5 J.K. Rowling's 2008 Harvard Commencement Address英语美文

J.K. Rowling致Faust校长，哈佛集团以及哈佛监事委员会的各位成员，各位教职员工，众多自豪的家长，以及最为重要的——各位毕业生们：我想要说的第一句话是“谢谢你们”。

这份感谢不仅来自于哈佛赋予我如此非同寻常的荣誉，更是由于几个星期以来每当我想到今天的致词就会觉得头晕恶心，因而终于成功的减肥了。

这就是“双赢”啊！现在，我只需要深呼吸几次，瞄几眼红色的横幅，然后装模作样的让自己相信，我正身处世界上受过最好教育的哈里波特迷的盛大集会之中。

在毕业典礼上致词意味着极大的责任——我这样想着，直到我开始回想我自己的毕业典礼。

那天致词的是著名的英国哲学家Baroness Mary Warnock。

对于她的演讲的回忆也极大地帮助了我完成现在这份，因为，我完全想不起来她说了什么。

这个具有解放意义的重大发现让我无所畏惧的写下自己的致词，因为我再也不必担心会在不经意间对你们造成影响，以至于让你们为了成为一个快乐巫师的虚幻憧憬，就放弃自己在商业、法律界或政界的远大前程。

看到了吧？就算若干年后你们对我的演讲的印象只剩下这个“快乐的巫师”的笑话，那我还是领先了Baroness Mary Warnock一步的。

能够达成的目标是自我改善的第一步。

事实上，为了确定今天应该对你们说些什么，我真是绞尽了脑汁。

我问自己，在我自己的毕业典礼上，我曾期待知道什么？而自那天开始到现在的21年间，我又学到了那些教训？我想到了两个答案。

在今天这个美妙的时刻，当我们齐聚一堂庆祝你们取得学业成功的时候，我决定跟你们谈谈失败带来的好处。

另外，在你们正要一脚踏入所谓“真实的生活”的时候，我还要高声赞颂想象力的重大意义。

这些决定看起来颇为荒诞而矛盾，但是啊，请听我慢慢道来。

对于一个已经42岁的妇人来说，回顾21岁毕业典礼的时刻并不是一件十分舒服的事情。

在前半生中我一直奋力挣扎，为了在自己的雄心壮志与亲人对我的期盼之间取得一个平衡。

我自己认定今生唯一想做的事情就是写小说。

生活指南----给初到Boston的Harvard新生（2008版）欢迎大家来到Boston。

这份生活指南面向初到Boston的Harvard新生，根据中国籍Harvard学生的亲身体验而编写，实用性、针对性强。

由于Harvard分为Harvard Square附近的主校区和Longwood（HMS、HSPH、HSDM）分校区，所以文中在某些方面对两处进行分别介绍。

从国内携带物品一般而言大家从国内带生活用品主要是考虑美国的东西价格高或者是用得不舒服。

前一个因素当大家领到Stipend并摆脱x7的习惯后就释怀了；后一个因素么所谓入乡随俗，美国的生活质量该不逊于中国吧。

我们的体会是可以带齐刚来三四天内所需的各项用品，但没有必要携带并囤积一年所用的东西。

以下就所携带物品的轻重缓急分四类介绍。

1．必须带的（Boston难买或者是刚来急用来不及买的）：美元：在领到第一个月的Stipend前需自己支付生活费。

一般而言每天的伙食可控制在20元内，至于日用品消费则因人而异。

就价格水平而言，1元人民币在国内大城市的购买力大致相当于0.5美元在这儿的购买力。

衣物、鞋（拖鞋）：Boston冬季与北京差不多冷，但积雪较厚。

户外羽绒服加一件毛衣可御寒，户内有暖气。

夏天的衣裤多带些，如可以机洗的衬衫、T恤、袜子等。

正装准备一套即可，穿的机会很少。

旅行装洗漱、洗浴用品。

女生可准备一些头绳发饰，这里很贵且不好看。

微波炉用具、筷子等少量餐具、水杯：这边多数微波炉用具只能短时加热，长时加热烹调会产生有毒物质抗生素、感冒药、发烧药等常用药品。

怕冻的同学可带一些防冻伤的药品，冬天这边室外很冷。

定时器（手表或闹钟）变压器和转换插座（如果所带电器的规格与美国不通用）少量方便面或干粮：由于到波士顿一般是午夜，飞机上又吃不饱，刚来也不熟悉，所以可在托运的行李中带一两包方便面以充饥。

水果肉类等新鲜食物原则上是不能带上飞机的。

薄毯子、被子、枕头、床单等床上用品（如果租用的房间不配套提供或嫌不干净的话）雨具：Boston多雨雪，尤其是冬天，风也较大。

2008美国总统竞选辩论实录2008 美国总统竞选辩论实录（中英文对照）LEHRER: Good evening from the Ford Center for the Performing Arts at the University of Mississippi in Oxford. I'm Jim Lehrer of the NewsHour on PBS, and I welcome you to the first of the 2008 presidential debates between the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, and the Democratic nominee, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois.主持人：晚上好，这里是牛津密西西比大学的表演艺术中心。

我是来自公共广播公司《新闻时间》的吉姆.拉勒尔。

我欢迎你们来到2008年首场总统竞选辩论。

两位总­统候选人是来自亚利桑那州的共和党提名人——议员约翰.麦凯恩，和来自伊利诺斯州的民主党提名人——议员贝拉克.奥巴马。

(注：牛津，密西西比南部一城市，位于田纳西州孟斐斯东南偏南。

是密西西比大学的所在地（老密西），建于1844年，它是威廉姆·福克纳的家乡。

人口9,882­)The Commission on Presidential Debates is the sponsor of this event and the three other presidential and vice presidential debates coming in October.总统竞选辩论委员会是这次辩论以及即将在10月份的另外三次总统竞选辩论和副总统竞选辩论的主办者。

Tonight's will primarily be about foreign policy and national security, which, by definition, includes the global financial crisis. It will be divided roughly into nine-minute segments.今晚的话题将主要围绕外交政策和国家安全。

波士顿学院（Boston College，简称BC），是美国一所私立顶级研究型大学, 是波士顿五大名校（麻省理工学院、哈佛大学、塔夫茨大学、波士顿学院、布兰迪斯大学）之一。

波士顿学院知名校友包括现任国务卿约翰·克里，能源部长Ernest Moniz, 马萨诸塞州州长Paul Cellucci，康涅狄格州州长Dannel P. Malloy，波士顿市市长Martin J. Walsh, 投资大师彼得·林奇及谷歌、苹果、JP摩根等众多跨国公司高管及政要，BC在美国享有声望，于2006年被列为全美25所”新常春藤“名校之一。

立思辰留学360介绍，BC在2016 U.S.NEWS全美大学综合排名第30位；BC在KIPLINGER金融杂志2016最有价值私立大学排名为全美第19位；BC会计专业在LINKEDIN2015全美会计专业人士职业发展排名第3；BC金融硕士专业在英国金融时报世界大学排名第17, 美国排名第2；BC在2011-2012年美国《高等教育纪事》富布赖特获奖学生数量全美大学排名第8；2007年《普林斯顿评论》将BC评为美国父母眼中理想大学排名第6。

BC也是美国体育及文艺名校之一。

BC曾经培养出美式橄榄球名人堂运动员, 美国电影金球奖得主, 电视艾美奖获得者, 普利策新闻奖获奖者等杰出人士。

NBA球星科比2014年还曾前往BC旁听课程；2014年由BC前棒球选手发起的ALS冰桶挑战风靡全球;BC男子冰球队多次雄踞全美NCAA联赛冠军。

BC主校区坐落于波士顿市区以西约6英里栗树山，是波士顿地铁绿线支线的终点站。

BC拥有北美洲最早的哥特式建筑，并被列入历史遗迹受到保护, 也是波士顿马拉松路线的必经之地BC杰出校友BC校友 - Amy Poehler PEABODY PRIZE奖 BC 校友 Tracey Wigfield EMMY AWARD奖 BC校友 -Will Hobson(中) PULITZER PRIZE奖 BC校友 - Doug Flutie 橄榄球名人堂传奇 BC校友 - Amy Poehler 好莱坞星光大道 Amy Poehler 获得2014年金球奖 Molly Schaus 美国冰球国家队守门员 Jared Dudley NBA 篮球运动员 Luke Kuechly 橄榄球运动员 Matt Ryan 橄榄球运动员 Erik Weihenmayer 盲人登山家 Luke Russert 美国NBC电视播音员 Peter B. Dervan 美国国家科学奖章总统授奖 Kofi Kingston - WWE 职业摔角冠军 BC校友活跃在美国的各行各业, 包括政界,文艺界, 商界, 体育界,科技,教育,宗教界等等。

罗琳介绍及XX年在哈佛大学毕业演讲视频导语：罗琳你知多少?本文是品才网小编精心编辑的，希望能帮助到你!罗琳介绍及XX年在哈佛大学毕业演讲视频罗琳( Rowling)，1965年7月31日出生于英国格温特郡，毕业于英国埃克塞特大学，英国作家。

1989年，24岁的罗琳有了创作哈利波特的念头。

1997年6月，推出哈利波特系列第一本《哈利波特与魔法石》。

随后，罗琳又分别于1998年与1999年创作了《哈利波特与密室》和《哈利波特与阿兹卡班的囚徒》。

XX年，美国华纳兄弟电影公司决定将小说的第一部《哈利波特与魔法石》搬上银幕。

XX年6月，她再创作出第五部作品《哈利波特与凤凰社》。

XX年，罗琳荣登《福布斯》富人排行榜，她的身价达到10亿美元。

XX年7月推出了第六部《哈利波特与混血王子》，XX年7月推出终结篇《哈利波特与死亡圣器》。

截至XX年，《哈利波特》系列7本小说被翻译成67种文字在全球发行4亿册。

XX年，哈利波特电影系列的完结篇《哈利波特与死亡圣器》拍摄完成。

XX年12月，罗琳更新了《哈利波特》系列相关的小故事1965年7月31日，罗琳在英国格温特郡耶特车站大道240号的考特奇医院出生。

1970年9月，乔安妮罗琳在温特本尼的高地街上的圣迈克大教堂英语学校开始上小学。

从小喜欢写作和讲故事的她在6岁时就写了一篇跟兔子有关的故事。

1974年9月，乔安妮罗琳在塔茨希尔教堂小学上学，1976年秋，罗琳开始在塞德伯里的韦迪恩综合中学上学，1982年，乔安妮罗琳成为韦迪恩综合中学的学生代表。

1983年夏，罗琳从韦迪恩综合中学高中部毕业，参加了牛津大学的入学考试。

同年秋，罗琳开始在英国埃克赛特大学学习，主修法语和古典文学。

19851986年大学第二学年，罗琳因参加了埃克塞特大学的“法国实践活动”而来到巴黎。

她在那里教英语，这是她首次任教。

1987年春，罗琳从埃克塞特大学毕业。

1989年，24岁的罗琳在曼彻斯特前往伦敦的火车旅途中，一个瘦弱、戴着眼镜的黑发小巫师，一直在车窗外对着她微笑。

jkrowling英文个人简介J.K. Rowling,英国作家。

1997年6月，推出哈利波特系列第一本《哈利波特与魔法石》。

下面是小编给大家整理的jkrowling英文个人简介，供大家参阅!jkrowling英文个人简介Joanne Jo Rowling, OBE, FRSL (/rol/; born 31 July 1965), pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained worldwide attention, won multiple awards, and sold more than 400 million copies.They have become the best-selling book series in history and been the basis for a series of films over which Rowling had overall approval on the scriptsand maintained creative control by serving as a producer on the final instalment.Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London in 1990. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband and relative poverty until she finished the first novelin the series, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, in 1997. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written four books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) andunder the pseudonym Robert Galbraiththe crime fiction novels The Cuckoos Calling (2013), The Silkworm (2014) and Career of Evil (2015).Rowling has lived a rags to riches life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to multi-millionaire status within five years. She is the United Kingdoms best-selling living author, with sales in excess of 238M.The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at 600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK. Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fans.In October 2010, Rowling was named the Most Influential Woman in Britain by leading magazine editors. She has supported charities including Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and Lumos (formerly the Childrens High Level Group).jkrowling英文个人简介：Name Although she writesunder the pen name J. K. Rowling (pronounced rolling), her name, before her remarriage, was simply Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the target audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman, her publishers asked that she use two initials rather than her full name. As she had no middle name, she chose K (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother.She calls herself Jo.Following her marriage, she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business. During the Leveson Inquiryshe gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowlingand her entry in Whos Who lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling.jkrowling英文个人简介：Life and career Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer,and Anne Rowling (ne Volant), a science technician,on 31 July 1965in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Bristol.Her parents first met on a train departing from Kings Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964.They married on 14 March 1965. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran.Her mothers paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the Croix deGuerre for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won the Lgion dhonneur during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are?, in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. When she heard his story of bravery and discovered the croix de guerre was for ordinary soldiers like her grandfather, who had been a waiter, she stated the croix de guerre was better to her than the Legion of Honour.ChildhoodRowlings sister Diannewas born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old.The family moved to the nearby villageWinterbourne when Rowling was four.She attended St Michaels Primary School, a school founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and education reformer Hannah More. Her headmaster at St Michaels, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore.Rowlings childhood home, Church Cottage, Tutshill, GloucestershireAs a child, Rowling often wrote fantasy storieswhich she frequently read to her sister.Aged nine, Rowling moved to Church Cottage in the Gloucestershire village ofTutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales.She attended secondary school at Wyedean School and College, where her mother worked in the science department.When she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave her a copy of Jessica Mitfords autobiography, Hons and Rebels. Mitford became Rowlings heroine, and Rowling read all of her books.Rowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy.Her home life was complicated by her mothers illness and a strained relationship with her father, with whom she is not on speaking terms. Rowling later said that she based the character of Hermione Granger on herself when she was eleven.Steve Eddy, who taught Rowling English when she first arrived, remembers her as not exceptional but one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English.Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia which she says inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.At this time, she listened to the Smiths and the Clash.Rowling took A-levels in English, French and German, achieving two As and a Band was Head Girl.EducationIn 1982, Rowling took the entrance exams for Oxford University but was not accepted and read for a B.A. in French and Classics at the University of Exeter.Martin Sorrell, a French professor at Exeter, remembers a quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of doing what was necessary.Rowling recalls doing little work, preferring to listen to The Smiths and read Dickens andTolkien.After a year of study in Paris, Rowling graduated from Exeter in 1986and moved to London to work as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International.In 1988, Rowling wrote a short essay about her time studying Classics entitled What was the Name of that Nymph Again? or Greek and Roman Studies Recalled; it was published by the University of Exeters journal Pegasus.Inspiration and mothers deathAfter working at Amnesty International in London, Rowling and her then boyfriend decided to move to Manchester, where she worked at the Chamber of Commerce. In 1990, while she was on a four-hour-delayed train trip from Manchester to London, the idea for a story of a young boy attending a school of wizardry came fully formed into hermind.When she had reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began to write immediately.In December, Rowlings mother Anne died after ten years suffering from multiple sclerosis. Rowling was writing Harry Potter at the time and had never told her mother about it.Her mothers death heavily affected Rowlings writing,and she channelled her own feelings of loss by writing about Harrys own feelings of loss in greater detail in the first book.Marriage, divorce, and single parenthood Rowling moved to Porto to teach. In 1993, she returned to the UK accompanied by her daughter and three completed chapters of Harry Potter after her marriage had deteriorated.An advertisement in The Guardian led Rowling to move to Porto, Portugal, to teach English as a foreign language.She taught at night and began writing in the day while listening to Tchaikovskys Violin Concerto.After 18 months in Porto, she met Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found they shared an interest in Jane Austen.They married on 16 October 1992 and their child, Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes (named after Jessica Mitford), was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal. Rowling had previously suffered amiscarriage.The couple separated on 17 November 1993. Biographers have suggested that Rowling suffered domestic abuse during her marriage, although the extent is unknown. In December 1993, Rowling and her then-infant daughter moved toEdinburgh, Scotland, to be near Rowlings sisterwith three chapters of what would become Harry Potter in her suitcase.Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as a failure.Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described her failure as liberating and allowing her to focus on writing.During this period, Rowling was diagnosed with clinical depression and contemplated suicide.Her illness inspired the characters known as Dementors, soul-sucking creatures introduced in the third book.Rowling signed up for welfare benefits, describing her economic status as being poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless.Rowling was left in despair after her estranged husband arrived in Scotland, seeking both her and her daughter. She obtained an Order of Restraint, and Arantes returned to Portugal, with Rowling filing for divorce in August 1994.She began a teacher training course in August 1995 at the Moray House School of Education, at Edinburgh University,aftercompleting her first novel while living on state benefits.She wrote in many cafs, especially Nicolsons Caf (owned by her brother-in-law, Roger Moore),and the Elephant House,wherever she could get Jessica to fall asleep.In a 2001 BBC interview, Rowling denied the rumour that she wrote in local cafs to escape from her unheated flat, pointing out that it had heating. One of the reasons she wrote in cafs was that taking her baby out for a walk was the best way to make her fall asleep.Harry PotterMain article: Harry Potter The Elephant House, one of the cafs in Edinburghin which Rowling wrote the first Harry PotternovelIn 1995, Rowling finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone on an old manual typewriter.Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evens, a reader who had been asked to review the books first three chapters, the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agents agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript. A year later she was finally given the green light (and a 1,500 advance) by editor Barry Cunningham from Bloomsbury, a publishing house in London.The decisionto publish Rowlings book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsburys chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next.Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in childrens books.Soon after, in 1997, Rowling received an 8,000 grant from the Scottish Arts Council to enable her to continue writing.In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosophers Stone with an initial print run of 1,000 copies, 500 of which were distributed to libraries. Today, such copies are valued between 16,000 and 25,000.Five months later, the book won its first award, a Nestl Smarties Book Prize. In February, the novel won the British Book Award for Childrens Book of the Year, and later, the Childrens Book Award. In early 1998, an auction was held in the United States for the rights to publish the novel, and was won byScholastic Inc., for US$105,000. Rowling said that she nearly died when she heard the news. In October 1998, Scholastic published Philosophers Stonein the US under the title of Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone, a change Rowling says she now regrets and would have fought if she had been ina better position at the time. Rowling moved from her flat with the money from the Scholastic sale, into 19 Hazelbank Terrace in Edinburgh.Its sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998 and again Rowling won the Smarties Prize.In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Smarties Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.he later withdrew the fourth Harry Potter novel from contention to allow other books a fair chance. In January 2000, Prisoner of Azkaban won the inauguralWhitbread Childrens Book of the Year award, though it lost the Book of the Year prize to Seamus Heaneys translation of Beowulf.The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries. 372,775 copies of the book were sold in its first day in the UK, almost equalling the number Prisoner of Azkaban sold during its first year.In the US, the book sold three million copies in its first 48 hours, smashing all records. Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter many times to fix a problem with the plot. Rowling was namedAuthor of the Year in the 2000 British Book Awards.A wait of three years occurred between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This gap led to press speculation that Rowling had developed writers block, speculations she denied.Rowling later said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it.The sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke all sales records, selling nine million copies in its first 24 hours of release. In 2006, Half-Blood Prince received the Book of the Year prize at the British Book Awards.The title of the seventh and final Harry Potter book was announced on 21 December 2006 as Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. In February 2007 it was reported that Rowling wrote on a bust in her hotel room at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh that she had finished the seventh book in that room on 11 January 2007.Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released on 21 July 2007 (0:01 BST)and broke its predecessors record as the fastest-selling book of all time. It sold 11 million copies in the first day of release in the UnitedKingdom and United States.The books last chapter was one of the earliest things she wrote in the entire series.Potter queueHarry Potter is now a global brand worth an estimated US$15 billion,and the last four Harry Potter books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.The series, totalling 4,195 pages,as been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.The Harry Potter books have also gained recognition for sparking an interest in reading among the young at a time when children were thought to be abandoning books for computers and television, although it is reported that despite the huge uptake of the books, adolescent reading has continued to decline.Harry Potter filmsMain article: Harry Potter (film series)In October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the first two novels for a seven-figure sum. A film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone was released on 16 November 2001, and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 15 November 2002. Both films were directed byChris Columbus. The film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on 4 June 2004, directed by AlfonsoCuarn. The fourth film,Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was directed by Mike Newell, and released on 18 November 2005. The film of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenixwas released on 11 July 2007. David Yates directed, and Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay, having taken over the position from Steve Kloves.Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released on 15 July 2009.David Yates directed again, and Kloves returned to write the script.Warner Bros. filmed the final instalment of the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in two segments, with part one being released on 19 November 2010 and part two being released on 15 July 2011. Yates directed both films.Warner Bros. took considerable notice of Rowlings desires and thoughts when drafting her contract. One of her principal stipulations was the films be shot in Britain with an all-British cast,which has been generally adhered to. Rowling also demanded that Coca-Cola, the victor in the race to tie intheir products to the film series, donate US$18 million to the American charity Reading is Fundamental, as well as several community charity programs.The first four, sixth, seventh, and eighth films were scripted by Steve Kloves; Rowling assisted him in the writingprocess, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series. She told Alan Rickman (Severus Snape) and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) certain secrets about their characters before they were revealed in the books.Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) asked her if Harry died at any point in the series; Rowling answered him by saying, You have a death scene, thereby not explicitly answering the question. Director Steven Spielberg was approached to direct the first film, but dropped out. The press has repeatedly claimed that Rowling played a role in his departure, but Rowling stated that she had no say in who directed the films and would not have vetoed Spielberg.Rowlings first choice for the director had been Monty Python member Terry Gilliam, but Warner Bros. wanted a family-friendly film and chose Columbus.Rowling had gained some creative control on the films, reviewing all the scripts as well as acting as a producer on the final two-part instalment,Deathly Hallows.Rowling, producers David Heyman and David Barron, along with directors David Yates, Mike Newell and Alfonso Cuarn collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema at the 2011 British Academy Film Awards in honour of the Harry Potter film franchise.In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an expanded creative partnership with Rowling, based on a planned series of films about Newt Scamander, author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. The first film, scripted by Rowling, was released in November 2016 and is set roughly 70 years before the events of the main series.In 2016, it was announced that the series would consist of five films, with the second scheduled for release in November 2018.Financial successIn 2004, Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a U.S.-dollar billionaire by writing books, the second-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd richest person in the world.Rowling disputed the calculations and said she had plenty of money, but was not a billionaire.The 2016Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at 600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK.In 2012, Forbes removed Rowling from their rich list, claiming that her US$160 million in charitable donations and the high tax rate in the UK meant she was no longer a billionaire.In February 2013 she was assessed as the 13th most powerful woman in the United Kingdom by Womans Hour on BBC Radio 4.In 2001, Rowling purchased a 19th-century estate house, Killiechassie House, on the banks of the River Tay, near Aberfeldy, in Perth and Kinross.Rowling also owns a 4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington, west London, on a street with 24-hour security.Remarriage and familyOn 26 December 2001, Rowling married Neil Murray (born 30 June 1971), a Scottish doctor, in a private ceremony at her home, Killiechassie House, near Aberfeldy.Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born on 24 March 2003.Shortly after Rowling began writing Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, she ceased working on the novel to care for David in his early infancy.Rowling is a friend of Sarah Brown, wife of former prime minister Gordon Brown, whom she met when they collaborated on a charitable project. When Sarah Browns son Fraser was born in 2003, Rowling was one of the first to visit her in hospital. Rowlings youngest child, daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born on 23 January 2005.In October 2012, a New Yorker magazine article stated that the Rowling family lived in a seventeenth-centuryEdinburgh house, concealed at the front by tall conifer hedges. Prior to October 2012, Rowling lived near the author Ian Rankin, who later said she was quiet and introspective, and that she seemed in her element with children.As of June 2014, the family resides in Scotland.The Casual VacancyIn July 2011, Rowling parted company with her agent, Christopher Little, moving to a new agency founded by one of his staff, Neil Blair. On 23 February 2012, his agency, the Blair Partnership, announced on its website that Rowling was set to publish a new book targeted at adults. In a press release, Rowling said that her new book would be quite different from Harry Potter. In April 2012, Little, Brown and Company announced that the book was entitled The Casual Vacancy and would be released on 27 September 2012.Rowling gave several interviews and made appearances to promote The Casual Vacancy, including at the London Southbank Centre,he Cheltenham Literature Festival, Charlie Rose and the Lennoxlove Book Festival. In its first three weeks of release, The Casual Vacancy sold over 1 million copies worldwide.On 3 December 2012, it was announced that the BBC would be adapting The Casual Vacancy into a television dramaminiseries. Rowlings agent, Neil Blair acted as producer, through his independent production company and with Rick Senat serving as executive producer. Rowling collaborated on the adaptation, serving as an executive producer for the series. The series aired in three parts from 15 February to 1 March 2015.Cormoran StrikeMain article: Cormoran StrikeIn 2007, during the Edinburgh Book Festival, author Ian Rankin claimed that his wife spotted Rowling scribbling away at a detective novel in a caf.Rankin later retracted the story, claiming it was a joke,but the rumour persisted, with a report in 2012 in The Guardian speculating that Rowlings next book would be a crime novel.In an interview with Stephen Fry in 2005, Rowling claimed that she would much prefer to write any subsequent books under a pseudonym, but she conceded to Jeremy Paxman in 2003 that if she did, the press would probably find out in seconds.In April 2013, Little Brown published The Cuckoos Calling, the purported dbut novel of author Robert Galbraith, whom the publisher described as a former plainclothes Royal Military Police investigator who had left in 2003 to work in the civiliansecurity industry.The novel, a detective storyin which private investigator Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a supermodel, sold 1,500 copies in hardback (although the matter was not resolved as of 21 July 2013; later reports stated that this number is the number of copies that were printed for the first run, while the sales total was closer to 500)and received acclaim from other crime writersand criticsa Publishers Weekly review called the book a stellar debut,while the Library Journals mystery section pronounced the novel the debut of the month.India Knight, a novelist and columnist for The Sunday Times, tweeted on 9 July 2013 that she had been reading The Cuckoos Calling and thought it was good for a dbut novel. In response, a tweeter called Jude Callegari said that the author was Rowling. Knight queried this but got no further reply. Knight notified Richard Brooks, arts editor of the Sunday Times, who began his own investigation.After discovering that Rowling and Galbraith had the same agent and editor, he sent the books for linguistic analysis which found similarities, and subsequently contacted Rowlings agent who confirmed it was Rowlings pseudonym.Within days of Rowling being revealed as the author, sales of the book rose by 4,000%,and LittleBrown printed another 140,000 copies to meet the increase in demand.As of 18 June 2013, a signed copy of the first edition sold for US$4,453 (2,950), while an unsold signed first-edition copy was being offered for $6,188 (3,950).Rowling said that she had enjoyed working under a pseudonym. On her Robert Galbraith website, Rowling explained that she took the name from one of her personal heroes, Robert Kennedy, and a childhood fantasy name she had invented for herself, Ella Galbraith.Soon after the revelation, Brooks pondered whether Jude Callegari could have been Rowling as part of wider speculation that the entire affair had been a publicity stunt. Some also noted that many of the writers who had initially praised the book, such as Alex Gray or Val McDermid, were within Rowlings circle of acquaintances; both vociferously denied any foreknowledge of Rowlings authorship.Judith Jude Callegari was the best friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner within Russells Solicitors, Rowlings legal representatives. Rowling released a statement saying she was disappointed and angry;Russells apologised for the leak, confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt and that the disclosure was made in confidence to someone he trusted implicitly.Russellsmade a donation to the Soldiers Charity on Rowlings behalf and reimbursed her for her legal fees.On 26 November 2013 the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) issued Gossage a written rebuke and 1,000 fine for breaching privacy rules.On 17 February 2014, Rowling announced that the second Cormoran Strike novel, named The Silkworm, would be released in June 2014. It sees Strike investigating the disappearance of a writer hated by many of his old friends for insulting them in his new novel.In 2015, Rowling stated on Galbraiths website that the third Cormoran Strike novel would include an insane amount of planning, the most I have done for any book I have written so far. I have colour-coded spreadsheets so I can keep a track of where I am going.On 24 April 2015, Rowling announced that work on the third book was completed. Titled Career of Evil, it was released on 20 October 2015 in the United States, and on 22 October 2015 in the United Kingdom.In 2017, the BBC released a Cormoran Strike television series, starring Tom Burke as Cormoran Strike, it was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.Rowling confirmed that she would release the fourth instalment of the series sometime in 2017. In March 2017,Rowling revealed the fourth novels title via Twitter in a game of Hangman with her followers. After many failed attempts, followers finally guessed correctly. Rowling confirmed that the next novels title is Lethal White.Subsequent Harry Potter publicationsFor the material written for Comic Relief and other charities, see Philanthropy.Rowling has said it is unlikely she will write any more books in the Harry Potter series.In October 2007 she stated that her future work was unlikely to be in the fantasy genre. On 1 October 2010, in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rowling stated a new book on the saga might happen.In 2007, Rowling stated that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of Harry Potters wizarding world consisting of various unpublished material and notes.Any profits from such a book would be given to charity.During a news conference at Hollywoods Kodak Theatre in 2007, Rowling, when asked how the encyclopaedia was coming along, said, Its not coming along, and I havent started writing it. I never said it was the next thing Id do.At the end of 2007, Rowling said that the encyclopaedia could take up to ten years to complete.In June 2011, Rowling announced that future Harry Potter。

CONTENTS2008 Text 1While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” acc ording to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。

纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生Yehuda博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。

sphere [sfiə] n. 球,球面,球体,天体,地球仪,范围vt. 包围,使成球体,放入球内【例】Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere. 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难。

category['kætigəri] n. 种类,类项;【例】These Categories recognize different levels of competition. 这些类别可被用来分辨出比赛里不同的等级。

susceptible[sə'septəbl] a. 易受影响的,易感动的,容许…的【例】This agreement is not susceptible to alteration. 这一协议不容更改。

Baccalaureate address to Class of 20082008届本科毕业典礼上的讲话The Memorial Church纪念教堂Cambridge, Mass.麻省剑桥市June 3, 20082008年6月3日凯瑟琳·德鲁·吉尔平·福斯特（Catharine Drew Gilpin Faust）As prepared for delivery准备稿In the curious custom of this venerable institution, I find myself standing before you expected to impart words of lasting wisdom. Here I am in a pulpit, dressed like a Puritan minister — an apparition that would have horrified many of my distinguished forebears and perhaps rededicated some of them to the extirpation of witches. This moment would have propelled Increase and Cotton into a true “Mather lather.” But here I am and there you are and it is the moment of and for Veritas.在这所久负盛名的大学的别具一格的仪式上，我站在了你们的面前，被期待着给予一些蕴含着恒久智慧的言论。

站在这个讲坛上，我穿得像个清教徒教长——一个可能会吓到我的杰出前辈们的怪物，或许使他们中的一些人重新致力于铲除巫婆的事业上。

这个时刻也许曾激励了很多清教徒成为教长。

她的演讲题目是《失败的好处和想象的重要性》(The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and theImportance of Imagination)。

她几乎没有谈到哈里波特,而是说了年轻时的一些经历。

虽然J·K·罗琳现在很有钱,是英国仅次于女皇的最富有的女人,但是她曾经有一段非常艰辛的日子,30岁了,还差点流落街头。

她主要谈的是,自己从这段经历中学到的东西。

我只找到了一部分中文翻译,有兴趣的朋友可以看下面的原文和视频。

二、她首先回忆了自己大学毕业的情景:I was convinced that the only thing I wanted to do, ever, was to write novels. However, my parents, both of whom came from impoverished backgrounds and neither of whom had been to college, took the view that my overactive imagination was an amusing personal quirk that could never pay a mortgage, or secure a pension.当时,我只想去写小说。

但是,我的父母出身贫寒,没有受过大学教育。

他们认为,我那些不安分的想象力只是一种怪癖,根本不能用来还房贷,或者挣来养老金。

They had hoped that I would take a vocational degree; I wanted to study English Literature. A compromise was reached that in retrospect satisfied nobody, and I went up to study Modern Languages. Hardly had my parents’ car rounded the corner at the end of the road than I ditched German and scuttled off down the Classics corridor.他们希望我再去读个专业学位,而我想去攻读英国文学。

哈利．波特老妈在哈佛毕业典礼上的演讲作者：王灿海来源：《课外阅读》2008年第18期《哈利·波特》的作者J.K.罗琳于6月5日参加了哈佛大学2008年的毕业典礼，被授予荣誉学位，并作为特邀嘉宾做了题为“失败的额外收益与想象力的重要性”的演讲——首先我想说的是“谢谢你们”。

这不仅因为哈佛给了我非比寻常的荣誉，而且为了这几个星期以来，由于想到这次毕业典礼演说而产生的恐惧让我减肥成功。

这真是一个双赢的局面!现在我需要做的就是二次深呼吸，眯着眼看着红色的横幅，然后欺骗自己，让自己相信正在参加世界上受到最好教育的群体的哈利·波特大会。

实际上，我已经绞尽脑汁、费劲心思去想今天我应该讲什么好。

我问自己：我希望在自己毕业那天已经知道的是什么，而又有哪些重要的教训是我从那天开始到现在的21年间学会的?于是我决定，在今天这个愉快的日子，我们聚在一起庆祝你们学习上的成功时，我来和你们谈谈失败的收益。

对于我这个42岁的人来说，回头看自己21岁毕业时的情景，并不是一件舒服的事。

我的前半生，一直在自己内心的追求与父母对我的要求之间进行抗争。

我曾确信我自己唯一想做的事是写小说。

但是我的父母都来自贫穷的家庭，都没有上过大学，他们认为我的异常活跃的想象力只是滑稽的个人怪癖，并不能用来付抵押房产，或者确保得到退休金。

他们希望我再去读个专业学位，而我想去攻读英国文学。

最后，达成了一个双方都不甚满意的妥协：我改学外语。

可是等到父母一走开，我立刻报名学习古典文学。

我想说明，我并没有因为他们的观点而抱怨他们。

他们希望我能摆脱贫穷。

对于他们认为贫穷并不高尚的观点我坚决同意。

贫穷会引起恐惧、压力、沮丧。

通过自己的努力摆脱贫穷确实是件很值得自豪的事。

但我在你们这个年龄的时候，最害怕的不是贫穷：而是失败。

尽管我明显缺乏在大学学习的动力，我花了很多时间在咖啡吧写故事，很少去听课，但是我知道通过考试的技巧。

这也是好多年来评价我以及我同龄人是否成功的标准。

jk rowling英语介绍作文J.K. Rowling is a renowned British author who is best known for her Harry Potter series, which has captivated the hearts and minds of readers around the world. Born on July 31, 1965, in Yate, Gloucestershire, England, Rowling had a passion for writing from a young age. However, her journey to success was not without its challenges.Rowling's early life was marked by struggles and adversity. After completing her education at the University of Exeter, she faced numerous rejections from publishers as she tried to get her first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, published. Despite these setbacks, she persevered and eventually found success with Bloomsbury Publishing, who took a chance on her debut novel.The Harry Potter series became a global phenomenon, captivating readers of all ages with its magical world and compelling characters. Rowling's vivid imagination and storytelling prowess brought the wizarding world to life ina way that resonated with millions of people. The success of the books led to a film adaptation that furthersolidified the series' place in popular culture.Beyond her literary accomplishments, Rowling's impact extends to her philanthropic efforts and advocacy work. She has been a vocal supporter of various charitable causes, including children's welfare and multiple sclerosis research. In addition, she founded the charity Lumos, which aims to end the institutionalization of children around the world.Despite her immense success, Rowling has facedcriticism and controversy, particularly regarding her comments on social media and her stance on certain social issues. However, she has remained steadfast in her beliefs and continues to use her platform to advocate for what she believes is right.In recent years, Rowling has expanded her literary repertoire with works such as The Casual Vacancy and the Cormoran Strike series, written under the pseudonym RobertGalbraith. These novels showcase her versatility as awriter and have further solidified her status as a literary powerhouse.Overall, J.K. Rowling's impact on the literary world is undeniable. Her ability to create immersive and enchanting stories has earned her a place in the hearts of readers worldwide. Despite facing challenges and controversies, she remains a beloved figure whose contributions to literature and philanthropy continue to inspire and resonate with people of all ages.。

女孩喜欢的作文英语Title: "The Art of Capturing a Girl's Heart: A Guide to Writing an Essay in English"In the realm of romance and human connection, understanding what a girl likes and appreciates is akin to unraveling the mysteries of the universe. It requires finesse, insight, and a genuine interest in discovering the intricacies of her heart. Therefore, crafting an essay in English that resonates with her preferences is not merely a task but an art form. Herein lies a guide to composing such an essay, tailored to capture the attention and affection of the girl you admire.To commence this literary journey, one must first delve into the depths of the girl's interests and passions. Whether she finds solace in the pages of a novel, the melodies of music, the strokes of a paintbrush, or the adventures of travel, understanding her unique pursuits forms the foundation of an essay that speaks directly toher soul.In the realm of literature, words wield the power to enchant, inspire, and provoke deep introspection. Crafting an essay that reflects her literary preferences requires a delicate balance of eloquence and substance. Whether she adores the timeless classics of Jane Austen, the poignant verses of Maya Angelou, or the fantastical realms of J.K. Rowling, weaving references to her favorite authors and literary works into the narrative adds a personal touchthat resonates with her on a profound level.Moreover, music serves as a universal language that transcends barriers and speaks directly to the heart. If the girl in question finds solace and joy in melodies, incorporating lyrical references or discussing the emotional resonance of her favorite songs can evoke a sense of connection and understanding. Whether she prefers the soulful tunes of Adele, the poetic lyricism of Bob Dylan, or the infectious beats of Beyoncé, integrating musical motifs into the essay demonstrates a genuine effort toalign with her interests.For the artistically inclined girl who finds beauty in every brushstroke and color palette, discussing the transformative power of art can be both enlightening and captivating. Whether she admires the surrealism of Salvador Dalí, the impressionistic masterpieces of Claude Monet, or the bold strokes of Frida Kahlo, delving into the profound impact of art on the human experience can spark meaningful conversations and foster a deeper connection.Furthermore, if the girl possesses a wanderlust spirit and a thirst for adventure, exploring the enchanting world of travel through descriptive prose can ignite her imagination and awaken her sense of wanderlust. Whether she dreams of strolling along the cobblestone streets of Paris, basking in the sun-drenched beaches of Bali, or trekking through the majestic mountains of Nepal, painting vivid scenes of her dream destinations can transport her to faraway lands and evoke a sense of shared excitement and exploration.In essence, crafting an essay in English that resonateswith the girl's interests and passions requires athoughtful blend of creativity, insight, and sincerity. By immersing oneself in her world, acknowledging her preferences, and weaving them seamlessly into the fabric of the narrative, one can create a literary masterpiece that speaks directly to her heart. Remember, the key lies not only in the words themselves but in the intention and emotion behind them. So, embark on this literary journey with an open heart and a genuine desire to connect, and watch as your words weave a tapestry of enchantment that captures her heart and imagination.。

jk罗琳哈佛演讲观后感摘要：一、引言：介绍J.K.罗琳及哈佛演讲背景二、J.K.罗琳的成就与挫折经历三、罗琳在演讲中的观点与启示四、罗琳的人生哲学及对失败的看待五、结论：演讲对我们的启示和影响正文：【引言】提到J.K.罗琳，人们自然会想到她创作的哈利·波特系列，这部作品不仅风靡全球，还让她成为世界顶级作家。

2008年，罗琳受邀在哈佛大学发表演讲，分享她的成长经历与人生感悟。

在这篇观后感中，我们将探讨罗琳的演讲给我们带来了哪些启示。

【J.K.罗琳的成就与挫折经历】罗琳在演讲中回顾了自己的成长历程，她从一个平凡的家庭走向了世界舞台。

在她取得巨大成功之前，曾经历过无数次的挫折。

她在短短几十年间，从一个失业的母亲成为全球最畅销的作者，这一路走来，充满了艰辛与坚持。

【罗琳在演讲中的观点与启示】在哈佛演讲中，罗琳分享了她的三个观点：“失败是有益的”，“想象力比知识更重要”和“勇气是我们最需要的品质”。

她认为，失败能教会我们如何更好地面对人生，想象力则能引领我们走向无限可能的世界，而勇气则是追求梦想的关键。

【罗琳的人生哲学及对失败的看待】罗琳在演讲中提到：“失败是人生的必经之路，它能让我们更加坚强。

”她本人也曾经历过失败的婚姻、失业的低谷，但正是这些挫折让她更加坚定地追求梦想。

在她看来，失败并不可怕，可怕的是失去了勇敢面对失败的勇气。

罗琳的人生哲学告诉我们，面对困境，要勇敢地去尝试、去挑战，不畏失败。

【结论】J.K.罗琳的哈佛演讲给我们带来了许多宝贵的启示，她的人生经历告诉我们，失败不可怕，关键在于我们如何看待失败并从中汲取力量。

她的演讲鼓舞了无数人勇敢地追求梦想，不畏艰难，坚定前行。

作为一名职业写手，我们可以从罗琳的演讲中汲取营养，不断提升自己的创作能力和人生境界。

奋斗铸就成功作文英语Title: The Path to Success Through Diligence。

Success is often portrayed as a distant summit, reachable only by those who possess extraordinary talentsor luck. However, beneath this facade lies a fundamental truth: success is forged through unwavering diligence and perseverance. This essay delves into the essence ofdiligence as the cornerstone of success.Firstly, diligence breeds mastery. Consider the storyof renowned physicist Albert Einstein, who famously remarked, "Genius is 1% talent and 99% percent hard work." Einstein's groundbreaking theories did not emerge overnight; they were the culmination of relentless experimentation, analysis, and revision. Similarly, in any endeavor, from academics to sports to arts, consistent effort leads to proficiency. By dedicating countless hours to honing their craft, individuals gradually ascend the ladder of mastery, inching closer to their goals with each stride.Moreover, diligence cultivates resilience in the faceof adversity. Success is rarely a linear journey; setbacks, failures, and obstacles punctuate the path forward. It is during these challenging moments that the true test of character unfolds. Consider the story of J.K. Rowling, whose manuscript for "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was rejected by numerous publishers before finally finding success. Despite facing rejection and financial struggles, Rowling persisted in her pursuit of literary excellence. Her unwavering resolve ultimately propelled her to become one of the most successful authors of all time. Thus, diligence not only fuels progress but also fortifies individuals against the tempests of life, empowering themto persevere in the face of adversity.Furthermore, diligence fosters innovation andcreativity. Success often requires thinking outside the box, challenging conventions, and pushing boundaries. Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, famously conducted thousands of experiments before achieving his breakthrough. Each failure brought him closer to the solution,demonstrating the power of perseverance in the creative process. Similarly, in the realms of entrepreneurship, science, and the arts, those who dare to dream big and work diligently are the ones who revolutionize industries and leave an indelible mark on the world.In conclusion, success is not bestowed upon the fortunate few; it is earned through diligence, determination, and grit. By embracing the ethos of hard work, individuals can unlock their full potential, overcome obstacles, and realize their aspirations. As the proverbial saying goes, "The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." So too does the journey to success commence with a commitment to diligence, laying the foundation for a future defined by accomplishment and fulfillment.。

2008 Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.1784，52岁的乔治•华盛顿在成为美国总统5年前，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。

他专门请牙医从他的奴隶口中拔出九颗牙齿种在自己的身上。

transplant [træns'plɑ:nt] vt. 移居,移植,迁移vi. 移居,移植n. 移居者,移植【例】Santillan waited three years for the first transplant. 为了找到合适的心肺进行移植，桑提连已经等了足足三年。

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.①They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it..这跟很多人在历史书上读到过的那个砍樱桃树的华盛顿有点大相径庭。