a mini-vortexerat the lowest frequency.8.Mix the sample and all components in the kits adequately,and use cleanplastic container to prepare all diluents.9.Both the sample and standard should be assayed in duplicate,and reagents shouldbe added in sequence in accordance with the requirement of the specification.10.Reuse of dissolved standard is not recommended.11.The kit should not be used beyond the expiration date on the kit label.12.The kit should be away from light when it is stored or incubated.13.To reduce the likelihood of blood-borne transmission of infectious agents,handle all serum,plasma,and other biological fluids in accordance with NCCLS regulations.14.To avoid cross contamination,please use disposable pipette tips.15.Please prepare all the kit components according to the Specification.If thekits will be used several times,please seal the rest strips and preserve with desiccants.Do use up within2months.16.This assay is designed to eliminate interference by other factors present inbiological samples.17.Until all factors have been tested in this assay,the possibility ofinterference cannot be excluded.18.The48T kit is also suitable for the specification.Sample Collection&StorageThe sample collection and storage conditions listed below are intended as general guidelines.Sample stability has not been evaluated.Samples containing the correlated IgG as in this kit may interfere with this assay.Cell Culture Supernatant:Remove particulates by centrifugation.Assay immediately or aliquot and store samples at≤-20°C.Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Serum:Use a serum separator tube(SST)and allow samples to clot for30minutes at room temperature before centrifugation for15minutes at1000x g.Remove serum and assay immediately or aliquot and store samples at≤-20°C.Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.Plasma:Collect plasma using EDTA or Heparin as an anticoagulant.Centrifuge for 15minutes at1000×g within30minutes after collection.Assay immediately or aliquot and store samples at≤-20℃.Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.(Note: Citrate plasma has not been validated for use in this assay.Other biological fluids:Centrifuge samples for20minutes at1,000×g.Collect the supernatants and assay immediately or store samples in aliquot at-20°C or-80°C for later use.Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.Note:It is suggested that all samples in one experiment be collected at the same time of the day.Avoid hemolytic and hyperlipidemia sample for serum and plasma.Reagent PreparationBring all reagents to room temperature before use.If crystals have formed in the concentrate,Bring the reagent to room temperature,and mix gently until the crystals have completely dissolved.Standard-Reconstitute the Standard Lyophilized with 1.0mL Standard/SampleDiluent(R1).This reconstitution produces a stock solution of 1000pg/mL.Mix the standard to ensure complete reconstitution and allow the standard to sit for a minimum of 15minutes with gentle agitation prior to making dilutions.Use the 1000pg/mL standard stock to produce a dilution series (below)with Standard/Sample Diluent(R1).Mix each tube thoroughly and change pipette tips between each transfer (recommended concentration for standard curve:1000,500,250,125,62.5,31.2,15.6,0pg/mL).Use diluted standards within 60minutes ofpreparation.Working Biotin Conjugate Antibody -Dilute 1:100of Concentrated Biotin Conjugate Antibody (100x)with Biotin-Conjugate Antibody Diluent (R2)before use.For example:Add 20μL of Concentrated Biotin Conjugate Antibody (100x)to 1980μLBiotin-Conjugate Antibody Diluent (R2)to prepare 2000μL Working Biotin Conjugate Antibody Buffer.Working Streptavidin-HRP -Dilute 1:100of Concentrated Streptavidin-HRP (100x)with Streptavidin-HRP Diluent (R3)before use.For example:Add 20μL LofStd 250μL 250μL 250μL 250μL 250μL250μL R1250μL 125pg/mL R1Std 1000μL1000pg/mL R1250μL 500pg/mL R1250μL 31.2pg/mL R1250μL 62.5pg/mL R1250μL 15.6pg/mL R1250μL 250pg/mL R1250μL 0pg/mLConcentrated Streptavidin-HRP(100x)to1980μL Streptavidin-HRP Diluent(R3)to prepare2000μL Working Streptavidin-HRP Buffer.Wash Buffer-If crystals have formed in the concentrate,warm to room temperature and mix gently until the crystals have completely dissolved.Dilute1:25with double distilled or deionized water before use.For example:Add16mL of Wash Buffer Concentrate to384mL of deionized or distilled water to prepare400mL of Wash Buffer.Assay ProcedureBring all reagents and samples to room temperature before use.It is recommended that all standards,controls,and samples be assayed in duplicate.1.Prepare all reagents,working standards,and samples as directed in the previoussections.2.Remove excess microplate strips from the plate frame,return them to the foilpouch containing the desiccant pack,and reseal.3.Add wash buffer350μL/well,aspirate each well after holding40seconds,repeating the process two times for a total of three washes.4.Add100μL Standard/sample Diluent(R1)in a blank well.5.Add100μL different concentration of standard or sample in other wells,Coverwith the adhesive sealer provided.Incubate for2hours at37℃.Record the plate layout of standards and sample assay.6.Prepare the Concentrated Biotin Conjugate Antibody(100x)Working Solution15minutes early before use.7.Repeat the aspiration/wash as in step3.8.Add100μL Working Biotin Conjugate Antibody in each well,cover with newadhesive sealer provided.Incubate for1hour at37℃.9.Prepare the Streptavidin-HRP Concentrated(100x)Working Solution15minutesearly before use.10.Repeat the aspiration/wash as in step3.11.Add100μL Working Streptavidin-HRP in each well,cover with new adhesivesealer provided.Incubate for0.5hour at37℃.12.Repeat the aspiration/wash as in step3.13.During the incubation,turn on the microplate reader to warm up.14.Add90μL TMB Substrate to each well.Incubate for15-20minutes at37℃.Protect from light.15.Add50μL Stop Solution,determine the optical density of each well within5minutes,using a Microplate reader set to450nm.If wavelength correction is available,set to570nm or630nm.If wavelength correction is not available, subtract readings at570nm or630nm from the readings at450nm.This subtraction will correct for optical imperfections in the plate.Readings made directly at450nm without correction may cause higher value and less accurate result.Assay Procedure SummaryPrepare the standard and reagentswash3times↓Add100ul of standards or test samples to each wellIncubate for2hours at37℃,then wash3times↓Add100ul Working Biotin Conjugate AntibodyIncubate for1hour at37℃,then wash3times↓Add100ul Working Streptavidin-HRPIncubate for0.5hour at37℃,then wash3times↓Add90ul Substrate SolutionIncubate for15-20min at37℃under dark condition↓Add50ul Stop Solution↓Detect the optical density within5minutes under450nm.Correction Wavelength set at570nm or630nmCalculation of Results1.Average the duplicate readings for each standard,control and sample,andsubtract the average zero standard optical density(O.D.).2.Create a standard curve by reducing the data using computer software capableof generating a four-parameter logistic(4-PL)curve-fit.As an alternative, construct a standard curve by plotting the mean absorbance for each standard on the Y-axis against the concentration on the X-axis and draw a best fit curve through the points on a log/log graph.The data may be linearized by plotting the log of the EGF concentrations versus the log of the O.D.on a linear scale, and the best fit line can be determined by regression analysis.3.If samples have been diluted,the concentration read from the standard curvemust be multiplied by the dilution factor.Typical DataThe standard curves are provided for demonstration only.A standard curve should be generated for each set of EGF assayed.SensitivityThe minimum detectable dose(MDD)of EGF typically less than7.8pg/mL.The MDD was determined by adding two standard deviations to the mean optical density value of twenty zero standard replicates and calculating the corresponding concentration.SpecificityThis assay has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of EGF. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between EGF and analogues was observed.Note:Limited by current skills and knowledge,it is impossible for us to complete the cross-reactivity detection between EGF and all the analogues,therefore,cross reaction may still exist.PrecisionIntra-plate Precision3samples with low,middle and high level EGF were tested20times on one plate, respectively.Intra-Assay:CV<10%Inter-plate Precision3samples with low,middle and high level EGF were tested on3different plates, 20replicates in each plate.Inter-Assay:CV<15%RecoveryMatrices listed below were spiked with certain level of EGF and the recovery rates were calculated by comparing the measured value to the expected amount of EGF in samples.Sample Average Reovery(%)Range(%)Cell Culture Media(n=5)9583-103 Serum(n=5)8680-100LinearityThe linearity of the kit was assayed by testing samples spiked with appropriate concentration of EGF and their serial dilutions.The results were demonstrated by the percentage of calculated concentration to the expected.//Cell Culture Media(n=5)Serum(n=5) Average of Expected(%)10186 1:2Range(%)84-11581-94 Average of Expected(%)10386 1:4Range(%)89-12080-103 Average of Expected(%)11593 1:8Range(%)92-11981-109 Average of Expected(%)10288 1:16Range(%)90-11480-96Trouble Shooting*For research purposes only.Not for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Problem Possible Cause SolutionHigh Background Insufficient washingSufficiently wash plates as required.Ensure appropriate durationand number of washes.Ensure appropriate volume of wash buffer ineach well.Incorrect incubationprocedureCheck whether the duration and temperature of incubation are setup as required.Cross-contamination ofsamples and reagentsBe careful of the operations that could cause cross-contamination.Use fresh reagents and repeat the tests.No signal or weak signal Incorrect use of reagentsCheck the concentration and dilution ratio of reagents.Make sureto use reagents in proper order.Incorrect use of microplatereaderWarm the reader up before use.Make sure to set up appropriate mainwavelength and correction wavelength.Insufficient colour reactiontimeOptimum duration of colour reaction should be limited to15-25minutes.Read too late after stoppingthe colour reactionRead the plate in5minutes after stopping the reaction.Matrix effect of samples Use positive control.Too much signal Contamination of TMBsubstrateCheck if TMB substrate solution turns e new TMB substratesolution.Plate sealers reused Use a fresh new sealer in each step of experiments.Protein concentration insample is too highDo pre-test and dilute samples in optimum dilution ratio.Poor Duplicates Uneven addition of samples Check the pipette.Periodically calibrate the pipette. Impurities and precipitatesin samplesCentrifuge samples before use.Inadequate mixing of reagents Mix all samples and reagents well before loading.。
†Rated Impulse Voltage 4kV, Type of Action 1.AA.B, Control Pollution Degree 3.Torque min. 22 in-lb, for control of air dampers.ApplicationFor On/Off, fail-safe control of dampers in HVAC systems. Actuator sizing should be done in accordance with the damper manufacturer’s specifications. Control is On/Off from an auxiliary contact, or a manual switch. The actuator is mounted directly to a damper shaft from 1/4” up to 1/2” in diameter by means of its universal clamp, 1/2” shaft centered at delivery. A crank arm and several mounting brackets are available for applications where the actuator cannot be direct coupled to the damper shaft.OperationThe TF series actuators provide true spring return operation for reliable fail-safe application and positive close off on air tight dampers. The spring return system provides consistent torque to the damper with, and without, power applied to the actuator. The TF series provides 95° of rotation and is provided with a graduated position indicator showing 0° to 90°. The actuator may be stalled anywhere in its normal rotation without the need of mechanical end switches. Power consumption is reduced in holding mode. The actuator is doubleinsulated so an electrical ground connection is not necessary. The TF-S versions are provided with one built-in auxiliary switch. This SPDT switch is provided for safety interfacing or signaling, for example, for fan start-up. The switching function is adjustable between 0° and 95°.Safety Note: Screw a conduit fitting into the actuator’s bushing. Jacket the actuator’s input and output wiring with suitable flexible conduit. Properly terminate the conduit in a suitable junction box.TFB120-S - Damper ActuatorOn/Off, Spring Return, 100 to 240 VACD a t e c r e a t e d , 11/27/2018 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .Typical SpecificationOn/Off spring return damper actuators shall be direct coupled type which require no crank arm and linkage and be capable of direct mounting to a shaft up to a 1/2” diameter and center a 1/2” shaft. The actuators must be designed so that they may be used for either clockwise or counter clockwise fail-safe operation. Actuators shall be protected from overload at all angles of rotation. If required, one SPDT auxiliary switch shall be provided having the capability of being adjustable. Actuators with auxiliary switch must be constructed to meet the requirements for Double Insulation so an electrical ground is not required to meet agency listings. Actuators shall be cULus listed, have a 5 year warranty, and be manufactured under ISO 9001 International Quality Control Standards. Actuators shall be as manufactured by Belimo.TFB120-S - Damper ActuatorOn/Off, Spring Return, 100 to 240 VACD a t e c r e a t e d , 11/27/2018 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .!WARNING! LIVE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS!During installation, testing, servicing and troubleshooting of this product, it may be necessary to work with live electrical components. Have a qualified licensed electrician or other individual who has been properly trained in handling live electrical components perform these tasks. Failure to follow all electrical safety precautions when exposed to live electrical components could result in death or serious injury.Meets cULus requirements without the need of an electrical groundconnection.Apply only AC line voltage or only UL-Class 2 voltage to the terminals of auxiliary switches. Mixed or combined operation of line voltage/safety extra low voltage is not allowed.AActuators with appliance cables are numbered.Provide overload protection and disconnect as required.Actuators may be connected in parallel if not mechanically linked. Power consumption and input impedance must be observed.44One built-in auxiliary switch (1x SPDT), for end position indication, interlock control, fan startup, etc.TFB120-S - Damper ActuatorOn/Off, Spring Return, 100 to 240 VACD a t e c r e a t e d , 11/27/2018 - S u b j e c t t o c h a n g e . © B e l i m o A i r c o n t r o l s (U S A ), I n c .。
Product Specification SheetCode: NA931WarningFor research use only.Not recommended or intended for diagnosis of disease in humans or animals.Do not use internally or externally in humans or animals. Before using this product, please read the instructions for safe handling, storage and disposalStorageStore at 2–8°C. Do not freeze. Under these conditions, the product is stable for at least 6 months from the date of despatch.ExpirySee outer packaging.Safety warnings and precautionsAll chemicals should be considered as potentially hazardous. We therefore recommend that this product is handled only by those persons who have been trained in laboratory techniques and that it is used in accordance with the principles of good laboratory practice. Wear suitable protective clothing such as laboratory overalls, safety glasses and gloves. Care should be taken to avoid contact with skin or eyes. In the case of contact with skin or eyes wash immediately with water. See material safety data sheet(s) and/or safety statement(s) for specific advice. ComponentsHorseradish Peroxidase conjugated antibody is supplied in Phosphate Buffered Saline (Sodium Phosphate 0.1 M, NaCl 0.1 M) pH 7.5, containing 1% (w/v) Bovine Serum Albumin and an anti-microbial agent.DescriptionPurification to ensure species-specificityThe antibody is prepared by hyper-immunizing sheep with purified immunoglobulin fractions from normal mouse serum to produce high affinity antibodies. The pooled antiserum is used to produce an immunoglobulin preparation which is then affinity adsorbed to remove cross-reacting antibodies towards rat, human and rabbit immunoglobulins. These activities are thoroughly depleted to ensure species-specificity.Finally, to select for specific binding to mouse IgG, the antibodies are purified using an affinity column of mouse IgG. After washingto remove non-specific serum components and low affinity antibodies, the species-specific antibodies are eluted using carefully selected, mild conditions which minimize aggregation and preserve immunological activity, yet which will elute high affinity antibodies.Preparation of labelled antibodyThe enzyme Horseradish Peroxidase is attached to the immunoglobulin molecules using an adaptation of the periodate oxidation technique (1). This method has been found not to affect the effective binding of the antibody to the antigen or the activity of the enzyme.Quality controlFor every batch of enzyme-linked antibody that is produced the antibody titre is determined in an ELISA. The substrate used forthe peroxidase is 2,2’-Azinobis[3-Ethylbenzothiazoline Sulphonate, diammonium salt], ABTS™.Every batch is also QC tested in a Western blotting system. Thisis performed using Amersham Protran™ Premium membrane containing serially-diluted tubulin protein and is immunodetected with: primary monoclonal anti-tubulin antibody and anti-mouse IgG HRP secondary antibody (NA931). Blots are detected using Amersham ECL and Amersham ECL Prime™ detection systems. Applications1. Protein blottinga) Detection with Amersham ECL Western blotting reagents (2) This reagent has been shown to be suitable for use in ECL Western blotting applications.The control system used was the detection of monoclonal anti-tubulin.We have found in our laboratories that dilutions of: 1:2000 for monoclonal anti-tubulin; and 1:5000 for anti-mouse IgG, HRP are suitable for the detection of 3 ng of tubulin on Amersham Protran Premium membrane, exposed to Hyperfilm™ ECL for 5 minutes.To achieve the same sensitivity level on Amersham Hybond™, concentrations would typically be: anti-tubulin - 1:2000; andNA931 - 1:10000.b) Detection with Amersham ECL Prime Western blotting reagents (3, 4)Amersham ECL Prime Western blotting reagent is highly sensitive, giving an increase, for this antibody, of 4-20 fold over ECL detection. This property can be utilized in 2 ways:• Preservation of antibodies that are rare or costly• Increase in detectable sensitivity levelsThe control system used was the same as for Amersham ECL.The suitable antibody dilutions, to detect 3 ng of tubulin on Amersham Protran Premium membrane are: anti-tubulin - 1:5000; and NA931 - 1:50 000.For Amersham Hybond membrane antibody dilutions are typically: anti-tubulin - 1:10 000; and NA931-1:100 000.c) Colorimetric detectionA dilution of 1:300 is recommended.2. ELISAIf this reagent is to be used to detect mouse immunoglobulins, we have found in our laboratories that a dilution of 1:6000 is suitable for the detection of 1 µg of IgG.For greater sensitivity (for example down to 300 pg) the reagent should be diluted rather less (for example 1:500). A suitable diluent is Phosphate-Buffered Saline containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween™ 20.Amersham™ECL™ Anti-Mouse IgG, Horseradish Peroxidase-Linked Species-Specific Whole Antibody (from sheep)imagination at work3. ImmunocytochemistryWhen using the reagent as a second antibody inimmunocytochemistry on sections of formalin-fixed wax-embedded tissue the antibody can typically be diluted 1:100 in Phosphate-Buffered Saline. The user may wish to adjust this to obtain the required sensitivity for the tissue under investigation. If frozensections are used, acceptable staining may be obtained using even higher dilutions of the reagent.Protocol recommendations MembranesNitrocellulose and PVDF membranes are suitable for use with both detection systems. PVDF membrane is highly recommended for use with Amersham ECL Prime detection reagents.For high quality results the following guidelines should be followed: Blocking: Use enough blocking agent to block all non-specific sites. A typical block 5% non-fat dried milk in PBS Tween or TBS Tween (order RPN2125).Washing: The volume of wash buffer (eg PBS-T or TBS-T) must be sufficient to cover the membrane completely.Optimization of primary and secondary antibodies ECL detectionAmersham ECL Western blotting is a very sensitive technique. As such it is essential to optimize the system under study for high signal and low background for both primary and secondary antibodies.Dot blots are a quick and effective method of determining the optimum dilutions required for primary and secondary antibodies. Optimization details are set out in the RPN2106/2108/2109/2209/ 2134 booklets.Amersham ECL Prime detectionDue to the improved sensitivity of Amersham ECL Prime compared to ECL, optimization details as set out in the RPN2132/2133 booklets.Typical anti-mouse secondary antibody dilution ranges:Amersham ECL for nitrocellulose membrane 1:1000 to 1:5000 Amersham ECL Prime for nitrocellulose membrane 1:2000 to 1:10 000For PVDF membrane the use of higher dilutions may be necessary. The exact concentration of the secondary antibody will always be dependent upon the primary antibody used and the sensitivity and exposure times required.Detection: Ensure any excess Amersham ECL or Amersham ECL Prime detection reagents are sufficiently drained prior to exposure.Exposure times:Amersham ECL - exposure times of 1 to 15 minutes are suggested. Amersham ECL Prime - initial exposure times of 1 to 5 minutes are suggested.Signal can still be obtained up to 24 hours after the application of Amersham ECL Prime reagents, and for this exposure times of 1 to 2 hours may be required.Related productsAmersham ECL Western blottingdetection reagentsRPN2106/2108/2109/ 2209/2134Amersham ECL Prime Western blotting detection systemRPN2232 & RPN2236Amersham Protran Premium 10600048 RPN2020D Amersham Hybond membrane 10600058 RPN2020FAmersham Hyperfilm ECL film28906835/28906836/ 28906837/28906838/ 28906839Amersham ECL protein molecular weight markersRPN2107/2124/2125References1) NAKANE, P.K. and KAWAOI, A., Journal of Histochemistry andCytochemistry , 22, pp.1084-1091, 1974.2) WHITEHEAD, T.P. et al., Clin. Chem., 25, pp.1532-1546, 1979.3) AKHAVEN-TAFTI, H. et al., Clin. Chem., 41, pp.1368-1369, 1995.4) AKHAVEN-TAFTI, H. et al., Biolum. And Chemilum. Fundamentals and Applied Aspects, pp.199-202, Chichester, 1994.LegalGE, imagination at work and GE Monogram are trademarks of General Electric Company.Amersham, Hybond, ECL, ECL Prime and Hyperfilm are trademarks of GE Healthcare companies.ABTS is a trademark of Boehringer Mannheim GmBH Tween is a trademark of ICI Americas Inc.Amersham ECL Prime and Amersham ECL Select is manufactured and sold under license from Cyanagen Srl and is subject of US patent application number 2008241868 and 2008176251, and Italian application number TO2010A000580, together with other equivalent granted patents and patent applications in other countries.© 2006 - 2014 General Electric Company – All rights reserved First published 2006All goods and services are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale of the company within GE Healthcare which supplies them. A copy of these terms and conditions is available on request. Contact your local GE Healthcare representative for the most current information.For your local office contact information, visit /contact GE Healthcare UK Limited Amersham PlaceLittle Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, HP7 9NA, UKGE Healthcare offices:GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB Björkgatan 30, 751 84 Uppsala, SwedenGE Healthcare Europe GmbHMunzinger Strasse 5, D-79111 Freiburg, GermanyGE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp.800 Centennial Avenue, P.O. Box 1327, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1327, USAGE Healthcare Japan Corporation Sanken Bldg. 3-25-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan29093068 Rev AA 01-2014。
中国国家标准中英文对照翻译(城镇建设工程标准)中国国家标准——城镇建设工程标准GB〖CJJ1-90〗市政道路工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality test and estimation of municipal road engineering〖CJJ2-2008〗城市桥梁工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance of bridge works in city〖CJJ6-85〗排水管道维护安全技术规程Technical specification for safety maintenance of sewerage pipes〖CJJ7-2007〗城市工程地球物理探测规范Code for engineering geophysical prospecting and testing in city〖CJJ8-99〗城市测量规范Code for urban survey〖CJJ11-93〗城市桥梁设计准则The Criteria of Municipal Bridge Design〖CJJ12-99〗家用燃气燃烧器具安装及验收规程Specification for installation and acceptance of domestic gas burning appliances 〖CJJ13-87〗供水水文地质钻探与凿井操作规程Specification for operation of hydrographic geological drilling and digging for water-supply〖CJJ14-2005〗城市公共厕所设计标准Standard for design of public toilets in city〖CJJ15-87〗城市公共交通站、场、厂设计规范Code for design of urban public transportation station, ground and house〖CJJ17-2004〗生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill〖CJJ18-88〗市政工程施工、养护及污水处理工人技术等级标准Technical level standard for workers of construction maintenance and sewerage treatment of municipal engineering〖CJJ27-2005〗城镇环境卫生设施设置标准Standard for setting of town environmental sanitation facilities〖CJJ28-2004〗城镇供热管网工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of city heating pipelines〖CJJ/T29-98〗建筑排水硬聚氯乙烯管道工程技术规程Technical specification of PVC-U pipe work for building drainage〖CJJ30-2009〗城市粪便处理厂运行维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of night soil treatment plants〖CJJ32-89〗含藻水给水处理设计规范Code for design of water supply treatment for water with algae〖CJJ33-2005〗城镇燃气输配工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of city and town gas distribution works〖CJJ34-2002〗城市热力网设计规范Design code of district heating network〖CJJ36-2006〗城镇道路养护技术规范Technical code of urban road maintenance〖CJJ37-90〗城市道路设计规范Code for design of municipal road〖CJJ39-91〗古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准(北方地区)Standard for quality test and estimation of ancient building repairing engineering (in northern area)〖CJJ40-91〗高浊度水给水设计规范Code for design of water-supply for muddy water〖CJJ43-91〗热拌再生沥青混合料路面施工及验收规程Specification for construction and acceptance of hot-mixed and regenerated asphalt mixture road face〖CJJ45-2006〗城市道路照明设计标准Standard for lighting design of urban road〖CJJ47-2006〗生活垃圾转运站技术规范Technical code for transfer station of municipal solid waste〖CJJ48-92〗公园设计规范Code for design of parks〖CJJ50-92〗城市防洪工程设计规范Code for design of flood control engineering in city〖CJJ51-2006〗城镇燃气设施运行、维护和抢修安全技术规程Safety technical specification for operation, maintenance and rush-repair of city gas facilities〖CJJ/T52-93〗城市生活垃圾好氧静态堆肥处理技术规程Technical specification for static aerobic composting of municipal solid waste〖CJJ/T53-93〗民用房屋修缮工程施工规程Code for repairing construction of civil buildings〖CJJ/T54-93〗污水稳定塘设计规范Code for design of wastewater stabilization ponds〖CJJ55-93〗供热术语标准Standard for terminology of heat-supply〖CJJ56-94〗市政工程勘察规范Code for investigation and surveying of municipal engineering〖CJJ57-94〗城市规划工程地质勘察规范Code for geotechnical investigation and surveying of urban planning engineering〖CJJ58-2009〗城镇供水厂运行、维护及安全技术规程Technical specification for operation, maintenance and safety of city and town waterworks〖CJJ60-94〗城市污水处理厂运行、维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation, maintenance and safety of municipal wastewater treatment plants〖CJJ61-2003〗城市地下管线探测技术规程Technical specification for detecting and surveying of under-ground pipelines and cables in city〖CJJ62-95〗房屋渗漏修缮技术规程Technical specification for repairing water creep of houses〖CJJ63-2008〗聚乙烯燃气管道工程技术规程Technical specification for polyethylene (PE) gas pipeline engineering〖CJJ64-2009〗城市粪便处理厂设计规范Code for design of night soil treatment plant〖CJJ/T65-2004〗市容环境卫生术语标准Standard for terminology of environmental sanitation〖CJJ66-95〗路面稀浆封层施工规程Slurry sealing specification〖CJJ67-95〗风景园林图例图示标准Standard for graphic of landscape architecture〖CJJ68-2007〗城镇排水管渠与泵站维护技术规程Technical specification for maintenance of sewers & channels and pumping station in city〖CJJ69-95〗城市人行天桥与人行地道技术规范Technical specification of urban pedestrian overcrossing and underpass〖CJJ70-96〗古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准(南方地区)Standard for quality test and estimation of ancient building repairing engineering (in southern area)〖CJJ71-2000〗机动车清洗站工程技术规程Technical specification for automotive rinsing station engineering〖CJJ72-97〗无轨电车供电线网工程施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of trolley bus network〖CJJ73-97〗全球定位系统城市测量技术规程Technical specification for urban surveying using global positioning system〖CJJ74-99〗城镇地道桥顶进施工及验收规程Specification for construction and acceptance of underpass bridges in town by jacking method〖CJJ75-97〗城市道路绿化规划与设计规范Code for planting planning and design on urban roads〖CJJ/T76-98〗城市地下水动态观测规程Specification for dynamic observation of ground water in urban area〖CJJ/T78-97〗供热工程制图标准Drawing standard of heat-supply engineering〖CJJ/T81-98〗城镇直埋供热管道工程技术规程Technical specification for directly buried heating pipeline engineering in city〖CJJ/T82-99〗城市绿化工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of plant engineering in city and town〖CJJ83-99〗城市用地竖向规划规范Code for vertical planning on urban field〖CJJ/T85-2002〗城市绿地分类标准Standard for classification of urban green space〖CJJ/T86-2000〗城市生活垃圾堆肥处理厂运行、维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of municipal solid waste composting plant〖CJJ/T87-2000〗乡镇集贸市场规划设计标准Standard for market planning of town and township〖CJJ/T88-2000〗城镇供热系统安全运行技术规程Technical specification for safe operation of heating system in city〖CJJ89-2001〗城市道路照明工程施工及验收规程Specification for construction and inspection of urban road lighting engineering〖CJJ90-2009〗生活垃圾焚烧处理工程技术规范Technical code for projects of municipal solid waste incineration〖CJJ/T91-2002〗园林基本术语标准Standard for basic terminology of landscape architecture〖CJJ92-2002〗城市供水管网漏损控制及评定标准Standard for leakage control and assessment of urban water supply distribution system〖CJJ93-2003〗城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场运行维护技术规程Technical specification for operation and maintenance of municipal domestic refuse sanitary landfill〖CJJ94-2009〗城镇燃气室内工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance of city indoor gas engineering〖CJJ95-2003〗城镇燃气埋地钢质管道腐蚀控制技术规程Technical specification for control of external corrosion on underground gas pipeline of steel in area of cities and towns〖CJJ96-2003〗地铁限界标准Standard of metro gauges〖CJJ/T97-2003〗城市规划制图标准Standard for drawing in urban planning〖CJJ/T98-2003〗建筑给水聚苯乙烯类管道工程技术规程Technical specification of polyethylene (PE), cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT) pipeline engineering for water supply in building〖CJJ99-2003〗城市桥梁养护技术规范Technical code maintenance for city bridge〖CJJ100-2004〗城市基础地理信息系统技术规范Technical specification for urban fundamental geographic information system〖CJJ101-2004〗埋地聚乙烯给水管道工程技术规程Technical specification for buried polyethylene pipeline of water supply engineering〖CJJ/T102-2004〗城市生活垃圾分类及其评价标准Classification and evaluation standard of municipal solid waste〖CJJ103-2004〗城市地理空间框架数据标准Standard for urban geospatial framework data〖CJJ104-2005〗城镇供热直埋蒸汽管道技术规程Technical specification for directly buried steam heating pipeline in city〖CJJ105-2005〗城镇供热管网结构设计规范Code for structural design of heating pipelines in city and town〖CJJ/T106-2005〗城市市政综合监管信息系统技术规范Technical code for urban municipal supervision and management information system〖CJJ/T107-2005〗生活垃圾填埋场无害化评价标准Standard of assessment on municipal solid waste and fill〖CJJ/T108-2006〗城市道路除雪作业技术规程Technical specification of snow removal operation for city road〖CJJ109-2006〗生活垃圾转运站运行维护技术规程Technical specification for operation and maintenance of municipal solid waste transfer station〖CJJ110-2006〗管道直饮水系统技术规程Technical specification of pipe system for fine drinking water〖CJJ/T111-2006〗预应力混凝土桥梁预制节段逐跨拼装施工技术规程Technical specification for construction of span by span method of precast segment in prestressed concrete bridge〖CJJ112-2007〗生活垃圾卫生填埋场封场技术规程Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill closure〖CJJ113-2007〗生活垃圾卫生填埋场防渗系统工程技术规范Technical code for liner system of municipal solid waste landfill〖CJJ/T114-2007〗城市公共交通分类标准Standard for classification of urban public transportation〖CJJ/T115-2007〗房地产市场信息系统技术规范Technical code for real estate market information system〖CJJ/T116-2008〗建设领域应用软件测评通用规范General code for measure and evaluation of application software in the field of construction〖CJJ/T117-2007〗建设电子文件与电子档案管理规范Code for management of electronic construction records and archives〖CJJ/T119-2008〗城市公共交通工程术语标准Terminology standard for urban public transport engineering〖CJJ120-2008〗城镇排水系统电气与自动化工程技术规程Technical specification of electrical & automation engineering for city drainage system〖CJJ124-2008〗镇(乡)村排水工程技术规程Technical specification of wastewater engineering for town and village〖CJJ/T126-2008〗城市道路清扫保洁质量与评价标准Standard for quality and assessment of city road sweeping and cleaning〖CJJ/T125-2008〗环境卫生图形符号标准Standard for figure symbols of environmental sanitation〖CJJ122-2008〗游泳池给水排水工程技术规程Technical specification for water supply and drainage engineering of swimming pool〖CJJ123-2008〗镇(乡)村给水工程技术规程Technical specification of water supply engineering for town and village〖CJJ128-2009〗生活垃圾焚烧厂运行维护与安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of municipal solid waste incineration plant〖CJJ127-2009〗建筑排水金属管道工程技术规程Technical specification of metal pipe work for building drainage。
英国焊接标准英国焊接标准(BS welding standards)ANSI | BS | DIN | EN | GB | ISO | JIS | NF |DIC编号中文名称英文名称BS 1722-10-2006 栅栏.链节和焊接筛网的防盗栅栏用规范Fences - Specification foranti-intruder fences inchain link and welded meshBS 1894-1992焊接结构的电热锅炉的设计和制造规范Specification for design and manufacture of electric boilers of welded constructionBS 2790-1992焊接结构的壳式锅炉的设计和制造规范Specification for design and manufacture of shell boilers of welded construction BS 2S 510-1970 碳钢薄板和带材规范(430/540 MPa)(适用于焊接) Specification for carbon steel sheet and strip(430/540 MPa) (suitable for welding)BS 2S 511-1970 深拉碳钢薄钢板和带材的规范(280/400 MPa)(适用于焊接)Specification for deepdrawing carbon steel sheet and strip (280/400 MPa) (suitable for welding)BS 2S 514-1969碳锰钢薄板和带材规范(淬火和回火条件:77/100MPa)(适用于焊接) Specification forcarbon-manganese steel sheet and strip (for use in thehardened and tempered condition: 770/1000 MPa)(suitable for welding) BS 2S 515-1969碳锰钢薄板和带材规范(退火的)(退火条件:46/59MPa)(适用于焊接) Specification forcarbon-manganese steel sheet and strip (softened) (for usein the softened condition: 460/600 MPa) (suitable forwelding)BS 2S 92-1964 飞机材料规范.碳锰钢(适用于焊接)(40/55吨力/平方英寸;限定等圆断面4英寸)Specification for aircraftmaterial - Carbon-manganesesteel (suitable for welding)(40/55 tonf/sq in: limitingruling section 4 in)BS 2T 66-1980 19/10铬-镍耐腐蚀钢管材规范(铌稳定的:550MPa)(可焊接)Specification for 18/10chromium-nickelcorrosion-resisting steeltube (niobium stabilized:550 MPa) (weldable)BS 2T 68-1980 冷拉18/10铬-镍耐腐蚀钢管材规范(铌稳定的:800MPa)(可焊接)Specification for cold drawn18/10 chromium-nickelcorrosion-resisting steeltube (niobium stabilized:800 MPa) (weldable)BS 3604-2-1991 承压钢管.具有规定高温特性的铁合金钢.第2部分:纵向电弧焊接管规范Steel pipes and tubes forpressure purposes: ferriticalloy steel with specifiedelevated temperatureproperties - Specificationfor longitudinally arcwelded tubesBS 3799-1974 石油工业用钢管配件、螺旋管接头和套管焊接规范Specification for steel pipefittings, screwed andsocket-welding for thepetroleum industryBS 3T 53-1980 铬-钼钢管材规范(700MPa)(管外径不小于12.5mm)(可焊接)Specification forchromium-molybdenum steeltube (700 MPa) (outsidediameter not less than 12.5mm) (weldable)BS 4129-1990 板材钢电阻焊用焊接底剂、焊透密封剂、粘合剂和蜡规范Specification for weldingprimers and weld-throughsealants, adhesives andwaxes for resistance weldingof sheet steelBS4449-2005+A2-2 009 混凝土增强钢.可焊接增强钢.棒材、卷材和拆卷产品.规范Steel for the reinforcementof concrete - Weldablereinforcing steel - Bar, coiland decoiled product - SpecificationBS 4515-1-2009 陆地和近海钢管焊接规范.碳和碳锰钢管Specification for weldingofsteel pipelines on landandoffshorePart 1: Carbonand carbon manganesesteelpipelinesBS 4515-2-1999 陆地和近海铺设的钢管焊接规范.双联法不锈钢管道Specification for welding ofsteel pipelines on land andoffshore - Duplex stainlesssteel pipelinesBS 4871-3-1985 按认可焊接工艺操作的焊工鉴定考试规范.第3部分:金属管与管板接头间电弧焊Specification for approvaltesting of welders working toapproved welding procedures- Arc welding of tube totube-plate joints inmetallic materialsBS 4872-1-1982 不要求批准焊接程序的焊工考试规范.第1部分:钢熔焊Specification for approvaltesting of welders whenwelding procedure approvalis not required - Fusionwelding of steelBS 4872-2-1976 不要求批准焊接工艺时焊工的鉴定考试规范.第2部分:铝及铝合金钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊或熔化极惰性气体保护Specification for approvaltesting of welders whenwelding procedure approvalis not required - TIG or MIGwelding of aluminium and itsalloysBS 499-1 Supplement-199 2 焊接术语与符号.补充.电焊设备的定义Welding terms and symbols -Supplement - Definitions forelectric welding equipmentBS 499-1-2009 焊接术语和符号.焊接、钎焊和热切割用术语表Welding terms andsymbolsPart 1: Glossary forwelding, brazing andthermalcuttingBS 499-2C-1999 焊接术语与符号.图表形式的的欧洲电弧焊符号Welding terms and symbols -European arc welding symbolsin chart formBS 4T 45-1972 碳-锰钢管材规格(700N/mm<上标2>)(管外径大于或等于12.5mm)(可焊接)Specification forcarbon-manganese steel tube(700 N/mm2) (tube 12.5 mmoutside diameter andgreater) (weldable)BS 5950-2-2001 建筑物中结构用的钢制件.材料、制造和装配规范.轧制及焊接型材Structural use of steelworkin building - Specificationfor materials, fabricationand erection - Rolled andwelded sectionsBS 5S 21-1964 飞机材料规范.20号碳钢(适用于焊接)(25/35吨力/平方英寸:最大直径或最小断面尺寸6英寸)Specification for aircraftmaterial - '20' carbon steel(suitable for welding)(25/35 tonf/sq in: maximumsize 6 inches diameter orminor sectional dimension)BS 638-4-1996 电弧焊电源、设备和附件.第4部分:焊接电缆规范Arc welding power sources,equipment and accessories -Specification for weldingcablesBS 6942-2-1989 氧燃料气体焊接和相关工艺用成套小型工具的设计和建造.第2部分:使用可充氧气和燃气容器的成套工具规范Design and construction ofsmall kits for oxy-fuel gaswelding and allied processes- Specification for kitsusing refillable gascontainers for oxygen andfuel gasBS 6990-1989 含有工艺流体或其残留物的钢管焊接实用规程Code of practice for weldingon steel pipes containingprocess fluids or theirresidualsBS 7122-1989 液化气体道路运输用的焊接钢槽车规范Specification for weldedsteel tanks for the roadtransport of liquefiablegasesBS 7363-1990 焊接用受控热强度试验和叠珠焊缝板试验方法Method for bead-on-plate(BOP) test for weldsBS 7372-3-1993 工业金属丝筛网和金属丝Guide to the choice of编织布孔径和丝径组合选择指南.第3部分:预压接或压力焊接金属丝筛网的优选组合aperture size and wire diameter combinations for industrial wire screens and woven wire cloth - Preferred combinations for pre-crimped or pressure-welded wire screensBS 7448-2-1997 断裂机械韧性试验.第2部分:金属材料焊接的KDOWNIDOWNc值、临界CTOD值和临界J值的测定方法Fracture mechanics toughnesstests - Method fordetermination of KIc,critical CTOD and critical Jvalues of welds in metallicmaterialsBS7655-2.4-2000 电缆用绝缘和铠装材料规范.横向耦合弹性铠装化合物.焊接电缆包敷物Specification for insulatingand sheathing materials forcables - Cross-linkedelastomeric sheathingcompounds - Welding cablecoveringBS 7670-2-1997 电阻凸焊的钢螺母和螺栓.焊接螺母和螺栓的焊接规范Steel nuts and bolts forresistance projectionwelding - Specification forwelding of weld nuts and weldboltsBS 8451-2004 气焊切割和相关工艺用橡胶软管.高度耐扭结重型焊接软管(H型).规范Rubber hoses for gas welding,cutting and allied processes- High kink-resistant heavyduty welding hose (type H) -SpecificationBS 855-1990 集中供热和间接热水供应用焊接钢锅炉(额定输出44KW至3MW)规范Specification for weldedsteel boilers for centralheating and indirect hotwater supply (rated output 44kW to 3 MW)BS 91-1998 电缆焊接插座.规范Electric cable soldering sockets - SpecificationBS 9210N0009-1-1978 射频连接器(SMC系列)详细规范.不密封、焊接、静态接触、50Ω、螺纹连接.Detail specification forradio frequency connectors(series SMC) - Unsealed,全面评定级soldered, captive contact,50 $2I, screw coupling - Fullassessment levelBS 9210N0009-2-1978 射频连接器(SMA系列)详细规范.不密封、焊接、静态接触、50Ω、螺纹连接.控制图.配合面详图和测量数据Detail specification forradio frequency connectors(series SMC) - Unsealed,soldered, captive contact,50 ohms, screw coupling -Control drawings - Matingface details and gaugeinformationBS 9210N001-1-1975 射频连接器(BNC型)的详细规范.50Ω的密封、焊接、静态接触.全面评定级Detail specification forradio frequency connectors(type BNC) - Sealed,soldered, captive contact,50 ohms - Full assessmentlevelBS 9210N007-1-1976 射频连接器(SMB型)的详细规范.不密封、焊接、静态接触、50Ω、插入式连接.全面评定级Detail specification forradio frequency connectors(type SMB) - Unsealed,soldered, captive contact,50 $2I, snap-on couplings -Full assessment levelBS 9210N007-2-1976 射频连接器(SMB型)的详细规范.不密封、焊接、静态接触、50Ω、连接扣.控制图.配合面详图和测量数据Detail specification forradio frequency connectors(type SMB) - Unsealed,soldered, captive contact,50 ohms, snap-on couplings -Control drawings - Matingface details and gaugeinformationBS 9612N016-1979 振荡器用电阻焊接密封石英晶体元件用详细规范.DN、DZ、DQ和DP外壳、0.8~20MHz和3.0~30MHz频率范围.宽温范Detail specification forresistance welded sealquartz crystal units foroscillator applications -DN, DZ, DQ and DP enclosures,0. 8 to 20 MHz and 3.0 to 30MHz frequency ranges -Fundamental thickness-shearmode, AT-cut, for operationover wide temperature ranges (non-temperature controlled) - Full assessment levelBS 9612N017-1979 振荡器用电阻焊接密封石英晶体元件用详细规范.DN、DZ、DQ和DP外壳、0.8~20MHz和3.0~30MHz频率范围.窄温范Detail specification forresistance welded sealquartz crystal units foroscillator applications -DN, DZ, DQ and DP enclosures,0. 8 to 20 MHz and 3.0 to 30MHz frequency ranges -Fundamental thickness-shearmode, AT-cut, for operationover narrow temperatureranges (temperaturecontrolled) - Fullassessment levelBS DD CEN ISO/TS 15011-5-2006 焊接和相关工艺的卫生和安全.烟尘和气体取样的试验室方法.通过完全或部分有机材料组成的产品焊接或切割时所Health and safety in weldingand allied processes -Laboratory method forsampling fume and gases -Identification ofthermal-degradationproducts generated whenwelding or cutting throughproducts composed wholly orpartly of organic materialsBS DD CEN ISO/TS 17845-2004 焊接和相关程序.缺陷的名称与符号系统Welding and allied processes- Designation system forimperfectionsBS DD CEN/TS 14751-2004 焊接.焊接检验用飞行时间衍射技术(TOFD)的使用Welding - Use oftime-of-flight diffractiontechnique (TOFD) forexamination of weldsBS DD ENV 10080-1996 混凝土加强筋用钢.可焊肋状钢筋 B500.棒材、卷材和焊接钢筋网的交付技术状态Steel for the reinforcementof concrete - Weldable ribbedreinforcing steel B500 -Technical deliveryconditions for bars, coilsand welded fabricBS EN10025-3-2004 结构钢热轧制品.正火/正火热机轧制的可焊接细粒结构钢的交货技术条件Hot rolled products ofstructural steels -Technical deliveryconditions fornormalized/normalizedrolled weldable fine grainstructural steelsBS EN10025-4-2004 结构钢热轧制品.热机轧制的可焊接细粒结构钢的交货技术条件Hot rolled products ofstructural steels -Technical deliveryconditions forthermomechanical rolledweldable fine grainstructural steelsBS EN10028-6-2009 压力容器用钢制扁平产品.可焊接淬火和回火细粒钢Flat products made of steelsfor pressure purposes - Part6:Weldable fine grainsteels, quenched andtemperedBS EN 10080-2005 混凝土增强用钢.可焊接增强钢.总则Steel for the reinforcementof concrete - Weldablereinforcing steel - GeneralBS EN1011-1-2009 焊接.金属材料焊接用推荐规程.弧焊用一般指南Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - General guidancefor arc weldingBS EN1011-2-2001 焊接.金属材料焊接的推荐规范.铁素体钢的电弧焊接Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Arc welding offerritic steelsBS EN1011-3-2000 焊接.金属材料焊接的推荐规范.不锈钢的电弧焊接Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Arc welding ofstainless steelsBS EN1011-4-2000 焊接.金属材料焊接的推荐规范.铝及铝合金的电弧焊接Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Arc welding ofaluminium and aluminiumalloysBS EN1011-5-2003 焊接.金属材料焊接的推荐规程.覆层钢的焊接Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Welding of cladsteelBS EN1011-6-2005 焊接.金属材料焊接的建议.第6部分:激光束焊接Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Part 6: Laserbeam weldingBS EN1011-7-2004 焊接.金属材料焊接的推荐规范.电子束焊Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Electron beamweldingBS EN1011-8-2004 焊接.金属材料焊接的推荐规范.铸铁的焊接Welding - Recommendationsfor welding of metallicmaterials - Welding of castironsBS EN 10120-2008 焊接的储气瓶用钢薄板材和带材Steel sheet and strip forwelded gas cylindersBS EN10217-1-2002 承压用焊接钢管.交付技术状态.规定室温特性的非合金钢管Welded steel tubes forpressure purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Non-alloy steeltubes with specified roomtemperature propertiesBS EN10217-2-2002 承压用的焊接钢管.交付技术状态.规定了高温特性的非合金和合金电焊钢管Welded steel tubes forpressure purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Electric weldednon-alloy and alloy steeltubes with specifiedelevated temperaturepropertiesBS EN10217-3-2002 承压用的焊接钢管.交付技术状态.合金细晶粒钢管Welded steel tubes forpressure purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Alloy fine grainsteel tubesBS EN 承压用的焊接钢管.交付技Welded steel tubes for10217-4-2002 术状态.规定了低温特性的非合金和合金电焊钢管pressure purposes - Technical delivery conditions - Electric welded non-alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature propertiesBS EN10217-5-2002 承压用的焊接钢管.交付技术状态.规定了高温特性的非合金和合金埋弧焊接钢管Welded steel tubes forpressure purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Submerged arcwelded non-alloy and alloysteel tubes with specifiedelevated temperaturepropertiesBS EN10217-6-2002 承压用的焊接钢管.交付技术条件.规定了低温特性的非合金埋弧焊接钢管Welded steel tubes forpressure purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Submerged arcwelded non-alloy steel tubeswith specified lowtemperature propertiesBS EN10217-7-2005 压力用途焊接钢管.交货技术条件.不锈钢管Welded steel tubes forpressure purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Stainless steeltubesBS EN10219-1-2006 非合金和细晶结构钢的冷成形焊接结构空心型材.交货技术要求Cold formed weldedstructural hollow sectionsof non-alloy and fine grainsteels - Technical deliveryrequirementsBS EN10219-2-2006 非合金和细晶结构钢的冷成形焊接结构空心型材.公差、尺寸和局部特性Cold formed weldedstructural hollow sectionsof non-alloy and fine grainsteels - Tolerances,dimensions and sectionalpropertiesBS EN 10220-2002 无缝和焊接钢管.尺寸和每单位长度的质量Seamless and welded steeltubes - Dimensions and massesper unit lengthBS EN10222-4-1999 压力容器用钢锻件.具有高验收强度的可焊接细晶粒钢Steel forgings for pressurepurposes - Weldablefine-grain steels with highproof strengthBS EN10223-4-1998 栅栏用钢丝和钢丝制品.钢丝焊接网式栅栏Steel wire and wire productsfor fences - Steel wirewelded mesh fencingBS EN10223-7-2002 栏栅用钢丝和金属丝制品.栏栅用钢丝焊接网板Steel wire and wire productsfor fences - Steel wirewelded panels - For fencingBS EN 10225-2009 固定近海结构的可焊接结构钢.技术提交条件Weldable structural steelsfor fixed offshorestructures - Technicaldelivery conditionsBS EN10246-1-1996 钢管的无损检验.证明液压系统密封性用无缝和焊接铁磁钢管(埋弧焊除外)的自动电磁检验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automaticelectromagnetic testing ofseamless and welded (exceptsubmerged arc welded)ferromagnetic steel tubesfor verification ofhydraulic leak-tightnessBS EN10246-11-2000 钢管的无损检验.对无缝和焊接钢管进行液体渗透试验以检测其表面缺陷Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Liquidpenetrant testing ofseamless and welded steeltubes for the detection ofsurface imperfectionsBS EN10246-12-2000 钢管的无损检验.对无缝和焊接铁磁钢管进行磁粉检验以检测其表面缺陷Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Magneticparticle inspection ofseamless and weldedferromagnetic steel tubesfor the detection of surfaceimperfectionsBS EN10246-13-2000 钢管的无损检验.无缝和焊接钢管(埋弧焊除外)的全Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automatic full外围自动超声波厚度检测peripheral ultrasonicthickness testing forseamless and welded (exceptsubmerged arc welded) steeltubesBS EN10246-14-2000 钢管的无损检验.层状缺陷探测用无缝和焊接(埋弧焊接除外)钢管的自动超声波检验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automaticultrasonic testing ofseamless and welded (exceptsubmerged arc-welded) steeltubes for the detection oflaminar imperfectionsBS EN10246-15-2000 钢管的无损检验.无缝和焊接钢管(埋弧焊除外)的全外围自动超声波厚度检测Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automaticultrasonic testing ofstrip/plate used in themanufacture of welded steeltubes for the detection oflaminar imperfectionsBS EN10246-16-2000 钢管的无损检验.对焊接钢管焊缝临近区域进行自动超声波检验以检测其层状缺陷Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automaticultrasonic testing of thearea adjacent to the weldseam of welded steel tubesfor the detection of laminarimperfectionsBS EN10246-17-2000 钢管的无损检验.对无缝和焊接钢管管端部进行超声波检验以检测其层状缺陷Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Ultrasonictesting of tube ends ofseamless and welded steeltubes for the detection oflaminar imperfectionsBS EN10246-18-2000 钢管的无损检验.对无缝和焊接铁磁钢管管端部进行磁粉检验以检测其层状缺陷Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Magneticparticle inspection of tubeends of seamless and weldedferromagnetic steel tubesfor the detection of laminarimperfectionsBS EN10246-2-2000 钢管的无损检验.验证水密封性能用的无缝和焊接的(埋弧焊除外)奥氏体铁素体钢管的自动涡流试验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automatic eddycurrent testing of seamlessand welded (except submergedarc welded) austenitic andaustenitic-ferritic steeltubes for verification ofhydraulic leak-tightnessBS EN10246-3-2000 钢管的无损检验.缺陷探测用无缝和焊接(埋弧焊除外)钢管的自动涡流检验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automatic eddycurrent testing of seamlessand welded (except submergedarc-welded) steel tubes forthe detection ofimperfectionsBS EN10246-5-2000 钢管的无损检验.纵向缺陷探测用无缝和焊接(埋弧焊除外)的铁磁性钢管的自动全周界磁力换能器/磁力线渗漏检验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automatic fullperipheral magnetictransducer/flux leakagetesting of seamless andwelded (except submergedarc-welded) ferromagneticsteel tubes for the detectionof longitudinalimperfectionsBS EN10246-7-2005 钢管的无损检验.纵向缺陷探测用无缝焊接钢管(埋弧焊除外)的自动全周界超声波检验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Part 7:Automatic full peripheralultrasonic testing ofseamless and welded (exceptsubmerged arc welded) tubesfor the detection oflongitudinal imperfectionsBS EN10246-9-2000 钢管的无损检验.检测纵向或横向缺陷用的焊接和埋弧焊钢管的自动超声波试验Non-destructive testing ofsteel tubes - Automaticultrasonic testing of theweld seam of submerged arcwelded steel tubes for thedetection of longitudinaland/or transverseimperfectionsBS EN 10255-2004 焊接或加螺纹的非合金钢管.交货技术条件Non-alloy steel tubessuitable for welding andthreading - Technicaldelivery conditionsBS EN10296-1-2003 机械和一般工程用焊接圆钢管.技术交货条件.非合金和合金钢管Welded circular steel tubesfor mechanical and generalengineering purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Non-alloy andalloy steel tubesBS EN10296-2-2005 机械和一般工程用焊接圆钢管.技术交货条件.不锈钢Welded circular steel tubesfor mechanical and generalengineering purposes -Technical deliveryconditions - Stainless steelBS EN10305-2-2010 精密仪器用钢管.交货技术条件.焊接冷拔钢管Steel tubes for precisionapplications - Technicaldelivery conditions - Weldedcold drawn tubesBS EN10305-3-2010 精密仪器用钢管.交货技术条件.焊接冷精加工钢管Steel tubes for precisionapplications - Technicaldelivery conditions - Weldedcold sized tubesBS EN10305-5-2010 精密设备用钢管.交货技术条件.焊接和冷精加工的方形及矩形钢管Steel tubes for precisionapplications - Technicaldelivery conditions - Weldedand cold sized square andrectangular tubesBS EN10305-6-2005 精密仪器用钢管.交货技术条件.第6部分:液压和气动动力系统用焊接冷拉管材Steel tubesforprecisionapplications—Technicaldeliveryconditions —Part 6:Welded cold drawn tubesforhydraulic and pneumaticpowersystemsBS EN 10312-2003 包括人生活用水在内的水成液输送用焊接不锈钢管.交货技术条件Welded stainless steel tubesfor the conveyance of aqueousliquids inclu ding water forhuman consumption -Technical delivery conditionsBS EN1043-1-1996 金属材料焊接的破坏试验.硬度试验.第1部分:电弧焊接的硬度试验Destructive tests on welds inmetallic materials -Hardness testing - Hardnesstest on arc welded jointsBS EN1043-2-1997 金属材料焊接点的破坏试验.第2部分:焊接连接件的显微硬度试验Destructive tests on welds inmetallic materials -Hardness testing - Microhardness testing on weldedjointsBS EN1123-1-1999 污水系统用插接管的纵向焊接热浸镀锌钢管及配件.要求、试验和质量控制Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedhot-dip galvanized steelpipes with spigot and socketfor waste water systems -Requirements, testing,quality controlBS EN1123-2-2006+A1 -2007 废水系统用带套管和座孔的径向焊接热浸镀锌钢管的管道和配件.第2部分:尺寸Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedhot-dip galvanized steeltube with spigot and socketfor waste water systems -Part 2: DimensionsBS EN1123-3-2004 污水系统用带插接套的纵向焊接热浸镀锌钢管及配件.真空排水系统以及造船用排水系统的尺寸和特殊要求Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedhot-dip galvanized steelpipes with spigot and socketfor waste water systems -Dimensions and specialrequirements for vacuumdrainage systems and fordrainage systems inship-buildingBS EN1124-1-1999 污水系统用带套管和孔座的纵向焊接不锈钢管和配件.要求、测试和质量控制Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedstainless steel pipes withspigot and socket for wastewater systems -Requirements, testing, quality controlBS EN1124-2-2007 废水系统用带套筒的纵向焊接不锈钢管道和配件.第2部分:S系统.尺寸Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedstainless steel pipes withspigot and socket for wastewater systems - System S;dimensionsBS EN1124-3-2008 污水系统用带套管和孔座的纵向焊接不锈钢管和配件.X.设备尺寸Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedstainless steel pipes withspigot and socket for wastewater systems - Part 3:SystemX. DimensionsBS EN1124-4-2005 污水系统用带套管和孔座的纵向焊接不锈钢管和配件.第4部分:真空排水系统和船用排水系统的部件Pipes and fittings oflongitudinally weldedstainless steel pipes withspigot and socket for wastewater systems — Part 4:Components for vacuumdrainage systems and fordrainage systems on shipsBS EN 12074-2000 焊接用料.焊接和相关工艺用消耗品的生产、供应和配送质量要求Welding consumables -Quality requirements formanufacture, supply anddistribution of consumablesfor welding and alliedprocessesBS EN 12493-2008 液化石油气(LPG)设备和附件.LPG用焊接钢罐.油槽汽车的设计和制造(LPG) —Road tankersdesignand manufactureBS EN12517-1-2006 焊缝的无损检验.用放射线照相术评定钢、镍、钛及其合金的焊接接缝.验收等级Non-destructive testing ofwelds - Evaluation of weldedjoints in steel, nickel,titanium and their alloys byradiography - AcceptancelevelsBS EN12517-2-2008 焊缝的无损检验.通过射线照相术评估铝及铝合金的Non-destructive testing ofwelds - Part 2: Evaluation of焊接接头.验收等级welded joints in aluminium and its alloys by radiography - Acceptance levelsBS EN12542-2002安装在地面上的储存容量不超过13M<上标3>的成系列生产的液化石油气储存用固定焊接圆柱形气罐.设计与制造Static welded cylindrical tanks, serially produced forthe storage of liquefiedpetroleum gas (LPG) having avolume not greater than 13 m3and for installation aboveground - Design and manufactureBS EN 1256-2006 气焊设备.焊接、切割和相关工艺用软管组件规范Gas welding equipment - Specification for hoseassemblies for equipment forwelding, cutting and allied processes BS EN12573-1-2000焊接非静压热塑罐.一般原理 Welded staticnon-pressurized thermoplastic tanks -General principles BS EN12573-2-2000焊接非静压热塑罐.立式圆柱形罐的计算Welded static non-pressurizedthermoplastic tanks -Calculation of vertical cylindrical tanks BS EN12573-3-2000焊接非静压热塑罐.单层矩形罐的设计和计算Welded static non-pressurizedthermoplastic tanks - Designand calculation for single skin rectangular tanks BS EN12573-4-2000焊接非静压热塑罐.法兰接头的设计和计算Welded static non-pressurizedthermoplastic tanks - Designand calculation of flanged joints BS EN12627-1999 工业阀门.钢阀门的对接焊接端 Industrial valves - Butt welding ends for steel valves BS EN供气系统.焊接钢管.功能Gas supply systems - Welding12732-2000 要求steel pipework - FunctionalrequirementsBS EN 12760-1999 阀门.钢阀门的套节焊接端Valves - Socket welding endsfor steel valvesBS EN 12797-2000 铜焊.铜焊接头破坏试验Brazing - Destructive testsof brazed jointsBS EN 12799-2000 铜焊.铜焊接头无损检验Brazing - Non-destructiveexamination of brazed jointsBS EN12814-1-2000 热塑性半成品焊接接头试验.弯曲试验Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products -Bend testBS EN12814-2-2000 热塑半成品焊接接头试验.拉伸试验Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products -Tensile testBS EN12814-3-2000 热塑半成品焊接接头试验.拉伸蠕变试验Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products -Tensile creep testBS EN12814-4-2001 热塑半成品焊接接头试验.剥离试验Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products -Peel testBS EN12814-5-2000 热塑半成品焊接接头试验.宏观检查Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products -Macroscopic examinationBS EN12814-6-2000 热塑半成品焊接接头试验.低温拉伸试验Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products - Lowtemperature tensile testBS EN12814-7-2002 热塑性半成品的焊接接头的试验.腰形试验样品的拉伸试验Testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products -Tensile test with waistedtest specimensBS EN12814-8-2001热塑半成品焊接接头试验.要求Testing of welded joints ofthermoplastic semi-finishedproducts -. Requirements BS EN12862-2000可运输气瓶.可反复灌装可运输焊接铝合金气瓶的设计和制造规范Transportable gas cylinders - Specification for thedesign and construction ofrefillable transportablewelded aluminium alloy gas cylinders BS EN13067-2003塑料焊接人员.焊工的资格检验.热塑塑料焊接组件 Plastics welding personnel -Qualification testing of welders - Thermoplasticswelded assembliesBS EN13100-1-2000 热塑性半成品焊接接头无损检验.目视检查Non destructive testing of welded joints of thermoplasticssemi-finished products - Visual examinationBS EN13100-2-2004热塑性半成品焊接接头的无损检验.X 射线照相检验Non destrictive testing of welded joints ofthermoplasticssemi-finished products - X-ray radiographic testingBS EN13100-3-2004 热塑性半成品焊接接头的无损检验.超声检验Non-destructive testing of welded joints in thermoplasticssemi-finished products - Ultrasonic testingBS EN13110-2002液化石油气用可运输、可再充气的焊接铝瓶.设计和制造 Transportable refillablewelded aluminium cylinders for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) - Design andconstructionBS EN 1320-1997金属材料焊接点的破坏试验.断裂试验Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials - Fracture testsBS EN 1321-1997金属材料焊接点的破坏试验.焊接点的宏观和微观检Destructive test on welds inmetallic materials -验Macroscopic and microscopic examination of weldsBS EN 1326-1996 气焊设备.气体硬钎焊和焊接用小型设备箱Gas welding equipment - Smallkits for gas brazing andwelding BS EN 1327-1996 气焊设备.焊接和类似工艺用热固性软管Gas welding equipment -Thermoplastic hoses forwelding and allied processes BS EN13322-1-2003+A 1-2006可运输的气瓶.可再充填的焊接钢瓶.设计和制造.碳钢Transportable gas cylinders- Refillable welded steel gascylinders - Design andconstruction - Carbon steel BS EN13322-2-2003可运输的气瓶.可再充填的焊接钢瓶.设计和制造.不锈钢 Transportable gascylinders— Refillablewelded steel gascylinders — Design andconstruction —Part 2:Stainless steel BS EN13347-2002铜和铜合金.焊接和钎焊用杆材和线材Copper and copper alloys -Rod and wire for welding andbraze welding BS EN13479-2004焊接消耗品.金属材料熔焊用填充金属和焊剂的一般产品标准 Welding consumables -General product standard for filler metals and fluxes for fusion welding of metallicmaterials BS EN13622-2002气体焊接设备.术语.气体焊接使用的术语Gas welding equipment -Terminology - Terms used for gas welding equipmentBS EN13705-2004热塑焊接.热气焊机械和设备(包括挤焊) Welding of thermoplastics -Machines and equipment for hot gas welding (includingextrusion welding) BS EN14015-2005在室温和高于室温下液体储存用现场建造的立式、圆柱形、平底、地上用焊接钢罐的设计和制造规范Specification for the designand manufacture of sitebuilt, vertical,cylindrical, flat-bottomed,above ground, welded, steel。
Vocal SetFEATURES• Engineered for professional live sound:Rugged all-in-one wireless system for singers andpresenters.• State-of-the-art live sound featuring Sennheiser‘s renowned e 835, e 845, e 865, e 935, e 945 capsules on a lightweight aluminium transmitter with integrated mute switch• True diversity half-rack receiver in a full-metal housing with intuitive LCD display for full control• Easy and flexible wireless synchronization between transmitter and receiver via infrared• Fast frequency allocation for up to 12 receivers via new linking functionality• Up to 20 compatible channels• Up to 42 MHz bandwidth with 1680 selectable frequen-cies, fully tunable in a stable UHF range• Transmission Range: up to 100 meters / 300 feet• High RF output power (up to 30 mW) depending on country regulations DELIVERY INCLUDES• EM 100 G4 true diversity receiver• SKM 100 G4-S handheld transmitter• MMD 935-1 microphone head (935-S variants only)• MMD 945-1 microphone head (945-S variants only)• GA 3 rackmount set• MZQ 1 microphone clamp• power supply• 2 AA batteries• 2 rod antennas• RJ 10 cable• quick guide• safety guide• manufacturer declaration sheet• frequency supplement sheetVersatile wireless systems for those who sing, speak or play instruments with up to 42 MHz tuning bandwidth in a stable UHF range and fast, simultaneous setup of up to 12 linked systems.State-of-the-art live sound featuring Sennheiser‘s renowned e 935 and e 945 capsules on a lightweight aluminum trans-mitter with integrated mute switch.Vocal Set SPECIFICATIONSEM 100 G4RF characteristicsModulation Wideband FM Frequency ranges A1: 470 - 516 MHzA: 516 - 558 MHzAS: 520 - 558 MHzG: 566 - 608 MHzGB: 606 - 648 MHzB: 626 - 668 MHzC: 734 - 776 MHzD: 780 - 822 MHzE: 823 - 865 MHzJB: 806 - 810 MHzK+: 925 - 937.5 MHz1G8: 1785 - 1800 MHz Receiving frequencies Max. 1680 receivingfrequencies, adjustable in25 k Hz steps20 frequency banks, eachwith up to 12 factory-presetchannels, no intermodula-tion1 frequency bank with up to12 programmable channels Switching bandwidth up to 42 MHzNominal/peak deviation±24 kHz / ±48 kHz Receiver principle True diversitySensitivity (with HDX, peak deviation)< 2.5 μV for 52 dBAeff S/NAdjacent channel selection Typically ≥ 65 dB Intermodulation attenua-tionTypically ≥ 65 dB Blocking≥ 70 dB Squelch low: 5 dBμVmiddle: 15 dBμVhigh: 25 dBμVPilot tone squelch Can be switched off Antenna inputs 2 BNC socketsAF characteristicsCompander system Sennheiser HDXEQ presets (switchable,act on line and monitoroutputs)Preset 1: FlatPreset 2:Low Cut (-3 dB at 180 Hz)Preset 3:Low Cut/High Boost(-3 dB at 180 Hz,+6 dB at 10 kHz)Preset 4:High Boost(+6 dB at 10 kHz)Signal-to-noise ratio (1 mV,peak deviation)≥ 110 dBATotal harmonic distortion(THD)≤ 0.9 %AF output voltage (at peakdeviation, 1 kHz AF)6.3 mm jack socket(unbalanced): +12 dBuXLR socket(balanced): +18 dBu Setting range “AF Out”48 dB (3 dB steps) Overall deviceTemperature range-10 °C to +55 °CPower supply12 V DCCurrent consumption300 mADimensions Approx. 190 x 212 x 43 mm Weight Approx. 980 gCONNECTIONSVocal Set SPECIFICATIONSSKM 100 G4-SRF characteristicsModulation Wideband FM Frequency ranges A1: 470 - 516 MHzA: 516 - 558 MHzA10: 516 - 558 MHzAS: 520 - 558 MHzG: 566 - 608 MHzGB: 606 - 648 MHzB: 626 - 668 MHzB10: 626 - 668 MHzC: 734 - 776 MHzD: 780 - 822 MHzJB: 806 - 810 MHzE: 823 - 865 MHzK+: 925 - 937,5 MHz1G8: 1785 - 1800 MHz Transmission frequencies Max. 1680 receivingfrequencies, adjustable in25 k Hz steps20 frequency banks, eachwith up to 12 factory-presetchannels, no intermodula-tion1 frequency bank with up to12 programmable channels Switching bandwidth up to 42 MHzNominal/peak deviation±24 kHz / ±48 kHz Frequency stability≤ ±15 ppmRF output power at 50 ΩMax. 30 mWPilot tone squelch Can be switched off AF characteristicsCompander system Sennheiser HDXAF frequency response80 – 18,000 HzSignal-to-noise ratio (1 mV,peak deviation)≥ 110 dBATotal harmonic distortion(THD)≤ 0.9 %Max. input voltage 3 VeffInput impedance40 kΩInput capacitance SwitchableSetting range for inputsensitivity48 dB,adjustable in 6 dB steps Overall deviceTemperature range-10 °C to +55 °CPower supply 2 AA batteries, 1.5 V orBA 2015 accupack Nominal voltage 3 V battery /2.4 V rechargeable battery Current consumption at nominal voltage:typ. 180 mAwith transmitter switchedoff: ≤ 25 μAOperating time Typically 8 h Dimensions Approx. Ø 50 x 265 mm Weight (incl. batteries)approx. 450 gSPECIFICATIONSMMD 935-1Transducer principle dynamic Sensitivity 2.5 mV/Pa Sound pressure level154 dB SPL Pick-up pattern cardioid MMD 945-1Transducer principle dynamic Sensitivity 1.8 mV/Pa Sound pressure level154 dB SPL Pick-up pattern supercardioidVocal Set PRODUCT VARIANTSew 100 G4-935-S-A1470 - 516 MHz Art. no. 509737 ew 100 G4-935-S-A516 - 558 MHz Art. no. 509728 ew 100 G4-935-S-AS520 - 558 MHz Art. no. 509805 ew 100 G4-935-S-G566 - 608 MHz Art. no. 509739 ew 100 G4-935-S-GB606 - 648 MHz Art. no. 509982 ew 100 G4-935-S-B626 - 668 MHz Art. no. 509740 ew 100 G4-935-S-C734 - 776 MHz Art. no. 509806 ew 100 G4-935-S-D780 - 822 MHz Art. no. 509807 ew 100 G4-935-S-JB806 - 810 MHz Art. no. 509862 ew 100 G4-935-S-E823 - 865 MHz Art. no. 509983 ew 100 G4-935-S-1G81785 - 1800 MHz Art. no. 509964 ew 100 G4-945-S-A1470 - 516 MHz Art. no. 509741 ew 100 G4-945-S-A516 - 558 MHz Art. no. 509742 ew 100 G4-945-S-AS520 - 558 MHz Art. no. 509808 ew 100 G4-945-S-G566 - 608 MHz Art. no. 509743 ew 100 G4-945-S-GB606 - 648 MHz Art. no. 509984 ew 100 G4-945-S-B626 - 668 MHz Art. no. 509744 ew 100 G4-945-S-C734 - 776 MHz Art. no. 509809 ew 100 G4-945-S-D780 - 822 MHz Art. no. 509810 ew 100 G4-935-S-JB806 - 810 MHz Art. no. 509863 ew 100 G4-945-S-E823 - 865 MHz Art. no. 509985 ew 100 G4-945-S-1G81785 - 1800 MHz Art. no. 509986Vocal Set DIMENSIONSEM 100 G4Vocal Set DIMENSIONSSKM 100 G4-SVocal SetSennheiser electronic GmbH & Co. KG · Am Labor 1 · 30900 Wedemark · Germany · ARCHITECT‘S SPECIFICATIONA wireless RF transmission system consisting of a stationary receiver and a handheld transmitter includings a micropho-ne head.The system shall operate within twelve UHF frequency ranges, with a switching bandwidth of up to 42 MHz: 470 –516 M Hz, 516 – 558 MHz, 520 – 558 MHz, 566 – 608 M Hz, 606 – 648 MHz, 626 – 668 MHz, 734 – 776 MHz, 780 – 822 M Hz, 823 – 865 MHz, 806 – 810 MHz, 925 – 937.5 M Hz, 1785 – 1800 MHz; receiving frequencies shall be 1,680 per range and shall be tunable in 25 kHz steps. The system shall feature 20 fixed frequency banks with up to 12 compatible frequency presets and 1 user bank with up to 12 user programmable frequencies.The receiver shall be menu-driven with a backlit LC display showing the current frequency, frequency bank and channel number, metering of RF level, metering of AF level, lock status, pilot tone evaluation, muting function, and battery status of the associated transmitter. An auto-lock feature shall be provided to prevent settings from being accidentally altered. The receiver shall feature an integrated guitar tuner and shall provide a sound check mode.Some receiver parameters such as receiving frequency, receiver name and pilot tone setting shall be synchronizable with the associated transmitter via an integrated infrared interface.The receiver shall feature a balanced XLR-3M audio output with a maximum output of +18 dBu along with an unbalanced ¼" (6.3 mm) audio output with a maximum output of +12 dBu. The receiver shall have two DATA ports (RJ 10) to set up a multichannel system. Two BNC-type input sockets shall be provided for connecting the antennas. Nominal/peak devia-tion shall be ±24 kHz/±48 kHz. Squelch threshold shall be adjustable to three levels: Low (5 dBμV), Middle (15 dBμV) and High (25 dBμV).The receiver shall incorporate the Sennheiser HDX compander system and a defeatable pilot tone squelch. Sensitivity shall be < 2 μV for 52 dBA eff S/N with HDX engaged at peak deviation. Adjacent channel rejection shall be ≥ 65 d B (ty-pical). Intermodulation attenuation shall be ≥ 65 d B (typical); blocking shall be ≥ 70 dB. Four selectable equalizer presets shall be provided: “Flat”, “Low Cut” (−3 d B at 180 Hz), “Low Cut/High Boost” (−3 d B at 180 H z/+6 dB at 10 kHz) and “High Boost” (+6 dB at 10 k Hz). Signal-to-noise ratio at 1 mV and peak deviation shall be ≥ 110 dBA. Total harmonic distortion (THD) shall be ≤ 0.9 %. The audio output level shall be adjustable within a 48 d B range in steps of 3 dB.The receiver shall operate on 12 V power supplied from the NT 2-3 CW mains unit (for 100 – 240 V AC, 50/60 Hz). Power consumption shall be 300 mA. The receiver shall have a rugged metal housing; dimensions shall be approximately 190 x 212 x 43 mm (7.48" x 8.35" x 1.69"). Weight shall be approximately 980 grams (2.16 lbs). Operating temperature shall range from −10 °C to +55 °C (+14 °F to +131 °F).The receiver shall be the Sennheiser EM 100 G4.The radio microphone shall be menu-driven with a backlit LC display showing the current frequency, frequency bank and channel number, metering of AF level, transmission status, lock status, pilot tone transmission, muting function, and bat-tery status. An auto-lock feature shall be provided to prevent settings from being accidentally altered.The radio microphone parameters shall either be configurable in the associated receiver’s menu and synchronized with the radio microphone via an integrated infrared interface or shall be programmable in the radio microphone menu. Recei-ver parameters such as receiving frequency, receiver name and pilot tone setting shall be synchronizable with the radio microphone via an integrated infrared interface.The handheld vocal radio microphone shall be equipped with a mute switch, which shall be switchable between “AF on/off”, “RF on/off” and “Disabled” via the user interface. Nominal/peak deviation shall be ±24 kHz/±48 kHz. Frequency stability shall be ≤ ±15 ppm. RF output power at 50 Ω shall be 30 mW (typical).The radio microphone shall incorporate the Sennheiser HDX compander system and a defeatable pilot tone squelch.Audio frequency response shall range from 80 – 18,000 Hz. Signal-to-noise ratio at 1 mV and peak deviation shall be ≥ 110 dBA. Total harmonic distortion (THD) shall be ≤ 0.9 %. Input sensitivity shall be adjustable within a 48 dB range in steps of 6 dB.Power shall be supplied to the radio microphone by two 1.5 V AA size batteries or by one Sennheiser BA 2015 recharge-able accupack. Nominal voltage shall be 2.4 V, current consumption shall be typical 180 mA at nominal voltage; ≤ 25 μA when radio microphone is switched off. Operating time shall be typical 8 hours. The radio microphone shall have a rugged metal housing; dimensions shall be approximately 50 mm (1.97") in diameter and 265 mm (10.43") in length. Weight inclu-ding the batteries shall be approximately 450 grams (0.99 lbs). Operating temperature shall range from −10 °C to +55 °C (+14 °F to +131 °F).A range of microphone heads shall be available for the radio microphone.The radio microphone shall be the Sennheiser SKM 100-S G4.。
A Solid Foundation for Reliable, Safe and Practical Safety Compliance Testing.The PREMIER-2800 Series Electrical Safety Tester, with high durability and multiple user-protection design, look to meet the test requirements of a variety of safety standards, such as IEC, EN, UL, CSA, GB, JIS, and other safety-related tests for the electronic products and components.A total of 4 safety testers in the PREMIER-2800 Series, namely PREMIER-2804, PREMIER-2803, PREMIER-2802 and PREMIER-2801, are available for various applications. The PREMIER-2804 is a 4-in-1 model capable of performing AC withstanding, DC withstanding, insulation resistance and ground bond tests. The PREMIER-2803 is a 3-in-1 model capable of performing AC withstanding, DC withstanding as well as insulation resistance tests.The PREMIER-2802 is capable of performing both AC and DC withstanding tests, whereas the PREMIER-2801 is able to perform AC withstanding test. The series of safety tester is built upon a high-ef ciency PWM ampli er platform with AC 200VA maximum output capacity to impede the in uence from the voltage uctuation of the input AC source. This ensures a stable voltage supply for all the tests of the PREMIER-2800 series.Targeting user's protections, the PREMIER-2800 Series uses a combination of hardware and software controls to improve safety: A self-check is performed to make sure all the functions and operations are under normal condition each time when the tester is turned on; the Zero Crossing Turn-On design imposes the output voltage to always begin at the zero crossing of a sine wave to avoid the impact of surge voltage output; and the output voltage is automatically cut off (within 150µs) when abnormal output voltages have been detected or when the upper or lower current limits have been reached during testing. To protect operator from hazardous injury, the PREMIER-2800 Series automatically discharges the DUT after test (within 200ms) each time to eliminate excessive voltage that remains on the DUT. To further ensure safety, the interlock key can also be used as double protections to prevent inadvertent operation.The PREMIER-2800 Series, equipped with a simple & clear panel layout, a high resolution dot matrix LCD display, and color LED indicators, allows operators to interpret measurement results easily and quickly. All major test functions, including AC withstanding (AC 5kV/40mA), DC withstanding (DC 6kV/10mA), insulation resistance (DC 50V ~ 1000V) and ground bond (AC 30A max.) tests, are performed under a high-stability voltage output with high-resolution measurement results. Further more, the test duration, ramp up time and upper/lower limits of the output voltage are fully-adjustable to accommodate a wide variety of safety tests with accurate measurement results.Other functions and features of the PREMIER-2800 include: open circuit detection for ground bond testing to get correct measurement result with con dence; 100 sets of memory to save panel settings, which can be recalled for single test individually or for automatic tests in sequence; a remote output on-off terminal in the front panel and a signal I/O port in the rear panel provided as the means for remote start/stop control of the safety tester; RS-232C, USB and GPIB (optional) interfaces available for PC remote control and test result logging.Unlike conventional safety tester design that uses variable voltage transformer and class A/B ampli er to provide test voltage, the PREMIER-2800 Series, carrying a high-ef ciency PWM ampli er design, generates output source up to 98% ef ciency. This greatly reduces the amount of power loss to heat and therefore lowers the temperature within the cabinet.The suppression of temperature rise during heavy-duty operations of the tester signi cantly increases its reliability and service lifetime. In addition, as PWM ampli er is comparatively more resistant to the uctuations of input power voltage, a stable high-voltage output with less than 1% regulation is provided by the PREMIER-2800 Series to perform precision tests.A.PWM Amplifier EfficiencyOutput PowerEfficiencyHigh Adjustment & Measurement ResolutionIn order to provide high accuracy safety test for productmanufacturing, regulation compliance, and characteristic veri cation, the withstanding test voltage (AC 5kV Max. /DC 6kV Max.) of the PREMIER-2800 Series can be adjusted in 2V steps, while the current measurement can be done with 1μA resolution and ±(1.5% + 30μA) accuracy to enable small leakage current measurements of the products or the components. In addition, the test voltage of insulation resistance of the PREMIER-2800 Series can be adjusted in 50V steps within its DC output range from 50V to 1000V , carrying a measurement accuracy of ±(10% of reading +1 MΩ) at full scale (2000MΩ/9500MΩ). This provides the exibility for performing I.R. measurements under variable levels of applied voltage.As the majority of safety regulations need an AC source for ground bond test, the PREMIER-2800 Series provides 6Vac voltage (open circuit) and 3A~30Aac current for ground bond test, meeting IEC 60601-1 requirements. Furthermore, open circuit detection (via SOURCE H, SENSE H and SOURCE L terminals) for ground bond testing is also provided to check if the test apparatus has been properly connected before the start of a test. This is to ensure the ground bond test is done accurately without any unnoticeable misconnection between the test leads and the test terminals.With these capabilities, the user is able to perform various safety tests and veri cations with high exibility, accuracy and con dence.Output Voltage Variation in One Test CycleZero-Crossing Operation Test V Start VInitial TimeDischarge TimeTime(100ms)(200ms)To protect operator from high voltage shock and DUT from unintended damage, the protection functions are always in operation throughout the testing period. When the power is turned on, the PREMIER-2800 Series immediately goes through the self-check procedures to ensure that all test functions are performed under normal conditions, as the rst protection function being applied.The second protection function is activated once the “Start” (output) button is pressed. Within the100ms initialization period of output start, the PREMIER-28000 will send a detection voltage (~100V) to check whether the DUT has any short circuit defect due to poor insulation before the high voltage is applied. This is to prevent high voltage or current from returning to the DUT during the test time. To protect DUT frominsulation breakdown caused by the rapid increase of test voltage at output start, and avoid ashover or arcing phenomena that could affect the test results, the PREMIER-2800 Series has a Zero Crossing Turn-On feature, which ensures the output voltage to always start from the zero crossing of a sine wave. Moreover, the adjustable voltage ramp-up time (0.1s ~ 999.9s) allows the test voltage to slowly rise to the set test voltage to reduce the risk of damaging DUT during mandatory production testing.Furthermore, after the voltage has ramped to the set test voltage, the PREMIER-2800 will continue monitoring the test voltage and cut off power output once any irregularity is detected. This provides both the safety tester and the operator with a high level protection, which allows the test to be done in a safe and accurate manner.C.The PREMIER-2800 Series also offers a variety of features forpersonnel protection to ensure operator's safety when operating the safety tester.The interlock function is provided to set double-start operation procedures for high voltage output. When the interlock function is activated, a dedicated interlock key must be inserted into the Signal I/O port for the tester to start sending out test voltage. This mechanism is designed to prevent unauthorized person from getting access to the tester; the safety tester operator only needs to remove the interlock key to disable the tester output before leaving the working environment. The interlock I/O can also be connected to an external safety device,such as a senor switch or the safety door of a test xture, to provide “double start” protection. This additional output on/off switch disables the output before the external safety device is activated and thus prevent operator from the exposure of hazardous voltages/currents.In addition, the PREMIER-2800 series can quickly cut off its high voltage output within 150µs after the test has been completed, or the high/low current limit has been reached, or an abnormal situation occurs. When a test is completed, the unit will automatically discharge the DUT within 200ms to reduce the hazardous risk of the operator in case of an inadvertent touch of the test apparatus.In order to comply with all safety regulations, the PREMIER-2800 Series allocates a large number of memory locations (100 sets in total) for the storage of a variety of test conditions. When a test condition is saved into one of the 100 xed memory locations, a unique test le name (up to 12 characters) can be assigned to this memory location. For example, a test le named “IEC61010AH” (for IEC61010 AC Withstanding test) can be saved and recalled for future use. Any stored test condition can be recalled for a single test individually, or linked with other test conditions in free-arrangement sequence for automaticWith a 240 x 64 LCD display, the PREMIER-2800 Series clearly shows test conditions, test parameters, measurement values and test results on the screen at the same time. The real-time status update on the LCD display accompanied by the multi-colored LED status indicators on the front panel allow operator to have a full control of the test process to perform precession test and avoid unnecessary operationtesting- eliminating the need to perform a series of tests manually. In addition to using the START/STOP buttons on the front panel to control the output on/off of the safety tester, the PREMIER-2800 Series also provides a “Remote” terminal on the front panel for the connection to an external remote controller, and a signal I/O port on the rear panel for the connection to a PLC for actuator control. With RS-232C and USB as standard features (GPIB optional) for all models, the PREMIER-2800 Series is able to store and retrieve test data and test results via a PC connection.risk at the same time. The status indicator above the high voltage output terminal will automatically ash when an output voltage is in place. The function keys below the LCD display allow user to select main test functions on the LCD screen directly without going through tedious processes of multilayer menu operation.E.Fast Cutoff in 150µsHigh Intensity Indicators Large LCD and Function KeysF.Variety of Control MethodsAUTO Testing include Multiple MANU ProcessingAUTO MODEMANU MODEPREMIER-2804PREMIER-2803/2802/2801AC/DC Withstanding Voltage/Insulation Resistance/Ground Bond TesterAC/DC Withstanding Voltage/Insulation Resistance TesterSafety Standard Compliance Pre-qualification in R&DAPPLICATIONSSafety Testing of Electrical Productin ManufacturingPower Cord Home AppliancesInformation Technology Equipment Medical EquipmentQuality Assurance VerificationSEFELEC S.A.S.19, rue des CampanulesF-77185 LOGNES - FRANCESales Department +33 (0)1 64 11 83 42 Service Department +33 (0)1 64 11 83 48 Fax +33 (0)1 60 17 35 01SEFELEC GmbHBachstrasse 6D-77833 OTTERSWEIER - DEUTSCHLANDSales & Service department +49 (0) 7223 940 74-0 Fax +49 (0) 7223 940 74-29。
22759/33-22-9Hook Up Wire, MIL-DTL-22759, 600V Voltage Rating, White Wire Color, 22AWG WireSize, Operating Temperature Range -65 – 200 °CWire & Cable>Hook Up WireConductor Material:Silver-Coated High Strength Copper AlloyInsulation Material:Modified Radiation Cross-linked ETFE PolymerWire Color:WhiteVoltage Rating:600 VCable Type:MIL-DTL-22759FeaturesProduct Type FeaturesCable Style PrimaryProduct Type CableProduct Classification Cable - High Performance - Spec 44, 55 &RCWCable Type MIL-DTL-22759Configuration FeaturesNumber of Conductors1Number of Strands19Electrical CharacteristicsVoltage Rating600 VBody FeaturesWire Color WhiteInsulation Material Modified Radiation Cross-linked ETFEPolymerConductor Material Silver-Coated High Strength Copper Alloy DimensionsOverall Outside Diameter 1.09 mm[.043 in]Wire Diameter 1.09 mm[.043 in]22759/33-22-9 ACTIVERaychemTE Internal #:216367-001Hook Up Wire, MIL-DTL-22759, 600V Voltage Rating, White WireColor, 22AWG Wire Size, Operating Temperature Range -65 – 200 °CView on >Wire Diameter 1.09 mm[.043 in]Conductor Diameter.79 mm[.031 in].005 inStrand Size34 AWGWire Size22 AWGUsage ConditionsOperating Temperature Range-65 – 200 °COtherWire Source United StatesProduct ComplianceFor compliance documentation, visit the product page on >EU RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU CompliantEU ELV Directive 2000/53/EC CompliantChina RoHS 2 Directive MIIT Order No 32, 2016No Restricted Materials Above ThresholdEU REACH Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006Current ECHA Candidate List: JUN 2020(209)Candidate List Declared Against: JAN 2018(181)Does not contain REACH SVHCHalogen Content Low Halogen - Br, Cl, F, I < 900 ppm perhomogenous material. Also BFR/CFR/PVCFreeSolder Process Capability Not applicable for solder process capabilityProduct Compliance DisclaimerThis information is provided based on reasonable inquiry of our suppliers and represents our current actual knowledgebased on the information they provided. This information is subject to change. The part numbers that TE has identified asEU RoHS compliant have a maximum concentration of 0.1% by weight in homogenous materials for lead, hexavalentchromium, mercury, PBB, PBDE, DBP, BBP, DEHP, DIBP, and 0.01% for cadmium, or qualify for an exemption to theselimits as defined in the Annexes of Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS2). Finished electrical and electronic equipment productswill be CE marked as required by Directive 2011/65/EU. Components may not be CE marked.Additionally, the partnumbers that TE has identified as EU ELV compliant have a maximum concentration of 0.1% by weight in homogenousmaterials for lead, hexavalent chromium, and mercury, and 0.01% for cadmium, or qualify for an exemption to these limitsas defined in the Annexes of Directive 2000/53/EC (ELV). Regarding the REACH Regulations, TE’s information on SVHC inarticles for this part number is still based on the European Chemical Agency (ECHA) ‘Guidance on requirements forsubstances in articles’(Version: 2, April 2011), applying the 0.1% weight on weight concentration threshold at the finishedproduct level. TE is aware of the European Court of Justice ruling of September 10th, 2015 also known as O5A (Once AnArticle Always An Article) stating that, in case of ‘complex object’, the threshold for a SVHC must be applied to both theproduct as a whole and simultaneously to each of the articles forming part of its composition. TE has evaluated this rulingbased on the new ECHA “Guidance on requirements for substances in articles” (June 2017, version 4.0) and will beupdating its statements accordingly.Compatible PartsTE Model / Part #206498-4PLUG ASSY,15 POSN,AMPLIMITETE Model / Part #206804-2PLUG ASSY,50 POSN,AMPLIMITETE Model / Part #216278-00122759/33-24-9TE Model / Part #414354-00055A6262-22-9/96-9CS2275TE Model / Part #206793-1SZ 20,SOCKET, NON-MAGTE Model / Part #204370-8CONT PIN,SZ 22D,NON-MAGTE Model / Part #216368-00122759/33-26-9TE Model / Part #216366-00122759/33-20-9TE Model / Part #207253-2RECEPT ASSY,9 POSN,AMPLIMITETE Model / Part #803143-00055A6262-24-9/96-9CS2275TE Model / Part #D17660-000D-200-82Compatible PartsCustomers Also BoughtDocumentsProduct Drawings22759/33-22-9EnglishDatasheets & Catalog Pages1654025_Sec9_SPEC55EnglishRaychem Wire and Cable Quick Reference GuideEnglishProduct Specifications Product Specification English。
Table of Contents1.SCOPE OF THIS DOCUMENT (3)2.SOFTWARE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS (3)2.1.S AFETY-R ELATED F UNCTIONS TO BE I MPLEMENTED (4)2.1.1Functions Related to the Application (4)2.1.2Functions Related to Software or Hardware Faults (4)2.1.3Control Response(s) in Case of Detected Fault/Error (7)2.2.I NTERFACES B ETWEEN S OFTWARE AND H ARDWARE (7)2.3.I NTERFACES B ETWEEN S AFETY AND N ON-S AFETY R ELATED F UNCTIONS (8)3.SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE (8)3.1.T ECHNIQUES AND M EASURES TO C ONTROL S OFTWARE F AULTS/E RRORS (8)3.2.I NTERACTIONS B ETWEEN H ARDWARE AND S OFTWARE (8)3.3.P ARTITIONING I NTO M ODULES AND A LLOCATION TO S PECIFIED S AFETY F UNCTIONS (8)3.4.H IERARCHY AND C ALL S TRUCTURE OF THE M ODULES (C ONTROL F LOW) (9)3.5.I NTERRUPT H ANDLING (9)3.6.D ATA F LOW AND R ESTRICTIONS ON D ATA A CCESS (9)3.7.A RCHITECTURE AND S TORAGE OF D ATA (9)3.8.T IME-BASED D EPENDENCIES OF S EQUENCES AND D ATA (9)4.MODULE DESIGN AND CODING (9)4.1.M ODULE:<MODULE NAME> (10)4.1.1Functions (10)4.1.2Interfaces to Other Modules (10)4.1.3Data (10)4.2.M ODULE:<MODULE NAME> (10)4.2.1Functions (10)4.2.2Interfaces to Other Modules (10)4.2.3Data (10)4.3.M ODULE:<MODULE NAME> (11)4.3.1Functions (11)4.3.2Interfaces to Other Modules (11)4.3.3Data (11)1. Scope of This DocumentThe scope of this document, per UL 60730-1 Clause H.11.12.3.2, is to specify the requirements, architecture, and module design and coding for the safety-related software in the subject product. The Software Specification serves as the left-hand side of the “V” in the V-Model as shown in UL 60730-1 Figure H.1 (reproduced below):UL 60730-1 Figure H.1***As specified in UL 60730-1, the V-Model is a recommended – not required – life cycle, and other methods can be used if they incorporate disciplined and structured processes including design and test phases.***2. Software Safety RequirementsThe requirements for the safety-related software in terms of the software safety functions are specified below. The requirements also include the Software Fault Analysis specified in H.7 Table 1, Requirement 68, including identification of safety-related data and segments of the software sequence and measures provided to address faults/errors in Table H.1.The Software Safety Requirements (H.11.12.3.2.1) have the following relationships as defined in UL 60730-1 Figure H.1:•Input: System Safety Requirements Specification (outside the scope of this Standard)•Output/Verified Against: Software Architecture (H.11.12.3.2.2)•Validated By: Software Validation Testing (H.11.12.3.3.3)2.1. Safety-Related Functions to be Implemented2.1.1 Functions Related to the Application2.1.1.1.*** Each safety-related function related to the application should be describedhere in this list. Included in this description should be the required Software Class,any critical threshold(s) for determining correct performance of the function, andthe required response time(s). Verbiage used should be deterministic and testablein nature by using such terms as “shall”. For example: “The software shall detectand respond to an overload condition of the motor based on current consumption.If the current exceeds 10 A for a duration of 10 seconds, the software shallimmediately cease motor operation. This function shall comply with SoftwareClass B requirements.” ***2.1.1.2.2.1.1.3.2.1.2 Functions Related to Software or Hardware Faults***Based on the required Software Class, the appropriate version of Table H.1 should be included and filled out below, with reference to the provided measure(s) (see Table H.1 for examples of acceptable measures) and the corresponding requirement number(s) in the Software Safety Requirements Specification. The unused table can be deleted.******The required software class(es) [A, B, and/or C] and implemented software structures [single-channel with functional test, single-channel with periodic self-test, dual-channel without comparison, single-channel with periodic self-test and monitoring, dual-channel (homogeneous) with comparison, dual-channel (diverse) with comparison, or other] shall be defined/declared here per Table 1 requirements 69 and 70.******Use the following table for Software Class B******Use the following table for Software Class C******If any of the referenced requirements to address software or hardware faults do not match the definition of one of the examples of acceptable measures listed in Table H.1, additional rationale should be provided here to show that the measure(s) implemented fully address the defined fault/errors described in Table H.1.***2.1.3 Control Response(s) in Case of Detected Fault/Error***The software fault/error detection time(s) and control response(s) in case of detectedfault/error shall be declared here per UL 60730-1 Table 1, requirements 71 and 72.***2.2. Interfaces Between Software and Hardware2.2.1.*** Description(s) of interfaces between software and hardware should beincluded here in this list. This potentially includes, but is not limited to, theprogrammable component itself (e.g. microcontroller, DSP, etc.) and its internaland external peripherals such as clocks, memories, external communications,digital I/O, analog I/O including A/D converters, D/A converters, and analogmultiplexers, monitoring devices and comparators such as watchdog timers,voltage regulating devices, etc., custom ICs such as FPGAs, ASICs, etc., userinterfaces, sensors such as temperature or current-sensing devices, and actuatorssuch as relays and transistors used to perform the safety-related functions.***2.2.2.2.2.3.2.3. Interfaces Between Safety and Non-Safety Related Functions2.3.1.*** Identification of and description(s) of interfaces between safety and non-safety related functions should be included here in this list. This potentiallyincludes, but is not limited to, a description of the partitioning concepts used inthe software, e.g. separation of functions into logical and/or physical segments,the information exchanged and shared between functions, and any measures thathave been put into place to ensure, per Table 1, footnote 12, that the non-safetyrelated segments do not influence the safety-related segments.***2.3.2.2.3.3.3. Software ArchitectureThe software architecture is specified below.The Software Architecture (H.11.12.3.2.2) has the following relationships as defined in UL 60730-1 Figure H.1:•Input: System Architecture Specification (outside the scope of this Standard)•Input/Verified Against: Software Safety Requirements (H.11.12.3.2.1)•Output/Verified Against: Module Design and Coding (H.11.12.3.2.3)•Tested By: Software Integration Testing (H.11.12.3.3.2)3.1. Techniques and Measures to Control Software Faults/Errors***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.2. Interactions Between Hardware and Software***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.3. Partitioning Into Modules and Allocation to Specified Safety Functions***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.4. Hierarchy and Call Structure of the Modules (Control Flow)***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.5. Interrupt Handling***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.6. Data Flow and Restrictions on Data Access***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.7. Architecture and Storage of Data***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***3.8. Time-based Dependencies of Sequences and Data***A description at a high level – for example, block diagram, flow chart, etc. should be provided here. Some of these sections can be combined as long as all sections have been addressed one way or another.***4. Module Design and CodingThe module design and coding of the software is specified below. It also includes the Software Sequence Documentation (Clause H.7, Table 1, requirement 66) and Programme Documentation (Clause H.7, Table 1, requirement 67).The Module Design and Coding (H.11.12.3.2.3) have the following relationships as defined in UL 60730-1 Figure H.1:•Input/Verified Against: Software Architecture (H.11.12.3.2.2)•Output/Verified Against: Source Code Implementation•Tested By: Module Design Testing (H.11.12.3.3.1)4.1. Module: <MODULE NAME>4.1.1 Functions***A detailed description of each function in this module, including its purpose, its inputs, and its outputs should be provided here in this section.***4.1.2 Interfaces to Other Modules***A detaile d description of the module’s public interface with other modules should be provided here in this section.***4.1.3 Data***A detailed description of the module’s publicly-available and private data should be provided here in this section.***4.2. Module: <MODULE NAME>4.2.1 Functions***A detailed description of each function in this module, including its purpose, its inputs, and its outputs should be provided here in this section.***4.2.2 Interfaces to Other Modules***A detailed description of th e module’s public interface with other modules should be provided here in this section.***4.2.3 DataPage 11 of 11 ***A detailed description of the module’s publicly-available and private data should be provided here in this section.***4.3. Module: <MODULE NAME>4.3.1 Functions***A detailed description of each function in this module, including its purpose, its inputs, and its outputs should be provided here in this section.***4.3.2 Interfaces to Other Modules***A detailed description of the module’s public i nterface with other modules should be provided here in this section.***4.3.3 Data***A detailed description of the module’s publicly-available and private data should be provided here in this section.******These sections should be repeated until all modules in the software have been described***<PRODUCT NAME>Software SpecificationDOC. NO. XXXXX, REV. XX。
《CCSA C-V2X Security安全要求》随着智能交通的发展和普及,车联网技术也日益成为人们关注的焦点之一。
CCSA C-V2X(Vehicle to Everything)作为车联网通信技术的一种重要形式,已经在智能交通系统中起到了重要作用。
而在这个过程中,安全问题成为了车联网技术发展的关键因素之一。
有鉴于此,CCSA(China Communications Standards Association)对C-V2X 安全性提出了一系列要求。
CCSA C-V2X Security安全要求要求在通信中保障信息的完整性和机密性。
这一要求的提出,主要是基于未经授权的信息篡改和泄露行为对交通系统带来的潜在威胁。
基于这一要求,在C-V2X通信中,需要使用数字签名技术来保障信息的完整性,同时采用加密技术来保障信息的机密性。
这样一来,即使信息在传输过程中被截获,也不会对交通系统造成实质性的损害。
CCSA C-V2X Security安全要求还要求对通信进行身份验证和访问控制。
这是因为在车联网通信中,存在着未经授权的设备接入导致的安全问题。
为了规避这一问题,CCSA要求在C-V2X通信中对通信双方进行身份验证,并对通信进行访问控制。
只有通过身份验证的设备才能够参与到车联网通信中,这样一来可以最大程度地避免未经授权设备的接入,进而提升车联网通信的安全性。
CCSA C-V2X Security安全要求还要求在通信中保障通信的可用性和抗攻击能力。
在车联网中,通信的可用性对于交通系统的正常运行至关重要。
CCSA要求在C-V2X通信中要具备一定的抗攻击能力,能够有效地应对恶意攻击行为,保障通信的可用性。
这一要求的提出,为车联网通信的安全性奠定了坚实的基础。
CCSA C-V2X Security安全要求是对车联网通信安全性的一项重要规定。
其要求涉及到通信的完整性、机密性、身份验证、访问控制、可用性和抗攻击能力等多个方面,为车联网通信的安全发展提供了有力的保障。
OUTDOORSHardieDeck ™Installation GuidePART 1 OF 2Australia August 2019Make sure your information is up to date.When specifying or installing James Hardie™ products, ensure that you have the current technical information and guides. If in doubt, or you need more information, visit.au or Ask James Hardie™ on 13 11 03.Remember to also download Part 2, HardieDeck TM Sealing Guide1. Before InstallationWARNING - DO NOT BREATHE DUST AND CUT ONLY IN WELL VENTILATED AREAJames Hardie™ products contain sand, a source of respirable crystalline silica which is considered by some international authorities to be a cause of cancer from some occupational sources. Breathing excessive amounts of respirable silica dust can also cause a disabling and potentially fatal lung disease called silicosis, and has been linked with other diseases. Some studies suggest smoking may increase these risks. Duringinstallation or handling: (1) work in outdoor areas with ample ventilation;(2) minimise dust when cutting by using either ‘score and snap’ knife, fibre cement shears or, where not feasible, use a HardieBlade™ Saw Blade (or equivalent) and dust-reducing circular saw attached to an appropriate, well maintained, filtered vacuum; (3) warn others in the immediate area to avoid breathing dust; (4) wear a properly-fitted, approved dust mask or respirator (Min. P2) in accordance with applicable government regulations and manufacturer instructions to further limit respirable silica exposures. During clean-up, use appropriate, well maintained vacuum and filter appropriate for capturing fine (respirable) dust or use wet cleanup methods - never dry sweep. For further information, refer to our installation instructions and Safety Data Sheets available at .au or .au. FAILURE TO ADHERE TO OUR WARNINGS, SAFETY DATA SHEETS, AND INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS MAY LEAD TO SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH.To avoid damage, James Hardie™ building products should be stored with e dges and corners of the product protected from chipping. James Hardie™ b uilding products must be installed in a dry state and protected from w eather during transport and storage. The product must be laid flat u nder cover on a smooth level surface clear of the ground to avoide xposure to water and moisture All design and construction must comply with the appropriate requirements of the current applicable building codes, James Hardie’s instructions andspecifications and any other applicable regulations and standards current at the time of construction. Failure to do so may lead to personal injury, affect system performance, violate local building codes and void James Hardie’s product warranty. This guide contains minimum requirements, local or regulations requirements may be greater, please ensure to check before installation.The installer must ensure the product meets the aesthetic requirements before installation. James Hardie will not be responsible for rectifying aesthetic surface variations following installation. The responsible party for the project must ensure that all details in this specification are appropriate for the intended application.1.1 Substructure ConsiderationsFIGURE 1 LAYOUT OPTIONS STANDARD1.4 Storage and Handling1.3 Safe Working PracticesDIAGONAL90º<90ºm m3000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m 1963000m m 3000m m3000m m 3000m m3000m m 296196HardieDeck™ Snap-In Top StripHardieDeck™ Double Winged Base Jointer41982351050mmHardieDeck™ Single Winged Base Jointer3000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m 3000m m2961963000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m1963000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m3000m m296196HardieDeck™ Edge Cap674 HARDIEDECK™SYSTEM INSTALLATION GUIDESeal the deck with a recommended sealer, please refer to the HardieDeck TM Sealing Guide available at .au/download . Please note that HardieDeck TM must be sealed within 60 days of installation and within 7 days of installation if used around pools or in coastal areas.10mm10mm gapOPTION 1: JOISTSSTEP1STEP2Place the first board and Install HardieDeck TM Double Winged BaseJointers (No.2) and tighten the screws ¾ of the way.STEP3STEP4STEP6STEP7Install last board leaving a 20mm gap from the wall.STEP8Remove the temporarily fixed edge cap.InstallHardieDeck TM Snap-In Strip (No.3) using a 10mm packer and a mallet.STEP9STEP10STEP11Install selected Edge Cap (No.4).fasteners at maximum450mm centers45º mitre cut the edge capInstall subsequent HardieDeck TM Double Winged Base Jointers (No. 2) and board, then fix the screws over each joist.Apply a continuous bead of James Hardie TM JointSealant along joists.HardieDeck TM Single Winged Base Jointer (No. 7) Installed with a 10mm clearance from the wall.150mm minimum ground clearance.Maximum 450mm. Refer to Table 1.1 for joist spacing.Temporarily fix edge cap (No.4) flushed with the edge of the deck at maximum 900mm centers.In BAL-FZ rated areas, all openings greater than 3mm must be screened with a mesh with a maximumaperture of 2mm made of corrosion resistant steel orbronze.4.2 Joints4.3 CornersFIGURE 3A OPTION 1: FIRST BOARD INSTALLED WITH SLIMLINE EDGE CAP FIGURE 4 BOTTOM FINISH AND CLEARANCEFIGURE 3B OPTION 2: FASCIA EDGE CAP WITH EDGING BOARDMinimum 50mm clearance to ground.FIGURE 5 OPTION 1: CONTINUOUS (STAGGERED) JOINTS FIGURE 8 OPTION 1: SQUARE CORNER JOINT Wingless Base Jointer (No.8)Snap-In Top Strip (No.3)FIGURE 6 OPTION 2: SQUARE PANELLED JOINTS FIGURE 7 OPTION 3: BREAKER BOARD JOINTSInstall with HardieDeck TM Single wing Base Jointer (No.7).FIGURE 9 OPTION 2: SQUARE PARALLEL CORNER JOINT NOTE: This will require joists to be parallel to the building at the change of directionLeave at least two rows between end joints in similar locationsHardieDeck TM Slimline Edge Cap.Fix at 450mm centres with a 25mm 8 gaugeStainless Steel Screw screw.HardieDeck TM Fascia Edge Cap.Fix at 450mm centres with a 25mm 8 gaugeStainless Steel ScrewFace fixed decking screw required at 500mm centres, 40mm from the board edge.FIGURE 11 SNAP-IN TOP STRIP FIGURE 12 SNAP-IN TOP STRIP FZ4.4 Snap-In Top Strips6 HARDIEDECK™SYSTEM INSTALLATION GUIDE5. Product Info4.7 Stairs and TreadsHardieDeck™ Finishing BoardTreadRiserHardieDeck™ Board (May require cutting, refer to note below)Stair Nose/Edge (supplied by others)FIGURE 11 DECK STAIR FRAMINGMaterialThe basic composition of James Hardie™ building products is Portland cement, ground sand, cellulose fibre, water and proprietary additives.James Hardie™ building products are manufactured AS/NZS 2908.2 ‘Cellulose-Cement Products-Flat Sheet’. These are also compliant with equivalent standard ISO 8336 ‘Fibre-cement flat sheets - Product specification and test methods’. For product classification refer to the relevant Physical Properties Data Sheet.DurabilityHardieDeck™ boards have demonstrated resistance to permanent moisture induced deterioration (rotting) by passing the following tests in accordance with AS/NZS2908.2:•W ater permeability (Clause 8.2.2)• Warm Water (Clause 8.2.4)• H eat rain (Clause 6.5)• S oak Dry (Clause 8.2.5)Resistance to FireThe HardieDeck™ system is suitable where non-combustible materials are required in accordance with C1.9 of the National Construction Code.James Hardie TM building products have been tested by CSIRO in accordance with AS/NZS 3837 and are classified as conforming to Group 1 material (highest and best result possible), with an average specific extinction area far lower than the permissible 250m 2/kg, as referenced in Specification C1.10a of the National Construction Code (NCC).Resistance to termite attackBased on testing completed by CSIRO Division of Forest Products and Ensis Australia James Hardie TM building products have demonstrated resistance to termite attack.Joist Spacing and Loading NotesIn all cases the deflection limit of span/200 under 2.6kN Serviceability Limit State loading has not been exceeded. For residentialapplications, Table 3.1 of AS 1170.1 specifies a concentrated load of 1.8kN on a 350mm2 area, which is equivalent to a 21.1mm diameter round or 18.7mm square applicator. For commercial applications, the concentrated loads of 2.7kN and greater are applied over an area of 0.01m2, namely a 100mm square applicator. The concentrated load capacity for the 350mm2 applicator (Residential Loads – Maximum Allowable Concentrated Load) is independent of the joist spacing because the failure mode will be punching shear. Unless noted otherwise, the HardieDeck™ system will provide these load capacities even if the boards become fully saturated.6. WarrantyWarrantyThe HardieDeck™ system supplied by James Hardie is warranted for a period of 10 years. Please refer to the terms and conditions stated in the warranty document available at .au.The decking boards are not covered by the James Hardies product warranty when used without HardieDeck™ Double Winged Base Jointer and HardieDeck™ Snap-In Top Strip when installed horizontally.NOTEBoards are still warranted when installed in a vertical deck fascia application without the fixing system.This product is not warranted for use outside of its intended application.HARDIEDECK™ SYSTEM INSTALLATION GUIDE7For information and advicecall 13 11 03 | .au© 2019 James Hardie Australia Pty Ltd ABN 12 084 635 558™ and ® denote a trademark or registered mark owned by James Hardie Technology Limited.Australia August 2019。
MTL5549/5549Y ISOLATING DRIVERtwo-channel, for 4–20mA smart valve posi-tioners with line fault detectionThe MTL5549 accepts 4/20mA floating signals from safe-area controllers to drive 2 current/pressure converters (or any other load up to 800Ω) in a hazardous area. For smart valve positioners, the module also permits bi-directional transmission of digital communication signals so that the device can be interrogated either from the operator station or by a hand-held communicator. Process controllers with a readback facility can detect open or short circuits in the field wiring: if these occur, the current taken into the terminals drops to a preset level. The MTL5549Y is very similar to the MTL5549 except that it provides open circuit detection only (i.e. no short-circuit detection)SPECIFICATIONSee also common specificationNumber of channelsTwoLocation of I/P converterZone 0, IIC, T4–6 hazardous area if suitably certifiedDiv. 1, Group A, hazardous locationWorking range4 to 20mADigital signal bandwidth500Hz to 10kHzMaximum load resistance800Ω (16V at 20mA)Minimum load resistance90Ω (short-circuit detection at < 50Ω)Output resistance>1MΩUnder/over range capabilityUnder range = 1mAOver range = 24mA (load ≤ 520Ω)Input and output circuit ripple<40µApeak-to-peakTransfer accuracy at 20°CBetter than 20µATemperature drift<1.0µA/°CInput characteristicsField wiring state MTL5549MTL5549YNormal< 6.0V< 6.0VOpen-circuit< 0.9mA< 0.5mAShort-circuit< 0.9mA N.A.Response timeSettles within 200µA of final value within 100ms Communications supportedHART®LED indicatorGreen: power indicationMaximum current consumption (with 20mA signals into 250Ω load) 70mA at 24V dcPower dissipation within unit (with 20mA signals into 250Ω load)1.6W at 24VSafety description (each channel)Vo =28V Io=93mA Po=651mW Um= 253V rms or dcTerminal Function1 Output –ve (Ch 1)2 Output +ve (Ch 1)4 Output –ve (Ch 2)5 Output +ve (Ch 2)8 Input –ve (Ch 2)9 Input +ve (Ch 2)11 Input –ve (Ch 1)12 Input +ve (Ch 1)13 Supply–ve14 Supply+veMTL5500 SERIES COMMON SPECIFICATIONPlease go to our website at for the latest information regarding safety approvals, certificates and entity parameters.ConnectorsEach MTL5500 unit is supplied with signal connectors, asapplicable.When using crimp ferrules for the hazardous and non-hazardous (safe) signal connectors the metal tube length should be 12mm and the wire trim length 14mm.Isolation250V rms, tested at 2200V rms minimum, between safe-area, hazardous-area and power supply terminals50V ac or dc between safe-area circuits where applicable. Supply voltage20 – 35V dcLocation of unitsSafe areaTerminalsAccepts conductors of up to 2.5mm2 stranded or single-core MountingMTL5500 series backplanesAmbient temperature limits–20 to +60°C (–6 to +140°F) operating–40 to +80°C (–40 to +176°F) storageHumidity5 to 95% relative humidityWeight110g approximately (except where indicated)DIMENSIONS (mm)Optional TH5000 tag holder for individualisolator identification.HART®is a registered trademark of HART Communication Foundation。
Instruction Manual 3 Port Solenoid ValveSeries VK300The intended use of this product is to control the movement of an actuator.1 Safety InstructionsThese safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 1: Robots.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.Caution Caution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury. WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.• If this equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.CautionThe product is provided for use in manufacturing industries only. Do not use in residential premises.2 Specifications2.1 Valve specificationFluidAir Operatingpressure range [MPa] Standard 0 to 0.7Low wattage (Y) Continuous duty (E) Flow characteristicsRefer to catalogue Ambient and fluid temperature [°C] -5 to 50 (no freezing) Response Time (at 0.5 MPa) [ms] Note 1) ≤10 (Standard)≤15 (Low power consumption type)Duty cycleContact SMC Minimum operating frequency1 cycle / 30 daysMaximum operating frequency [Hz] 10Manual override Non-locking push typeLubricationNot required Impact / Vibration resistance [m/s 2] Note 2) 300 / 50EnclosureIP30 (based on IEC60529)2 Specifications - continuedMounting orientation UnrestrictedWeight [g]VK332#: 80 VK334#: 120Table 1.Note 1) Based on dynamic performance test, JIS B 8419: 2010. (Coil temperature:20°C, at rated voltage, without surge suppressor).Note 2) Impact resistance: No malfunction occurred when it is tested with a droptester in the axial direction and at the right angles to the main valve and armature in both energized and de-energized states every once for each condition. (Values quoted are for a new valve).Vibration resistance : No malfunction occurred in a one-sweep test between 45 and 2000 Hz. Test was performed at both energized states in the axial direction and at the right angles to the main valve and armature. (Values quoted are for a new valve).2.2 Solenoid specificationElectrical entryGrommet (G, H), DIN terminal (D,DO)Rated coil voltage [V]AC (50 / 60 Hz) 100, 110, 200, 220, 240DC 12, 24Allowable voltage fluctuation Note1) ±10% of rated voltageApparentpower[VA]Note2) Standardtype Inrush 50 Hz 9.560 Hz 8 Holding50 Hz 760 Hz 5Power consumption [W] Without indicator light4 With indicator light 4.3Surge voltagesuppressor AC Varistor DC Diode (12 VDC or less: Varistor)Indicator lightAC Neon bulbDC LEDTable 2. Note 1) Valve state is not defined if electrical input is outside of specified operatingranges.Note 2) At the rated voltage.2.3 Low wattage VK33# (Y, W) and continuous duty VK33#E types • Specifications different from standard are as follows:Apparent power [VA]ACInrush50 Hz 3.560 Hz 3.3 Holding50 Hz 3 60 Hz2.8Power consumption [W]DCWithout indicator light: 2 With indicator light: 2.3Table 3.Caution• If the valve is to be energized for periods of long ON time, continuous duty VK33#E type is recommended. This model is for continuous duty, not for high cycle rates. But even in low cycle rates, if energizing the valve for more than one once a day, please contact SMC. 2.4 Vacuum type VK33# (V, W)• In contrast to the standard product, this vacuum model has less air leakage at low pressures, a feature that should be taken into consideration when using this valve for vacuum applications. • Specifications different from standard are as follows:Operating pressure range [MPa]-101.2 kPa to 0.1Table 4.Caution• Since this valve has slight air leakage, it cannot be used for vacuum holding (including positive pressure holding) in the pressure container. 2.5 Light indicationFigure 1.2 Specifications - continued2.6 Special productsWarningSpecial products (-X) might have specifications different from those shown in this section. Contact SMC for specific drawings.3 Installation3.1 InstallationWarning• Do not install the product unless the safety instructions have been read and understood.• When mounting a valve on the manifold base or sub-plate, etc., the mounting orientation is already decided. If mounted in a wrong direction, the equipment to be connected may result in malfunction (see Figures 10 and 11 under section 3.13). VK300 series valves can be mounted on the manifold base VV5K3 of VK3000 series. Refer to catalogue for more details.3.2 EnvironmentWarning• Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, salt water or steam are present.• Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.• Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.• Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess of the product’s specifications .• Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result in temperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.• When the solenoid valve is mounted in a control panel or it is energized for a long time, make sure that the ambient temperature is within the specification of the valve.• If using in an atmosphere where there is possible contact with water droplets, oil, weld spatter, etc., take suitable preventive measures. • Do not use in high humidity environment where condensation can occur.• Contact SMC for altitude limitations. 3.3 PipingCaution• Before connecting piping make sure to clean up chips, cutting oil, dust etc.• When installing piping or fittings, ensure sealant material does not enter inside the port. When using seal tape, leave 1 thread exposed on the end of the pipe/fitting.• Tighten fittings to the specified tightening torque.Port Connection thread size(R, NPT) Tightening Torque[N∙m ] 1(P), 2(A), 3(R)M5 1 to 1.5 1/83 to 5Table 5.3.4 LubricationCaution• SMC products have been lubricated for life at manufacture, and do not require lubrication in service.• If a lubricant is used in the system, refer to catalogue for details.3.5 Air supplyWarning• Use clean air. If the compressed air supply includes chemicals, synthetic materials (including organic solvents), salinity, corrosive gas etc., it can lead to damage or malfunction.Caution• Install an air filter upstream of the valve. Select an air filter with a filtration size of 5 μm or smaller. 3.6 Effect of back pressure when using a manifoldCaution• Use caution when valves are used on a manifold, because an actuator may malfunction or unexpected movement may occur due to back pressure.• For single acting cylinder, take appropriate measures to prevent malfunction by using it with an individual exhaust manifold.3 Installation - continued3.7 Light/surge voltage suppressor3.7.1 AC circuitGrommet (G)DIN Terminal (D)Standard type:VContinuous dutytype: EStandard type:VContinuous dutytype: EWithout Indicator Light: S(G, GS)(D, DS)With indicator light: ZNoneFigure 2.3.7.2 DC circuit (24V, 48V)Grommet (G)DIN Terminal (D)Standard type:Y, V, W Continuous dutytype: EStandard type:Y, V, W Continuous dutytype: EWithout Indicator Light: SWith Indicator Light : ZNoneFigure 3.3.7.3 DC circuit (6V, 12V)Grommet (G)DIN Terminal (D)Standard type:Y, V, WContinuous dutytype: EStandard type:Y, V, WContinuous dutytype: EWithout Indicator Light: SWith Indicator Light: ZNoneFigure 4.CautionIn the case of valves without surge suppressor, the machine designer shall add suppression as close as possible to the valve.ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSBody portedBase mountedV a r i s t o rC o i lC o i lC o i lC o i lD i o d e1 D i o d eV a r i s t o r122C o i lNeon bulb V a r i s t o r112Neon bulbD i o d eC o i lRed (+)Black (-)1 (+)2 (-)1 (+)2 (-)21122C o i lC o i lC o i lD i o d eD i o d eD i o d eLED C o i lC o i lV a r i s t o rV a r i s t o rC o i lLight (built-in connector) DIN type onlyFigure 5.Figure 6.3.8 Residual voltage of the surge voltage suppressorCaution• If a varistor or diode surge voltage suppressor is used, the suppressor arrests the back EMF voltage from the coil to approximately 1 V.• Ensure the transient voltage is within the specification of the host controller.• Valve response time is dependent on surge suppression method selected. 3.9 Countermeasure for surge voltageCaution• At times of sudden interruption of the power supply, the energy stored in a large inductive device may cause non-polar type valves in a de-energized state to switch.• When installing a breaker circuit to isolate the power, consider a valve with polarity (with polarity protection diode), or install a surge absorption diode across the output of the breaker. 3.10 How to wire DIN terminal wiring Caution• Use heavy duty cable with O.D. of Ø3.5 mm to Ø7 mm, otherwise it will not meet the IP65 (enclosure) standard (reference: 0.5 mm 2 2 core and 3 core wires equivalent to JIS C 3306).• Tighten the ground nut and set screw within the specified torque range.Figure 7.Figure 8. DIN type C• Refer to catalogue for additional details.3.10.1 Circuit with indicator light for DIN terminalFigure 9.3.10.2 Changing cable entry directionCaution• After separating terminal block and housing, the cable entry direction can be changed by attaching the housing in the desired direction (4 directions in 90 degree increments).• In the case of valve with indicator light, avoid damaging the light with lead wire . 3.11 Extended periods of continuous energizationWarningIf a valve is energized continuously for a long period of time or is mounted in a control panel, the rise in temperature due to heat rise of the coil assembly may cause a decline in solenoid valve performance, reduce service life, or have adverse effects on peripheral equipment. If the valve is to be energized continuously for a long period of time, be sure to use the continuous duty type (VK33#E). 3.12 Manual overrideWarningRegardless of an electric signal for the valve, the manual override is used for switching the main valve. Connected actuator is started by manual operation. Only use the manual override after confirming that there is nodanger.3.13 Mounting and removal of valves• Tighten the valve mounting screw and bracket screw (if required) to the appropriate tightening torque of 0.6 N·m.• Refer catalogue for details of mounting and removal of valves from manifold.Figure 10.Figure 11.4 How to OrderRefer to catalogue for ‘How to order’ or product drawing for special products.5 Outline Dimensions (mm)Refer to catalogue for outline dimensions.6 Maintenance6.1 General maintenanceCaution• Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the product to malfunction and lead to equipment damage.• If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.• Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only by qualified personnel.• Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sure to cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released to atmosphere.• After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure and power to the equipment and perform appropriate functional and leakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.• If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensure they are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carried out as required to ensure continued compliance with applicable national regulations.• Do not make any modification to the product.• Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation or maintenance instructions.7 Limitations of UseWarningThe system designer should determine the effect of the possible failure modes of the product on the system.7.1 Limited warranty and disclaimer/compliance requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.7.2 Breathing holeCautionFigure 12.There is a breathing hole on the bottom surface of the valve. Please note that liquid may enter or block the breathing hole, which may cause malfunction.7.3 Leakage voltageCautionEnsure that any leakage voltage caused by the leakage current when the switching element is OFF causes ≤2% (for DC coils) or ≤20% (for AC coils) of rated voltage across the valve. 7.4 Low temperature operationCautionUnless otherwise indicated in the specifications for each valve, operation is possible to -5˚C , but appropriate measures should be taken to avoid solidification or freezing of drainage and moisture, etc.7.5 Holding of pressure (including vacuum)WarningSince valves are subject to air leakage, they cannot be used for applications such as holding pressure (including vacuum) in a system. 7.6 Cannot be used as an emergency shut-off valveWarningThis product is not designed for safety applications such as an emergency shut-off valve. If the valves are used in this type of system, other reliable safety assurance measures should be adopted. 7.7 Safety relays or PLCWarningIf a safe output from a safety relay or PLC is used to operate this valve, ensure that any output test pulse duration is shorter than 1 ms to avoid the valve solenoid responding. 7.8 Spring returned spool valvesWarning• The use of 2-position single valves with spring returned spools has to be carefully considered.• The return of the valve spool into the de-energized position depends on the pilot pressure. If the pilot pressure drops below the specified operating pressure the position of the spool cannot be defined. The design of the system must take into account such behaviour.• Additional measures might be necessary. For example, the installation of an additional air tank to maintain the pilot pressure.8 Product DisposalThis product shall not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check your local regulations and guidelines to dispose this product correctly, in order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.9 ContactsRefer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor/importer.URL : https:// (Global) https:// www.smc.eu (Europe) SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, JapanSpecifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2021 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085MPPPPPP R NLLEDR RLED D NL: Neon bulb R: ResistorLED: Light emittingdiodeR: ResistorD: Protective diodeLED: Light emitting diode R: ResistorRed (+) Black (-) Surge voltage suppressorMarkingIndicator light (Built-in connector)Surge voltage suppressor(Built-in terminal)Marking AC, 12 VDC or less for DCFor 24 V or more Compatible cable: of Ø3.5 mm to Ø7mmGround nutTightening torque WasherGrommet (Rubber) (Voltage symbol) Terminal screw (3 positions)Tightening torque 0.2 N·m to 0.25 N·mHolding screw Tightening torque 0.3 N·m to 0.4 N·m Housing (Position for light mounting) Terminal block Slot area(+)(-)Bleed hole1.65 N·m to2.5 N·mN·m P RRPRRP RRPR PR RRPR RPRRPPPPPGround。
BBV Telemetry Receiver Installation GuideModels coveredRx200Building Block Video Ltd.,Unit 1, Avocet Way,Diplocks Industrial Estate,Hailsham, East Sussex, UK.Tel: +44 (0)1323 842727Fax: +44 (0)1323 842728UNPACKINGInspect the packaging for signs of damage. If damage has occurred, advise the carriers and or the suppliers immediately. Unpack the receiver carefully and check that all the items are present and correct.SAFETY PRECAUTIONSAll normal safety precautions as laid down by British Standards and the Health and Safety at Work Act should be observed and servicing should be referred to qualified service personnel.Rx300 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONPower Requirements:240 volts 50Hz, or 110 volts 60 Hz (240 volts standard)IEC connector providedMaximum Load: 6 amp at 240 voltsReceiver Current Draw:6VA maximumFuses:receiver fuse (F1): 63 mA Tauxiliary fuse (F2): 5 amp T (mains driven head)auxiliary fuse (F2): 315 mA T (24-volt panning head)Outputs 3 single pole change over relays (snubbed)either:-or:-1. Left motor 1. Wash2. Right Motor 2. Wipe3. Autopan 3. Lights (Max 1000 watt load)For pan only heads, For static camerasautopan interlocks with left/right.Facilities/Options Unit auto tunes to the coaxial telemetry signal.LED readout for continual system status .Diagnostic test button (SW1) activates each function for two seconds in turn. See Table 4for test sequences.Video launch amplifier provided with Gain and Lift controls.Camera power outlet provided.Colour coded outlets - live, neutral and earth.24 volt option available from factory, plugs into J5, (pre wired).Telemetry signals Up the co-ax telemetry signals, designed to operate over 1Km of CT125 co-ax.orTwisted pair 20mA loopAuto-Iris Output Returns to original setting 15 seconds after key release. Level programable from keypad. Aux. output Suitable for driving a single relay (See Installation Instructions for further details).Video input1v p-p 75R Terminated Input via BNC socket.Video output1v p-p to 4v p-p 75R Impedance via BNC socket.PCB Size Width 108 mm (4.25 inches) overallLength178 mm (7 inches) without IEC insertedHeight38 mm (1.5 inches) above PCBPCB Weight0.35 Kg (12 ounces)Boxed Size:Width: 190 mmLength:380 mmHeight:130 mmBoxed Weight: 2.5 kgWAGO CONNECTERSThe WAGO series 256 PCB terminal block is a simple-to-use method of attaching cables toPCBs quickly and easily. The correct method of attachment is as follows:1. Use only cable between 0.08 and2.5 mm²2. Strip the cable to a length of 5 to 6 mm (0.23 in)3. Press down the relevant terminal block lever with a screwdriver4. Insert wire5. Remove screwdriverDetachment of wires is the reverse procedure of steps 3 to 5, ensuring that power isdisconnected before startingCABLING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RX RANGE OF RECEIVERSAlthough BBV do not specify any particular type, manufacturer or supplier of cables, thefollowing ESD Electronic Services (0279 626777) cables have been used successfully forproduction and testing:ESD Part Number:Description:071775G Output Cable(100 m)18-core 16/0.2mm PVC insulated/PVC sheathed cableRated at 440 volts AC rms at 1600 HzDEF 61-12 current rating per core 2.5 ampMaximum operating temperature: 70 degrees Celsius038309R Preset Cable(100 m)8-core 7/0.2mm PVC insulated, overall braid screenedRated at 440 volts AC rms at 1600 HzDEF 61-12 current rating per core 1.0 ampMaximum operating temperature: 70 degrees Celsius0222586G Co-Ax Cable (Minimum Specification)(100 m)RG59B/U ESD radio frequency co-ax cable to BS2316 and MIL-C-171/0.58mm copper-covered steel wire conductor with solid polythene dielectric,bare copper wire braid and PVC sheathCharacteristic impedance: 75 OhmCapacitance: 22pF/ft020966D Orange Coloured Lights Output Cable (1000 w)(100 m)3183Y PVC Insulated 3 core cable1.25mm² 40/0.2mm annealed copper conductorCurrent rating: 13 amp0140467H20mA Twisted Pair Cable (Minimum Specification)(100 m)British Telecom Spec. CW 13082-core 1/0.5mm PVC insulatedMaximum conductor resistance at 20 degrees Celsius: 97.8 ohms/KmRx200 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSThe Rx300 requires all connections to the PCB to be made by the installer and via terminal blocks or by plug and socket. These connections are: power, video in, video out, and pan or auxiliary outputs. See Table for the correct connections.The Rx300 is normally supplied pre-configured to suit the application for which it is intended, and this will be either to control a mains-operated panning head or other equipment, or to control a 24-volt panning head. The unit is prewired for 240 volt mains operation. If a 110 volt supply is to be used, it is most important to double-check the mains voltage selection jumpers at U1 before connection of power. For operation at 110 volts F1 should be fitted with 100 mA T.110 Volts240 VoltsFor mains-voltage panning heads, the 110 or 240 volt supply is made via the IEC socket J4 . (Note - for mains operations, J5 is linked Pins 1 to 4 and Pins 3 to 6. )For 24-volt panning heads, the jumper plug fitted to J5 is removed and the separate BBV 24-volt supply (Part Number BBV24VAC) is connected to J5 and the auxiliary fuse F2 is changed from 5 amp to 315 mA T. Mains connection is made via the IEC socket J4, to provide power for the system.Dependant on the type of application required and the type of lens used there are two jumpers H1-1, H1-2 on the PCB which have to be set. Their functions are as listed below:-H1-1On Left right and autopan (Plus Aux. Light Relay Driver Output J3-5/6)Off Wash wipe and lights (Plus Aux. Autopan Relay Driver Output J3-5/6)H1-2Controls auto-iris remote control features. (See Appendix for Lens List)On Cosmicar lens 2.5 - 5.5 voltsOff Seiko/Video Technical lens 2.5 - 12 voltsTwo L.E.D.'s (Error and Cable) are mounted on-board to give simple system status information. Their functions are as follows:-Cable LEDRegular Blinking - Telemetry and Sync signals OKBlinking but mainly ON - No telemetry information from the transmitterBlinking but mainly OFF - No sync information from the cameraError LEDOn - Transmission error (e.g. framing error, parity error)Both LED'sOff - No power, or major PCB errorRX-2SELF-TEST AND DIAGNOSTIC SEQUENCESThe diagnostic system and status check, which will activate each camera function for two seconds in turn, is activated either locally by pressing a switch on the PCB or remotely from a BBV keypad. When testing the system locally, before initiating the diagnostic system and status check by pressing SW1, ensure that the Cable LED is on (i.e. either flashing or continuously). If not, this indicates that either the power is not attached to the PCB, or there has been a major PCB error. Rectify accordingly.The Error LED flashes at a two-second rate during self-test. If the Cable LED fails to extinguish, then the unit is unable to self-tune and should be returned for repair.Order of function test:Major PCB Error. Replace boardCamera Moves LeftCamera Moves RightAutopanRelay Driver ActivatedAuto Iris OpenAuto Iris CloseDiagnostic Check Complete, unitresets and continues normal operation.LAUNCH AMPLIFIERThere are two variable controls, Lift and Gain, situated close to the BNC connector J1. These are pre-adjusted for a cable distance of 500m, and are adjustable to compensate for video detail or signal losses if and when longer or shorter cable lengths are used to connect the monitor to the receiver.Default Position. For shorter cable lengths, turn the relevant control anti-clockwise until the required picture quality is obtained. For longer cable lengths,turn the relevant control clockwise until the required picture clarity is obtained.The purpose of each control is:Lift: boosts the high-frequency signal Gain: adjusts the gain of the video signalATTENTION:Ensure that the cable is terminated at the monitor end ONLY CABLE CONNECTIONS FOR Rx200 UNITSNote A:This connection is Perminent Main Potential and is for use with camera wipe motorsystems that require voltage to return the wipe arm to its home position Note B:When the PCB is mounted in a housing and the cable not used Pins J6-9, J6-8 and J6-7are available as Wash Live, Wash Earth and Wash Neutral.ColourFunctionPan Head ConnectionStatic Head Connection Main Cable ( 18 Core )Wipe Auto Return Motor Live J6-13 (See A)Brown Camera Power Live J6-12J6-12Green Camera Power Ground J6-11J6-11Blue Camera Power Neutral J6-10J6-10RedPan LeftJ6-9Turquoise Motor Head Return (Neutral)J6-8Green/Red Motor Head Earth J6-7Yellow Pan Right J6-6Red/Blue Autopan J6-3Black Tilt Up N/A N/A WhiteTilt Down N/AN/ARed/Brown Wash Live J6-9 (See B)Red /Black Wipe Live J6-6Yellow/Red Wipe Earth J6-5White/Red Wipe NeutralJ6-4Orange Lens Drive Zoom MotorN/A N/A Grey Lens Drive Motor Return /Ground N/A N/A Pink Lens Drive Focus Motor N/A N/A Auto Iris Override Ground J3-4J3-4VioletAuto Iris OverrideJ3-3J3-320 mA Twisted Pair Connection J3-2J3-220 mA Twisted Pair ConnectionJ3-1J3-1Lighting Cable ( Orange 3 Core)Brown Lights Live J6-3Green/Yellow Lights Earth J6-2Blue Lights Neutral J6-1。
Test-Linked Specification For Safety-Critical SoftwareHerbert Hecht and Myron HechtSoHaR IncorporatedBeverly Hills, Californiaherb@ and myron@AbstractT h e great difficulties that are encountered whenreliability requirements for critical software h ave to be validated motivate an approach that facilitates testing for exceptional conditions th at th e software is expected to h andle. It is sh own th at in several publish ed studies, failures in previously tested critical programs occurred wh en rare events were encountered in th e execution. Statement of requirements in the form of condition tables assures that all combinations of rare events that must be h andled by th e program are clearly recognized during development, and th e condition tables can be translated directly into test cases that validate the conformance with these requirements.IntroductionSafety-critical software is frequently required to have a failure probability of less than 10-6 per hour, and in some cases less than 10-9 per hour. That a program actually meets these requirements is impossible to demonstrate by conventional statistical interpretation of test results, even with perfect outcomes (no failures observed). In previous publications we have shown that failures in well-tested critical programs are almost exclusively due to rare conditions encountered during execution, and that in the most extensively tested programs failures are usually observed only when there is a coincidence for two or more rare conditions [H ECH94]. Several authors have shown that weaknesses in the specification process make it easy for multiple versions to have the same faults, and that these are frequently associated with handling of rare conditions [KELL83, KNIG86].Condition tables were introduced as a tool for test case selection by Goodenough and Gerhart [GOOD75]. David Parnas has pointed out that they provide a formal way of capturing complete requirements, including the response to rare conditions, and that such tables are more readily accepted and understood by engineers than the typical language-based formal specification methods [PARN91].A typical condition table is shown in Figure 1, and for the time being just the format of the table will concern us; the content will be discussed later..95S"≤s1≤1.05S"y n y y y n n n .95S"≤s2≤1.05S"y y n y n y n n .95S"≤s3≤1.05S"y y y n n n y n S1=s1S1=θS1=s1S1=s1S1=s1S1=θS1=θS1=θS2=s2S2=s2S2=θS2=s2S2=θS2=s2S2=θS2=θS3=s3S3=s3S3=s3S3=θS3=θS3=θS3=s3S3=θFigure 1. Typical Condition TableThe upper left part of the table lists three conditions (in this case the range for signals s1, s2, and s3) and the subsequent entries in the rows pertaining to each signal signify whether the condition is met. The columns therefore specify a unique condition for the combination of the three signals, and it is quite apparent that this way of specifying the conditions can be directly translated into test cases. The bottom part of the table specifies the action to be taken when the three conditions prevail that are identified for that column above the heavy line. This is equivalent to specifying the outcome of the test case. In this table we are dealing only with binary conditions, and since there are three independent variables (signals) the number of combinations is 23 = 8. Inspection shows that there are 8 columns, and thus the specification of the conditions is complete.Application to a Feedwater Control System The condition table shown in Figure 1 actually represents the specification for sensor validation for a digital feedwater control system for a power plant. Because this is an essential system, the water level is measured by three level sensors and the logic for accepting sensor signals for further processing was given in the textual specification (with some translation of local jargon into English) as:The control system shall utilize the existing three level signals, wh ich will be input and validated. Any level signal greater th an ± 5% of th e average sh all be considered invalid.The sentence contains a number of incorrect or ambiguous expressions, the worst one of which is (after some further translation) “Any level signal not within ± 5% of the average shall be considered invalid.” Now assume that the sensor range extends from 0 to 100 and that the current correct reading is 60. One of the sensors fails and reads 0, while the other two continue to read 60. The instantaneous average reading is 120/3 = 40, and 5% range is 38 to 42. All signals are now invalid -- hardly the intended result. The explanation offered for this significant fault in the specification was that it was copied from the specification of the existing analog control system. The specification for the digital system had undergone several reviews, and the reviewers considered portions of the specification that had come from the existing system as “solid” and not in need of a thorough review. This is a fairly typical history of serious specification errors in critical systems.The correct specification for a digital system would have referred to “± 5% of the average of the previous cycle”. Now we return to Figure 1 and consider the content rather than the format of the condition table. The conditions in the upper left corner are stated in a simple mathematical notation which is defined below.sn (n = 1, 2, 3): current cycle narrow range sensor signals Sn (n = 1, 2, 3): current cycle validated sensor signalsS'n (n = 1, 2, 3): previous cycle validated sensor signals S" = (S'1 + S'2 + S'3)/3 (average previous cycle signal)In the first column of the table all three sensor signals can be validated. In the second column s1 falls outside the allowable range and can thus not be validated. These conditions are stated in unambiguous engineering terminology, and have a very much better chance of being correctly implemented than the textual format. The completeness of the requirements expressed in the table reveals that it is possible to transition from the normal (three valid signals) state to a state with only a single valid signal or possibly even to one with no valid signals. This, by itself, is a significant result of the use of this methodology. Admittedly, the probability of such a transition is low, but in an application as critical as the feedwater control system it should not be ignored.The table can guide the construction of test cases that will provide a comprehensive validation that requirements have been met. The basic functionality will be tested by means of the eight combination of conditions that correspond to the columns in the table. Further test cases can be constructed to check for numerical accuracy at the transitions from the allowable to the non-allowable sensor signals.Application to Realistic Specifications The example cited above was kept to just three input conditions in order to permit an easy introduction to the concept of condition tables as a means of structuring software test. For a realistic software product a much greater number of input conditions must be expected, and the exponential relation between input rows and test condition columns may lead to an unreasonable number of test cases. The following paragraphs show how these difficulties can be overcome.The most universally applicable technique is to adopt a hierarchical structure for the requirements (not the software structure that is generally unknown for non-developed programs). An example of such a requirements structure is shown in Figure 2. The requirements for feed water control are partitioned into three blocks for which requirements are expected to be independent. Thus, Sensor Monitoring is required to furnish validated sensor readings or no readings at all, Valve Actuation is required to furnish correct valve positions for all valid outputs ofLocal M onitoring ReasonablenessChecksS ensor M onitoring Valve A ctuation DisplayFW C ontrolFigure 2 Requirements StructureSensor Monitoring, and Display is required to furnish a status indication of the system independent of the results of the other two requirement blocks. This structure permits separate condition tables to be generated for each of the lower level blocks and avoids the exponential expansion of required test cases. If the condition tables at that level are still too large, further decomposition of the requirements may be possible, as indicated here for sensor monitoring.Where interactions of requirements cannot be avoided, the number of test cases can still be minimized by working with the action part of the individual condition tables (below the heavy line in Figure 1) rather than with the input conditions. Thus, if interactions between Sensor Monitoring and Valve Actuation cannot be ruled out, it still may be assumed that all actions that result in at least two validated signals affect Valve Actuation identically, that all actions that yield a single validated signal have an identical effect, and finally that a unique effect may prevail when there are no validated signals. Thus, the original eight input conditions have been condensed into three states for which tests of interactions with the Valve Actuation requirements may have to be conducted.When the suspected interactions between requirements blocks cannot be grouped into a manageable number of output states, testing of random combinations of requirements from the individual blocks may be considered. This approaches the random test case generation which has been found to be an efficient means of obtaining test coverage in the Halden experiments that are discussed later in this paper.Relation to Prior ResearchWhen a program with a fixed number of faults is subjected to repeated testing under a random set of test cases, the faults tend to result in failures in a reasonably constant order. This has been known at least since 1982 and holds true whether faults during a given set of test cases are fixed as they are encountered or not [NAGL82]. Thus, some faults tend to be detected earlier while others tend to be detected much later. The principal cause for this order in the detection sequence is the place in the software structure in which the fault resides. The opening statements in a program, e. g., the ones that read in data or select the processing path based on the data values, tend to be accessed during every run, while specific processing steps are traversed only for certain data ranges. Thus, faults in the opening statements are much more likely to be detected and will tend to be detected earlier than faults in segments that will be executed only under a restricted set of data values. The faults least likely to be accessed during normal execution are those in the exception handlers or routines called by these, and in a typical test program these will be discovered last or not at all. Thus, in a previously tested program the most likely areas to still contain faults are those dealing with rarely encountered conditions and exception handling.This conclusion holds an obvious lesson for the design of test cases, but that lesson seems to have escaped a large number of software designers of high academic standing that participated in the project described in the next paragraph.The table shown in Figure 3 has been constructed from published data on the multi-version software experiment that involved 5 programmer teams from each of four leading software engineering faculties in the U. S [ECKH91]. The objective of the experiment was to determine the likelihood of related faults in independently designed and coded programs. These findings could then be interpreted into the probability that voting among three versions (or, more generally, N-versions) of programs independently developed from aNo. prior anomalies ObservedfailuresTotal no. oftestsFailurefraction01,268134,1350.01112,921101,1510.13283,022143,5090.58Figure 3. Results of individual tests on the accelerometer selection softwarecommon requirement will lead to correct results even if the individual programs do contain faults. The common requirement for each of the 20 programs was to compute an acceleration vector from an array of six non-orthogonal accelerometers. Since only three independent accelerometers outputs are required to compute the acceleration vector, the program should be able to give correct results as long as no more than three accelerometer failures were encountered. Each of the expert programming teams was responsible for testing their own program. The tests reported in the table were conducted on the delivered (and tested) programs and consisted of introducing one anomaly into a previously good accelerometer. The number of prior anomalies (that existed at the beginning of the run) is listed in the first column. The test reported in the last row started with two prior anomalies and concluded with three; thus still within the envelope of the requirements of the program.It is seen that prior testing removed practically all faults associated with the handling of the first accelerometer failure (no prior anomalies), but was much less effective in detecting faults associated with second or third failures. The results shown in the last row suggest that very few of the tests conducted by the individual teams subjected the programs to runs in which a third failure was introduced on top of two prior failures. Yet, any analysis leads to the presumption that programming to overcome the effect of a third failure will be more difficult than the management of a lesser number of failures, and that the code should be carefully tested for performance under third failure conditions. As has been pointed out in the preceding section, the condition table methodology is very effective in emphasizing the need for testing for multiple failure conditions and its use would have reduced or even eliminated the disparity in the failure fraction between the first and last rows in the above table.A further example of the need for testing for multiple failure conditions is shown in the following example from the final acceptance testing of the Space Shuttle Avionics (SSA) software.. The analysis concentrated on the severity of the consequences of the failures and on the conditions that initiated the failure. It was found that the majority of failures, and particularly in the highest severity categories, occurred under input conditions that contained at least one rare event (RE), a condition not likely to be encountered in routine operation [HECH94]. Examples of rare events in that environment include loss of main engine thrust, very unusual or unauthorized crew procedures, and computer hardware failures.When at least one RE was responsible for the failure the corresponding failure report was classified as a rare event report (RR). The data were collected during the acceptance test for release 8B of the program, the first flight program immediately after the Challenger accident. The program had undergone intensive test prior to the period reported on here. NASA classifies the consequences of failure (severity) on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 represents safety critical and 2 mission critical failures with higher numbers indicating successively less mission impact. During most of this period test failures in the first two categories were analyzed and corrected even when the events leading to the failure were outside the contractual requirements (particularly more severe environments or equipment failures than the software was intended to handle); these categories were designated as 1N and 2N respectively.Rare events were clearly the leading cause of failures among the most severe failure categories (1 - 2N) and were an important cause among all reports in this population. In the less critical failure categories (which presumably came from code segments that had not undergone as thorough prior testing) a greater fraction of faults was due to causes not directly related to rare events. The number of rare events per rare report (RE/RR, the entries in the last column) remains relatively constant for all severity classes around the average of 1.72. This indicates that inability to handle more than one RE at a time is really at the root of the problem, and again highlights the merits of the condition table approach. Classification by the number of rare events in the conditions that caused the failure clearly shows the merit of the condition table approach in assuring that rare events and multiple rare events are adequately covered in both development and testing. At this point it is appropriate to ask "H ow often have we traced a threadSeverityNo. Reports No. of Rare No of RatiosAnalyzed (RA)Reports (RR)Rare Events (RE)RR/RA RE/RA RE/RR 1 29 28 49 0.97 1.69 1.751N 41 33 71 0.80 1.83 2.152 19 12 23 0.63 1.32 1.922N 14 11 21 0.79 1.57 1.913 100 59 100 0.59 1.37 1.694 136 63 92 0.46 0.88 1.465 62 25 42 0.40 0.63 1.68All3852313980.601.231.72Figure 4. Analysis of Space Shuttle Avionics Software10100100011000085705510040ACCEPTANCETESTPLANT SIMULATIONUNIFORM RANDOMNUMBER OF CYCLESC O V E R A G E P E R C E N TFigure 5. Effect of Test Strategiesinvolving more than one rare event?" and "H ow often have we concentrated on test cases that involved more than one rare event at a time?" The usual answers to these questions indicate that it is quite likely that programs will fail when multiple rare events are encountered. The thoroughness of final testing in the shuttle program surfaced weaknesses which probably would have been detected in many other situations only after they caused operational failures.A final example from prior research that confirms the benefits of the approach suggested above comes from the testing of nuclear power plant safety systems at the European nuclear test facility at H alden, Norway [DAH L90]. A program was tested by means of several strategies of which Figure 5 shows the three most significant ones. The ordinate represents branch coverage achieved by test, and a separate section in the referenced document indicates that the number of faults found was roughly proportional to branch coverage. Testing by means of the plant simulator subjected the program to a large number of plant conditions but did not include any failures in the computer or data systems. The test never entered the branches of the program that dealt with those failures. Testing by the acceptance test procedure(essentially, requirements based testing) and uniform random testing both ultimately reached about 98% branch coverage, but the uniform random testing reached a high level of coverage with considerable fewer test cycles and this was interpreted as an advantage of that methodology. Examination of the acceptance test procedure shows two abrupt steps, where coverage increased rapidly in very few test cycles. In a discussion with the authors of the paper is was found that the acceptance test procedure first dealt with all normal functional requirements, then with mildly disturbed conditions, and finally with really rare conditions. If the order of testing had been reversed the acceptance test procedure would probably have surpassed the efficiency of the random test generation. This demonstrates how important it is to have a requirements format that emphasizes the exceptional states that a program will have to handle.[GOOD75]J.B. Goodenough and S.L. Gerhart, "Toward a Theory of Test Data Selection", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-1, No.2, pp.156-173, June 1975[HECH94]HerbertHecht and Patrick Crane, "Rare Conditions and their Effect on Software Failures", Proceedings of the 1994 Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, pp. 334 - 337, January 1994[KELL83] J. P. J. Kelly and A. Avizienis, "A Specification-Oriented Multi-Version Fault-Tolerant Software Experiment", Proc. FTCS-13, PP. 120-126, Milan, Italy, June 1983[KNIG86] J. C. Knight and N. G. Leveson, “An Experimental Evaluation of the Assumption of Independence in Multi-Version Programming”, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. SE-12, No. 1, 1986[NAGE82] Phyllis M. Nagel and James A. Skrivan, “Software Reliability: Repetitive Run Experimentation and Modeling”, NASA CR-165839, Februrary 1082[PARN91] D. L. Parnas, G. J. K. Asmis, and J. Madey, "Assessment of Safety-Critical Soft ware”, Proc. 9th Annual Softw. Reliability Symp., Colorado Springs CO, May 1991REFERENCES[DAH L90]G. Dahll, M. Barnes, and P. Bishop, "Software Diversity -- A way to Enhance Safety?", Proc. Second European Conference on Software Quality Assurance, Oslo, May 1990 [ECKH91] D. E. Eckhardt, A. K. Caglayan, J. C. Knight, et al., "An experimental evaluation of software redundancy as a strategy for improving reliability", IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, vol 17 no 7, July 1991, pp. 692 - 702。