定稿(2)4

Analysis of Satan in the Bible-An Ugly Devil to a Rebellious Hero 浅议《圣经》中的撒旦-丑陋的恶魔到反叛英雄的飞跃学院：郑州大学升达经贸管理学院专业：商用英语学号：2007067611姓名：曹雪导师：张俊敏完成时间：2011-4-20郑重声明本人的学位论文是在导师指导下独立撰写并完成的，学位论文没有剽窃、抄袭等违反学术道德、学术规范的侵权行为，否则本人愿意承担由此产生的一切法律责任和法律后果，特此郑重声明。

学位论文作者(签名）年月日Abstract：Satan, has always been a focus in Paradise, the complexity of Satan stimulates people think about his image from distinct angles. Satan, being regarded as an opponet with the God in the Western culture,is the most typical symbol of all negative force. However, Satan plays a role in the Paradise Lost,for fighting as a rebellious hero.But tring to change the core of the ancient God.This study points out his native features of evil through the analysis of his degeneration. Although Satan is defeated in degeneration eventually,the sympathy of Milton decorates him with a tragic keynote deeply.Key words: Satan, Paradise Lost, devil, rebellious hero摘要：长时期以来，《《失乐园》》中的撒旦一直是人们关注的焦点，其形象的复杂性激发人们从不同角度进行阐释。

在西方文化史中，撒旦被定义为上帝的“敌对者”，是一切丑恶势力的最高象征。

然而，在弥尔顿的《失乐园》里，撒旦却以反讽的方式成为了叛逆的英雄，试图颠覆以上帝为核心范畴的传统文化观念。

本文通过审视撒旦的堕落过程，指出其作为罪恶化身的本来面目。

虽然撒旦最终在堕落中失败了，而弥尔顿的同情则为他抹上了浓浓的悲剧色彩。

关键词：撒旦；《《失乐园》》；魔鬼；叛逆的英雄Contents Abstract (i)中文摘要 (i)Contents (ii)1.Brief introduction of the Bible (1)2.An ugly Devil to a Rebellious Hero (2)2.1 The origin of the Degenerate Figure (2)2.1.1 Satan in the Bible (2)2.1.2 The Meaning of devil Satan (3)2.2 A Devil to a Hero (3)2.2.1 The Devil in the Bible (3)2.2.2 The Hero in the Paradise Lost (7)2.2.3 The Degeneration of the Hero (8)3. The Theoretical and Social Value of This Study (9)3.1 The Theoretical Value (9)3.2 The Social Value (10)4. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (12)1. Brief Introduction of the BibleThe brief introduction of the Bible. The origin of the Bible. How does th e Bible come? It comes from the god. The god moves people in his regards by the Holy Spirit, asking people to take down by words, which is called implying. ''Jehovah is always saying this''; This saying is often used by forecast, aiming at admonishing people and asking them know what he has said is not his own, but the god's. He is only a spokesperson. The adherent of the Jesus also says that what they have say are not the origin of the brainpower of the people, but the indoctrination of the god. The Jesus also tell people that you can refer to the Bible because of the immortal feeling existing in your hearts, It is the Bible that gives me this evidence. Our forfathers insists on that the permission is relable, without the permission of the god, nobody can write this great Bible. The earlist Bible is wrotten in sheepskin, people who writes it specially are called the scholars, who copy and write them carefully; if there is any doubt, the eary papers would be torn and restarted. The scholars have to read every words loudly before they begin to write, aiming at preventing even an error only. When copying the name of the god, the scholars must wash themselves through, so as not to humiliate the names of the gods. What is more, they have to wipe the writing brush with great respect then begin to write before they write any word or sentence that juat refesr to the pseudonym, such as the Wise man. The new handwritten coky would be compared with the old one once it is fuiflled, if there is any distinction, the whole copy will be destroyed. Now concerning about the narrators of the Bible. The Bible is made up of the inspiration of more than fifty narrtors, adding up to about a thousand and sisty years, that is to say from a thousand and fifty years before the god to a ninety—seven years after the god. The satas of the narrators include the monarch, the sacrifice, the prophet, the warrior ,the person who takes the taxation, the herdsman, the fisherman, the doctor, the apostle, the man of letters and ate. Diffenent positions decide distinct spots of writings, however, what is written about the writers is totally identical, namely, there is not even a contradictory or a conflict from the beginning to the end. As we all know that the Bible is composed of the Old Testament and the New Testment, the Old Testamen t is made of thirty volumes and the New Testment is twenty seven ones, adding up to sisty ones. The Bible is beginning with The Genesis, that is regarded as a territory full of seeds.It is the beginning of the truth, the origin of the river of the life, and the root of the tree of the life, The Moses Law is the basis of the thoroughfare of the rescue. The history is the preview of the Kingdom of Heaven, predicting the Christ will take the place of the King David. The poem will teach a person some wit and enlighten him. The Prophets is the prophesy of the second coming and the first one of the Christ. The Gospels records the Salvation, aiming at recording the growth of the Church. The Revelation prophesies the arrival of the country of the Christ. The main idea of the Bible is The Jesus Christ, who is the show of the god. The whole Bible is an evidence of the Jesus and the Jesus teachs a person to accept the Salvation. The Cross is the centre of the Bible, the Cross is the end of the history of the degeneration of the people . The love of the god is expressed by the Cross, the Salvation is completed in the front of the Cross. The Cross is the end of the good and the evil: the hate of the people ,the love of the god , the evil of the people and the justice of the god, all of those will be neutralized in the front of the god. The chapters and section of the Bible is marked by the year of a thousand and two hundred and thirty -six by the Komitet. By the year of 1551, the Bible is marked by professor Lawrence Robert, It is said that he is a printer originally.2. An ugly Devil to a Rebellious Hero2.1 The Origin of the Degenerate Figure2.1.1 Satan in the BibleSatan is a rebellious hero in the Paradise Lost from a devil in the Bible. The Fallen Angels Satan in the Bible is a six -seraph in the front of the god, who is an angels opposed of the god of Jehovah, taking in charge of setting up temptation, lately, he degenerates into a devil. Then he is a resource of evil and darkness that against the luminosity. ( Satan is regarded as the greatest deity by the oldest religious school of the Satan school, Satan is not only the god but also the nature, the power and the whole.) The word" Satan" is from the the language of Hebrew, referring to enemy, coming to the earth at the period of Deuteronomy. While there is not an special meaning in the moral field. When in The Book of the Job, Satan becomes a concretefigure, an angel in the palace of the Jehovah. ( It is said that Satan is the son of the God.) Satan has become a chieftain with transnatural power against of the the God. What makes people surprise most is that Satan is not as a figure full of anger against of the oppression and enslavement of the Babylon and etc.The degenerate angel in the Bible ( or going by the name of depraved angel Satan ), as a Fallen Angel, who is always as a rebellious figure, and who is a six-alas angel led by the God, being responsible of laying aside in the man's world.Finally, Satan degenerates and turns into a devil, being regarded as a source of evil and being opposed of luminosity and justice.( Satan is thought of the greatest deity in the conventional Satan school. Not only Satan is a god ,but also he is a omniscience,consisting of the Nature and the energy.)2.1.2 The Meaning of Devil SatanThe word Satan that from the Hebrew means adversary, the brilliant emissary and etc. Satan has its peculiar name in the'' Tower by Leonard Hector'' of Judaism and in the Old Testament, however, he is only a mark in the New Testament. The devil Satan, a wrong concept all through the world, is concerned about the misdirection of the Christianity on purpose. The premier visualization in the Tower by Leonard Hector is near to an angel who tests all the believes of the human being. He, according to the decree of the God, giving all the human catastrophe and temptation, resulting in that the sin of the human being that comes from the evil spirits in the Hell. Satan, a figure with two dual figure: tempter and prosecutor, not only tempting those human being who have uncertain believes, but also prosecuting the evil of the human being in the end of the world. However, the figure of Satan has been replaced by Lucifer after the risen of the Christianity, at the same time, the behaviour that he has originally has already replaced by Lucifer, and also becomes a code name from the designated. Satan is a serpent in the Tower by Leonard Hector and his figure is not a evil spirit before the New Testament of the Bible written by the church in Rome.2.2 A devil to a Hero2.2.1 The Devil in the BibleWe have to admit that the impassioned words said by the devil Satan have powerful strength, all of those can be regarded as his outer behavor of trick and hypocrisy. In order to uglify the figure of Satan, the narrator has already made every effort, such as Satan has been stood out by the narrator some times later after the opening of a show: whatever you are suffering or dealing with, doing good works is not our task but doing bad works is our only pleasure. Therefore this item is exactly. The narrator also sets aside a surrounding that Satan meets with his family, moreover, the conference of all the evil spirits in the Pandaemoniumd set aside by the narrator. All of the other nameless members have shrunk into "dwarfs" except Satan and his other members. Because the palace is not so enough that can leave gigantic space for tens of thousands of evil spirits, resulting ludicrous consequence. Satan has began to shift the responsibility onto the human being from the third chapter, and all of his evil nature is completely bared there and then. Howevver, all of the figure of Satan before is prejudiced in certain degree, however, there is another view in Paradise Lost of John Milton.John Milton, one of the greatest poets, thinkers, statesmen, and political commentators of England during the English bourgeois and revolution. He was born in a family of notary and was in a new day of progressive ideas in his youth, disgusting feudal thought and the corruption of the church. Then Milton plunges into the revolution, participates the work of the revolution, composes the work of the government of the revolution, and then publishes several books: Areopagitica, Defence of the English People, and etc. The popularity of all the essay makes the works of Milton burn down and he himself put in prison, however, he is still always insisting on the standpoint of revolution. The Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes. Paradise Lost is Milton's masterpiece. Before its composition, he has had the subject before his mind for a quarter of a century, and made some drafts about the characters and plot. It is a long epic in twelve books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan's temptation of Eve; and Eve from Eden. The great-looking Satan leaves the readers much impression: he, being worn "yellow sand jinjia", a sword around his waist, a large shield on his back, an lance in his hand, burly figure, and with an dignity like a monarch. Therefore, he can fly or enter earth, dive body deformation, and also with a look of melancholy. Satan is an premierfigure with tragedy hero: stalwart and melancholy just as the narrator himself. Led by the freedom-loving Satan: the rebellious angels rose against God himself, but in the battle with the hosts of angels that remained true to God they were finally defeated. Satan and his followers are banished from Heaven and driven into hell. But even here in hell, amidst flames and poisonous fumes, Satan and his adherents are not discouraged. The proud of Satan is not subdued; he fearlessly withstands all agonies and passionately strives for victory. Satan chooses for his battlefield the most perfect of spots ever created by God —the Garden of Eden, where live the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy the most beauties of Paradise, provided they don't eat the fruit that grows on the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and make them tools in his struggle against God's authority. God learns of his intention, however, and sends the Archangel Raphael to warn Adam and Eve of Satan's plan. The Archangel reminds them of their vow of obedience and gives a detailed narration of Satan's rebellion in the past. Raphael goes on to relate God's creation an of the earth, heaven, and all living creatures. But on Adam's request for an explanation of the rotation of the celestial, bodies( an echo of Galileo's teachings ), Raphael advises him not to inquire into matters which do not concern him directly and leaves him. No Sooner is Raphael gone than Satan assumes the shape of a serpent and appears before Eve. He persuades her to break God's command. Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and plunks another one for Adam. God sees all this, and Adam and Eve, husband and wife, are both deprived of immortality, exiled from Paradise and doomed to an earthly life full of hardship and sufferings, to eat bread by "the sweat of the face." It has been noticed by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, while Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This alone is sufficient to prove that Milton's revolutionary feelings made him forsake religious orthodoxy. As for the image of Satan in Paradise Lost, here is an angle. The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the angels. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked -for resources and courageous deeds proceed. It is he who, passing the guarded gates and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and across somany obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. Though wounded, he triumphs, for the thunder which hit upon his head and left his heart invincible: "... What thought the field be lost?All is not lost; the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield,And what is else not to be overcome;That glory never shall his wrath or mightExtort from the terror of this arm, so lateDoubted his empire, that were low indeed,That were an ignominy and shame beneathThis downfall...”He calls on his dejected troops:"Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n...Turning our tortures into horrid armsAgainst the Torturer...”（Liu, 2007: 109)Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty, and a joy: ".Farewell happy fields,Where joy for ever dwells: hail horrors, hailInfernal world, and thou profoundest HellReceive thy possessors; one who bringsA mind not to be changed by place or time.Better to reign in Hell; than serve in Heav'n. ( Liu, 2007: 109)Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God. When he gets to the Garden of Eden, he can see no reason why Adam and Eve should not taste the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge:"... Knowledge forbidden?Suspicious, reasonless.Why should their LordEnvy them that? Can do they only standBy ignorance, is that their happy state,The proof of their obedience and their faith?...Hence I will excite their mindsWith more desire to know, and to rejectEnvious commands, invented with designTo keep them low whose knowledge might exaltEqual with gods...'' ( Liu, 2007: 109—110）2.2.2 The Hero in the Paradise LostThese are the proud and sombre political passions of the persecuted Republicans after Restoration. Milton was "of the devil without knowing it." From the abstract below, the image of Satan is exactly obvious. Satan, first of all, is an opponent of the god, and is always jealous of the status of the son of god and even asks for the privilege that places himself above all the law and the authority, however, the desire of the peculiar and complete rights of him, brought about a majority of getting-together angels. After the defeat of waging war, Satan then turn to tempting the human being who were created by the God. Satan trudges, sneaks into the Garden of Eden and even gets the ancestors of the human being to disobey the will of god by all manner of means. Here is another viewpoint that expresses the heroical figure of Satan in Paradise Lost, Satan is an iony tool of thinking highly of Satan in another degree.Satan feels that himself is a person who knows everything, as a matter of fact, he knows nothing about it. At the very beginning of Paradise Lost, the prisoner Satan have to admit that the power of God is much larger than he himself. Then he is conscious of his unreliable acknowledge in when delivering a speech in front of his army."Radical changes is horrible. But wouldn't what ...The strength of heart, predictably, up to nowThe mystery of knowledge, angelOf one mind, an imposing array of troopsUnexpected thought of being driven out?" (Mi, 1987: 380)Satan is aware of his shortage of intelligence. He admits his arrogant reaction that is from God, however, the errors of Satan is insurmountable .It is also just this spot that consists of the nature of Satan's new thoughts, that is to say, not only Satan is wrong before, but also wrong in the future. All of them know exactly that the fighting is in vain, but what's the real reason about the behaviour of Satan? It is just the shortage that are insuperable of himself to stimulate his courage, nevertheless, no matter how much disadvantage, he still decide to have a fierce fight with God, even if the result is unavoidable. Therefore, Satan begins a an unprecedented action , regarding failure as an another starting point, acknowledging the stable result in nature. "Doing evil is our only pleasure,Who opposed to us called" speaking down"Wish they were opposed to us. (Mi, 1987: 381)2.2.3 The Degeneration of the HeroTherefore the degeneration of Satan stimulate his irreconcilable and endless fighting. The heroical image of Satan has been slipped down from the third chapter. An angel of forceful nature has degenerated into a kind of a Fiend in the hell, a stooges furtively that breaking into the Garden of Eden, a despicable snooper, an ugly toad and finally becomes a completely looser, a serpent that leaves human being an ugly image, and then chews on the Bitter Ashes. More specifically, the defeat of Satan in the rebellion against the Celestial Kingdom makes Satan acknowledged that he himself is not the opponent of the God, therefore, Satan must decide to let off steam by tempting the human being, besides, he dignifies the evil doing by calling it the extension of the new fields. The evil is born with Satan, the luscious-looking of a girl touches his wicked idea, making the incest between Satan and his daughter, and have a monster full of lust and anger. However,his daughter is always imitating him, and even have many sneaks, how sickit is! The great figure of Satan then is a discount from then on. Here are some quotation for testifying his degeneration."His heart is torturing, he looks around miserably,His eyes are filled with great misery and sadness,Full of froward ignorance and stubborn hatred.Suddenly , the angel, jimuyuantiao.”(Mi, 1987: 382)In order to tempt Eve, Satan, with a greedy of staring at Eve, making Eve to praise the beauty of the figure, not only is greedy but also is flattering:Now the moon is full, the perfect light,Reflecting the vague shadows of everything of the earth--if there isnobody to stare at, all of this is in vain. The space is sleepy-eyed,If I do not stare at you, what I should look at? This is the will of theCreator,Everything is happy when looking at you, moved by your beauty,Cannot help losing himself, and looked more than one time.Satan declared that the God forbidden eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge, because he knows once the fruit had been eaten:There you are standing is very bright,However, the real vague eyes tun into bright completely,And you will act as a spirit ,Not only can realize the good ,but also can tell the evil, knowing asmuch as what they had done.（Mi, 1520: 384)However, the stare of Satan is always tempting himself. He, just like Eve, Becoming more and more puzzled, more and more contemptuous about himself. From then on, Satan has decorated his image of idol, however, his image has turned into paltry and dark.3. The Theoretical and Social Value of This Study3.1 The Theoretical ValueIn the long history of the Western, Satan is named as an opposer of the God, with negative meaning, and is the most uppermost symbol of every evil forces. However, the complexity of his figure is the main elements of kinds of explanation among the human being. In Paradise Lost, Satan is a rebellious hero by traitorous means, trying to overthrow the ancient concept of culture surrounded by the God. Although Satan is a failure figure with a state of degeneration, however, the sympathy from John Milton leaves a thin colour of tragedy for him. Satan is a evil spirit in nature, this viewpoint is unchangeable, meanwhile, we can make a further reading about the psychology of Satan, regarding him as a mixture of unconscious in one's inner heart and the whole collectivity, being a result of natural reveal with an eager hope, expressing the misery of his own and the majority.3.2 The Social ValueAs for the social value of this study, Paradise Lost has come into the world for more than 300 years, for many reasons, the people who are able to appreciate the original work and willingly are fewer and fewer. However, Satan, the major figure of the work, has rooted in the heart of the people deeply, which has a profound and lastring influence more over the figure of the same name in the Bible. The complex image of Satan makes him have a communication of inner heart with the people, which meets people's expectation in some great terms. There is not a exact saying in the Bible, saying Satan is just Lucifer. The complex transformation of Satan in the Bible is not unchangeable. However, for many literary learned men who know little about the angelology, they have a misunderstanding on the literature of the later generations., and they all see Lucifer as Satan, it is him who tempted the Eve, was called as an "ancient serpent", fought against with Jesus and took one third of the angels of the heaven--but, don't you feel strange? Lucifer is only a person ,but rebelled for two times and with two completely distinct spots? As for the real analysis, there is not even an exact definition. Therefore, all the peculiar scholars andeven the scholars like us still need to have a further study and discussion on the way to success and even more.4.ConclusionAll in all, as a evil spirit in the Bible, Satan has played an important role in it. He is always regarded as an opponent, very evil and ignorance . As a rebellious hero, Satan has made the most of his wit and intelligence against for the God, although he knows the God is very mighty, and the rebellion of him is in vain, his courage and persistence is such a strong strength for his own rebellion, fame and growth. The dual image of Satan is the main reason which results in an irony master. Above all, the degeneration of Satan is unavoidable in some degree, therefore, leading the tragedy of Satan , for the reasons of the error social system and political surroundings.Bibliography:[1]Liu Bingshan. A Short History of English Literature[M]. Zhengzhou：Henan people’s P ress. 2007.1.[2]Paul de M. The Rhetoric of Temporality[G]// Charles S.S. Interpretation-Theory and Practice, Baltimore Johns Hop-kings University Press. 1969:195.[3]Soren K. The concept of Irony with Continual Reference to socrates[M]. Princeton: University Press. 1989:46.[4]林丹华.失乐园：一部人类史经和圣经史经[J]. 福建教育学院报. 2003,9（3）.[5]弥尔顿. 失乐园[M].上海：上海译文出版社.1984[6]弥尔顿.失乐园. 第1卷[M].金发焱，译.长沙：湖南人民出版社. 1987.[7沃尔多克. 失乐园及其评论家[M]. 剑桥出版社. 1917[8]徐莉华. 失乐园的匠心[J]. 外国文学研究. 1995.（1）：76[9]肖明翰.失乐园中的自由意志与人的堕落和再生[J]. 外语文学评论. 1999（1）:71[10]殷宝书. 弥尔顿评论[M].上海：上海译文出版社. 1992.。