CHAPTER 3-4

CHAPTER 3 Cognitive Psychology1 . PerceptionA . Visual perceptual organizationa.Perception is the process of interpreting and organising the environmental information received by the senses.b.Visual perceptual organizationFor visual perception, this involves taking the constantly fluctuating patterns of light which arrive from all over the environment, upside-down, onto our two-dimensional retinas and detecting the shape of objects in the environment; Establishing location in three-dimensional space; Recognizing an object in terms of its shape, size, brightness and colour.c.Perceptual Organization: Gestalt(1)Visual Capture:tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.(2)Gestalt -- an organized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.(3)Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.Grouping Principles:Proximity -- group nearby figures togetherSimilarity -- group figures that are similarContinuity -- perceive continuous patternsClosure -- fill in gapsConnectedness -- spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connectedd.Top-down theories of perception(1)Sometimes referred to as constructivist theories, these theories stress the factors in the construction of reality that go beyond the information received from the senses.(2)Gregory’s theory and perceptual set theory regard perception as a very active process, whereby the individual’s past knowledge, expectations and stereotypes seek out sensory data to ‘complete the picture’.(3)Perceptual Constancyperceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change.(color,shape ,size)(4) Illusions(5) Perceptual Set: Schemase.Bottom-up theories of percption(1)These theories emphasise the richness of the information entering theeye and the way that perception can occur from using all the information available.(2)Gibson believes perception occurs directly from sensation, feature detection theories examine the processes involved in assembling perception from sensations.f.The development of perceptionDepth Perception: ability to see objects in three dimensions; allows us to judge distance.Binocular cues:retinal disparity,images from the two eyes differ; closer the object, the larger the disparity.Convergence: neuromuscular cue; two eyes move inward for near objects. Monocular Cuesrelative size: smaller image is more distantInterposition: closer object blocks distant objectrelative clarity: hazy object seen as more distantTexture: coarse --> close; fine --> distantrelative motion: closer objects seem to move fasterlinear perspective: parallel lines converge with distancerelative brightness: closer objects appear brighter2 . AttentionA. Definition: The focusing and concentration of mental effort thatusually results in conscious awareness of certain aspects of external sensory stimuli or mental experiences(although most study has focused on the former).B. Some studies have looked at focused or selective attention – how certain stimuli are selected over others through allocating attention.Other studies have looked at divided attention – how, within a limited capacity, attention can be allocated to more than one task at a time(Research has shown that if tasks are practised enough, they become automatic, need less attention, and can be successfully performed with other tasks).3 . MemoryA.Memory:persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information.B.Flashbulb Memory:a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or eventC.Memory as Information Processinga. Encoding:the processing of information into the memory system. i.e.,extracting meaning.b.Storage:the retention of encoded information over time.c.Retrieval:process of getting information out of memory.D.Sensory Memory:the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.E.Working Memory:focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.G.Short-Term Memory:activated memory that holds a few items briefly, look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten.H.Long-Term Memory:the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory systemI.A Simplified Memory ModelEncoding EncodingLong-termmemoryShort-termmemorySensorymemorySensorymemorySensory input attention to important Retrievingor novel informationa. Encoding:Automatic Processing and Effortful Processing(1)Automatic Processing:unconscious encoding of incidental information(Space, time, frequency);well-learned information(word meanings);we can learn automatic processing(reading backwards)(2)Effortful Processing:requires attention and conscious effort.(3)Rehearsal:conscious repetition of information.(to maintain it in consciousness ;to encode it for storage)(4)Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables:the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2.(5)Spacing Effect:distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice.b.What Do We Encode?(1) Semantic Encoding:encoding of meaning, including meaning of words.(2) Acoustic Encoding:encoding of sound, especially sound of words(3)Visual Encoding:encoding of picture images.(4)Imagery:mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.(5)Mnemonics:memory aids ,especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices .(6)Chunking:organizing items into familiar, manageable units,like horizontal organization--1776149218121941(often occurs automatically);use of acronyms;Organized information is more easily recalled;(7)Hierarchies:complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.Encoding(automaticor effortful)OrganizationMeaning(semanticEncoding)Imagery(visualEncoding)ChunksHierarchiesb. Storage: Retaining Information(1) Iconic Memory:a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli;a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second.(2)Echoic Memory:momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.(3)Short-Term Memory :limited in duration and capacity;“magical”number 7+/-2(4)Long-Term MemoryⅠ.Synaptic changes:increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.Ⅱ.Strong emotions make for stronger memories:some stress hormones boost learning and retention.Ⅲ.Explicit Memory:memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare;also called declarative memory;hippocampus--neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.Ⅳ.Implicit Memory :retention independent of conscious recollection;also called procedural memory.c. Retrieval(1)retrievalⅠ.Recall:measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier,as on a fill-in-the-blank test.Ⅱ.Recognition:Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned ,as on a multiple-choice test.Ⅲ .Relearning:memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material a second time.Ⅳ. Priming:activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.(2) Retrieval CuesⅠ.Deja Vu (French)--already seen:cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience.Ⅱ.Mood-congruent Memory:tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood ;memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues.State-dependent Memory-----what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same stateⅢ .After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context.d. Forgetting(1) Forgetting can occur at any memory stage.(2)As we process information, we filter, alter, or lose much of it.(3)Amnesia--the loss of memory(4)Forgetting as encoding failure:Information never enters the long-term memory. Ebbinghaus forgetting curve over 30 days-- initially rapid, then levels off with time.(5)Forgetting as retrival failure:Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory.(6)Interference:Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information.Ⅰ.Proactive (forward acting) Interference:disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information.Ⅱ.Retroactive (backwards acting) Interference:disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information.Ⅲ .Motivated Forgettingpeople unknowingly revise memoriesⅣ.Repressiondefense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety - arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.(7)Memory ConstructionⅠ.We filter information and fill in missing pieces.Misinformation Effect and Source AmnesiaⅡ.Eyewitnesses reconstruct memories when questionedJ . Improve Your Memory(1)Study repeatedly to boost recall.(2)Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.(3)Make material personally meaningful.(4)Use mnemonic devices: associate with peg （标记性） words--something already stored;make up story;chunk--acronyms.(5)Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood(6)Recall events while they are fresh-- before you encounter misinformation(7)Minimize interference(8)Test your own knowledge:rehearse;determine what you do not yet know.CHAPTER 3 Developmental Psychology1 . Prenatal Development and the NewbornA . Rooting Reflextendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek B. Preferencesa. human voices and facesb.smell and sound of motherC. Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulationD. Having habituated to the old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one.2. Infancy and Childhood:A. Physical Developmenta.Maturation(1)biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior.(2)relatively uninfluenced by experience.b.Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a monthB . Cognitive Developmenta. Schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.b. Assimilationinterpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.c. Accommodationadapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.d. CognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.e.Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentTypical Age Range Description of Stage Developmental PhenomenaBirth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world throughsenses and actions (looking,Object permanence Stranger anxietytouching, mouthing)About 2 to 6 years PreoperationalRepresenting thingswith words and imagesbut lacking logical reasoning Pretend play Egocentrism Language developmentAbout 7 to 11 years Concrete operationalThinking logically about concreteevents; grasping concrete analogiesand performing arithmeticaloperations Conservation Mathematical transformationsAbout 12 through adulthood Formal operationalAbstract reasoningAbstract logicPotential for moral reasoning(1)Object Permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.(2)Baby MathematicsShown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer(3)Conservationthe principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.(4)Egocentrismthe inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of view. (5)Theory of Mindpeople’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict. (6) AutismMarked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind.C . Social Developmenta. Stranger Anxiety(1)fear of strangers that infants commonly display.(2)beginning by about 8 months of age.b. Attachment(1)an emotional tie with another person.(2)shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation.c. Harlow’s Surrogate Mother ExperimentsMonkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even whilefeeding from the nourishing wire mother.d. Critical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.e. Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.f. Imprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.h. Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)(1)a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy(2)said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregiversi. Self-Concepta sense of one’s identity and personal worthAddition: Child-Rearing Practices①Authoritarian: parents impose rules and expect obedience②Permissive:submit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishment③Authoritative:both demanding and responsive;set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion3. AdolescenceTips: Adolescence-----the transition period from childhood to adulthood.extending from puberty（青春期）to independencePuberty-----the period of sexual maturation.when a person becomes capable of reproduction.Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14. A. Kohlberg’s Moral LadderPostconventional level Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rightsand personal ethical principles.Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoiddisapproval.Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gainconcrete rewards.B . Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentApproximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy(1st year) Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infantsdevelop a sense of basic trust.Toddler(2nd year)Autonomy vs. Shame anddoubt Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.Preschooler(3-5 years)Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasksand carry out plans, or they feel guiltyabout efforts to be independent.Elementary(6 years-puberty)Competencevs. inferiorityChildren learn the pleasure ofapplying themselves to tasks, or theyfeel inferior.Adolescence(teens into 20’s)Identity vs. RoleconfusionTeenagers work at refining a sense ofself by testing roles and thenintegrating them to form a singleidentity, or they become confusedabout who they are.Young Adult(20’s to early 40’s)Intimacyvs. isolationYoung adults struggle to form closerelation-ships and to gain the capacityfor intimate love, or they feel sociallyisolated.Middle Adult (40’s to 60’s)Generativityvs. stagnationThe middle-aged discover a sense ofcontri-buting to the world, usuallythrough family and work, or they mayfeel a lack of purpose.Late Adult (late 60’s and up)Integrity vs.despair When reflecting on his or her life, theolder adult may feel a sense ofsatisfaction or failure.C . Social Developmenta. Identity: one’s sense of self. the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.b .Intimacy: the ability to form close, loving relationships. a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.c. The changing parent-child relationship: dwindle per years.4. AdulthoodA. Physical Developmenta. The Aging Senses: vision ,smell ,and identifying spoken words aredecreasing per years .b. Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.c. Incidence of Dementia by AgeRisk of dementia increases in later years .B. Cognitive Developmenta. Recalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier foryounger adults than for older ones .b. the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not.c. Cross-Sectional Study:a study in which people of different ages are compared with one anotherd. Longitudinal Study: a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.e. Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline .f. Crystallized Intelligence:one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills .Tends to increase with age .Fluid Intelligence: ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly .Tends to decrease during late adulthood .C. Social Developmenta. Social Clock: the culturally preferred timing of social events ,such asmarriage ,parenthood ,retirementb .Multinational surveys show that age differences in life satisfaction are trivial .。

选择题Unit1 英国Chapter 1 地理、民族、语言1. The two main islands of the British Isles are （）.A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. （）is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,（）is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland4. English belongs to the （）group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of （）words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the （）influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of （）.A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation8. At present, nearly （）of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 2 历史1. The （）attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, （）became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The （）marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of （）.A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to（）.A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between （）.A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7.（）was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the （）century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20 thChapter 3 政府和英联邦1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the （）.A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on （）.A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to （）the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. （）is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to （）.A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a （）system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and （）.A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every （）years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 4 经济1. The （）in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, （）does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except （）.A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted （）of its land area to agriculture.A. 50%B. 60%C. 70%D.80%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all th e following except （）.A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain andIreland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides （）of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly（）.A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedD.privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, （）has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 5 教育、媒体和节日1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the（）.A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2. About （）of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except （）.A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needs （）.A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception of （）.A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of （）program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaD. soap opera7.（）is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except （）.A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 6 文学1. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is——.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet2. ——is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”.A. “I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC. The preface to Lyrical BalladsD. Prometheus Unbound3. Of Dicken’s novels, ——is considered most autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Davied CopperfiedC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations4. ——is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19 th century.A. Robert Louis SetevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5. Of the following books, ——is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6. ——is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7. Of the following writers, —— is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8. Waiting for Godot is written by——.A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceUnit2 爱尔兰Chapter 7 社会和文化1. ---- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6 th century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2. Divergent views about ----resulted in the Irish Civil War.A. the Act of UnionB. the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC. the Anglo-Irish TreatyD. the Anglo-Irish Agreement3. -----was the first Irish President to visit Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4. -----brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB. The signing of the Downing Street DeclarationC. The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA’s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055. In Ireland, the head of state is-----A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6. ------has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supports peaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB. The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7. Emigration in Ireland started since the ----A. medieval periodB. 17 th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18 th century8. Ireland now has a ---- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedUnit3 美国Chapter 8 地理和民族1. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its （）.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has （）statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of （）is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The largest river in the U. S. is （）.A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in （）.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to （）.A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7. The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States, particularly from （）.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristic of the dominant American culture are （）.A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-classChapter 9 历史1. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at（）in（）.A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2. The Seven Years’ War occurred between the （）.A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians3. “No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of （）.A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, （）was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued （）to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was （）at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement7. President （）applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy8. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms of Presidents （）.A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 10 政府1. The U. S. Constitution came into effect in （）.A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932. The Constitution of the United States （）.A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3. The Bill of Rights （）.A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4. The terms for a Senator and Representative are （）and （）years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two5. All the following except （）can make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6. The following except （）are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of （）justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine8. The President is directly voted into office by （）.A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 11 经济1. America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except （）.A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from（）to（）, and eventually, to （）.A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3. Chartered companies were NOT granted the （）by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.（）urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5. The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution” except （）.A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6. President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs like the following except （）.A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7. The following statements are all true except （）.A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports andexports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.8. Employment in the （）sector has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1970s.A. serviceB. agricultureC. manufacturingD. high-tectChapter 12 教育、媒体和节日1. Formal education in the United States consists of （）, secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2. Of the following subjects, （）are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of （）.A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4. Of the following, （）are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5. To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except （）.A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits6. （）is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News7. Of the following, （）is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)8. The National Day of the United States falls on （）.A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14thChapter 13 文学1.Of the following writer, --------are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods .A. Benjamin Franklin and Edgar Allan PoeB. Edgar Allan Poe and Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Allan Poe and Washington Irving2. ----- is regarded as the “father of American literature”A. James Fenimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving3. Of the following , ---- is considered Herman Melville’s masterpieceA. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Mody DickD. Daisy Miller4. Of the following ,-----is NOT cha racteristic of Mark Twain’s worksA. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view5. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT included in the group pf naturalistsA. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville6. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is ---- ,and its theme is about ---A. The Great Gatsby , the American DreamB. Tender Is the Night , loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age , the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and Damned , the evil of human nature7. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT a Nobel Prize winnerA. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neill8. -----is the first African – American winner of the Noble Prize for LiteratureA. Ralph EllisonB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. James BaldwinUnit4 加拿大Chapter 14 地理和历史1. Canada’s fur trade , later fur monopoly , gradually began to take shape in the -----centuryA. 15 thB. 16 thC. 17 thD.18 th2. The Liberal government led by Mackenzie King did the following to lay the foundations of the Canadian welfare state EXCEPT----A. increasing the old age pensionsB. promoting federal-provincial welfare programsC. expending unemployment benefitsD. introducing health insurance3. -----won the Nobel Prize for Peace in1957 for organizing a peacekeeping force todefuse the Suez CrisisA. Pierre TrudeauB. Lester PearsonC. Jean ChretienD. Brian Mulroney4. In the ----, Canada was obsessed with economic recessionA. 1950sB. 1960sC. 1970sD. 1980s5. Pierre Trudeau retired from his post as head of the government and party leader partly because ----A. he opposed the American war in VietnamB. he agreed Quebec to be an independent French-speaking nationC. he had not been able to reverse the declining economic trendD. he weakened government intervention in the national economy6. ----- recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”A. The Meech Lake AccordB. The Quebec ActC. The Constitutional ActD. The British North America Act7. -----was Canada’s first woman Prime MinisterA. Pierre TrudeauB. Brian MulroneyC. Jean ChretienD. Kim Campbell8. Martin’s Liberal government tried to do the following EXCEPT---A. legalizing same-sex marriage in CanadaB. giving the Quebec city sovereigntyC. improving Canadian- US relationsD. forging a closer relationship with ChinaChapter 15 政府和社会1. On average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of -----yearsA. 3B. 4C. 5D. 62. ----holds the highest position in the Canadian parliamentary systemA. The Britain CrownB. The Governor GeneralC. The PresidentD. The Prime Minister3. In each province, ----represents the British CrownA. a Lieutenant GovernorB. a Governor GeneralC. a PrimeD. a Governor4. -----of Canada serve(s) as the final court of appeals in CanadaA. The provincial courtsB. The Federal CourtC. The Supreme CourtD. The Federal Court of Appeal5. In Canada , the largest religious denominations is ----A. the Protestant churchB. the Roman Catholic churchC. the Puritan churchD. the Anglican church6. If applicants meet the basic requirement for immigration to Canada , they need to do the following EXCEPT----A. applying for citizenshipB. taking a medical examC. paying an application feeD. paying a landing fee7. In the 19 th century , ---was the principal export item of CanadaA. fishB. furC. timberD. wheat8. Canada’s major trading partners include the following EXCEPT---A. BritainB. AmericaC. MexicoD. ChinaUnit5 澳大利亚Chapter 16 地理和历史1.____ is the lowest point in Australia.A. Lake EyreB. The Great Artesian BasinC. Mount KosciuszkoD. The Great Victoria Desert2.____ is Australia’s capital.A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. BrisbaneD. Canberra3.Britain’s first permanent colony wa s founded in ____ .A.1606B.1770C.1787D.17884.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in ____ .A.1847B.1885C.1900D.19015.The movement to gain recognition of Aboriginal rights was started in the ____ .A.1950sB.1960sC.1970sD.1980s6.Australia completely abolished the White Australia Policy during the government of ____ .A. Earle PageB. Gough WhitlamC. Joseph LyonsD. Stanley Bruce7.The following were all aspects of the economic reforms which took place between 1983 and 1996 EXCEPT ____ .A. enlarging the scale of the mining industryB. deregulating the financial marketC. reducing tariffsD. privatizing the state-owned enterprises8.The Howard government’s foreign policies were based in relations with four key countries, namely, ____ .A. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaB. the U.S. ,Japan, China, IndonesiaC. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaD. the U.S. , Britain, China, ChinaChapter 17 政府和社会1.Of the following, ____ is NOT among the three major Australian political parties.A. the Australian Labor PartyB. the NationalsC. the Liberal PartyD. the United Australia Party2. Australia tries to attract immigrant from any country with ____ .A. a good family backgroundB. education or work skillsC. high social statusD. adequate work experience3. Australia’s high economic performance is due to its ____ and ongoingstructural reform.A. open-up policyB. effective economic managementC. historical developmentD. proper investment4. Australia is a leading supplier of ____ to international markets.A. hi-tech productsB. agricultural productsC. industrial productsD. mineral resources5. Australia’s foreign capital mainly comes from ____ .A. the United States and JapanB. Britain and GermanyC. Japan and Republic of KoreaD. Britain and the United States6.Among the following tourist attractions, ____ can be seen from the moon.A. the Gold CoastB. UluruC. the Great Barrier ReefD. the Sydney Opera House7. ____ is/are mainly responsible for education in Australia.A. the federal governmentB. the individual statesC. the territory assembliesD. the municipal government8.The Australian system of teaching and school discipline puts emphasis on the following EXCEPT ____ .A. learning by discovery and questioningB. self-disciplineC. preparing for testD. encouraging students’ interest in learningUnit6 新西兰Chapter 18 社会和文化1. ____ is often referred to as “our third island” of New Zealand.A. PolynesiaB. The North IslandC. The South IslandD. The Stewart Island2.The climate in New Zealand is ____ .A. subtropicalB. arcticC. temperateD. tropical3.The ____ were the first group of people who arrived on the island of New Zealand.A. MaorisB. EuropeansC. AustraliansD. Chinese4. New Zealand was granted internal self-government in ____ .A. 1804B. 1852C. 1893D. 19075.During World War Ⅱ, New Zealand strengthened its relationship with ____ .A. BritainB. the United StatesC. AustraliaD. France6. ____ is the head of the New Zealand government.A. The British monarchB. The Governor GeneralC. The Prime MinisterD. The President7.The Cabinet is responsible to ____ in New Zealand.A. ParliamentB. the Prime MinisterC. the British monarchD. the Governor General8.Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children ____ .A. from ages 6 to 12B. from ages 6 to 14C. from ages 6 to 16D. from ages 6 to 18。

•Chapter 3 Circuit Theorems 电路定理OUTLINE3-1 Homogeneity Property and Superposition Theorem 齐次性原理与叠加定理3-2 Substitution Theorem替代定理3-3 Thévenin’s Theorem戴维南定理3-4 Norton’s Theorem诺顿定理3-5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem最大功率传输定理3-6 Tellegen’s Theorem特勒根定理3-7 Reciprocity Theorem互易定理3-8 Duality Principle对偶原理Chapter 3 Circuit Theorems TheoremsLinearity Superposition SourcetransformationSubstitution Norton’s Thevenin’s Source SplittingTellegenReciprocity MaximumPower TransferLecture 9Thevenin Theorem and Norton TheoremOutline1Thevenin Theorem2Norton Theoremi eq ii G u =ii • A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source I SC in parallel with a resistor R i , where I SC is the short-circuit current through the terminals and R i is the input or equivalent resistance at theterminals when the independent sources are turned off.N sa b ab G eq (R eq )I sc 3-4 Norton’s theorem （诺顿定理）Determine Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits.111oc 2220.5A10.520.5V 1.5VI I I u +===⨯+⨯=()Solution: (a)1i 2i (b)12112122222i i i i i i −=−⎧⎨−+=⎩12451.2i Ai A⎧=⎪⎨⎪=⎩sc 2i i ⇒=Example==Ω=Ωi R u 1.21.251.5sc inoc ①If R eq = 0 ，there exists only Thevenin equivalentcircuit, no Norton equivalent circuit.②If R eq =∞，there exists only Norton equivalentcircuit, no Thevenin equivalent circuit.a b A R eq =0＋－U oc ab R eq =∞I scExample有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６或关注桃报：奉献教育（店铺）A circuit and its u-i characteristic curve are shown in the figures below. Find and draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and Norton’s equivalentcircuit of terminals a and b.Exercise有缘学习更多＋谓ｙｇｄ３０７６或关注桃报：奉献教育（店铺）The Thevenin's theorem or Norton’s theorem areequivalent to the outside, not inside.Note the direction of the independent source in the equivalent circuit.N S N S R eq +-u OC ia b u+-G eq i SC a b i +u −Notes。

根据中文提示完成句子，每空一词。

（Chapter 1）1.在我遇到困难的时候，他总能给我一些宝贵的意见。

When I am in trouble, he can always give ______ some ________ advice.2.放学前我们一定要把教室打扫干净。

We have to ________ _______ the classroom before school is over.3.他看看四周，但是没发现一个人。

He ________ ________ but found nobody here.4.对于我们而言，努力学习很重要。

It’s very important _______ us _______ _______ ________.5.水最终流入了海洋。

Water _________ ________ the sea in the end.6. 这首歌曲听起来很优美。

The song _________ __________.7.记住不要浪费或者污染自然资源。

Remember not to ________ or _________ the natural resources.8.我一直等到12点钟，但他没有来。

I _________ ________ twelve o’clock, but he didn’t come.9.他摇了摇头，以示对我观点的不赞同。

He _________ _________ ________. This meant that he didn’t agree with me.10.水覆盖了地球三分之二的面积。

Water covers about ________ ________ of Earth.11.我们起初计划去伦敦，但是最后改变了主意。

We planned to go to London _______________ _______ ________,but we changed our mind finally.根据中文提示完成句子，每空一词。

华南师大附小第一学期三年级朗文英语3A单元测试卷Chapter3-4Writing Part (40%)一、A)看图写出单词所缺字母。

（10%）1. Dr_g_n Boat F_st_val2. C__r__stm__s3. w__t__h fireworks4. __p__ _____ ch Day5. Sp__ __ts Day6. send c__ __ds7.get l_____k y m__ n__y 8. Ch__n__s__ New YearB)看图，把单词或词组补充完整。

（1*10=10分）1. 2. 3. 4. 5._____s a _______ a _______ _______s a ______6.7.8.9.______concert Open _____ a ______ fr_ ___ a key _______二．请将下列的基数词变成序数词，并填在横线上。

（1*10=10分）1.one →_______2.two →_______3.three →_______4.five →_______5.twelve →_______6.nine →_______7.thirteen →_______8.fourteen →_______9. twenty →_______10.thirty-one →_______三．看图，回答问题。

（1*4 =4分）1. When’s Open Day? Open Day 6th March ________________________________2.How much is the photo frame? ＄20________________________________3.How much are the shoes?＄90________________________________4.Can you come to my birthday party?________________________________九．选择正确的句子，将对话补充完整。

《平常禅》第3,4,5章读后感悟English Answer:Chapter 3: The Nature of Mind.Chapter 3 explores the fundamental nature of mind, describing it as a vast and limitless expanse capable of encompassing all phenomena. It emphasizes the dynamic and interconnected nature of mind, highlighting its spontaneity and ability to manifest in various forms. The chapter also discusses the concept of no-self, emphasizing that mind is not fixed or separate from the rest of existence.Chapter 4: The Cultivation of Awareness.Chapter 4 focuses on the cultivation of awareness as a means to access the true nature of mind. It describes specific practices for developing mindfulness, including the practice of shamatha (calm abiding) and vipassana (insight meditation). The chapter emphasizes the importanceof non-judgmental observation and the cultivation of a compassionate attitude towards oneself and others.Chapter 5: The Path to Enlightenment.Chapter 5 outlines the path to enlightenment, describing it as a gradual journey of self-realization. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the nature of suffering, practicing mindfulness, and developing wisdom. The chapter also discusses the role of teachers and the importance of right livelihood and ethical conduct on the path to enlightenment.Overall Reflections.The three chapters of "Ordinary Zen" provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles and practices of Zen Buddhism. They offer a clear and accessible exploration of the nature of mind, the cultivation of awareness, and the path to enlightenment. The teachings presented in these chapters are timeless and universal, offering profound insights into the humancondition and the nature of reality.Chinese Answer:第三章，心性。

-----典范英语八年级第四册《Titanic Survivor》泰坦尼克号幸存者chapter 14.人们称我为英雄。

我并不知道，因为在1912 年 4 月 15 日那天早些时候，有太多英雄。

那年我 21 岁。

作为一名船上无线电发报员，我工作了近一年了。

4 月 1 号那天，我在泰坦尼克号上开始了新工作。

5.我在 Belfast 第一次看到了船，惊叹地无法呼吸。

现在我明白为什么人们称之为“海上皇后”，泰坦尼克是最大的，也是最好的邮轮。

乘客们 4 月 10 号从南安普顿登船。

中午时，船出发开往纽约。

6.泰坦尼克号为头等舱乘客提供舒适的漂浮宾馆和豪华餐厅，图书馆和游泳池。

还有很多其他乘客。

很多人都是单程票，想在美国寻找新生活。

当然，这些人不允许接近高层的头等舱。

7.Jack Phillips 是一位高级无线电发报员。

他和我为富有的乘客发送了很多信息。

我们用摩斯电码发送信息。

有时要捕捉发回的信息很困难。

Jack 和我很快成为好友。

这是幸运的事，因为我们住在睡在发报间里！Chapter 2 冰山8.我们周日的时候特别忙。

4 月 14 号对于 Phillips 而言是漫长辛苦的一天。

我们收到了前面一些船只关于冰山警告的讯息。

Smith 船长知道这些，但他并没有担心——因为在“不会沉没的泰坦尼克上”。

Phillips 有太多乘客的信息要发送，他甚至打断了一条有关冰山警告的讯息。

9.我本该在那天后半夜开始工作，所以早早上床睡了。

事故发生时，我还睡着，浑然不知。

10. 船长过了几分钟回来，告诉我们船要沉了。

“发送求助呼叫，”他阴郁地说。

“是的，马上” Phillips 说，他开始用摩斯码发出船的位置信息和求救信息。

“不会沉没的船”就要沉没了，实在难以置信。

11.我们还没有感到担忧。

“你会看到生平第一座冰山，” Phillips 说。

有几艘船回应了我们，但他们都太远了。

当 Phillips 寻找近一些的船只时，我拿着信息跑到舰桥上，船员开始让乘客登上救生艇。

Chapter 3 Varieties of Language语言变体(varieties of language)可分为两类：一类是方言变体(dialectal varieties), 俗称方言；另一类是话语类变体(diatypic varieties), 亦称语域（register）。

方言是以语言的使用者（users）为基准而区分的语言变体；语域则是按照语言使用者对语言的使用（uses）而区分的语言变体。

因此，方言多与交际者的社会阶层、社会地位、地域、年龄、性别及所处的时代等因素有关，比较稳定；语域则多与交际者所从事的社会活动密切相关。

方言(Dialect):1) 语言使用者的个人特征（individuality）--Idiolect(语言的流利度、清晰度、表达能力大小等。

例：Mr X’s English, Mr Y’s English。

)2) 时代特征（temporal features）--Temporal Dialect3) 地域特征（geographical feature）--Regional Dialect4) 社会特征（social features）--Social DialectSocioeconomic status varieties 社会经济变体Ethnic varieties 种族变体Gender varieties 性别变体Age varieties 年龄变体5) 可理解的程度和范围—Standard Dialect方言(Dialects)具有社会指示功能，方言不仅能体现人物的地域特征，而且能反映出人物的社会地位、文化程度乃至个人性格，这一点在文学作品中最为明显语域(Register)1) Field of Discourse(话语范围/语场)Non-technical fields of discourseTechnical fields of discourse2) Mode of Discourse(话语方式/语式)Speech: conversing, monologuingWriting: texts written to be spoken as if not written/ written to be read3) Tenor of Discourse(话语基调/语基)Personal Tenor(个人基调)Functional Tenor(功能基调)1) Field of Discourse(话语范围/语场)话语范围指的是言语交际过程中发生的事情，进行的活动，论及的事情或表达的经验等，它能体现语言使用者在特定情境语境中所要实现的交际目的和作用。

8B Chapter 3 学案★重点词组：1.阐述清楚make oneself clear2.在危险中be in danger3.环境问题environmental problems4.举止像… act like …5.阻止…发生… keep…from (doing) sth…stop…from (doing) sth…prevent…from (doing) sth…6.月球表面the surface of the moon7.以…格（形）式in the form of …8.砍伐树木cut down trees9.使…更差make sth. worse10.吸收有害气体take in harmful gases 11.扔掉throw away12.大量mountains of=lots of =a lot of13.总是; 一路上all the way14.为了in order to = to15.环保的environmentally friendly16.破坏环境damage the environment17. 大量a larger amount of +不可数名词18. 吸收take in=absorb19. danger n. 危险dangerous adj. 危险的20. 和…一样the same as22.和…不同different from23.放弃give out24使.…保持清醒keep…awake25.更喜欢prefer to do sth=like doing sth better26.save Earth拯救地球★注意：warm adj. 温暖的warmth n. 温暖long adj. 长的length n. 长度wide adj. 宽阔的width n. 宽度deep adj. 深的depth n. 深8B Chapter4 学案Reading知识点归纳：一、重点单词：1. accept v. 接受；承认（反义词refuse）2. educational adj. 教育（n. education）3. exchange n. & v. 交换；交流4. host n. 主人（反义词guest）5. own adj. 自己的v. 拥有( n. owner)6. simple = easy adj. 简单的（反义词difficult）7. culture n. 文化(adj. cultural)8. confident adj. 自信的(n. confidence) 9. deep adj. 深的(adv. deeply) 10. improve v. 改善，改进( n. improvement)二、重点词组：（1）help sb. do sth. 帮助某人做某事（2）in order that 为了（3）be able to do 能够做…（4）keep in touch with 与…保持联系（5）be worried about 担心（6）educational visit 教育参观（7）throughout the world 全世界（8）give a talk about sth. to sb. 向某人做关于某事的报告（9）stay with 与…生活在一起（10）make friends with 与…交朋友Protect the environment(保护环境)As we know ,the earth is our home, and the environment is very important to us. But nowadays, pollution becomes worse and worse.For example, some people throw rubbish everywhere, many factories pour waste water into the rivers. In my opinion, we must do something to protect the environment . It is important for us to save our earth. The factories must stop pouring the waste water into the rivers.I think it our duty to protect the environment. If everyone protects the environment, ourworld will be more and more beautiful!Ⅰ.目的状语从句。

English Reflection: Thoughts on Chapters 3 and 4 of "Classics and Common Talk"Reading Chapters 3 and 4 of "Classics and Common Talk" left me with a deep appreciation for the wisdom embedded within the classic texts and the author's insightful interpretation of them.Chapter 3 delves into the concept of "Classics" and their importance in Chinese culture. The author highlights the unique position of Classics in the Chinese literary canon, their influence on subsequent generations, and their role in shaping cultural values and moral standards. Through the author's analysis, I gained a deeper understanding of the significance of Classics in the historical and cultural context of China.Chapter 4 expands on the theme of Classics by exploring their relevance in modern society. The author discusses how the values and insights contained in Classics can still guide us in contemporary life, despite the significant changes in society and technology. This chapter encourages readers to seek wisdom from the past and apply it to present-day challenges, emphasizing the timeless value of Classics.Reading these chapters, I was reminded of the importance of maintaining a continuous dialogue with the past. Classics, being a repository of collective wisdom and experience, offer a valuable resource for understanding our own culture and history. Moreover, they provide guidance and inspiration for addressing the complexities of modern life.In conclusion, Chapters 3 and 4 of "Classics and Common Talk" have deepened my understanding of the significance and relevance of Classics in both historical and modern contexts. They have encouraged me to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese culture and draw wisdom from its ancient texts.阅读《经典常谈》的第三、四章，我深感其中蕴含的智慧和对经典文本的独到解读令人叹服。