Electron shading damage enhancement due to nonuniform in-hole etch rate in deep

表面技术第53卷第5期高温对含氢DLC涂层的微观结构及力学性能的影响贾伟飞1，梁灿棉2，胡锋1,2*（1.武汉科技大学 高性能钢铁材料及其应用省部共建协同创新中心，武汉 430081；2.广东星联精密机械有限公司，广东 佛山 528251）摘要：目的针对含氢DLC涂层热稳定性很差的问题，探究高温下含氢DLC涂层的微观组织变化特征，以及高温对其力学性能的影响。

方法采用等离子体强化化学气相沉积（Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition, PECVD）在S136模具不锈钢表面沉积以Si为过渡层的含氢DLC复合涂层，利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉曼光谱、X射线电子衍射仪、三维轮廓仪研究DLC涂层的微观结构，采用划痕测试仪、往复式摩擦磨损试验机、纳米压痕仪研究DLC涂层的力学性能，并通过LAMMPS软件，利用液相淬火法建立含氢DLC模型，模拟分析经高温处理后涂层的组织变化特征和纳米压痕行为。

结果在400 ℃、2 h的退火条件下，拉曼谱峰强度I D/I G由未退火的0.7增至1.5，涂层发生了石墨化转变，同时基线斜率下降，H元素析出；XPS结果表明，在此条件下涂层中sp2杂化组织相对增加，氧元素增多，涂层粗糙度增大；在600 ℃、2 h退火条件下，DLC发生了严重氧化，LAMMPS模拟结果表明，在400 ℃高温下涂层的分子键长变短，表明sp3杂化组织在高温下吸收能量，并向sp2杂化转变。

纳米压痕模拟结果显示，在400 ℃下退火后，涂层的硬度下降。

结论在400 ℃下退火处理后，涂层中的H元素释放，涂层内应力减小，保证了涂层的强度；在600 ℃退火条件下，过渡层的Si和DLC在高温下形成了C—Si键，使得DLC薄膜部分被保留；LAMMPS 模拟结果表明，在高温下涂层发生了石墨化转变，涂层的硬度减小。

关键词：含氢DLC涂层；退火处理；微观组织；力学性能；LAMMPS模拟中图分类号：TB332 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2024)05-0174-10DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2024.05.018Effect of High-temperature on Microstructure and MechanicalProperties of Hydrogen-containing DLC CoatingJIA Weifei1, LIANG Canmian2, HU Feng1,2*(1. Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Steels, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081,China; 2. Guangdong Xinglian Precision Machinery Co., Ltd., Guangdong Foshan 528251, China)ABSTRACT: The thermal stability of hydrogen-containing DLC coating is poor, and the work aims to explore the microstructure changes of hydrogen-containing DLC coating at high temperature and their impact on mechanical properties. The收稿日期：2023-01-09；修订日期：2023-05-18Received：2023-01-09；Revised：2023-05-18基金项目：中国博士后科学基金（2021M700875）Fund：China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M700875)引文格式：贾伟飞, 梁灿棉, 胡锋. 高温对含氢DLC涂层的微观结构及力学性能的影响[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(5): 174-183.JIA Weifei, LIANG Canmian, HU Feng. Effect of High-temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hydrogen-containing DLC Coating[J]. Surface Technology, 2024, 53(5): 174-183.*通信作者（Corresponding author）第53卷第5期贾伟飞，等：高温对含氢DLC涂层的微观结构及力学性能的影响·175·hydrogen-containing DLC composite coating with Si as the transitional layer was deposited on the surface of S136 stainless steel by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The microstructure of DLC coating was investigated by optical/scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and three-dimensional profiler, the mechanical properties of DLC coating were studied by scratch, reciprocating friction wear and nano-indentation experiment, and the nano-indentation experiment behavior of DLC coating was simulated by LAMMPS to analyze the microstructure characteristics in annealing. The coating was subject to annealing conditions of 400 ℃for 2 hours and 600 ℃for 2 hours. Under the former condition, Raman spectroscopy showed an increase in the intensity ratio of the I D/I G peaks from0.7 to 1.5, indicating graphitization transition, accompanied by a decrease in baseline slope and H element segregation. XPSanalysis revealed an increase in sp2 hybridization and oxygen content in the coating under this condition, as well as an increase in surface roughness. At 600 ℃, severe oxidation of the DLC coating was observed. Under that condition, the matrix stainless steel was also oxidized. Molecular dynamics simulations using LAMMPS suggested a decrease in molecular bond length at 400 ℃high temperature. The three-dimensional profile test showed that the roughness under the unannealed condition was mainly from the large particles produced during deposition. At 400 for 2℃h, the coating had the minimum surface roughness. At this time, some large particles in the coating structure fell off, and the coating was basically completely damaged at 600 for℃ 2 h. The roughness was mainly from the original stainless steel roughness. The scratch test showed that under the condition of 400 for℃2 h, due to the release of the internal stress of the coating and the tighter bonding of the transition layer, the coating had the bestbonding effect with the substrate and was the least likely to fall off. The statistical results of LAMMPS simulation showed that the chemical bonds of the original DLC model tended to become shorter after annealing at high temperature. Relative to the unannealed DLC coating, the mechanical properties of DLC coating were best under 400 for℃ 2 h. Under this condition, the precipitation of mixed H elements in the coating led to the transformation of the original C—H sp3 structure, which occupied a large space to the smaller C—C sp3 and C—C sp2 structure, releasing internal stress in the coating, while ensuring the strength.The nano-indentation experiments showed that the elastic recovery and hardness of the coating were the highest at 400 for℃ 2 h, compared with that at other annealing temperature. The structure of the DLC coating containing hydrogen changed due to the precipitation of H element at 400 ℃. On the one hand, the coating structure changed from sp3 to sp2 due to high temperature, and on the other hand, the precipitation of H element changed the original C—H sp3 to C—C sp3, reducing the internal stress of the coating and improving the mechanical properties. The coating is basically damaged at 600 for 2 h, but the substrate still℃retains part of the coating. This is because the transition layer Si reacts with the coating to improve the heat resistance of the remaining coating. Molecular dynamics simulations using LAMMPS showed that the coating undergoes a graphitization transition at high temperature, leading to a reduction in its hardness.KEY WORDS: hydrogen-containing DLC coating; annealing treatment; microstructure; mechanical properties; LAMMPS simulationDLC（Diamond-Like Carbon，类金刚石碳，简称DLC）涂层材料具有超高硬度、低摩擦因数、优良化学稳定性等特点，广泛应用于机械、电子、生物医学等领域[1-3]。

AA-60 fire door A－60级防火门Abrasive (喷砂用的)磨料abrasive paper 砂纸AC generator 交流发电机AC motor 交流电动机Accelerated corrosion testing 加速腐蚀试验Acceptance criteria 合格准则access hole (for welding)=cope hole(焊接)工艺孔accommodation andpower platform (APP)生活动力平台according to = in accordancewith = in line with = as per =in the light of按照acetylene gas 乙炔acid electrode 酸性焊条acid proof cement 防酸水泥Additive 添加剂adhere to 遵守(动词) Adherence to 遵守(名词) adjacent columns 相邻立柱adverse combination of loads 荷载的不利组合adverse condition 不利条件aeronautical radio system 航空无线电系统AFC (approved for construction)建造批准aforementioned 上述的aft winch 船艉绞车Agitator 搅拌器a-hundred-year return period 百年一遇air blower 鼓风机air compressor 空压机air driven pump 气动泵air hoister 气动绞车air manifold 气包air tight test 气密性试验aircraft obstruction beacon 航空障碍灯air-hose 风带alarm buzzer 报警蜂鸣器alarm horn 报警喇叭aliphatic polyurethane 脂肪族聚氨酯漆Allowable(working) stress 许用应力Aluminum alloy anode 铝合金阳极一. 技术词汇Aluminum ingot 铝锭Aluminum paint 银粉漆Aluminum sheet 铝皮ambient air temperature 环境气温ambient temperature 环境温度anchor block 地锚块anchor bolt 地脚螺栓anchor ground 锚地anchor pile 锚桩anchor profile 磨料喷入母材的深度anchor pattern 磨料喷后母材留下的小坑形状(圆形、角形等) anchor rack 锚架anchoring buoy 锚泊浮筒angle of incidence 入射角angle of reflection 折射角angle probe method 超声波斜射探伤angle steel 角钢angle valve 角阀anode core 阳极芯子anode end face geometry 阳极端面几何形状anode life 阳极寿命anode potential 阳极电位anode stand-off post 支架式阳极的立柱anodic resistance 阳极电阻anticorrosive paint 防锈漆anti-electrostatic floor 防静电地板antipollution measures 防污染措施API specified requirements API规定的要求apparent batter 视斜度applicable API specification API 适用规范approach-departure sector 直升飞机起落扇形区Appurtenance =attachment=accessory =auxiliary附件arc air gouging 碳弧气刨arc cutting 电弧切割arc strike 弧击argon arc welding 氩弧焊argon arc welding machine 氩弧焊机articulated tower mooring system 铰接塔系泊系统artificial island 人工岛as per 按照as-built 完工as-built dossier 完工资料as-built drawing 完工图as-rolled 轧制状态Assemble 组装(动词) Assembly 组装(名词) Associated gas 伴生气at the option of A 按A的意愿atmospheric diving system= unpressurized diving system常压潜水系统atmospheric vent 放空管attachments 附件auto fire alarm system 火灾自动报警系统automatic spraying system 自动喷淋系统B(to be ) buttered (焊接的)长肉back chipping 清根back gouging 反面气刨Backing weld 打底焊道backpressure regulator (self contained) 背压式调节阀(自力式)backwash return pump 反冲洗回流泵backwash surge tank 反冲洗罐backwash tank 反冲洗水罐Ball hardness 布氏硬度ball valve 球阀Bar(截面较小的)圆钢方钢六角钢等bar chart 统计用的柱状图barge bumper 靠船件barge strength and stability 驳船强度及稳性Barrel (管件的)加厚段base metal 母材、基本金属basic design 基本设计basic electrode= lime type covered electrode碱性焊条battery room 蓄电池间beam depth 梁高beam path distance 超声波发射程距bearing strength of the ground 地基承载力bearing stress 支撑应力before welding is initiated 始焊前Bending moment 弯矩Bending stress 弯曲应力Bevel 坡口bevel angle 坡口面角度Beveling / chamfering 开坡口bid / tender for ... 投标bid drawing 招标图纸bilge alarm system 污水报警系统bilge/ fire pump 舱底污水－消防两用泵blast cleaning 喷砂除锈blind flange 盲法兰blind spectacle flange 快速盲法兰blow count 打桩的锤击数Blowdown vessel 排放罐blowhole; gas pore 气孔blowout preventer stack 防喷器组blowout preventer system(BOP system)防喷器系统boat landing 登船平台bolt, nut and washer 螺栓、螺母及垫片bolted connection 螺栓连接Boom 吊机扒杆boom angle 吊臂倾斜角bore hole 镗孔boss with plug 带有丝堵的管座bottom echo 底面回声bottom sitting drilling platform 坐底式钻井船Boundary condition 边界条件Bow 船艏box beam 箱形梁box type joint 箱形节点Brace 拉筋bracelet anode 手镯式阳极branch member 支杆breathing apparatus , respirator 防毒面具Bridge 栈桥bridge (overhead) crane 天车吊Brittleness 脆性brush coating 用毛刷涂漆buckle fastener 绑带build-up girder 组合梁bulb angle 球扁钢bulk head 隔板，舱壁，刚性法兰(海管) buoyant turret mooring 浮筒转塔式系泊burn through 烧穿Burner 气焊工burr and flashing 飞边毛刺business and management 经营管理Butterfly valve 蝶阀butt-welded seam 对接焊缝Ccable hanger 电缆马脚cable layer 敷缆船cable rack /tray 电缆托架Caisson 沉箱caisson washing pump 洗舱泵caisson-type platform 沉箱式平台Can (管件的)段Cantilever beam 悬臂梁Cantilever jack-up rig 悬臂自升式钻井船Cantilever well module 悬臂式井口模块cap beam 帽梁capped steel 半镇静钢capsizing lever 倾覆力臂capsizing moment=overturn moment倾覆力矩carbon arc air gouging 碳弧气刨carbon dioxide cylinder 二氧化碳气瓶carbon equivalent 碳当量carbon-dioxide(CO2) arc welding 二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊cargo master system 货油舱总监控系统cargo tank cleaning machine 洗舱机Carrier (搬运)小车carry out = perform = conduct= execute进行、执行catenary anchor leg mooring(CALM)悬链锚腿系泊cathodic protection 阴极保护cellar deck 底甲板cellar shutdown panel (CSDP) 井口系统关断盘cement grout 水泥浆cementing vessel 固井船center line 中心线center of buoyancy 浮心center of floatation 漂心center of gravity 重心center punch 冲子central control room (CCR) 中央控制室central processing platform 中心处理平台centrifugal pump 离心泵Centrifuger 离心机ceramic fibres 防火陶棉ceramic tiles 瓷砖certifying authority 第三方检验机构chain block 倒链、链滑车chair with arm-rests 带扶手的半软椅Chamfering 开坡口channel steel 槽钢charpy-V notch energy 夏比V形缺口韧性值charpy-V notch impact test 夏比V形缺口冲击试验chart datum 海图基准面check randomly 抽检check valve 止回阀checkered plate 花纹板chemical composition 化学成分chemical injection package 化学注入撬chemical injection system 化学药剂注入系统chemical seal 化学密封chipping hammer 敲渣锤Chisel 风铲Chord member 弦杆Christmas tree 采油树circumference 周长circumferential weld 环焊缝classification survey 入级检验clean water injection pump 清水注入泵clean water surge tank 清水缓冲罐Clearance 间隙Client 业主、顾客close drain tank 闭式排放罐closed / open circuit 闭/开路Closed drain pump 闭式排放泵closed drain tank 闭式排放罐clustered well heads 丛式井口CO2 cylinder unit CO2 气瓶组CO2 extinguisher CO2 灭火器coal tar epoxy paint 含焦油环氧涂料Coaming 档水扁钢Coating 涂装coating interval 涂漆间隔Coefficient 系数Cold formed pipe 冷卷管cold shut 冷隔cold work 冷加工、冷作collapse ring 加强环板Column 立柱combustible gas detector 可燃气体探测器Come-along 手搬葫芦commercial blast cleaning 普通级喷砂除锈commissioning 调试compile and maintain a document 编制和保存文件complete penetration groove weld 全熔透坡口焊Completion riser 完井立管complex joint 复杂节点Compliance with 符合(名词) comply with 符合(动词) composite rockwool ceiling 复合岩棉天花板composite rockwool panel 复合岩棉板concentric reducer 同心大小头Conceptual design 概念设计concrete platform 混凝土平台Condensate drum 冷凝液罐Condensing water 冷凝水Conductor 隔水套管conductor guide 套管导向Cone 大小口、锥体conform to = stick to = adhere to 符合、遵守Connection 节点、连接consumption rate 阳极消耗率Continuous beam 连续梁Continuous double fillet weld 双面连续贴角焊Continuous welding 连续焊Contract 合同Contraction stress 收缩应力Contractor 承包商control valve(accessories handwheel)带手轮的控制阀control valve assembly 控制阀总成coordinates 坐标系coordination 协调cope hole (焊接)工艺孔corrective and preventive action 纠正和预防措施Correlation curve 相关曲线corrosion allowance 腐蚀余量corrosion coupon 腐蚀挂片corrosion protection 防腐Corrugated plate interceptor 斜板分离器Couplant UT用的耦合剂Coupling 连轴器、管箍Crack 裂纹crane barge, crane vessel 起重船crane support 吊机支撑Crater 焊口crawler crane 履带吊车Criteria (验收)标准cross angle 交叉角cross section 横截面crow bar 撬杠cruciform bollard 单十字带缆柱crude cooler 原油冷却器crude filter 原油过滤器crude heat exchanger 原油换热器crude loading /export pump 原油外输泵crude loading pump 原油装载泵crude oil drain tank 原油排放舱crude preheat exchanger 原油预热器crude suction strainer 原油吸入滤器crude transfer pump 原油输送泵cup support 垫墩curing time (油漆的)固化时间Current capacity (阳极的)电流容量Current density (阳极的)电流密度Current direction 海流方向curvature radius 曲率半径Customer(试比较purchaser 需方)客户(签合同后,客户变需方)cut by torch 以火焰切割cut off 割除、割除物cutoff allowance 切割裕量Cutting plan 排板图Cutting sheet 单件图D( in ) duplicate 一式两份(to)drive piles 打桩DAC curves 距离-振幅曲线daily diesel filter 日用柴油滤器damage-prone connection 易破坏的节点Damper, dampener 减振器DC generator 直流发电机Decibel (dB) 分贝deck beam 甲板梁deck cover 甲板敷料deck crane 甲板吊车deck floor plate 甲板板deck water seal unit 甲板水封装置deep freeze compressor 深冷压缩机deepwater jacket 深水导管架defect /default /disconnection 缺陷Deflection 挠度dehydration degassing vessel 脱水除气器dehydration preheater 脱水预热器dehydrator feed pump 电脱水供给泵delivery of materials 材料交货Derrick barge 回转式起重船Desander 除砂罐design basis 设计基准design parameters 设计参数Detail 详图detail design 详细设计develop / establish a document 编制文件dew point 露点DFT(dry film thickness) 干膜厚度diagonal brace 斜拉筋dial gauge 百分表Diaphragm 隔板diaphragm valve 隔膜阀die stamp 钢印diesel daily tank 柴油日用罐diesel filter coalescer 柴油过滤净化装置diesel generator set 柴油发电机组diesel oil daily tank with heater 柴油日用罐(带加热器) diesel pump 柴油泵diesel storage tank 柴油储罐diesel storage tank with heater 柴油储罐(带加热器) diesel tank 柴油罐diesel transfer pump 柴油输送泵differential pressure control valve 差压控制阀Diffuser 布风器dihedral angle 二面角dimensional checks 尺寸检验direct / alternating current arc welding 直/交流电弧焊Direct current emergency supply 直流应急电源Disassembling 拆除Discontinuity 缺陷displacement oil tank 置换油罐distortion from welding 焊接变形Distress signals 遇险呼救信号Diver 潜水员diver support vessel 潜水作业船document approval and issue 文件的批准和下发Documentation 文件编制Dog 组装用的刀把Dolphin 系缆柱domestic sea water pump 生活海水泵double agent facility 双介质灭火装置double bed 双层床double bevel groove K 形坡口double bollard 双柱带缆柱double groove 双面坡口double probe method 双探头法Double V groove 双面V 形坡口(X 形坡口) doubler plate 垫板、包板down hill welding 下向焊drain pit 排放池draught gauge 吃水标尺drawing and specification 图纸及技术规格书drawing types 图纸种类Drilling module 钻井模块Drilling platform 钻井平台Drilling template 钻井基盘drillship ,drilling ship 浮式钻井船Driving voltage 驱动电压dry chemical extinguisher 干粉灭火器Dryer 烘箱dry-type tree 干式采油树during the course of fabrication 在制造过程中during the life of structures 结构寿命期间dye penetrant inspection8 着色检验dynamic-positioning rig 动力定位钻井船Dredger 挖泥船drift pin 心轴、销子drift test 管流试验、管线试通Drill 钻头图纸种类有：conceptual drawing 概念图纸basic drawing 基本设计图bid drawing 招标图纸design drawing 详细设计图fabrication drawing 加工设计图shop drawing 车间加工图as-built drawing 完工图Eearth lead 地线eccentric reducer 偏心大小头echo height 回波高度edge crimping (卷管的)压头edge preparation 坡口加工effective throat thickness 焊缝计算厚度elbow 弯头electric dehydrator 电脱水器electric desalter 电脱盐器electric drill 手电钻electric heater 电加热器electric submersible pump 电潜泵electrical connection 导电连接electric-hydraulic valve 电-液操作阀electrochemical property 电化学特性electrode 电焊条electrode covering 焊条药皮electrode holder 焊把、焊钳electrolyte 电解质electro-slag welding 电渣焊接elevation (EL) 标高、立面图elongation 延伸率emergency air compressor 应急空压机emergency ballast control system 应急压载控制系统emergency BOP recovery system 防喷器紧急回收系统emergency generator 应急发电机emergency light 应急照明灯emergency power station 应急电站emergency shutdown 紧急关断emergency shutdown system (ESD) 应急关断系统emergency switch board 应急开关柜emergency switch room 应急配电间emery cloth 金刚砂布emulsion transfer pump 乳化油输送泵engine room 动力舱、机舱engineering geotechnical vessel 工程地质船engineering vessel 工程船舶entire length 全长equal angle 等边角钢equation 公式equipment base 设备底座erection 安装ERW (electric resistance welding) 电阻焊escape route 逃生路线essential variable 焊接基本参数excess of weight 超重existing structure 已有结构explosion proof equipment 防爆设备exposure distance 防火距离extent of defect in % 缺陷百分率extent of inspection 检验范围extent of repair 返修率external surface of brace 拉筋的外表面extra margin of stress 应力裕量Ffabricated wide flange shape 焊接成的宽翼缘型钢fabrication aids 制造辅助物(如临时吊点) fabrication design 加工设计fabrication phase 制造阶段fabrication sequence 制造顺序fabrication yard 制造场地face bend test 表面弯曲试验facsimile transceiver 传真收发两用机fastener 紧固件fatigue damage 疲劳破坏field assembly 空间组对、现场组对field mating point 海上对接点(如导管架与组块对接点)field splice 现场拼接field weld 现场焊缝fifty year return period 五十年一遇file 锉刀filler metal 填充金属final fabrication tolerance 最终制造公差finish coat 面漆finished product 成品finite element analyses 有限元分析fire alarm siren 火灾警笛fire and gas detecting system 火灾－可燃气探测系统fire control panel 消防控制盘fire damper 防火风闸fire door closer, fire proof door 防火门fire extinguishing system 消防系统f ire fighting water , fire water消防水fire foam hydrant 消防泡沫栓fire hose station , hose box 消防箱fire monitor 消防炮fire panel 火灾－可燃气报警显示盘fire proof wall , fire wall 防火墙fire protected plastic tiles 防火塑料地板fire protection wall 防火墙fire station 消防软管箱fire water / foam monitor 消防炮(水或泡沫) fire water deluge system 大水量灭火系统fire water hose rock 消防水软管fire water hydrant 消防水栓fire water jockey pump 消防水增压泵fire water lift pump 消防水提升泵fire water pump 消防水泵fire-fighting vessel , fire boat 消防船fireman box 消防员箱first aid kit 急救箱first coat 底漆first stage hydro cyclone 一级水力旋流器first stage separator 一级分离器fitter 组装工fit-up 坡口组对fixed crude oil washing machine 固定式原油清洗机fixed drilling platform 固定式钻井平台fixed platform 固定式平台fixed tower SPM 塔系泊flame arrester 阻火器flame cutting 火焰切割flame cutting droplets and debris 火焰切割形成的熔滴和料头flame cutting machine 火焰切割机flame cutting torch 火焰割枪flammability limits 可燃度极限flange 翼缘、法兰flare assembly 火炬总成flare boom 火炬臂flare drum 闪蒸罐flare pilot gas 火炬引燃器flare scrubber 火炬分液器flare tower 火炬塔flat bar 扁钢flat plate anode 扁阳极flat welding 平焊flaw 裂纹flaw detectability 缺陷检测灵敏度flaw echo 缺陷回声flexible hose 柔性软管flexible riser 挠性立管floater controlled valve 浮球控制阀floating cargo hose 浮式输油软管floating loading hose 浮式装油软管floating oil production andstorage unit (FPSU)浮式生产储油装置floating oil storage unit 浮式储油装置floating production platform 浮式生产平台floating production, storageand off-loading tanker浮式生产储油外输轮floating state 飘浮状态flooding 注水floppy disk 软盘flow chart 流程图flow indicator (FI) 流量显示器flow quantity recorder (FQ) 累计流量计flow switch 流量开关flux 焊药flux cored arc welding (FCAW) 药芯焊flux-cored electrode 管状焊条flux-cored wire 药芯焊丝foam extinguishing system 固定式泡沫灭火系统foam monitor 泡沫炮foam station 泡沫站fog horn , fog signal 雾笛folding bed 折叠床folding chair 折叠椅foot print 被交位置foot valve 底阀forecastle 艏楼foreman 领班forged steel (FS) 锻钢fork lift 铲车、叉车forming 压制成型forming of plates into tubular 由板卷成管formula / equation of carbonequivalent碳当量公式four way valve 四通阀fracture toughness 断裂韧性frame structure 梁格结构free water knockout vessel 游离水分离器fresh water pressure vessel 淡水压力罐fresh water pump 淡水泵fresh water tank with electricheater淡水罐(带加热器) friction coefficient 摩擦系数fuel gas compressor package 燃气压缩机撬fuel gas heater 燃料气加热器fuel gas scrubber 燃气洗涤器fuel gas treatment package 燃料气处理撬fuel oil drain tank 燃料油排放罐fuel pump 燃油泵full coupling 全螺纹的接头full penetration weld 全熔透焊缝funnel-shaped guide 喇叭口状导向furnace 熔炉、加热炉fusible plug 易熔塞fusion /bond line 熔合线G(to be ) ground flush 磨平gantry crane 龙门吊gap gauge 间隙尺gas bottle 气瓶gas cutting 气割gas cutting machine withmagnetic wheels磁轮式气割机gas detector 可燃气体探测器gas export facility 天然气外输设施gas injection module 注气组块gas metal arc welding (GMAW) 熔化极气体保护焊gas processing plant 天然气处理厂gas shielded arc welding 气体保护电弧焊gas tungsten metal arc welding(GTAW)钨极气体保护焊(含氩弧焊)gas turbine generator set 燃气轮发电机组gas turbine power generator 燃气轮机发电机gas welding 气焊gasket 垫圈gate valve 闸阀geophysical survey vessel 物探船girders and webs 水平桁材和垂直桁材girth weld 环缝global positioning system (GPS) 全球定位系统globe valve (normally closed) 截止阀(常闭) Glycerin 甘油Gouging 气刨graphite crucible 石墨坩埚grating 格栅gravity damper 重力风闸gravity platform 重力式平台gravity type foundation 重力式基础Grease 黄油, 润滑油Grind 打磨Grinder 砂轮机Grinding 打磨(名词) grinding machine 砂轮机grit 磨料grit blasting 喷丸除锈Groove 熔池groove angle 坡口角guard filter 保护滤器guide funnel 导向喇叭口guide structure 导向结构Gusset 节点板、筋板guyed tower platform 拉索塔平台Hhalf nipple 一端带螺纹的接头halogenated hydrocarbon local panel 卤化烃就地控制盘halogenated hydrocarbon cylinder 卤化烃瓶halogenated hydrocarbon fireextinguishing system卤化烃灭火系统Hammer 锤子hand operated pump 手动泵hand winch 手动缆绳车Handrail 栏杆hard hat 安全帽Hardener 固化剂hauling to the front 牵引至码头前沿hazardous area 危险区heat affected zones (HAZ) 热影响区heat detector 热探测器heat exchanger 热交换器heat medium drain tank 热介质排放罐heat number 炉号heat traced pipeline 伴热管线heat treater 加热器处理器heat treatment 热处理Heater 加热器heater treater 热处理器heater treater feed pump 热处理器供液泵heating medium boiler package 热介质锅炉撬heating medium circulating package 热介质循环撬heating medium collection tank 热介质收集罐heating medium diesel daily tank 热介质柴油日用罐heating medium drain pump 热介质排放泵heating medium drain tank 热介质排放罐heating medium expansion vessel 热介质膨胀罐heating medium make-up pump 热介质再启动泵heating medium oil, thermal oil 传热介质油heating medium storage tank 热介质油储存罐heating, ventilation and air conditioning system (HAV) 采暖、通风、空调系统heave wall section 厚壁段heavy can 节点加厚段heavy duty coating 厚层防腐heavy plate 厚板heavy wall pipe 厚壁管helideck 直升机甲板helmet 安全帽、焊接面罩hex head bolt 六角头螺栓high / low pressure switch (PSHL) 高－低压开关high concentration gas alarm 高浓度可燃气报警high pressure condensate tank 高压凝析油罐high pressure flare 高压火炬high pressure separator (HPseparator)高压分离器high strength steel 高强度钢high-low 错皮histogram (统计用)直方图hold 待定hold point (检验的)停点holder 焊钳holiday detector 气孔探测仪horizontal distance 水平距离horizontal welding 横焊hose 软管hose assembly 软管总成hose connection 软管接头hose handling crane 软管起升吊机hose reel 软管轮hot dip galvanizing 热浸锌hot water pressure vessel withelectric heater热水压力罐(带加热器)hot work 明火作业H-shape H型钢human life and property 人民生命财产hydrant 消火栓hydraulic pile-driving hammer 液压打桩锤hydraulic press 液压机hydrostatic/ hydraulic test 水压试验hyperbaric diving system= pressurized diving system高压潜水系统Iice-breaker 破冰船if (when) necessary 若有必要Ignitor 点火器immersion suit 防寒救生衣impact resistance 耐冲击性impressed-current protectionsystem外加电流保护系统in accordance with 按照in any jacket plane 在任意导管架平面内in line with 按照in the light of 按照inclined stair 斜梯include but not limited to 包括但不限于included / groove angle 坡口角度inclusion 夹杂物incomplete fusion 未熔合incomplete penetration 未焊透inflatable liferaft 气胀式救生筏inlet gas generator package 惰性气体发生器撬inorganic Zinc primer 无机锌底漆in-process inspection 工序间的检验inside diameter (ID) 内径Inspection 检验inspection criteria 检验标准installation site 安装现场instrument air receiver 仪表空气接受器instrument capillary tube 仪表控制管线instrument master control room 仪表总控制室insulating flange 绝缘法兰Insulation 保温insulation (heat traced) 保温加伴热intact / damage stability 完整/破损稳性Interference (杆件之间的)相碰、打架intergranular corrosion 晶间腐蚀intermediate strength steel 中强度钢intermittent welding 断续焊internal and external beveling 内外坡口internal diameter 内径internal quality audits 内部质量审核internal stress 内应力interpass temperature 层间温度intersected pipe 被交管intersection line 相贯线invitation for bid = call for bid 招标JJack 千斤顶Jacket 导管架jacket cap 导管架帽jacket handling 导管架扶正jacket launching and upending 导管架下水及扶正jacket launching barge 导管架下水驳船jacket leg 导管架腿柱jacket leveling 导管架调平jacket lifted on and off the barge 吊上及吊下驳船的导管架jacket lifting eye 导管架吊耳jacket modification 导管架改造jacket panel 导管架片jacket panel assembly 导管架片组对jacket positioning 导管架定位jacket securing 导管架固定jacking state 升降状态jacking system 升降系统jack-up rig 自升式钻井船jockey pump 供消防水干管的补给水泵joint can 节点加厚段joint detail 节点详图J-tube J形管junction box (explosion proof) 接线箱(防爆型)Kkey plan 总图、索引图killed steel 镇静钢Kingpost 将军柱Llack of fusion 未融合lack of penetration 未焊透Ladder 直梯ladle analysis 熔炼分析lamellar tearing 层状撕裂Lap 焊缝盖面lap welding 搭接焊lateral load 侧向荷载launch / cargo barge 滑道式/装载式驳船launch way and rocker 滑道和摇臂launching and uprighting of a jacket 导管架的下水和直立launching truss 下水珩架lay barge 铺管船lead sections and subsequentadd-ons of piles首桩及后续桩段leak test 密封性试验(试漏) Leg 桩腿、导管leg of a fillet weld (角焊缝)焊角高度Level 水平仪level gauge (with drain) 液位计(带排放) life boat 救生艇life boat davit , davit 吊艇架life buoy 救生圈life jacket 救生衣life raft , life float 救生筏lift calculation 吊装计算lifting gear 吊艇机lifting load 起吊荷载lifting lug 吊点lifting padeye 吊点lifting up of panel structure 单片起吊light type combustible gas detector 轻质可燃气体探测器line pipe 管线管line throwing apparatus 抛绳装置liquid trap 液体捕集器living quarter 生活块LNG carrier, LNG tanker 液化天然气运输船loading arm 输油臂loading flexible hose 柔性装载软管loadout and seafastening 装船固定local deformation 局部变形local stress 局部应力longitudinal seam/weld 纵焊缝low explosion limit (LEL) 爆炸下限low heat input 低热量输入low hydrogen type electrode 低氢型焊条low pressure scrubber 低压气净化器low stress round nosed die stamp 低应力圆头钢印lower deck 下甲板lub oil drain tank 润滑油排放罐lub oil tank with heater 润滑油罐(带加热器)Lubricant oil transfer pump 润滑油传输泵Lug 吊耳Mmachinery deck 机械甲板machining 机加工macrosection 宏观断面magnetic particle and suspension 磁粉和悬剂magnetic particle technique (MT) 磁粉探伤main boiler 主锅炉main deck 主甲板main generator set 主发电机组main process line 主要工艺管线main switch room 主变电间main transformer room 主变压器室make-up drawing 造管图Manhole 人孔Manifold 管汇manned platform 驻人平台manual / hand welding 手工焊manufacturer's instruction 产品使用说明marine growth 海生物marine radio system 海事通讯系统marine transportation 海运Marking 做标记、划线marking and cutting 划线下料mat support jack-up rig 沉垫自升式钻井船Material 材质、材料material identification 材料标识material list 材料表material storage 材料储存material substitution 材料代用material take-off 材料估算单material traceability 材料跟踪maximum operating water depth 最大工作水深mean sea level (MSL) 平均海平面mechanical property 机械性能mechanical test 机械性能试验medium pressure separator(MP separator)中压分离器member 杆件member drawing (杆件的)单件图member number 杆件号metacenter 稳心metal lash 钢板网mezzanine deck 夹层甲板、半甲板middle deck 中甲板mild steel 低碳钢mill 钢厂mill certificate 厂家的材质证书mill scale 钢材出厂时的表面氧化皮mill sheet 制造工艺规程表mineral slag 矿渣miscellaneous items 附件mismatch = high-low 错皮mobile drilling platform / rig 移动式钻井平台mobile radio system 移动式无线电系统model test 模型试验module 撬块、模块mold 模具mold lofting 放样moment 力矩moment of longitudinal inclination 纵倾力矩moment of transverse inclination 横倾力矩moment of inertia 惯性矩mooring bit 系缆柱mooring cable 系泊缆绳mooring dolphin 系缆柱mooring head 系泊头mooring template 系泊基盘mooring yoke 系泊刚臂motor operated valve 电动阀move to yard front 移至码头前沿mud mat 防沉板mudline 泥线multihead metering pump 多头计量泵multipass welding 多层焊multiple lift 多台吊车联合起吊multi-point mooring , spreadmooring多浮筒系泊系统multi-purpose epoxy 多用途环氧漆multi-supported beam 连续梁multi-well template system 多井基盘系统Nnavigation channel 导航灯navigational light 导航灯NC(numerical-control)cutting machine数控切割机NDT 包括：near white metal 接近金属白色needle valve 针阀Nipple 对丝node can 节点段nominal diameter 公称直径non-combustible 不可燃物质non-conformance 不一致事项nondestructiveexamination(NDE)无损检验nondestructive testing (NDT) 无损检验nonskid ceramic mosaic 防滑陶瓷马赛克normal practice 通常作法normalize 正火normally open / close valve 常开/常闭阀notch toughness 缺口韧性NRL (Naval Research Laboratory)drop weight testNRL 落锤试验nut 螺母penetrant technique (PT) 渗透检验radiographic technique (RT) 射线探伤magnetic particle technique (MT) 磁粉探伤ultrasonic technique (UT) 超声波探伤visual inspection 外观检验Oobsolete document 作废文件oceanographic research vessel 海洋调查船offshore drilling installation 海上钻井设施offshore drilling rig 海上钻井装置offshore hook-up 海上连接offshore installation 海上安装offshore installation site 海上安装现场offshore oil exploration 海洋石油勘探offshore platform 海洋平台offshore structure 海洋结构物oil boom, oil fence 围油栅oil concentration (污水)含油浓度oil depot 油库oil fence reel 围油栅卷筒oil moisture content 油雾含量oil pollution 石油污染oil recovery vessel 污油回收船oil spill 溢油oil storage barge 储油轮oil storage, loading and 储油、装油与transportation equipment 输油设备oil treatment facility 油处理设施oily water tank 含油污水仓oily water transfer pump 污油水传送泵one-line diagram 单线图onshore fabrication 陆上预制open drain pump 开式排放泵open drain tank 开式排放罐open drain tank with heater 开式排放罐(带加热器) open firing point 明火点operating condition 作业条件operating state 作业状态operation draft 作业吃水orifice plate 孔板流量计Original 原稿out of roundness 椭圆度outside diameter (OD) 外径Ovality 椭圆度over coating intervals 复涂间隔over head crane 天车吊Overboard 舷外Overhanging beam 悬臂梁overhead welding 仰脸焊Overlap 焊瘤Overlapping joint 搭接节点Owner 业主Oxyacetylene gas welding 氧－乙炔气焊oxyacetylene welding 氧乙炔焊oxygen cylinder 氧气瓶oxygen hose 氧气带Ppackaged air conditioner 空调机橇块Packer 封隔器Padeye 吊点paint brush 油刷子paint roller 油漆滚子Painter 油漆工panel assembling 平面组对，单片组对parasitic echo 干扰回声parent steel 母材past successful practice 以往成功的作法pedestal crane 基座式吊机pedestal crane 平台用吊机peening 捶击penetrant technique (PT) 渗透检验perimeter 周长periodical survey 定期检验permissible stress 许用应力perpendicularity of pipe end 管端垂直度personnel protection 人身保护phenolic paint 酚醛树脂涂料Philips driver 十字螺丝刀phthalic paint 苯二甲酸涂料pig launcher 清管器发射器pig receiver 清管接收器pile cap 桩帽pile driving records 打桩记录pile driving refusal 拒锤点pile extracting 拔桩pile foundation 桩基pile guide 桩导向pile penetration 桩的贯入度pile section / segment 桩段pile sleeve 桩套筒pile spacer 扶桩间隙块pile washing out 冲桩piling 打桩pilling barge 打桩船pilot house 驾驶室pinhole 针尖状气孔pipe diameter 管径pipe fitting 管件pipe rack 管子托架pipe shoe 管子支撑、管靴pipe wrench 管钳pipeline 管线、管道pipeline laying barge 铺管船piping and instrument diagram(P & ID)管线仪表图plain end 无螺纹管端plan 平面图、布置图plasma arc cutting (PAC) 等离子弧切割plasma arc welding (PAW) 等离子弧焊接plate girder 板梁plate type heat exchanger 板式换热器platform 平台platform positioning on the site 导管架的现场定位platform-to-shore radio system 平台－海岸无线电系统pliers 钳子plug 丝堵plug valve 旋塞阀plummet 铅坠plus or minus 2 正负2 pneumatic binary signal 双向气动信号pneumatic lines 气控管线pneumatic operated valve 气动操作阀pneumatic operated with manualreset valve手动复位气动阀pneumatic test 气压试验polarization potential (阳极的)极化电位polarized steel 极化铁polyurethane paint 聚氨酯涂料porosity 密集气孔port 左舷port hole 舷窗portable extinguisher 手提式灭火器portable two-way radio 双向无线电话positioner 定位器positioning 定位positive displacement flow meter 容积式流量计positive flow meter 正位流量计postweld heat treatment 焊后热处理pot life (油漆的)混合期效power wire brush 电动钢丝刷preheat temperature 预热温度preheater 预热器pressure differential flow meter 差压流量计pressure gauge 压力表pressure regulation valve 压力调节阀pressure regulator (external tap) 压力调节阀(阀外引压) pressure relief valve 压力释放阀pressure safety valve 压力安全阀pressure vessels 压力容器primary structural member 主结构杆probe 探头procedure qualification record(PQR)焊接工艺评定process 工序process drain 工艺排放process module 工艺模块product identification andtraceability产品标识和跟踪production manifold 生产管汇production platform 生产平台production process and equipment 生产工艺及设备production shutdown panel (PSDP) 应急系统关断盘production welding 生产性焊接professional skill 专业技能protractor 量角器provision 条款、规定、措施punch marks 冲眼punch list 遗留工作清单punching shear 冲剪应力purchase 采购purchase order number 订货合同号purge/pilot gas package 吹扫/引燃器橇块Qquality assurance 质量保证quality audit 质量审核quality awareness 质量意识quality check in process 工作中自检quality control (QC) 质量控制quality evaluation 质量评估quality loop 质量环quality manual 质量手册quality objectives 质量目标quality plan 质量计划quality planning 质量策划quality policy 质量方针quality related costs 质量成本quality review/assessment 质量评审quality surveillance 质量监督quality system 质量体系quasi-static loading 准静力荷载quay 码头quenched and tempered steel 淬火加回火钢quick coupling 快接管箍quick release hook(QRH) 快速解脱钩quiver 焊条筒RA resulting fromB 由B导致A radial offset of abutting edgesof longitudinal weld seam纵缝对接口的径向错皮radio equipment 无线电设备radio positioning system 无线电定位系统radiographic examination 射线检验radiographic interpretation 射线探伤的评片radiographic technique (RT) 射线探伤radius of operation 作业半径receipt and storage of materials 材料的接受和储存receipt to / dispatch from a warehouse 入/出库receiving inspection 到货检验reciprocating pump 往复泵recommended practice 推荐作法recovered oil tank 回收油罐red lead 红丹reducer 大小头、变径头reducer concentric 同心大小头reducer eccentric 偏心大小头refinery / petrochemical works 炼油/ 石化厂reinforcement 加强筋rejected or scrapped 拒收或报废relative humidity 相对湿度relaxation of rejection criteria 拒收标准的放宽release = issue = distribution (文件的)发放removable hatch 活动舱盖removable spool piece 可拆短管remove rust 除锈repair rate 返修率repair welding 补焊、返修焊缝rescue boat 救助艇residual stress 残余应力retention of documents 文件的保管review point 审核点revolving derrick barge 全回转式起重船rework 返工rib plate 肋板rigger 组装工人rigger 起重工right angle square 直角尺righting moment 回复力矩rimmed steel 沸腾钢ring stiffener 补强用环板riser clamps 立管卡子riser template 立管基盘riveter 铆工rock wool panel 岩棉板rock wool shell (保温用的)岩棉管Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度rod bar 圆钢rod electrode 电焊条。

第23卷 第4期 辐 射 研 究 与 辐 射 工 艺 学 报 V ol.23, No.42005年8月 J. Radiat. Res. Radiat. Process. August 2005——————————————国家863计划基金（2002AA245091）资助第一作者：耿建暖，女，1979年10月出生，2002年毕业于陕西师范大学食品工程系，现为陕西师范大学在读研究生，研究 方向，现代果汁加工 通讯联系人：仇农学收稿日期：初稿 2004-06-29，修回 2005-03-08预辐照聚丙烯无纺布共接枝丙烯腈和丙烯酸的研究耿建暖1 仇农学1 王鹏飞2 闫 龙21（陕西师范大学食品工程系 西安 710062）2（陕西师范大学化学与材料学院 西安 710062）摘要 研究了在空气条件下丙烯腈和丙烯酸在预辐照聚丙烯无纺布上的共接枝反应，以及预辐照吸收剂量、接枝反应温度、反应时间、单体浓度及比例和摩尔盐浓度对接枝率的影响。

结果表明，接枝的最佳条件为：反应温度75℃，反应时间4h ，单体浓度50%。

并对接枝前后的聚合物进行了红外光谱分析。

关键词 预辐照，接枝反应，聚丙烯无纺布，丙烯腈，丙烯酸 中图分类号 TQ316.313螯合纤维是一类多配位型聚合物，是近年来发展起来的一种新型离子交换纤维，其吸附金属离子具有选择性高、易洗脱、容易再生等优点，广泛应用于从水溶液中回收、浓缩、富集和分离金属离子。

利用辐照接枝的方法，可以在高分子基体材料上连接具有螯合作用的基团，用以吸附水溶液中的金属离子，其中接枝是一重要步骤。

预辐照接枝具有普通辐射化学的一般特点，即纯洁性、准确性、工艺简单、节省能源等，与共辐照接枝方法相比，是一种有发展前途的接枝改性技术。

国内外一些研究人员利用聚乙烯（Polyethylene ，PE ）纤维、聚丙烯（Polypropylene ，PP ）纤维、聚氯乙烯（Polyvinyl chloride ，PVC ）纤维等为基材，通过辐照接枝不同的络合剂，得到螯合纤维。

铸件及产品表面处理工艺：压铸件：Die castingsZinc Die castings 电铸件：Electrical castings不锈钢铸件：stainless steel castings铸件表面处理Surface finish for the castings: 做黑：blacking镀锌：Zinc plating镀铬：chrome plating镀镍：nickel plating磨砂面处理：grit satin finishSatin finish titanium抛光处理：tumble bright手工拉丝(圆形拉丝，放射线拉丝, 对角线拉丝)：brushed metal surface/drawbench（circular metal brushed texture, radius metal brushed texture, diagonal metal brushed texture）Cell phone with brushed metal surface哑光面处理：hand dull polished finish镜面抛光处理：mirror polished finish金属孔：metallic holes氧化铬钝化处理：passivation treatment电抛光处理：electrolytic polished喷砂处理（玻璃砂，钢玉沙，石英砂）：sandblasting（glass bead blasting, corundum-sand blasting, quartz-sand blasting）Satin finished surfaceTPU或橡胶凹刻：TPU,rubber text intaglioCell phone TPU text intaglioCD纹样：CD patternCell phone navigation key used CD pattern镀枪色：gun color platinggun color plated真空镀：PVD vacuum plating(PVD: Physical vapor deposition)PVDtechnics UV coating+PVD technics紫外固化(增加表面耐磨层及使用寿命)：UV curingUV coating字符镭雕：Laser carving textSilicone rubber keypad numbers by laser carving technics字符丝印：Silk-screen printingPhone text silkscreen printed一般电镀：electroplating effectsElectroplated mobile手机壳使用材料：ABS+PC（塑料）Zinc Alloy（锌合金），Aluminum Alloy（铝合金）ABS+PC Zinc AlloyAlumium Alloy按键材料: Keypad made of PC plasticPC plastic镜片屏幕材料：Lens, screen made of PMMA（亚克力），PVC plasticPMMA material Clear PVC Film USB软胶塞材料：USB stopper made of Rubber, TPUTPO material cover电镀可用在ABS和金属材料，真空镀可用在PMMA和任何材料上，真空镀价格相对便宜：Electroplating can be done by ABS and metal materials, PVD vaccum plating can be donw on any other materila such as PMMA亚克力，PVD plating cheaper不导电真空镀处理：Non conductive PVD vacuum platingNon conductive PVD plated注塑材料：injection molding plastic喷漆处理：paint sprayingPaint-spraying+UV coating模具蚀纹（手机壳花纹工艺）：in-mould metal etching techniqueComputer cover etching不锈钢拉丝电镀处理：stainless steel brushed surface by chrome plating阳极氧化处理：anodic oxidation treatmentAluminum Anoidc oxidation treatment on surface表面电镀：surface electroplating电泳处理：Electrophoresis不导电真空溅镀工艺(和电镀效果一样都是在塑料表面镀金属色，但是有镜面效果非常亮)：Non conductive vacuum metallization technics(It is similar to electroplating effects, but colors can be mirror finish)PVD vacuum metallization不锈钢表面进行处理（表面本色白化处理，表面镜石光亮处，表面着色处理，光亮处理方法，喷砂处理法，机械抛光，化学抛光，电化学抛光）：Stainless steel surface treatment(color bleaching treatment, mirror finish treatment, sand blasting, mechanical polishing finish, chemical polishing finish, electrochemical polishing finish).Chemical polished喇叭网，布织网：Speaker mesh,netting双色注塑：two-color injection molding technics底面镀膜：underside coating with thin film钢板花纹镭雕：Steel sheet with laser engraving treatmentLaser Engraving texture部分纹理突起：Texture bump不锈钢冲压：Precision stainless steel stamping part.彩镀：color plating电池盖常用材料：battery cap made of aluminum alloy, ABS+PCAlumium Alloy cap表面腐蚀纹：Electrochemisty corrosion pattern finishLighter metal corrosion texture表面氧化处理：Surface oxidation treatment沙面处理：satin finish亮面处理：glossy finishHigh glossy finish car body with black paint spray+UV coating 哑光面处理：matte finish批花纹处理：radiation pattern功能键镀膜效果：function keys made of transparent PC with coating effect手机壳体分件：上壳：Front Housing壳上装饰件：cap decorative pieces中壳：middle cover后壳：Rear Housing按键：keypad天线：Antenna电池盖：battery cover侧按键：side function key 导航键：navigation key功能键：function key喇叭孔：Mic振动器：Vibrater测试端口：Test port and 嗡鸣器：Buzzer常用材料及应用ABS：汽车（仪表板，工具舱门，车轮盖，反光镜，冰箱，大强度工具如头发烘干机，搅拌器，食品加工机，割草机，电话机壳体，打字机键盘，娱乐用车辆如高尔夫球手推车，喷气式雪橇车。

矿物加工工艺学（浮选部分）英文词汇floatation 浮选froth flotation 泡沫浮选direct flotation 正浮选reverse flotation 反浮选fineness of grinding 磨矿细度fractionation 分级mineral wettability 矿物润湿性mineral flotability 矿物的可浮性equilibrium contact angle 平衡接触角three phase interface 三相界面hydrophobicity of mineral 矿物的疏水性hydrophilicity of mineral 矿物的亲水性foam adhesion泡沫附着ionic lattice 离子晶格covalence lattice共价晶格surface inhomogeneity 表面的不均匀性oxidation and dissolution 氧化与溶解oxidizing agent 氧化剂reduction agent 还原剂surface modification of mineral 矿物的表面改性electric double layer 双电层ionization 电离adsorption 吸附electrokinetic potential电动电位point of zero charge 零电点isoelectric point 等电点collecting agent 捕收剂semi micelle adsorption 半胶束吸附exchange adsorption 交换吸附competitive adsorption 竞争吸附specific adsorption 特性吸附modifying agent 调整剂depressant 抑制剂activating agent 活化剂foaming agent 起泡剂hydrophilic group 亲水基团liberation degree 解离度polar group 极性基团nonpolar group 非极性基团sulphide ore 硫化矿物oxidized mineral 氧化矿物xanthate 黄药hydrolysis 水解medicamentous selectivity药剂的选择性catchment action捕收作用electrochemical action 电化学作用pyrite 黄铁矿calcite 方解石alkyl radical 烃基含氧酸organic amine 有机胺类carboxylate surfactant 羧酸盐kerosene 煤油amphoteric collector 两性两捕收剂alkyl radical sulfonate 烃基磺酸盐complex 络合物pH modifying agent pH调整剂long-chain molecule 长链分子chalcopyrite 黄铜矿galena 方铅矿blende 闪锌矿oxidized ore 氧化矿flocculant 絮凝剂non-hydronium flocculant 非离子型絮凝剂desorption 解吸air bladder 气泡solubility 溶解度specific surface area 比表面积mineral resources 矿源three phase air bladder 三相气泡ore magma electric potential 矿浆电位mixed potential model 混合电位模型freedom hydrocarbon diversification 自由烃变化electrostatic pull 静电引力intermolecular force 分子间力goethite 针铁矿semi micelle adsorption 半胶束吸附concentration of solution 溶液浓度flotation machine浮选机oxygenation 充气作用recovery 回收率concentrate grade 精矿品位handling capacity 处理能力air bladder collision气泡碰撞flotation column 浮选柱ore concentration dressing 富集作用floatation process 浮选工艺floatation speed 浮选速率flotation circuit 浮选流程granularity 粒度degree of fineness 细度pulp density 矿浆浓度water quality 水质backwater 回水middlings 中矿run of mine 原矿gangue 脉矿flotation principle flow浮选原则流程rate of divergence 分散程度dispersant 分散剂semiconductivity of mineral矿物半导性reagent removal agent 脱药剂矿物加工工艺学（重选部分）英文词汇gravity concentration 重力选矿Abkhazite 透闪石棉Amiantus 石棉acceptance operation 矿石预选Acclivity 斜面airborne dust 大气浮尘air conveying 风力输送amplitude of vibration 振幅ancillary mineral 伴生矿物apparent viscosity 视粘度artificial bedding 人工床层attle 废石average grain diameter 平均粒径axial motion 轴向运动backwash water 冲洗水backwater筛下水barite 菱镁蛇纹岩barren rock 脉石beach ore 砂矿bed separation 分层bevel angle 倾斜角buddle 淘洗盘buddle jig 动筛跳汰机buoyancy 浮力buoyant weight 悬浮重量Caplastometer 粘度计Centipoises 厘泊Centrifugal field 离心力场Centrifugal jig 离心跳汰机Circular 圆形跳汰机Centrifuge 离心机Classification efficiency 分级效率Classifier 分级机Classifier overflow 分级机溢流Classifier sand 分级机返砂Close sizing 窄级分级Claster of particles 颗粒群Coarse feed 粗粒给料Cyclone 水力旋流器Cassiterite 锡石Dilated 松散床层dimensionless parameter 无因次参数duplex table 双层摇床diaphragm jig 隔膜跳汰机dwindles out 尖灭film concentration 流膜选矿final velocity 末速度free settling particle 自由沉降颗粒free settling ratio 自由沉降比gravity concentrate 重选精矿gravity tailings 重选尾矿galena 方铅矿iron ore pellet 铁矿球团jig cycle 跳汰周期heavy liquid 重液heavy-media separator 重介质分选heavy-media suspension 重介质悬浮液hydraulic analysis 水力分析high-weir spiral classifier 高堰式螺旋分级机hindered settling 干涉沉降HMS-flotation method 重介质浮选联合分选Hydrocyclone 水力旋流器Laundering 溜槽选矿low- weir spiral classier 低堰式螺旋分级机medium recovery screen 介质回收筛meerschaum 海泡石menachanite 钛铁砂outer vortex 外螺旋线particle diameter 颗粒直径particle shape 颗粒形状particle size accumulation 粒度累积曲线partition size 分离粒度jigging 跳汰选矿regenerated dense medium 重介质再生sand table 矿砂摇床scalping screen 脱介筛setting vessel 沉降速度shaking table 摇床sieve compartment 筛网室simplex spiral 单螺旋分级机sinusoidal wave 单层摇床sizing analysis 粒度分析silica 硅石spherical particle 球形颗粒spheroid 似球形spindle 针状形spiral chute 螺旋溜槽spiral concentrator 螺旋选矿机stiction 静摩擦submerged spiral type classifler 沉没式分级机suction bailer 吸入作用table 摇床table riffle 摇床格条table circuit 摇床流程table tailing 摇床尾矿table flotation 台浮talcum 滑石taraspite 白云石wedge angle 锥角(100) weight 重力矿物加工工艺学（磁电选矿部分）英文词汇Mineral Processing T echnology 矿物加工工艺学Principle of magnetism process 磁选原理Magnetic force 磁力Ratio magnetic force 比磁力Compete force 竞争力Mineral magnetism 矿物的磁性Atomic magnetism moment 原子磁矩Molecular magnetism moment 分子磁矩Magnetization & magnetic field 磁化和磁化磁场Magnetization intensity 磁化强度Ratio susceptibility 比磁化系数Diamagnetism 逆磁性Paramagnetism 顺磁性Ferromagnetism 铁磁性Magnetic domain 磁畴Revers ferromagnetism 反铁磁性Subferromagnetism 亚铁磁性Coercive force 矫顽力Remanence 剩磁Magnetization roasting 磁化焙烧Deoxidization roasting 还原焙烧Midlle roasting 中性焙烧Oxidation roasting 氧化焙烧Siderite 菱铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Magnetite 磁铁矿Unhydrophite magnetization 疏水磁化Magnetic process equipment 磁选设备Feebleness magnetic separation machine 弱磁场磁选机Dry magnetic separation machine 干式磁选机Wet feebleness magnetic separation machine 湿式弱磁场磁选机High magnetic separation machine 强磁场磁选机High grads magnetic sparation machine 高梯度磁选机Supercondduct magnetic separation 超导电选Concentrator 选矿机Electrity process 电选Electrity concentrator 电选机Static separation 静电选矿Air-ionization separation 电晕分选Friction electric separation 摩擦电选Magnetic process practice 磁选实践Nonmetal ore 非金属矿Diamond process 金刚石选矿Heavy medium reclaim 重介质回收Primary concentrate 粗精矿Graphite gangue 石墨尾矿Kaolin magnetic process 高岭土磁选Block metal ore 黑色金属矿石Manganese ore magnetic process 锰矿石磁选Coloured metal & rare metal 有色金属和稀有金属Ilmenite 钛铁矿Rutile 金红石Zircon 锆英石Electric process practice 电选实践Tungstate 钨酸盐cassiterite 锡石hematite 赤铁矿gangue 脉石,废石,矸石magnet 磁铁,磁体,磁石conductor mineral 导体矿物silicate 硅酸盐diatomite 硅藻土hysteresis 磁滞现象magnetic core . 磁铁芯winding 绕组,线圈medium 介质electrophoresis 电泳screening 筛分magnetic field 磁场flux 磁通量ferromagnet 铁磁物质ferromagnetism 铁磁性reunite 团聚magnetic system 磁系magnetic agitate 磁搅动permanent magnet 永久磁铁solenoid magnet 螺管式磁铁pyrite 黄铁矿,硫铁矿limonite 褐铁矿reluctivity 磁阻率conduct 传导induce 诱导,感应,归纳astrict 束缚charge 电荷electric field .电场interfacial 界面的,面间的magnetism 吸引力electrode 电极,电焊条,电极Strontium & iron oxid 锶铁氧体Periodic magnetic field 交变磁场Pulsant magnetic field 脉动磁场Saturation 饱和stainless steel material 不锈钢材料polar distance 极距mica 云母quarte 石英stimulate magnetism 激磁magnetism circuit 磁路magnetic line of force 磁力线commutate quality 整流性Flatation reagent professional wordsAbsorption 吸收Absorption band 吸收光谱带Abstract 抽出，提取Abundance 丰富，丰度Accelerant 促进剂Acceptance 验收，接收Accumulate 积累，聚集Accuracy 准确度Acctate 醋酸盐Acctamide 乙酰胺Acid 酸，酸的Acid anion 酸性阴离子Acidation 酸化Acid depression 加酸抑制Acid hydrolysis 加酸水解Acintol 妥尔油制品Acrylic amide丙烯酰胺Activate 活化Activated adsorption活性吸附Activated molecule 活化分子Activated effect 活化作用Activator 活化剂，活性剂Acto 精制石油磺酸钠Acylamide 酰胺Addition 加添Adhere 粘附，附着Adhesion coefficient粘着系数Adhesive粘合剂Adhesive tension胶结张力界面吸引力Adion 吸附离子Adsorbate 吸附物Adsorbent 吸附剂Adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Adsorption layer吸附层Aero 美国氰胺公司的药剂品牌号Aerofloat 美国氰胺公司的黑药牌号Aerofloc 絮凝剂牌号Aerofroth 起泡剂牌号Aeromine 阳离子型表面活性剂Aero promoter促进剂牌号Aerosol 润湿剂牌号Aerosurf MG-98A 醚胺醋酸盐Agglomerant 团聚的凝结剂Agglomeration flotation团聚浮选Aggregate of large molecules大分子团Aiv-avid亲气的Aiv-mineral adhesion空气-矿物粘附Alamine胺的牌号Alcohol醇Alcohol frother 醇类起泡剂Aliphat- 妥尔油脂肪酸牌号Aliphatic alcohol 脂肪醇Aliphatic acid 脂肪酸Aliphatic amine 脂肪胺Aliphatic dydrocarbon脂肪烃Aliquat苯胺盐牌号Alkali 碱Alkaliuity 碱度，碱性Alkane 链烷，烷烃Alkoxy- 烷氧基Alkoxyamine 烷氧胺Alkoxy benzene烷氧基苯Alkyl- 烷基Alkyl alcohol sulfate 烷基醇硫酸盐Alkylamine 脂肪胺Alkylarsonic acid 烷基砷酸Alkylarylsulfonate 烷基芳基磺酸盐Aldyl hydroxamic acid 烷基羟污酸Alkyl phosphate 烷基磷酸盐Alkyl sodium sulfonate 烷基磺酸钠All-flotation approach 全浮处理法Allowance 允许，公差All-purpose 通用的Amine 胺的牌号Amino-acid 氨基酸Ammonia 氨Amphateric 两性的Amphoteric surfactant 两性表面活性剂Starch 淀粉Analysis 分析Angle角，角度Anion 阴离子Anion collector 捕收剂Anode 阳极，正极Anti-corrosive coating 防腐浮层Antifoamer 消泡剂Apparent hardness 表现硬度Applicability 活用性，适应性Aqua ion 水合离子Aquation 水合作用Armeen 胺的牌号Arosurf MG醚胺的牌号Affached bubble 粘附气泡Bagolax 甲基纤维素Barrett 煤焦杂酚油牌号Benzyl alcohol 苯甲醇Bromoform 溴仿，三溴甲烷Bubble 气泡，泡沫Bubbler 气泡器Butyl 丁基Butyl aerofoat丁基黑药Calcium oxide 氧化钙Capillary 毛细管，毛细作用Carbitol 卡必醇Carbohydrate 碳水化合物Cation 阳离子Cationic collector 阳离子捕收Cellulosice CMC 羧甲基纤维素Charge 电荷，充电Chelate 螯合物Chelate effect 螯合效应Chelation group 螯合基团Chemical adsorption 化学吸附Chemical ore processing 化学选矿Chloro acetic acid 氯乙酸Cohesion 粘结力凝聚力Collector 捕收剂Colloid 胶体Creosote oil杂酚油Critical PH value 临界PH值Concentrate grade精矿品位Concentration 精选、富集Cyanide 氰化物Daxad 烷基磺酸钠Deflocculator 反絮凝剂Defoamer 消泡剂Dehydrating agent 脱水剂Dehydrogenation 脱氧Delamine 妥尔油胺Dense liqued 重液Depressant 抑制剂Desorbent 解吸剂Deslimie 脱泥Desludging agent 脱泥剂Dicarboxylic acid 二羟酸Dodecylamine 十二胺，月桂胺Dodecylalcohol 十二烷醇Dodecyl amine-hydrochloride十二胺盐酸盐Dresinate 松脂酸皂捕收剂Dual cleaning 二重精选Duponol 烷基硫酸钠牌号Dust-allaying medium 防尘剂Dynamic balance 动态平衡Efficiency 效率，功效Electrochemical approach 电化学处理法Electro-kinetic potential 动电势Electrostatic attraction 静电吸引Emulsifying agent乳化剂Extract 提取，萃取Ferric sulfate 硫酸铁Flotation 浮选矿物加工工艺常用词汇(一)1选矿-Mineral separation (ore dressing) 2设计-Design3工艺-Process (craftwork)4初步设计-Initiative(preliminary) design 5流程-Flow(circuit)6流程图-flowsheet7施工设计-working design8设计方案-design project9粉碎-comminution10 磨矿-grinding11浮选-flotation 12脱水-dehydration13干燥车间-drying shop 14尾矿-tailing15精矿-concentrate16中矿-middles17精选-concentration18粗选-first concentration 20选矿机-concentrator 21矿浆ore pulp22分级-classification22磨矿-grinding23磨矿机-grinding mills24筛分-screen25粉碎-crush26筛分机-screener27粉碎机-crusher28颚式粉碎机-jaw crusher29圆锥粉碎机-cone crusher30冲击式粉碎机impact crusher 31辊式粉碎机-crusher rolls32球磨机-ball mill33棒磨机-rod mill34自磨机-autogenous mills35震动筛-vibratory screener36分级机-classification equipment 37浮选-flotation38浮选机-flotation equipment39重选- gravity concentration40特殊选-special selection41 浮选柱-flotation column42脱水机-spin-drier43干燥机-drier44总图-general chart45配置-deploy 46运输-transport47环境保护-environment protect 48场址-field location(site)49布置-lay50设计资料-design information 51粉碎流程-comminution flow 52磨矿流程-grinding flow(circuit) 53浮选流程-flotation flow54金属矿-metallic mines55非金属矿-non-metallic mines 56闭路-close circuit(loop)57闭路流程-close flow58开路-cut circuit（loop）59开路流程-cut flow60废水-liquid waste61粉尘-powder62噪声-yawp63污染-contamination64沉淀-form sediment65净化-decontaminate66输送-transportation67矿石-ore68物料-material69给矿-feed ores70给料-feed stuff71设备-equipment72方案-project73标高-elevation74通道-passage75维修-maintain76检查-check77操作-operation78化验-test、assay79检测-examine80坡度-gradient81起重机-crane82堆积-accumulation83细粒-granule、fine84粗粒-coarse85尾矿坝-tailing dam86矿仓-feed bin（storehouse）87粉矿仓-crushing pocket88产品仓-product bin(storehouse) 89砂泵-pump90立式泵-stand pump91卧式泵-horizontal pump 92耐酸泵-acid-proof pump93耐碱泵-alkali-resistant pump94勘察-reconnaissance95地形-landform96工程-engineering97设计步骤design process98规模-scale99选矿厂-concentrating mill100设计内容design content(二)1 comminution-粉碎2 comminution engineering-粉碎工程3粉碎机-comminuter4粉碎动力学-comminution kinetics 5筛分曲线图-screen analysis chart6筛孔-screen aperture7筛面-screen area8筛条screen bar9筛框-screen box10筛选厂-screen building11筛分机生产能力screen capacity 12筛分槽-screen cell13筛布-screen cloth14筛分screen classification15筛孔-screen hole16筛分车间-screenhouse17筛分分析-screen analysis18滚筒筛-screening-drum19筛分效率-screening efficiency20筛分速率-screening rate21筛网-screen mesh22筛制、筛比、筛序-screen scale23筛孔尺寸-screen size24套筛-screen set25筛序-screen size gradation26筛余物screen tailings27筛下产品-screen throughs(underflow.undersize)28可碎性crushability29可碎性系数-crushability factor30碎矿仓-crushed ore pocket31粉碎产品-crushed product32粉碎粒度-crusher size33粉碎腔-crushing cavity34粉碎厂-crushing plant35粉碎系数-crushing coefficient 36粉碎工段-crushiong section 37助磨剂-grinding aid38磨球-grinding ball39 磨矿负荷-grinding charge 40磨矿效率-grinding efficiency 41磨矿-grinding ore42磨砾-grinding pebble43磨碎能力-grinding property 44研磨试验grinding test45磨矿设备-grinding unit46磨矿速度-grinding rate47磨矿功率-grinding power48磨矿车间-grinding plant49可磨性-grindability50可磨性指数-grindability index 51可磨性指标-grindability rating 52可磨性试验-grindability test 53研磨工-grinder54磨工车间-grindery55磨矿动力学-grinding kinetics 56粉碎能-crushing energy57粉碎机给矿口-crushing mouth 58粉碎面-crushing face59粉碎力-crushing force60粉碎机进料口-crusher throat 61筛分动力学-screen kinetics62选厂矿仓-mill bin63 选厂中矿mill chats64选厂配置mill configuration65磨过的矿石-milled ore66磨机给料-mill feeder67选厂给矿-mill-head68研磨作用-milling action69磨机衬里mill liner70入选品位milling grade71入选品位矿石milling-grade ore 72磨矿机milling-grinder73细碎、精磨-milling grinding 74磨矿介质-milling medium75磨矿法-milling method76选矿作业-milling operation77选矿厂-milling plant78选厂矿泥-milling slime79选厂厂址-mill site80磨机负荷-mill load81选矿工（工长）millan 82磨机需用功率-mill power draft 83选矿质量控制mill puality control 84选矿取样-mill sampling85磨机外壳-mill shell86磨机矿浆-mill slurries87磨石-millstone88选矿厂储矿仓mill-storage89选厂尾矿-mill tail90选矿用水-mill water91磨矿机溶液-mill solution92选矿厂建筑师-millwright93分级沉淀-class setting94矿粉-mineral fine95分级-classification96分级溢流-classifier overflow97分级返砂-classifier sand98分级机-classifier99分级筛-classifying screen100分级箱-classifying box(三)1品位-grade2精矿品位-concentrate grade3尾矿品位-tailing grade4尾矿场-tail area(pile)5尾矿仓-tailing bin6尾矿滤饼-tailing cake7尾矿坝-tailing dam8尾矿池-tailing pond(pit)9取样-taking cut(sampling)10滑石talc11蓝晶石-talc blue12 试样缩分-sample division13 分样器-sample divider14精矿取样-concentrate sampling15中矿取样-middles sampling16尾矿取样-tailing sampling17浓缩-thickening18精矿浓缩-concentrate thickening19选矿流程-concentrating circuit20精选机-concentrating mcching21试样缩分-sample reduction (splitting) 22矿物组成-mineralcomposition23矿物组分-mineral constituent24矿床-mineral depost25矿物-mineral26选矿方法mineral dressing method 27选矿厂-concentrating mill28选矿ore dressing,mineral separation29矿物分析-mineral analysis30矿物组合-mineral association31 试样袋-sample sack32矿床-deposit33矿物岩相facies34矿物纤维-mineral fiber35固、气界面-mineral-air interface36固、液界面-mineral-water interface37固、气、液接触mineral-air-water contact 38矿物颗粒-grain39矿物鉴定-mineral identification40矿物资源-interest41矿物解离-mineralliberation42矿物特性mineral character43矿物储量-mineral reserve44矿物（成分）检验mineral logical examination 45扑收剂-Minerec,flotigan,46精矿回收率concentrate recovery47中矿回收率middles recovery48精选concentration49附着精矿气泡concentratr-loaded bubble50精选机-concentrating maching 51分选判据-concentration criterion 52富集比-concentration factor53选矿摇床-concentration table54选厂流程concentrator flow5选厂流程图concentrator flow sheet 56试样品位-sample grade57絮凝剂-flocculant58絮凝-floculate59絮凝物-flocs60絮凝浮选floc flotation61絮凝作用flocculation62浮选机flotation unit63浮选剂- flotation agent64整排浮选机flotation bank65浮选槽- flotation cell66浮选能力flotation capacity67浮选精矿- flotation concentrate 68浮选尾矿flotation rejects69浮选中矿- flotation middles70浮选设备flotation equipment71浮选泡沫-flotation froth72浮选动力学flotation kinetics 73浮选浸出法- flotation leaching method74浮选厂flotation mill75浮选油-flotation oil76浮选矿浆- flotation pulp77浮选速度-flotation rate78浮选试验flotation test79单槽浮选机- flotation unit cell80浮选摇床- flotation table81摇床浮选- flotation tabling82起泡剂Flotol83流程图-flow line84工艺流程图-flow process chart (flow sheet) 85可选（洗）性-washability86可选性特性- washability characteristic87可选性曲线- washability curve88可选性指数- washability number89可选性试验- washability test90可浮性-flotability91可浮性曲线-flotability curve92粒度特性-granularity93粒度分级试验grading test94结构-texture95构造-tectonic(structural)96致密结构-compact texture97斑状结构porphyritic texture98 粒度分析-granularmetric analysis99采样-sample collecting100分样器-sample divider1矿石Ore2可选性Separability3地质Geology4 选厂Concentrating mills5勘探Prospecting6脉石Gangue7选别方法Concentrating methods 8脉石矿物Gangue mineral9矿产资源Minerals resources10矿物Mineral11试样Sample12取样Assay Sampling13制样Preparation of samples14矿床Deposit15矿样Mineral samples16矿物学Mineralogy17物质组成Material composition 18化学分析Chemical analysis19结构Texture20氧化矿Oxide ore21硫化矿Sulfide ore22金属矿物Metallic mineral23非金属矿物Nonmetallic mineral 24石墨Graphite25破碎Comminution26颚式粉碎机Jaw crushers27对辊机Roll crushers28筛分Screening29混合矿石Mixed ores30粒度Particle size31粒度分析Particle size analysis32选别产品Concentrating products33筛分试样Screening samples34爆破Blow35采矿Mining36粗粒Coarse-grain37细粒Fine-grain38矿浆Ore pulp39矿浆浓度Pulp density40 矿石特性Ore characteristics41结构特性Texture characteristics 42矿物分析Mineral analysis43物相分析Phase analysis44光谱分析Spectrum analysis45可磨性Grindability46硅酸盐Silicate47显微镜Microscope48磨碎Grinding49精矿Concentrate50中矿Middling51尾矿Tailing52磁选Magnetic separation53电选Electrical separation54重选Gravity concentration55重介质选Heavy medium separation56硅酸盐矿物Silicate minerals57矿物组成Mineral composition58品位Grad59矿物岩相Phases60 岩相分析Lithofacies analysis61矿物组合Mineral association62矿物鉴定Mineral identification63矿物解离Mineral liberation 64构造Structure65斑状结构porphyritic texture66致密结构compact texture，dense structure 67 精矿品位Concentrate grade68尾矿品位Tailing grade69精选Cleaning70扫选scavenging;扫选机scavenger,71精矿回收率Concentrate recovery72中矿回收率Middling recovery73浮选泡沫Flotation froth74絮凝Flocculate75絮凝剂Flocculant76絮凝浮选Flocculation flotation77浮选机flotation unit, flotation machine 78浮选药剂Flotation agent79絮凝物Flocs80絮凝作用Flocculation81选别流程Concentrating flow82浮选槽Flotation cell83浮选精矿Flotation concentrate84浮选尾矿Flotation tailing85浮选中矿Flotation middling86单槽浮选机Flotation unit cell87浮选试验Flotation test88起泡剂Frother89可浮性Flotability90浮选设备Flotation equipment 91浮选速度Flotation rate92捕收剂collector93浮选能力Flotation capacity 94闭路试验closed circuit test 95条件试验Factor test96开路试验Open circuit test 97活化剂Activator98棒磨机rod mill99球磨机ball mill100调整剂Regulating agent4) beach sand —n. sand ore from beach.〖海滨砂矿〗5) magnetite —n. a mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4〖磁铁矿〗6) quartz —n. a mineral chemical formula SiO2〖石英〗7) gangue —n. refuses from mining or ore dressing〖脉石矿物〗8) valuable minerals —n. some minerals which can be used in industries〖有用矿物〗9) wolframite —n. a mineral with chemical formula (Fe,Mn)WO4〖黑钨矿〗10) cassiterite —n. a mineral with chemical formula SnO2〖锡石〗11) diamagnetics —n. some substances which can repel the effect from magnetic field〖抗磁性物质，抗磁质〗〖=diamagnetic substance〗12) paramagnetic substance —n. some substances which can appeal the effect from magnetic field〖顺磁性物质，顺磁质〗13) rutile —n. a mineral with chemical formula TiO2〖金红石〗14) monasite —n. a mineral with chemical formula (Ce,La)PO4, consists of Rare Earth(RE)〖独居石〗15) siderite —n. a mineral with chemical formula FeCO3〖菱铁矿〗16) pyrrhotite —n. a mineral with chemical formula FeS〖磁黄铁矿〗17) chromite —n. a mineral with chemical formula FeCr2O4〖铬铁矿〗18) ferromagnetic substance —n. some substances which have susceptibility to magnetic forces and retain some magnetism when removed from the field〖铁磁性物质，铁磁质〗19) ilmenite —n. a mineral with chemical formula FeTiO3〖钛铁矿〗20) hematite —n. a mineral with chemical formula Fe2O3〖赤铁矿〗13) specular hematite ore —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe2O3〖镜铁矿〗14) scheelite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition CaWO4〖白钨矿〗15) asbestos —n. soft, fibrous, grey mineral substance that can be made into fire-proof fabrics or solid sheeting and used as a heat-insulating material〖石棉〗16) molybdenum-bearing minerals —n. a mineral containing molybdenum〖含钼矿物〗5) sulphur —n. light-yellow non-metallic element (symbol S) that burns with a bright flame and a strong smell, used in medicine and industry〖硫〗10) kaolin —n. fine white clay used in making porcelain, etc.〖高岭土、陶土〗Part 5 Magnetic Intensities Required to Extract Minerals〖第五部分分选矿物所需要的磁场强度〗Technical T erms〖技术术语〗1) alabandite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition MnS〖硫锰矿〗2) ankerite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Ca(Mg,Fe,Mn)[CO3]2〖铁白云石〗3) apatite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Ca5[PO4]3(F,Cl,OH)〖磷灰石〗4) bastnasite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Ce,La)[CO3]F〖氟碳铈矿〗5) biotite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition K(Mg,Fe)3[AlSi3O10](OH)2〖黑云母〗6) braunite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition 3Mn2O3·MnSiO3〖褐锰矿〗7) chromite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition FeCr2O4〖铬铁矿〗8) chrysocolla — n. a mineral which has chemical composition CuSiO3·2H2O〖硅孔雀石〗9) columbite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6〖铌铁矿〗10) davidite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Fe,U,Ce)(Ti,Fe)3(O,OH)7〖铀钛磁铁矿〗11) epidote —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Ca2(Al,Fe)3[Si2O7][SiO4]O(OH)〖绿帘石〗12) euxenite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6〖黑稀金矿〗13) ferberite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition FeWO4〖钨铁矿〗14) franklinite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition ZnFe2O4〖锌铁尖晶石〗15) garnet —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn)3 (Al,Fe,Mn,Cr,Ti)2(SiO4)3〖石榴石〗16) goethite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe2O3·H2O〖针铁矿〗17) hematite —n.iron oxide which has chemical formula Fe2O3〖赤铁矿〗18) hornblende —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Ca,Mg,Al,Fe2,Mn,Na2,Na2,K2)SiO3〖角闪石〗19) ilmenite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition FeTiO3〖钛铁矿〗20) ilmeno-rutile —n. a mineral which has chemical composition TiO2·Fe(Nb,Ta)2O6〖黑金红石〗21) limonite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe2O3·nH2O〖褐铁矿〗22) maghemite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe2O3〖磁赤铁矿〗23) magnetite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe3O4〖磁铁矿〗24) martite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe2O3〖假象赤铁矿〗25) monazite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Ce,La,Y,Th)[PO4]〖独居石〗26) muscovite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2〖白云母〗27) olivine —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Fe,Mg)2[SiO4]〖橄榄石〗28) pyrochlore(or:pyrochlorite) —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Ca,Ce)2Nb2(O,F)7〖黄绿石〗29) pyrolusite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition MnO2〖软锰矿〗30) pyrrhotite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Fe1-x S〖磁黄铁矿〗31) renierite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Cu3(Fe,Ge,Zn)(As,S)4〖硫铜锗矿〗32) rhodochrosite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition MnCO3〖菱锰矿〗33) rhodonite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition MnSiO3〖蔷薇辉石〗34) samarskite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Y,Er,Ce,U,Ca,Fe,Pb,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn)2O6〖铌钇矿〗35) siderite—n. a mineral which has chemical composition FeCO3〖菱铁矿〗36) staurolite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition FeAl4[SiO4]2O2(OH)2〖十字石〗37) serpentine —n. a mineral which has chemical composition Mg6(Si4O10) (OH)8〖蛇纹石〗38) tantalite(or:tantaline) —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Fe,Mn)T a2O6〖钽铁矿〗39) titaniferous-magnetite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Fe,Ti)3O4〖含钛磁铁矿〗40) tourmaline —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Na,Ca)(Mg,Al)6[B3Al3Si6(O,OH)30]〖电气石〗41) uraninite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition UO2〖沥青铀矿〗42)wolframite —n. a mineral which has chemical composition (Fe,Mn)WO4〖黑钨矿〗43) xenotime —n. a mineral which has chemical composition YPO4〖磷钇矿〗1) niobium —n. an element for Nb〖铌〗2) tantalum —n. an element for Ta〖钽〗3) liquid helium —n. helium in liquid state〖液氦〗2) sulphide —n. a kind of mineral containing sulphur〖硫化物、硫化矿〗3) oxidised minerals —n. 〖氧化矿〗Part 11 Collectors〖第十一部分捕收剂〗Technical T erms〖技术术语〗1) grease tabling —n. a special separation way 〖油膏摇床分选〗2) creosote —n. tar oil〖焦馏油〗3) skim —vt. throw away or discharge〖撇去、刮去〗4) hydrophilic —adj. a property that polar mineral surface react strongly with water molecules 〖亲水的〗5) polarity —n.state in which there are two opposite, conflicting or contrasting qualities, principles or tendencies〖极性〗6) galena —n. 〖方铅矿PbS〗7) covellite —n. 〖铜蓝、蓝铜矿CuS〗8) bornite —n. 〖斑铜矿Cu5FeS4〗9) chalcocite —n.〖辉铜矿Cu2S〗10) chalcopyrite —n.〖黄铜矿CuFeS2〗11) stibnite —n.〖辉锑矿Sb2S3〗12) argentite —n.〖辉银矿Ag2S〗13) bismuthinite —n.〖辉铋矿Bi2S3〗14) millerite —n.〖针镍矿NiS〗15) cobaltite —n.〖辉砷钴矿CoAsS〗16) arsenopyrite —n.〖毒砂FeAsS〗17) pyrite —n.〖黄铁矿FeS2〗18) sphalerite —n.〖闪锌矿ZnS〗19) orpiment —n.〖雌黄As2S3〗20) pentlandite —n.〖镍黄铁矿(Fe,Ni)9S8〗21) realgar —n.〖雄黄As4S4〗23) anhydrite —n.〖硬石膏，无水石膏CaSO4〗24) gypsum —n.〖石膏CaSO4·2H2O〗25) anglesite —n.〖铅矾PbSO4〗26) cerrusite —n.〖白铅矿PbCO3〗27) malachite —n.〖孔雀石Cu2[CO3](OH)2〗28) azurite —n.〖蓝铜矿Cu3[CO3]2(OH)2 〗29) wulfenite —n.〖钼铅矿PbMoO4〗30) fluorite —n.〖萤石CaF2〗31) calcite —n.〖方解石CaCO3〗32) witherite —n.〖毒重石BaCO3〗33) magnesite —n.〖菱镁矿MgCO3〗34) dolomite —n.〖白云石CaMg(CO3)2〗35) apatite —n.〖磷灰石Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)〗36) scheelite —n.〖白钨矿CaWO4〗37) smithsonite —n.〖菱锌矿ZnCO3〗38) rhodochrosite —n.〖菱锰矿MnCO3〗39) siderite —n.〖菱铁矿FeCO3〗40) monazite —n.〖独居石(Ce,La,Y,Th)PO4〗41) hematite —n.〖赤铁矿Fe2O3〗42) magnetite —n.〖磁铁矿Fe3O4〗43) goethite —n.〖针铁矿Fe2O3·H2O〗44) chromite —n.〖铬铁矿FeCr2O4〗46) corundum —n.〖刚玉，金刚砂Al2O3〗47) pyrolusite —n.〖软锰矿MnO2〗48) limonite —n.〖褐铁矿Fe2O3·nH2O〗49) borax —n.〖硼砂Na2[B4O5](OH)4·8H2O〗50) wolframite —n.〖黑钨矿(Fe,Mn)WO4〗51) columbite —n.〖铌铁矿(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6〗52) tantalite —n.〖钽铁矿(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 〗53) rutile —n.〖金红石TiO2〗54) cassiterite —n.〖锡石SnO2 〗55) zircon —n.〖锆石ZrSiO4〗56) willemite —n.〖硅锌矿Zn2SiO4 〗57) hemimorphite —n.〖异极矿Zn4[Si2O7](OH)2·H2O〗58) beryl —n.〖绿柱石Be3Al2[Si6 O18]〗59) feldspar —n.〖长石〗60) sillimanite —n.〖硅线石Al2[SiO4]O〗61) garnet —n.〖石榴石〗62) quartz —n.〖石英SiO2〗Part 12 Anionic Collectors〖第十二部分阴离子捕收剂〗Technical T erms〖技术术语〗1) oxyhydryl collectors —n. 〖烃基含氧酸类捕收剂〗2) oleic acid —n. 〖油酸〗3) sodium oleate —n. 〖油酸钠〗4) linoleic acid —n. 〖亚油酸〗5) kyanite —n. 〖蓝晶石〗6) ethyl —n. 〖乙基〗7) isopropyl —n.〖异丙基〗8) isobutyl —n.〖异丁基〗9) amyl —n.〖戊基〗10) hexyl —n.〖己基〗11) xanthate —n.〖黄药，黄原酸盐〗12) sulphydryl collectors —n.〖硫代化合物捕收剂〗Part 13 Cationic Collectors 〖第十三部分阳离子捕收剂〗Technical T erms〖技术术语〗1) amine collectors —n. 〖胺类捕收剂〗2) electrical double layer —n. 〖双电层〗3) collecting power —n. collective strength〖捕收力〗4) barite —n. 〖重晶石BaSO4〗5) carnallite —n. 〖光卤石〗6) sylvite —n. 〖钾盐〗7) alkaline —adj. 〖碱性的〗8) alkali earth metal—n. 〖碱土金属〗Part 14 Frothers 〖第十四部分起泡剂〗Technical T erms〖技术术语〗1) bubble attachment —n. 〖气泡附着〗2) stability —n. 〖稳定性〗。

1 镀前处理 preplating2 镀后处理 postplating3 化学抛光 chemical polishing4 化学除油 alkaline degreasing5 电抛光 electropolishing6 电解除油 electrolytic degreasing7 电解浸蚀 electrolytic pickling8 浸亮 bright dipping9 机械抛光 mechanical polishing10 有机溶剂除油 solvent degreasing11 光亮浸蚀 bright pickling12 粗化 roughening13 敏化 sensitization14 汞齐化 amalgamation (blue dip)15 刷光 brushing16 乳化除油 emulsion degreasing17 除氢 removal of hydrogen (de-embrittlement )18 退火 annealing19 逆流漂洗 countercurrent rinsing20 封闭 sealing21 着色能力 dyeing power22 退镀 stripping23 热扩散 thermal diffusion24 热熔 hot melting25 着色 colouring26 脱色 decolorization27 喷丸 shot blasting28 喷砂 sand blasting29 喷射清洗 spray rinsing30 超声波清洗 ultrasonic cleaning31 弱浸蚀 acid dipping32 强浸蚀 pickling33 缎面加212 satin finish34 滚光 barrel burnishing1 化学腐蚀 chemical corrosion2 双电层 electric double layer3 双极性电极 bipolar electrode4 分散能力 throwing power5 分解电压 decomposition voltage6 不溶性阳极(惰性阳极) inert anode7 电化学 electrochemistry8 电化学极化(活化极化) activation polarization9 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion10 电化当量 electrochemical equivalent11 电导率(比电导) conductivity12 电泳 electrophoresis13 电动势 electromotive force14 钝化电势 passivation potential15 腐蚀电势 corrosion potential16 电流密度 current density17 电流效率 current efficiency18 腐蚀速率corrosion rate(vcor)，腐蚀电流corrosion current(Icor)19 电极 electrode20 电极电势electrode potential21 电解质electrolyte22 电解液electrolytic solution23 电离度degree of ionization24 去极化depolarization25 平衡电极电势equilibrium electrode potential26 正极positive electrode27 负极negative electrode28 阴极cathode29 阴极极化cathodic polarization30 阴极性镀层cathodic coating31 阳极anode32 阳极泥anode slime33 阳极极化anodic polarization34 阳极性镀层anodic coating35 迁移数transport number36 超电势overpotential37 扩散层diffusion layer38 杂散电流stray current39 导电盐conducting salt40 体积电流密度volume current density41 沉积速率deposition rate42 初次电流分布primary current distribution43 局部腐蚀local corrosion44 极化polarization45 极化度polarizability46 极化曲线polarization curve47 极间距Interelectrode distance48 乳化 emulsification49 应力腐蚀stress corrosion50 析气gassing51 活化activation52 活度activity53 标准电极电势standard electrode potential54 浓差极化concentration polarization55 钝化passivation56 点腐蚀spot corrosion57 配位化合物complex compound58 复盐double salt59 氢脆 hydrogen embrittlement60 渗氢seepage hydrogen61 界面张力interracial tension62 临界电流密度critical current density63 半电池half-cell64 原电池galvanic cell65 盐桥salt bridge66 pH值 pH value67 基体材料basis material(substrate)68 辅助阳极auxiliary anode69 辅助阴极auxiliary cathode70 接触电势contact potential71 晶间腐蚀intercrystalline corrosion72 溶度积solubility product73 溶解度solubility74 微观覆盖能力microcovering power75 槽电压tank voltage76 静态电极电势static electrode potential77 螯合物chelate compound78 整平作用1eveling action79 覆盖能力covering power80 主要表面signiflcant surface81 冲击电流striking current1 水的软化softening of water2 汇流排busbar3 阳极袋anode bag4 光亮剂brightening agent (brightener)5 助滤剂filteraid6 阻化剂inhibitor7 表面活性剂surface active agent(surfactant)8 乳化剂emulsifying agent(emulsifier)9 配位剂complexant10 绝缘层insulated layer(resist)11 挂具(夹具) plating rack12 润湿剂wetting agent13 离心干燥机centrifuge14 添加剂addition agent(additive)15 缓冲剂buffer16 移动阴极swept cathode17 隔膜diaphragm18 整合剂chelating agent19 整平剂leveling agent20 整流器rectifier1 化学气相沉积 chemical vapor deposition2 物理气才目沉积 physical vapor deposition3 化学钝化 chemical passivation4 化学氧化 chemical oxidation5 阳极氧化 anodizing6 化学镀(自催化镀) autocalytic plating7 激光电镀 1aser electroplating8 闪镀 flash(flash plate)9 电镀 electroplating10 机械镀 mechanical plating11 浸镀 immersion plate12 电铸 electroforming13 叠力口电流电镀 superimposed current electroplating14 光亮电镀 bright plating15 合金电镀 alloy plating16 多层电镀 multiplayer plating17 冲击镀 strike plating18 金属电沉积 metal electrodeposition19 刷镀 brush plating20 周期转向电镀 periodic reverse plating21 转化膜 conversion coating22 挂镀 rack plating23 复合电镀(弥散电镀) composite plating24 脉冲电镀 pulse plating25 钢铁发蓝(钢铁化学氧化) blueing (chemical oxide)26 高速电镀 high speed electrodeposion27 滚镀 barrel plating28 塑料电镀 plating on plastics29 磷化 phosphating1 大气暴露试验atmospheric corrosion test2 中性盐雾试验(NSS试验) neutral salt spray test(NSS-test)3 不连续水膜water break4 pH计pH meter5 孔隙率porosity6 内应力internal stress7 电导仪conductivity gauge8 库仑计(电量计) coulomb meter9 旋转圆盘电极rotating disk electrode10 旋转环盘电极rotating ring disk electrode11 针孔pores12 铜加速盐雾试验(CASS试验) copper accelerated salt spray (CASS test )．13 参比电极reference electrode14 甘汞电极calomel electrode15 可焊性solder ability16 硬度hardness17 金属变色tarnish18 点滴腐蚀试验dropping corrosion test19 玻璃电极glass electode20 结合力adhesion21 哈林槽Haring cell22 恒电势法potentiostatic method23 恒电流法galvanostatic method24 交流电流法a.c method25 树枝状结晶trees26 脆性brittleness27 起皮peeling28 起泡blister29 剥离spalling选择漆时应注意：1)尽可能地选择那此对环境污染少的产品,这样可减少在防治污染方面的资金投入，降低生产成本。

一种铝电解阳极优化方法,专利英文回答：An optimized method for aluminum electrolytic anode isa patented technique that enhances the performance and efficiency of the anode in the aluminum electrolysis process. This method involves several key steps that contribute to the overall improvement of the anode.Firstly, the composition of the anode material is carefully selected and optimized. Different additives and alloying elements are incorporated into the aluminum matrix to enhance its mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and resistance to corrosion. For example, the addition of small amounts of titanium or zirconium can significantly improve the anode's resistance to oxidation and increaseits lifespan.Secondly, the surface treatment of the anode is crucial for its performance. A special coating or treatment isapplied to the anode surface to enhance its resistance to corrosion and improve its current distribution characteristics. This surface treatment can be a combination of chemical processes, such as anodizing or electroplating, and physical processes, such as shot peening or laser texturing. By modifying the surface properties, the anode can achieve better electrolyte penetration and reduce the formation of unwanted by-products, leading to improved efficiency and longevity.Furthermore, the design of the anode structure plays a significant role in its optimization. The shape, size, and distribution of the anode's current-carrying elements are carefully designed to ensure uniform current distribution and minimize electrical resistance. This can be achieved by using a combination of conductive materials, such as graphite or carbon-based materials, and optimizing the arrangement of these elements within the anode structure. By improving the current distribution, the anode can operate at higher current densities without compromisingits performance.In addition to the material composition, surface treatment, and structural design, the operational parameters of the aluminum electrolysis process are also optimized to maximize the performance of the anode. Factors such as the applied voltage, current density, electrolyte composition, and temperature are carefully controlled to ensure optimal conditions for the anode. By fine-tuning these parameters, the anode can operate at its peak performance and achieve higher energy efficiency.Overall, the optimized method for aluminum electrolytic anode involves a combination of material selection, surface treatment, structural design, and operational parameter optimization. By implementing these steps, the anode's performance, efficiency, and lifespan can be significantly improved, leading to enhanced productivity and cost-effectiveness in the aluminum electrolysis process.中文回答：一种优化的铝电解阳极方法是一种通过改进铝电解过程中阳极的性能和效率的专利技术。

Abating退火Abrasion磨损Abrasive paper 砂纸Abrasive wheel 砂轮Accessory 附件，活块Acicular ferrite 针状铁素体Acid refractory 酸性耐火材料Acid-proof cast iron / acid-resistance casting/ acid resisting cast iron 耐酸铸件Acid slay 酸性渣Active clay 有效粘土AFS fineness 美国铸造学会型砂粒度Agitator 搅拌机（型砂试验）Agitation 搅拌Air blower 鼓风机Air drain 出气口（浇注系统）Air pollution control 大气污染控制Air tightness 气密性Air vent 出气孔Allowance 余量，津贴，补助，宽容Alloying agent 合金元素Alloying component 合金成分Anti-rust 防锈Argon 氩气Atomization 雾化，喷雾Atomizer test 雾化试验（检验金属表面油脂）Attack 侵蚀Attack polishing method 侵蚀抛光法Automatic charging 自动加料Automatic de-sprueing 自动切除冒口Automatic molding 自动造型Automatic pouring device 自动浇注装置Automatic sand plant 自动化砂处理装置Baked core 干砂芯Balance 天平/余额Ball feeder 球状冒口Ball hardness 布氏硬度Ball hardness testing machine 布氏硬度机Ball mill 球磨机Band/belt conveyer 皮带输送机Band/belt elevator 皮带斗式提升机Bar bend test 试棒抗弯试验Base 底，基础Base line 基线Base plate 底板Base sand 原砂Basic 碱性的，基本的Batch mill / batch sand mixer 混砂机Beader pearlite 珠光体Bed charge/coke 底焦Belt grinder 带式磨光机Bending strength 抗弯强度Bentonite 膨润土Binder 粘结剂Bituminous coal dust/black dust 煤粉Black short 冷脆Black skin 黑皮，铸皮Blank 毛胚，下料Blast 鼓风，送风Blast capacity 风量Blast fan 离心式鼓风机Blast hole 风口Blast intensity 鼓风强度Blast pressure gage 风压表Blast regulator 风量调节器Blast volume 风量Bleed 缺肉，台箱跑火Blender 混砂机，搅拌机Blind feeder/head 暗冒口Blind roaster 马弗炉Blind scab 起痂Blister 皮下气泡Blow down 停炉Boiling point 沸点Bond 粘结剂，合同Bond clay 造型粘土Bond strength 粘结强度Bottom door 炉底们Bottom drop 打炉Breaking-in 带肉Brinell hardness 布氏硬度Brittleness 脆性Brittle fracture 脆性断口，脆性断裂B type graphite B型石墨Buffing 抛光Buffing machine 抛光机Bunker 料斗CE carbon equivalent 碳当量Carbide 碳化物carbon dioxide二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbon pick-up 增碳carburetter 增碳剂，汽化器case hardening 表面硬化case gate 内浇口casting alloy 铸造合金casting defect/ casting flaw 铸造缺陷casting design 铸造设计casting equipmentcasting ladle 浇包casting lap 铸造冷隔casting leakage 铸造渗漏casting plan 铸造方案casting property 铸造性能casting rate 浇注速度casting skin 铸皮，黑皮casting strain 铸造（内应力）变形casting stress 铸造应力casting surface表皮casting technique 铸造工艺/技术cast integral test bar 单铸试棒caulk 腻缝，抿灰Celsius thermometer 摄氏温度计Cementite 渗碳体，碳化铁Center gate 中心浇口Center line 中心线Chain hoist 手动葫芦Charging 加料Charger 加料机Charging material 炉料/批料Chilled cast iron 冷铁Chill element 促白口元素Chilling action 激冷作用Chilling tendency 白口倾向Chrysanthemum graphite 菊花状石墨Cinder inclusion 夹渣Cinder notch 出渣口Clay washer 洗砂机Clockwise rotation 顺时针方向Clowhole / contraction cavity 锁孔Cold box process 冷芯盒制芯法Cold lap / cold shut 冷隔Collapsibility / lubricate 溃散性Consistency 稠度，浓度，一致性Continuous desulfurization 连续脱硫Contamination 污染Conveyor belt 输送带，传送带Cooling agent 冷却剂Cooling curve 冷却曲线Cooling effect 冷却作用Cooling rate 冷却速度Core 砂芯Core boxCoremaking 制芯Coresetter 下芯机Cover 覆盖剂Cross gate 横浇道Crush 掉砂Cupola 冲天炉Cupola drop 打炉Cupola lining 炉衬Cupola spout 出铁槽Cut-off machine 切割机Damper 减震器Damping capacity / effect 减震能力/效果Datum face / line 基准面/线Deadhead 冒口废料Deburring 打毛刺Defect index 废品率Deformation 变形Density 密度Degreaser 脱脂剂Degree of graphitization 石墨化程度Dimensional stability 尺寸稳定性Descale 除锈，除氧化皮Decaling除锈，除氧化皮Design drawing 设计图Deslag 扒渣Destructive testing/inspection 破坏性试验/检验Desulfuration / desulphurization 脱硫Desulfurizer 脱硫剂Detection 检查，摊伤Die cavity 型腔，模腔Differential hardening / heating / quenching 局部硬化/加热/淬火Diffuse 扩散Dilatant 膨胀Dilute 稀释，冲淡Dimensional error / tolerance 尺寸误差/公差Direction l solidification 顺序凝固，定向凝固Dirt / dirt inclusion 夹渣Disintegration 溃散，崩解，分解Disk feeder 圆盘给料机Dislocation 位错Displacement 位移/置换Dissipation heat 散热Distorted patter 模变形Distortion 变形，扭曲Divorced pearlite 粒状珠光体Down runner / gate / downright 直浇口Ductile iron 球墨铸铁Duff 煤粉Durability 耐用性，耐久性Dust catcher 集尘器elastic deformation 弹性变形Elementary analysis 元素分析Elevator 提升机Elongation 延伸率，延长Endurance 耐用性，持久度Endurance limit 疲劳极限Energy loss 能量损失Environment contamination 环境污染Environmental control 污染控制Equilibrium 平衡Eutectic 共晶体，恭晶的Examination performance / result 考试成绩Fading 衰退Failure stress 破坏应力Feather 毛刺，羽毛Feeding effect 补缩效果Feeding gate 内浇口Feed/feeder head(=riser)/feeding head 冒口Ferric 铁Ferric carbide 渗碳体，碳化铁Ferrite 铁素体Ferromanganese 锰铁Ferromolybdenum 钼铁Ferrosilicon 硅铁Fettle 铲除炉壁渣子File 锉刀Filter paper/screen 滤纸/网Fin 毛刺Final machining 精加工Fine silt 粉尘Finished allowance 加工余量Finished surface 加工面Fire brick 耐火砖Fire cracking 热裂Fire resistance 耐火性Fire waste 烧损Fixture 夹具Flake form 片状Flake graphite 片状石墨Flaking off (=spalling) 剥落Flash point 闪点Flaw detection 探伤Floatation 漂浮Flowability/fluidity 流动性Flow-chart 流程图Fluid contraction 液态收缩Flushing 流渣Fold 冷隔Foreign substance 杂质Forging 锻造Forklift 叉车Free carbide 游离碳化物Free cementite 游离渗碳体Free ferrite 游离铁素体Freeting/fritting 烧结Frictional coefficient 摩擦系数Front slagging 炉前出渣Galvanizing 电镀Gas blow/hole 气孔Gas blowhole 气孔Gaseous diffusion 气体扩散Gassy melt 含气金属液Gas tightness 气密性Gate area 浇口面积Gating = gating system 浇口，浇口系统Gating design 浇口设计Gating proportion/ratio 浇口比Gauge=gage 表，计，规Globular cementite / pearlite 粒状渗碳体/珠光体Grain-boundary segregation 晶界偏析Grain fineness distribution 粒度分布Graphite floatation 石墨漂浮Graphitization 石墨化Green compression strength 湿压强度Gray/grey cast iron 灰铁Grinding 打磨，磨制Grinding wheel 砂轮Heat loss 热损失Heat stress 热应力Heat-treating / heat treatment 热处理Heating effect 热效应Heavy casting 大型铸件/厚壁铸件Heavy-walled 厚壁的Holding furnace 保温炉Hot tear/pool 热裂Hydraulic jack 液压千斤顶Hydrogen 氢Hyxagonal screen 六角筛Impact hardness/toughness 冲击硬度/韧性Impermeability 气密性，不渗透性Impression 压痕，型腔，凹腔Impurity 杂质Included slag 夹渣Indigeous graphite 析出石墨Induction 感应Inoculant 孕育剂Inoculation fade 孕育衰退Inside diameter 内经Instantaneous ladle inoculation / stream inoculation 瞬时浇包孕育Insulation 绝缘，隔离Internal porosity 内缩松Internal shrinkage 内部缩孔Internal stress 内应力Inverse chill 反白口Inverted chill 反白口Iron carbide 渗碳体，碳化铁Iron-coke ratio 铁焦比Jack 千斤顶Jet test 喷射试验（侧电镀层厚度）Job rate 生产定额Knock-off head 易割冒口Knockout 落砂，出芯Knop 钮，电钮Labile 不稳定的Labor-intensive area 强劳动（力）区Ladle 浇包Lamellar pearlite/laminate pearlite 片状珠光体Late inoculation/post inoculation 二次孕育Laying out 设计Leaker 浇漏，漏铁水lift truck 叉车Light casting 小铸件，薄壁铸件Liquidus 液相线Locating point/surface 基准点/面Loss on ignition 烧损Lower limit 下限Luster 光泽Machinability 切削性能Machine allowance 加工余量Machining 机械加工Macrograph 宏观Magnetic flaw detection 磁力探伤Magnetic field 磁场Magnetic-particle inspection 磁粉探伤Magnetic powder inspection 磁粉探伤Magnification 放大倍数，放大倍率Manganese 锰Margin tolerance 极限公差Mass production 大量生产Matrix hardness 机体硬度Mean diameter / stress 平均直径/应力Mean value 中间值Mechanical allowance 加工余量Mechanical property 机械性能Meltableness 可溶性Melting 溶解Melting capacity/ condition / efficiency 熔化率/状况/效率Melting point 熔点Metal graphic microscope 金相显微镜Metallic charge to coke ratio 铁焦比Metallic pattern 金属模Metallograph 金相图片Metallographic examination 金相检验Metallographic laboratory 金相试验室Metallographic microscope 金相显微镜Metallographic specimen 金相磨片Metallurgy 冶金学Metal material 金属材料Microanalysis 微量分析，显微分析Microlug 球化率怀素测定试帮Micron 微米Mismatch 错模Misrun 缺肉，浇不到Modulus of elongation 延伸率Molding line 造型线Natural gas 天然气Nodularization 球化Nodularizer 球化剂Notch brittleness 缺口脆性Off-dimension 尺寸不合格（常指铸件）Off-gage 尺寸不合格（常指型芯）Offset 错位，偏置Operation life 使用期限，寿命Outer inspection / visual inspection 外观检验Outlet 出口，排出口Oxidation 氧化Oxide ferric 氧化铁，三氧化二铁Partial hardening / local hardening 局部淬火Parting face 分型面，分模面Pattern plate 模板Patter spray 脱模液Pattern taper / patter draft 拔模斜度Pearlite 珠光体Permeability test 透气性试验Phosphide 磷共晶，磷化物Physical property 物理性能Pig iron 生铁Pin hole 针孔Pitted skin 麻面（铸造缺陷）Plastic binder 树脂粘结剂Plastic deformation 塑性变形Plate feeder 圆盘给料机Plating 电镀Polishing 抛光Porous casting 不致密铸件，多孔铸件Post inoculation 二次孕育Poured short 未浇满（铸造缺陷）Preheat/preheating 预热Premature freezing 过早凝固Premium casting 保质量逐件，优质逐件Preset program 预定计划，预定程序表Pressure atmosphere 大气压Pressure feeder 加压冒口Production capacity 生产能力Protective gloves 劳保手套Prototype casting 试生产铸件Push-off 推出，顶出Quench aging 淬火时效Radiator 散热器，散热片，暖气片Radioactive element 放射性元素Rare earth 稀土Rare gas 惰性气体Rat 多肉Reamer 铰刀Reclamation 再生，回用Red brittleness=hot brittleness 热脆性Reducibility 还原能力Reduction in area 断面收缩Refractoriness 耐火性Refractory property 耐久性能Regulator 调节器Reinforcement 加固Rejected casting 不合格铸件Resin 树脂Returns 回炉料Reverse chill 反白口Revolving table feeder 圆盘给料机Rimhole 皮下气泡Riser 冒口Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度Rosette graphite 菊花状石墨Roughing 粗加工’Roughness 粗糙度Rounding 倒角Roust inhibitor 防锈剂Runner gate 横浇道Runner system 浇注系统Running and feeding system 浇冒口系统Rust prevention 防锈Rustless steelSafety and industrial gloves 劳动保护手套Safety factor 安全系数Safety goggle 护目镜Safety precaution 安全措施Sample inspectionSampling 取样Sand blister 砂眼Sand blow 气孔Sand buckle 起皮、夹砂Sand burning 粘砂Sand-conditioning system 砂处理系统Sand control 型砂控制Sand core 砂芯Sand cut 冲砂Sand defects 型砂造成的（铸造）缺陷Sand drop 掉砂Sand explosion 砂眼Sand fineness 砂子平均粒度Sand flowability 型砂流动性Sand mill / sand mixer / sand mixing machine / sand muller 混砂机Sand mold 砂型Sand shakeout 落砂Sand wash 冲砂Scab 铸痂Scar 凹痕Semi-finished product 半成品Sensitivity 敏感性Separate cast test bar = cast integrate test bar 单铸试棒Shakeout 落砂/落砂机Shaking conveyer 震动输送机Shift 班次Short-run 浇不满Short run casting 浇不足铸件，缺肉铸件（未浇满）Shrink hole收缩、锁孔Shrinkage porosity 缩松Shrinkage strain 收缩变形Shrinkhead 冒口Sintering 烧结Size tolerance 尺寸公差Slagging -off 除渣/扒渣Solidification contraction/shrinkage 凝固收缩Solid-liquid interface 固液相交界面Solidus/solidus curve/solidus line 固相线Solution concentration 溶液浓度Sonic inspection 听声检验Specific weight 比重Spectroanalysis 光谱分析Spherical graphite 球状石墨Spheroidal iron = ductile iron 球墨铸铁Spheroidization 球化Spindle 主轴Spotting point 基准点Steam tight test / air tight test 气密性试验Sticker / rat 多肉Straightening 校正Strength test 强度试验Stress 应力Stress relief 应力消除Subskin blowhole / subsurface blow hole / sub-surface blister 皮下气孔Superficial cementation 表面渗碳Super heating 过热Supersaturation 过饱和Surface finish 表面光洁度Surface folding 冷隔Surface roughness 表面粗糙度Swell 胀砂T ap hole 出渣口T elltale 定位标记T enacity / tensile strength 抗拉强度/韧性T ensile testing machineT ension-active element 反球化元素、干扰元素T est bar 试棒T est block 试块T est piece 试样T est specimen 试样/试棒/试块Thermal balance 热平衡Thermal conductivity 导热系数，导热性Thermaldeformation/dilatometer/expansion/fatigue 热变形/膨胀仪//膨胀/疲劳Tightness 紧密度，致密度T olerance 公差T ooling point 基准点Tuyere gate 风眼Ultimate 极限Upper limit 上限Vacuum treatment 真空处理Ventilating system/device/equipment 通风系统/装置/设备Venting quality透气性Vibratory feeder 震动给料机Vibratory shakeout machine = vibratory shakeout 震动落砂机Visual examination/inspection 外观检验Wash 冲砂Washer 洗砂机Wearability / wear resistance 耐磨性Wrinkle 皱皮Yield strength 屈服强度Zero defect casting 无缺陷铸件Zinc 锌最新铸造标准应用手册（机械工业出版社）（铸造专业词汇）Foundry terminologyfoundry founding casting铸造foundry technology铸造工艺casting铸件sand casting process型砂铸造special casting process特种铸造fluidity流动性mold-filling capacity充型能力gas absorption吸气undercooling ,supercooling过冷degree of undercooling过冷度nucleation成核homogeneous nucleation自发成核heterogeneous nucleation非自发成核solidification range凝固温度范围directional solidification定向凝固solidification contraction凝固收缩liquid contraction液态收缩solid contraction固态收缩solidification time凝固时间free contraction自由收缩hindered contraction受阻收缩shrinkage铸件线收缩率contraction stress收缩应力thermal stress热应力transformation stress相变应力casting stress铸造应力residual stress残留应力metallic raw material金属原物料pig iron生铁ferro-alloy铁合金foundry returns回炉料master alloy中间合金foundry coke铸造焦炭metallurgical coke冶金焦炭fixed carbon固定碳flux熔剂degassing flux除气熔剂covering flux覆盖熔剂refining flux精炼熔剂refractoriness耐火度firebrick耐火砖fireclay耐火黏土silica brick硅砖grain magnesite镁砂molding material造型材料sand砂washed-out sand水洗砂silica sand硅砂natural sand天然砂artificial sand人工砂naturally clay-bonded sand天然粘土砂olivine sand橄榄石砂chromite sand硌铁矿砂zircon sand锆砂carbon sand炭粒砂sharp sand精硅砂red sand红砂chamotte sand熟料砂binder粘结剂clay粘土inorganic binder无机粘结剂organic binder有机粘结剂kaolin高岭土bentonite膨润土sodium bentonite钠基膨润土calcium bentonite钙基膨润土activated bentonite活化膨润土drying oil干性油no bake binder自硬粘结剂（冷硬粘结剂）thermosetting resin binder热固树脂粘结剂oil based binder油类粘结剂water glass binder，sodium silicate binder水玻璃粘结剂lignin liquor纸浆残液synthetic fat binder合脂粘结剂水玻璃模数sodium silicate modulu s附加物additives发热剂exothermic mixture分型剂（脱模剂）parting agent；stripping agent固化剂（硬化剂）hardener悬浮剂suspending agent涂料coating型砂制备（砂处理）sand preparatio n混砂sand mixing；sand mulling型砂（造型混合料）molding sand芯砂（造芯混合料）core san d合成砂synthetic sand自硬砂self-hardening sand水玻璃砂sodium silicate-bonded sand覆模砂precoated sand烂砂泥（麻泥）loam调匀砂temper sand面砂facing sand背砂（填充砂）backing sand单一砂unit sand含泥量clay content含水量（水分，湿度）moisture content旧砂floor sand枯砂（焦砂）burnt sand废砂waste sand热砂hot sand松砂aeration,sand-cutting筛分（筛析）screen analysis旧砂处理sand reconditioning旧砂再生sand reclamation沉降分选elutriation，decantation型砂试验sand testing透气性permeability流动性flowability型砂强度sand strength湿强度green strength干强度dry strength耐用性（复用性）durability砂型（芯）硬度mold hardness热变形hot deformation残留强度retained strength热强度hot strength韧性toughness 发气率（发气速度）gas evolution rate发气性（发气量）gas evolutio n吸湿性moisture absorption落砂性knock-out capability溃散性collapsibility胶质价colloid index破碎指数shatter index热气流烘砂装置hot pneumatic tube drier混砂机sand muller，sand mixer松砂机aerator ，sand cutter冷却提升机cooling elevator，coolevato r筛砂机riddle磁力滚筒magnetic separator旧砂再生设备sand reclamation气力输送装置pneumatic tube conveyor铸铁cast iron铸铁石墨形态morphology of graphite in cast iron灰铸铁（灰口铸铁）gray cast iro n白口铸铁white cast iron麻口铸铁mottled cast iron共晶度degree of saturation碳当量carbon equivalent片状石墨flake graphite初生石墨primary graphite孕育铸铁inoculated cast iron球墨铸铁spheroidal graphite cast iron，nodular graphite iron，ductile iron球状石墨spheroidal graphite，nodular graphite 可锻铸铁（马铁）malleable cast iro n黑心可锻铸铁black heart malleable cast iron珠光体可锻铸铁pearlitic malleable cast iron铁素体可锻铸铁ferritic malleable cast i ron白心可锻铸铁white heart malleable cast iron团絮石墨tempered graphite冷硬铸铁（激冷铸铁）chilled iro n耐磨铸铁wear resisting cast iron耐热铸铁heat resisting cast iron耐酸铸铁acid resisting cast iron高硅铸铁high silicon cast iron蠕墨铸铁vermicular cast iron，compacted graphite cast iron蠕虫状石墨vermicular graphite合金铸铁alloy cast iron铸钢cast steel碳素铸钢carbon cast steel低合金铸钢low alloy cast steel高锰钢high manganese steel铁素体钢ferritic steel青铜bronze铅青铜lead bronze铝青铜aluminum bronze黄铜brass铝铜合金aluminum-copper alloy铝镁合金aluminum-magnesium alloy铝硅合金aluminum-silicon alloy镁合金magnesium alloy轴承合金（减摩合金）bearing metal，antifrictional metal巴氏合金Babbitt metal钛合金titanium alloy熔化（熔炼）melting重熔remelting炉料charge熔化率melting rate炉料计算charge calculation双联熔炼duplexing元素烧损（元素烧损率）melting losses of various chemical elements熔炼损耗(烧损) total melting l oss 还原气氛reducing atmosphere氧化气氛oxidizing atmosphere惰性气体inert gas碱度index of basicity碱性渣basic slag酸性渣acid slag精炼refining遗传性heredity风口比tuyere ratio有效高度effective height送风强度blast intensity预热送风hot blast底焦coke bed层焦coke split隔焦buffer coke charge炉衬furnace lining碱性炉衬acid lining棚料bridging熔池bath吸碳carbon pick-up焦铁比iron coke ratio出渣deslagging打炉cupola drop氧化熔炼法oxidizing melting 不氧化熔炼法dead melting真空熔炼vacuum refining熔渣slag沉渣sludge浮渣dross,cinder氧化期oxidizing stage还原期blocking stage还原渣reducing slag氧化渣oxidizing slag白渣white slag脱氧deoxidation扒渣slagging-off脱碳decarburization脱硫desulphurization脱磷dephosphorization增碳recarburizing脱氧剂deoxidizer挥发损耗volatilizing losses静置stewing，holding吹氮nitrogen flushing冲天炉cupola水冷冲天炉water-cooled cupola热风冲天炉hot blast cupola湿法除尘器wet cap炉缸cupola well前炉forehearth冲天炉加料机cupola charging machine爬式加料机ship hoist电磁配料称electro-magnetic weighing balancer电磁盘electromagnetic chuck电弧炉direct arc furnace感应电炉electric induction furn ace电渣炉electroslag furnace电磁搅拌electromagnetic agitation浇包ladle摇包shaking ladle底浇包bottom pouring ladle保温炉holding furnace坩呙炉crucible furnace孕育inoculation多孔塞法porous plug process变质modification墨化剂graphitizer过热superheating石墨球化处理nodularizing treatment of graphite碳当量仪eutectometer三角试块wdge test-piece真空除气vacuum degassing浇注pouring保护气氛浇注pouring under controlled atmosphere浇注速度pouring rate浇注温度pouring temperature浇注时间pouring time 浇注位置pouring position型内孕育inmold inoculation压铁weight点冒口teeming捣冒口pumping补炉patching炉龄campaign铸造工艺设计mold design铸造工艺装备设计foundry tools design铸造工艺图foundry molding drawing铸件图drawing of rough casting起模斜度pattern draft收缩余量shrinkage allowan ce工艺补正量molding allowan ce加工余量machining allowan ce吃砂量mo9ld thickness补贴pad分型负数joint allowance铸件尺寸公差dimensional allowance of casting 铸件重量公差weight allowance of casting铸件加工基准面reference face for machining of casting铸件表面粗糙度surface roughness of casting浇注系统（浇口）gating system，running system封闭式浇注系统chocked running system，pressurized gating system半封闭式浇注系统enlarged runner system开放式浇注系统unchecked running system，non-pressurized gating system浇口盆（外浇口）pouring basin浇口杯pouring cup浇口塞blanking-off plug直浇道sprue直浇道窝sprue base横浇道runner筛网芯（滤网芯）strainer core内浇道ingate离心集渣浇注系统whirl gate，dirt trap system 顶注式浇注系统top gating system底注式浇注系统bottom gating system阶梯式浇注系统step gating sy stem雨淋浇口shower gate缝隙浇口slot gate压边浇口lip runner，kiss runner牛角式浇口horn gate热结hot spot冒口riser，feeder head冒口效率riser efficiency明冒口open riser暗冒口bland riser侧冒口（边冒口）side riser压力冒口pressure riser大气压力冒口atmospheric riser发气压力冒口（气弹冒口）gas-delivered pressure riser透气砂芯pencil core冒口径riser neck冒口根riser pad保温冒口套heat insulating feeder sl eev e发热冒口套exorhermic feeder sl eeve补缩距离feeding distance，feeding zone易割冒口knock-off head易割片（易割芯片）washburn core铸造工艺装备foundry tools and equipment模样（铸模、模）pattern母模master 金属模metal pattern骨架模skeleton pattern石膏模plaster pattern塑料模plaslicn pattern整体模one-piece pattern分开模parted pattern，split pattern活块loose piece模板pattern plate模底板pattern mounting plate单面模板single face pattern pl ate双面模板match plate放样（伸图）hot dimensional drawing缩尺（模样工缩尺）shrinkage rule，pattern-maker’s rule芯盒core box脱落式芯盒troughed core box下芯量具core setting scale下芯夹具core jig烘芯板core drying plate砂箱flask，molding box箱带（箱挡）flask bar，cross bar脱箱snap flask套箱mold jacket套销hollow pin，stub pin造型molding型腔mold cavity7.1.3铸型mold砂型sand mold上箱cope , top part下箱drag , bottom part手工造型hand molding机器造型machine molding自动化造型automatic molding分型面mold joint有箱造型flask molding两箱造型two-part molding三箱造型three-part molding不平分型面stepped joint无箱造型flaskless molding脱箱造型removable flask molding地坑造型pit molding刮板造型sweep molding抛砂造型impeller ramming组芯造型core assembly molding假箱造型oddside molding微振压造型vibratory squeezing molding 高压造型high pressure molding湿砂型green sand mold干砂型dry sand mold砂型烘干mold drying干砂型（干型）dry sand mol d表面烘干型skin dried mold烂砂泥型loam mold砂床bed过渡角transition angle吊砂cod砂钩lifter负亚造型vacuum molding液态砂造型fluid sand mol ding漏砂pattern stripping填砂molding-filling紧实ramming震实jolt ramming压实squeezing ramming紧实度degree of ramming二氧化碳法造型2CO process自硬砂造型self-hardening sand molding 塞砂tucking刮砂strike-off造型生产线molding line刷水swabbing扎出气孔venting排气道venting channel 修型patching冷铁densener，chill外冷铁surface densener内冷铁internal densener验型（验箱）trial closing合型（合箱、组型）mold assembling，closing造芯（制芯）core making芯（芯子）core芯骨core rod，core scab油砂芯oil sand core预制砂embeded core，ram u p core芯头core print芯座core print芯头斜度core print taper芯头间隙core print clearance壳芯shell core烘芯core baking通气蜡线vent wax冷芯盒法cold box process热芯盒法hot box process芯撑chaplethand tools of molding压勺heart and spoon提钩cleaner双头铜勺double ended radius sleeker镘刀trowel造型机molding machine压实造型机squeezing molding machine震击台bumper振动台vibrating table微振压实造型机vibratory squeezer震实造型机jolt molding machine高压造型机high pressure molding machine射压造型机shooting and squeezing molding machine多触头造型机equalizing piston squeezer抛砂机sand slinger起模机drawing machine射芯机core shooter击芯机core extruder铸型输送机mold conveyor落砂shake-out除芯decoring喷砂清理sand blasting抛丸清理shot blasting水力清砂hydraulic blast水砂清砂hydraulic blast清理cleaning清砂cleaning火焰表面清理scarfing清铲chipping化学清砂chemical cleaning精整dressing and finishing落砂机knock-out machine抛丸清理机shot blast machine清理滚筒tumbling barrel抛丸落砂清理设备shot blast reclaiming equipment悬挂式磨轮swing frame grinder矫正coining焊补repair welding参补impregnation金属型铸造permanent mold casting金属型metal mold金属芯metal core覆砂金属型sand-lined metal mold排气赛venting plug排气槽air vent龟裂heat checking金属型铸造机gravity die casting machin e压力铸造die-casting压铸型die-casting die动型moving die 定型fixed die合型力clamping force压室pressure chamber鹅颈管gooseneck分流器spreader顶杆ejector pin溢流槽overflow well压射冲头injection piston压射比压injection pressure压射速度injection speed保压时间dwell time真空压铸vacuum die casting冲氧压铸pore-free die casting双冲头压铸acurad die casting压铸机die casting machine冷室压铸机cold chamber die casting machine 热室压铸机hot chamber die casting machine镶铸法insert process离心铸造true centrifugal casting半离心铸造semi-centrifugal casting离心浇注centrifugal pressure casting双金属离心铸造bimetal centrifugal casting 离心铸造机centrifugal casting machine失模铸造lost pattern casting熔模铸造fusible pattern molding压制熔模fusible pattern injection压型pattern die熔模fusible pattern盐模salt pattern蜡模wax-pattern模组pattern assembly熔模涂料slurry面层涂料investment precoat撒砂stuccoing脱蜡dewaxing培烧sintering壳型制造shell molding结壳时间investing time结壳温度investing temperature硬化温度curing temperature硬化时间curing time陶瓷型制造ceramic slurry灌浆paste pouring喷烧torch firing低压铸造low-pressure diecasting充型压力mold filling pressure保压压力dwell pressure升液管stalk真空吸铸suction casting差压铸造counter-pressure casting实型铸造full mold process泡沫塑料模Styrofoam pattern磁型铸造magnetic shot molding process凝壳铸造slush casting石膏型造型plaster molding连续铸造continuous casting铸件检验inspection of casting铸件质量分析quality analysis of casting铸件外观质量visual quality of casting铸件内在质量internal quality of casting铸件使用性能service ability of casting单铸试块separated test bar of casting附铸试块test lug缺陷铸件defective casting废品reject无损检验（无损探伤）nondestructive inspection 破坏性试验destructive testing飞翅（飞边）joint flash毛刺veining抬型（抬箱）cope raise，raised mo ld胀砂swell冲砂erosion，cut，wash掉砂drop，crush外渗物（外渗豆）sweat气孔blowhole针孔pinhole缩孔shrinkage缩松dispersed shrinkage疏松（显微缩松）porosity，microshrinkag e冷裂cold cracking热裂hot tearing热处理裂纹heat treatment crack白点（发裂）flake冷隔cold shut，cold lap浇注断流interrupted pour鼠尾rat-tail沟槽buckle夹砂结疤（夹砂）scab机械粘砂(渗透粘砂) metal penetration化学粘砂（烧结粘砂）burn-on表面粗糙rough surface皱皮elephant skin缩陷depression浇不到misrun未浇满poured short跑火run-out，bleeding型漏（漏箱）run-out，bleeding损伤（机械损伤）damage拉长exaggeration of dimension超重over-weight变形distortion，warping错型（错箱）shift错芯core shift偏芯（漂芯）core raised，corelift夹杂物inclusion冷豆cold shot内渗物（内渗豆）internal sweat渣气孔scum，slag-blow hole砂眼sand inclusion亮皮pearlite layer菜花头cauli-flowering石墨漂浮carbon flotation石墨集结kish graphite spot组织粗大open grain structure偏析segregation硬点hard spot反白口inverse chill球化不良under-nodularizing球化衰退degradated spheroidisation。

铝箔在高压下的作用的弯折英语Behavior of Aluminum Foil Under High Strain Rates: A Comprehensive Analysis.Aluminum foil, renowned for its lightweight, malleability, and corrosion resistance, finds widespread applications in diverse industries. Its exceptional properties make it a highly sought-after material in packaging, electronics, construction, and aerospace domains. However, when subjected to high strain rates, such as those encountered in impact or blast loading events, the behavior of aluminum foil becomes critical to ensure structural integrity and overall performance. Understanding the mechanical response of aluminum foil under high strainrates forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive analysis.Material Characterization and Experimental Techniques.The study of aluminum foil under high strain rates necessitates careful characterization of materialproperties. Tensile tests, conducted at varying strain rates, provide insights into the material's yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation at break. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques further elucidate the viscoelastic behavior, including the storage and loss moduli, as a function of frequency and temperature.To capture the high-rate behavior of aluminum foil, specialized experimental techniques are employed. Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, for instance, enable researchers to impose controlled, uniaxial strain rates ranging from 10^3 to 10^4 s^-1. By analyzing the transmitted and reflected waves within the pressure bars, the material's stress-strain response under dynamic loading is obtained.Mechanical Behavior at High Strain Rates.Under high strain rates, the mechanical behavior of aluminum foil exhibits several distinct characteristics. The yield strength, reflecting the onset of plastic deformation, increases significantly compared to its quasi-static counterpart. This phenomenon, known as strain rate hardening, stems from the reduced mobility of dislocations – defects that facilitate plastic flow – at higher strain rates.The ultimate tensile strength, representing the maximum stress sustained before failure, also exhibits an increase with increasing strain rate. This enhancement is attributed to the reduced time available for crack initiation and propagation, leading to a more efficient utilization of the material's inherent strength.Elongation at break, a measure of the material's ductility, typically decreases with increasing strain rate. The reduced ductility signifies a more brittle behavior, as the material is less able to undergo plastic deformation before failure. This observation aligns with the increased strain rate hardening effect, which hinders dislocation movement and limits plastic flow.Fracture Mechanisms and Failure Modes.High strain rate loading can induce various fracture mechanisms in aluminum foil. At lower strain rates, ductile fracture is prevalent, characterized by extensive plastic deformation and the formation of dimples or voids on the fracture surface. As the strain rate increases, thefracture mode transitions to brittle failure, with minimal plastic deformation and a relatively smooth fracture surface.The transition from ductile to brittle fracture is attributed to the reduced time available for plastic deformation at higher strain rates. The material'sinability to accommodate the imposed strain through dislocation motion leads to the formation of microcracks, which coalesce to cause brittle failure.Modeling and Simulation Techniques.Computational modeling and simulation play a crucial role in capturing the complex mechanical behavior of aluminum foil under high strain rates. Constitutive models, such as the Johnson-Cook model, incorporate strain rate andtemperature effects to predict the material's stress-strain response under dynamic loading conditions.Numerical simulations, utilizing finite element analysis (FEA) or smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), enable researchers to investigate the dynamic response of aluminum foil under various loading scenarios. These simulations provide detailed insights into stress andstrain distributions, damage evolution, and failure mechanisms, complementing experimental observations.Applications and Engineering Implications.Understanding the high strain rate behavior of aluminum foil is essential for optimizing its performance in applications involving impact or blast loading. In the automotive industry, for instance, aluminum foil is employed in crashworthiness engineering, where its ability to absorb impact energy and mitigate occupant injuries is paramount.In the aerospace domain, aluminum foil findsapplications in aircraft skins and protective structures, where its resistance to high strain rate loading iscritical for ensuring structural integrity in the event of impact or explosion.Conclusion.The behavior of aluminum foil under high strain rates is a complex phenomenon, characterized by strain rate hardening, increased strength, reduced ductility, and varying fracture mechanisms. Experimental techniques, such as SHPB tests, and computational modeling approaches provide valuable insights into the material's dynamic response. Understanding this behavior enables engineers to optimize the design and performance of aluminum foil in applications involving high strain rate loading, ensuring structural integrity and enhanced protection.。

Verifying the efficiency of soldering fume extraction and measuring nanoparticle exposure during soldering with an iron with the testo DiSCminiThat manual soldering produces harmful substances in the form of aerosols is a known problem in the electric and electronic industry. The lead-free electronics solders used today have done little to change that. The soldering fumes still contain particles which are formed by the solder and the flux agent. These particles have a high potential of causing permanent damage to the workers’ health. Due to their small diameter between 10 and 150 nm, they can penetrate all the way into the alveoli. But numerous studies also show that nanoparticles can reach all areas of the body through the bloodstream [1].According to the definition of the Technical Regulations for Hazardous Substances 528 [2], hard soldering and soft soldering are welding processes and are treated in the scope of occupational medicine and hygiene. For reasons of prevention, employers have a duty to reduce the hazards for employees to a minimum for these processes. In practical application, this is usually achieved with ventilation measures such as extracting the soldering fumes where they arise.The testo DiSCmini nanoparticle measuring instrument quickly and easily records all parameters relevant for assessing health and safety:•the particle number in Pt/cm³ for nanoparticles with a diameter from 10 to 700 nm for assessing the exposure •the modal value of the particle size, i.e. the size of the particles with the highest number concentration, for nanoparticles with a diameter from 10 to 300 nm for evaluating the particle size distribution•the active particle surface area as LDSA (lung deposited surface area) in µm²/cm³ for evaluating the impact on the human organism.Until now, it was difficult to verify the effectiveness of the safety measures accurately. Detecting nanoparticles and particularly determining their number with reproducible results required complex instruments until now. Gravimetric analyses also proved unsuitable for determining particle concentration in the workplace due to the low mass of nanoparticles. Verification of the safety measures was therefore usually limited to using flow tubes or vane anemometers to detect the function of the ventilation. This process left many questions unanswered, however: What is the particle exposure for the worker? What is the particle emission from the soldering fumes? Which particle volumes are already present in the ambient air? Does the workstation have a practical setup or could a changed arrangement already achieve essential improvements?In the following, the suitability of the testo DiSCmini for evaluating health and safety measures is demonstrated on the example of several measurements at a soldering workstation. First, the particle number and the modal value of the particle size in the background levels are measured without extraction and without soldering. In a second step, the two measurement parameters and additionally the LDSA value are recorded during soldering, once with and once without extraction.Safe working conditions?Comprehensive measuring with the testo DiSCmini!A temperature-controlled soldering station of type Weller WSD81 at a temperature of 360 °C is used for the test measurement together with lead-free tin solder with colophonium in a composition of SN95 5AG3.8 Cu0.7. The model Easy ARM 1 from ERSA is used for extracting the soldering fumes.The nanoparticle measuring instrument testo DiSCmini picks up the air at the workstation through an impactor which is positioned to the right of the workpiece. The position of the of the impactor as the sampling location corresponds to the height and position of the worker's face from the soldering point. This means only those particles are measured which are breathed in during work with a high probability.The impactor separates out particles with a size over 700 nm as these are not captured by the testo DiSCmini. Impactor and measuring instrument are connected with a special hose made of a material which prevents the aspired particles from being deposited on the inner wall.The measuring setupFig. 2: Setup of the measuring environment with soldering station and extraction.Fig. 1: testo DiSCmini.Measuring the particle number in the production areaand in the surroundings of the workstation.An mean particle number of 2,427 Pt/cm³ during a 7 minute period made it clear that the air in the production area contained only low concentrations of nanoparticles. This can be attributed to the efficient air processing which ensures a low particle number in the production area.Measuring the modal value of the particle size in the surroundings of the workstation.The modal value of the particle size shows the maximum of a curve which describes the particle size distribution. Amean particle size of 42 nm was determined during the measurement in the surroundings of the workstation. The small particle size suggests the conclusion that only few of the detected particles originate from the production process and rather enter into the production area with the ambient air.Diagram 1: Measuring the background levels – particle number.Diagram 2: Measuring the background levels – particle size.Measuring the background levelsFor measuring the particle exposure with the testo DiSCmini, first a measurement is taken at a distance of about 1 metre around the workstation to record thebackground levels in the ambient air. The soldering station and the extraction system are not yet activated for this.D i a m e t e r i n n mMeasuring the particle concentration during soldering with extractionAfter starting soldering, the mean value of the particle concentration increases only slightly. The measurement of 2,782 Pt/cm³ provided verification that the extraction system works effectively and only few particles enter into the breathing air for the worker. The deflections in the middle of the measuring period can be attributed to turbulences in the working area.Measuring the modal value of the particle sizeduring soldering with extractionMeasurement of the particle size confirmed these findings. The mean particle diameter of 44 nm mostly corresponded to the previously conducted measurements in the surroundings without soldering and extraction.Measuring the LDSA value during soldering with extractionThe provision of the active surface area of the particlesdeposited in the lung (LDSA) allows statements to be made on the biological burden. This is caused by the active surfaces of the particles themselves or by hazardous substances which adhere to the nanoparticles and can then enter the bloodstream. An average value of 7 µm²/cm³ is registered with active measurement.Diagram 4: Soldering with extraction – particle size.Diagram 5: Soldering with extraction – LDSA value.Diagram 3: Soldering with extraction – particle number.N u m b e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n P t /c m ³Measurement during soldering with active extractionDuring soldering, a worker applies soldering points to a PCB at regular time intervals. For measuring during opera-tion, the soldering station and the extraction system were activated and the impactor was brought to the height of theface during soldering. Contamination of the measurement with nanoparticles in the exhaled air seems negligible con-sidering the substantially higher particle emission from the soldering fumes.Diagram 7: Soldering without extraction – particle size.Diagram 8: Soldering without extraction – LDSA value.Diagram 6: Soldering without extraction – particle number.Measurement during soldering without extractionTo get an idea of how many particles are generated in which size during soldering, we carried out a second measurement with the extraction system switched off. The resultsillustrate that short-term work without extraction already results in a significant increase in the concentration of nanoparticles at the workstation.N u m b e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n P t /c m ³Measuring the particle concentration duringsoldering without extractionWith an average of 143,165 Pt/cm³, the numberconcentration is 51 times higher than with the extraction switched on. This means the extraction system contributes substantially to improving the working conditions.Measuring the modal value of the particle size during soldering without extractionAs soldering even produces visible fume particles, it can be assumed that the measured diameters of the nanoparticles also increase clearly. As the diagram shows, the meandiameter of 89 nm is twice as large as during measurement with extraction. The diagram furthermore shows that the particle diameter is subject to strong fluctuations during the measuring cycle. Large particles occur whenever the soldering tin is melted and decrease again during the change to the next soldering point. The high time resolution of the testo DiSCmini allows the particle emissions to be directly allocated to the processes at the soldering workstation.Measuring the LDSA value during soldering without extractionThe measurement of the LDSA value also corresponds to the expectations. Without extraction, it increases more than 66-fold to a particle surface area of 467 µm²/cm³.The testo DiSCmini nanoparticle measuring instrument can detect the effectiveness of the extraction system during sol-dering very clearly. This means the measuring instrument can handle all tasks which were previously executed in measurement methods with flow tubes or vane anemome-ters.Beyond verifying the effectiveness of the extraction system, the testo DiSCmini can be used to answer a number of other questions regarding particle exposure at soldering workstations:•The testo DiSCmini provides information on the nanopar-ticle exposure for the employee. A hose and an impactor are used to accurately check the air in the area where the worker breathes it in. This allows excessive exposure to be identified easily, while the employees are made directly aware of the hazard potential from soldering fumes and the importance of a correctly configured extraction is illustrated.A new level of health and safety.The testo DiSCmini is designed for mobile operation. Measurements are carried out without operating media, unaffected by vibrations and independent of the position of the instrument. The instrument is easy to handle and its intuitive operating concept allows a quick introduction into the precise recording of nanoparticles.Bibliography [1]“Beurteilung eines möglichen Krebsrisikos von Nanomaterialien und von aus Produkten freigesetzten Nanopartikeln” (Assessment of a potential cancer risk of nanomaterials and of nanoparticles released by products), statement from the German Federal Environmental Agency dated 15/04/2010[2]T echnische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe – Schweißtechnische Anlagen (Technical Regulations for Hazardous Substances – Welding Systems) TRGS 528, Edition: 02/2009AuthorVolker Schemann is the International Market Manager at Testo SE &Co. KGaA and responsible for the Particle Product Division in the General Instrumentation Business Unit.•The testo DiSCmini additionally provides information about the background levels in the ambient air. A func-tioning extraction system at the soldering station can only provide protection for the worker if no other particle sources are present near the workstation. These particle sources can be located quickly with the testo DiSCmini. •The testo DiSCmini also provides valuable support for the design of the workstations. Thanks to the high time reso-lution of 1 second, changes in particle number, particle size and the active surface (LDSA) are detected reliably during the measurement. This makes it easy to find and verify the most effective configuration, for example by altering the position of the extraction above the workpiece or with a globe for expanding the extraction area. •The testo DiSCmini not only measures the particle num-ber, but also supports the estimation of the biological burden by displaying the lung deposited surface area (LDSA). This value is relevant not in the least because hazardous substances are transported on the surface of relatively harmless particles, thereby finding their way into areas of the body where they would normally never reach.Testo, with its headquarters in Lenzkirch in the Black Forest, is a world market leader in the field of portable and station-ary measurement solutions. In 33 subsidiary companies around the world, 2,700 employees work in research, devel-opment, production and marketing for the high-tech com-pany. Customers all over the world are impressed by the measuring technology expert’s high-precision measuring instruments and innovative solutions for the measurement data management of the future. Testo products help save time and resources, protect the environment and human health and improve the quality of goods and services. An average annual growth of over 10% since the foundation of the company in 1957 and a current turnover of over a quarter of a billion euros clearly demonstrate that the Black Forest and high-tech systems are a perfect match. The above-average investments in the future of the company are also a part of Testo's recipe for success. Testo invests about a tenth of its annual global turnover in Research & Development.More information at About TestoS u b j e c t t o c h a n g e , i n c l u d i n g t e c h n i c a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s , w i t h o u t n o t i c e .Testo SE & Co. KGaACelciusstrasse 279822 Titisee-Neustadt Phone +49 7653 681-5062********************************。

电热丝在腐蚀环境中的选型标准英文回答：When selecting electric heating elements for corrosive environments, there are several key factors to consider. These factors include the type of corrosive environment, the temperature range, the material compatibility, and the desired lifespan of the heating element.Firstly, it is important to understand the type of corrosive environment that the electric heating element will be exposed to. Different corrosive environments, such as acidic or alkaline solutions, can have varying effects on different materials. For example, if the environment is highly acidic, it may be necessary to select a heating element that is resistant to acid corrosion, such as a titanium or nickel-based alloy.Secondly, the temperature range of the corrosive environment is also a crucial factor to consider. Somematerials may be resistant to corrosion at lower temperatures but may become susceptible to corrosion at higher temperatures. It is important to select a heating element that can withstand the maximum temperature of the corrosive environment without compromising its performance or integrity.Material compatibility is another important consideration. The heating element should be made of a material that is compatible with the corrosive environment. For example, if the environment contains chlorine, it is advisable to choose a heating element made of a material that is resistant to chlorine corrosion, such as stainless steel or Inconel.Lastly, the desired lifespan of the heating element should also be taken into account. Some materials may be more resistant to corrosion but have a shorter lifespan, while others may have a longer lifespan but may be more prone to corrosion. It is important to strike a balance between corrosion resistance and longevity based on the specific requirements of the application.In conclusion, when selecting electric heating elements for corrosive environments, factors such as the type of corrosive environment, temperature range, material compatibility, and desired lifespan should be carefully considered. By understanding these factors and selecting the appropriate materials, one can ensure the longevity and performance of the heating element in corrosive environments.中文回答：在选择电热丝用于腐蚀环境时，有几个关键因素需要考虑。

毫秒脉冲激光致硅光电二极管电学损伤的有限元分析及实验研究赵宏宇;王頔;魏智;金光勇【摘要】In this paper,based on the thermal elasto-plastic constitutive theory and the equivalent specific heat method,the electrical damage in the silicon-based positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodiode irradiated by millisecond (ms)-pulsed laser is investigated.On condition that the internal material of the photodiode is isotropic and threelayer structure of the P-I-N satisfying temperature continuity and heat flow balance,a two-dimensional (2D) simulation axisymmetric model for silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by ms-pulsed laser is built.The thermal and stress field distribution are simulated in the silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by the Nd:YAG ms-pulsed laser at 1064 nm through using the finite element simulation software.At the same time,electrical parameters before and after the experiment of the silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by pulsed laser are measured.The experimental results show that the surface is melted and ablated gradually with the increase of temperature in the high energy pulsed laser,and there is a gradient change for the temperature in spatial distribution.With the increase of laser energy density,photoelectric detector shows the temperature rise phenomenon and damage effect is more obvious.When the tensile stress or compressive stress is greater than 1.7 GPa,the photosensitive surface and the silicon lattice are damaged with the changes of thermal and stress fields.Bondcleavage can change the photogenerated carrier transport channel,and the transport time can be longer.In this process,the photogenerated electron-hole pairs are readily recombined,carrier lifetime decrease and carrier concentration increase,which leads to the increase of the dark current and the decrease of the responsivity.Eventually the performance of photodetector detection is reduced.Through comprehensive comparison between experiment and simulation,one can confirm that this theoretical model has a considerable level of reliability.The conclusion we can draw is that the threshold of electrical damage is 1.7 GPa.So the control of annealing temperature is extremely important for the process of making PIN photodiode.Preventing the lattice damage of the material can improve the product yield rate.In addition,from the point of view of the use of products,the stability of the working environment can extend the service life of products,and the detection accuracy is guaranteed.Conclusively,the results in this paper establish the foundation to investigate the electrical damage mechanism in the silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by ms-pulsed laser.%为了研究毫秒脉冲激光致硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤,基于热传导及弹塑性力学理论,在光电二极管内部材料各向同性并且P-I-N三层结构之间满足温度连续和热流平衡条件下,建立毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管二维轴对称模型,采用有限元方法模拟分析了1064 nm Nd:YAG毫秒量级脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管的温度场与应力场分布,并实验测量了硅基PIN光电二极管实验前后的电学参数.结果表明,激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管时,温升使材料表面熔融、烧蚀,并且在空间上存在温度梯度变化,即激光辐照产生的热与应力使光敏面及硅晶格晶键损伤,最终造成光电探测器的探测性能下降.研究结果可为毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤机理奠定基础.【期刊名称】《物理学报》【年(卷),期】2017(066)010【总页数】9页(P107-115)【关键词】毫秒激光;光电二极管;响应度;暗电流【作者】赵宏宇;王頔;魏智;金光勇【作者单位】长春理工大学理学院,吉林省固体激光技术与应用重点实验室,长春130022;长春理工大学理学院,吉林省固体激光技术与应用重点实验室,长春130022;长春理工大学理学院,吉林省固体激光技术与应用重点实验室,长春130022;长春理工大学理学院,吉林省固体激光技术与应用重点实验室,长春130022【正文语种】中文为了研究毫秒脉冲激光致硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤,基于热传导及弹塑性力学理论,在光电二极管内部材料各向同性并且P-I-N三层结构之间满足温度连续和热流平衡条件下,建立毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管二维轴对称模型,采用有限元方法模拟分析了1064 nm Nd∶YAG毫秒量级脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管的温度场与应力场分布,并实验测量了硅基PIN光电二极管实验前后的电学参数.结果表明,激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管时,温升使材料表面熔融、烧蚀,并且在空间上存在温度梯度变化,即激光辐照产生的热与应力使光敏面及硅晶格晶键损伤,最终造成光电探测器的探测性能下降.研究结果可为毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤机理奠定基础.PACS∶42.62.—b,85.60.Dw,44.10.+i DOI∶10.7498/aps.66.104203激光对光电探测器的损伤研究一直是激光与物质相互作用研究领域中的重要内容之一[1−5],人们对其本质机理认知有限,主要是因为激光损伤过程是一个多物理场耦合问题,并且在辐照时材料参数的改变增加了研究难度.电学性能是评价光电探测器性能优良的关键,激光与光电探测器相互作用研究可为激光对光电探测器电学性能损伤机理奠定基础,为光电探测器抗损伤研究提供支持.目前,国内外关于激光损伤光电探测器主要对HgCdTe材料研究较多,对硅基PIN 光电二极管的研究鲜有报道,硅基光电探测器相比于HgCdTe光电探测器具有量子效率高、响应速度快、质量小、测量精度高等优点,硅基光电探测器逐渐成为研究热点,因此,对于激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管其电学性能退化产生的损伤效果、损伤机理,用于改进光电探测器在光电方面的应用具有非常重要的研究价值.Watkins等[6]研究了光电探测器形貌损伤、损伤深度对光电探测器电学性能的影响.Moeglin[7]发现引起响应度发生明显的变化所需要的入射激光能量远比光电二极管上表面发生熔融的阈值大得多,随着入射激光能量密度的升高,损伤阈值逐渐降低.Vest和Grantham[8]观察到响应度下降与脉冲激光的能量密度有关,提出了响应度下降模型.Shaw等[9]发现激光辐照后,部分光电二极管恢复了初始的响应度.刘天华等[10]分析了光电材料对激光能量的吸收,提出了激光损伤光电二极管的计算模型.江继军[11]得到了载流子浓度与反射率之间的关系,并根据速率方程得到了激发与弛豫过程微分方程.Li等[12,13]得到了形貌损伤阈值随着掺杂浓度和结深增加而减小,伴随结深度的增加,电学损伤阈值上升.综上,已有的实验研究多为光电探测器损伤阈值研究,对其电学损伤机理研究较为浅显,因此本文着重对其电学损伤进行研究.本文针对毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管的热损伤建立了二维轴对称模型,对其辐照过程进行了模拟,明确了热源、光电二极管的各项参数对温度场以及应力场变化的影响,阐述了热应力对硅晶格晶键的作用,进一步分析了应力对光电探测器性能的影响,并给出了相应的应力场分布规律和光电二极管电学损伤阈值.模拟使用的元件为硅基PIN光电二极管,峰值响应波长在950 nm左右,对于1060 nm左右的光谱有较高的响应采用1064 nm Nd∶YAG激光进行辐照.其中P层是硅掺杂硼,浓度为5×1019/cm3,厚度1µm.N层是硅掺杂磷,浓度是1×1020/cm3,厚度1µm.I层是N型本征硅,浓度是2×1012/cm3,厚度200µm,I层可以增大耗尽区的宽度,达到减小扩散运动的影响、提高响应速度的目的.在P层的上表面镀有Si3N4增透膜,其厚度为0.35µm,直径1 mm.其硅[14]与Si3N4增透膜的物理参数见表1与表2,表1中T为温度.本文针对激光束垂直辐照硅基PIN光电二极管,入射光束为高斯光束的情况,建立了二维轴对称模型,如图1所示.PIN光电二极管选用的是中科44所GT102型光电二极管,其参数见表3.在模拟中使用1064 nm Nd∶YAG毫秒激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管,在这个过程中光电二极管吸收激光能量[15,16]并转化为热能,从而使探测器温升,此时存在着温度梯度[17−23]的变化瞬态热传导方程为式中,fsi为固相率,Li为熔融状态相变潜热,热源为Qi;Ti为t时刻第i层温度;ρi为第i层材料的密度;ci为第i层材料的比热;ki为第i层材料的热导率.光电探测器内部材料各向同性,热传导方程可以简化[14]为式中,β为各向同性体的应力-温度系数,εij为无限小应变张量,cv为热熔给定初始条件∶设定初始时刻PIN光电探测器的温度为298 K.给定边界条件∶设定表面为绝热.由于光斑半径小于光敏面半径,所以入射激光只穿透进硅层内一定的深度,则有[12] 式中,入射激光中心点的峰值功率为I0,硅的吸收率为RSi(T),激光束的空间分布为f(r),激光束的时间分布为g(t),硅的吸收系数为αSi(T).对于TEM00模的脉冲激光,可以表达为式中,a0为光斑半径,脉冲宽度为τ,激光输入能量为E,能量密度为Es.由热弹性方程[21]∶其中,Sr与Sq为应力分量,εr与εq为应变分量,γ为材料的泊松比,E为杨氏模量,α为材料的膨胀系数,可以得到光电二极管内三维热应力分布[21]∶ρ为密度,fm为屈服函数,gm为热流密度,βm为第一类一阶贝塞尔函数的根m=0,1,2···.3.1 温度场与应力场分析光电二极管在不同的能量密度下作用1 ms后,辐照中心点的温度变化随时间的关系如图2所示.可以观察到光电二极管的温度随着辐照时间的增加温度逐渐升高,当温度到达硅层熔融点1687 K前,光电二极管的温度上升得非常快.这是因为∶1)光电二极管中硅的吸收系数发生了改变,温度越高吸收系数越大,其数值从103m−1上升到了106m−1;2)材料的热传导系数随着温度的升高而降低,其数值从156W/(m·K)降低到了21.6 W/(m·K),使得探测器吸收了更多的激光能量并以热的形式沉积在光电探测器中.在1687 K后温度上升速度降低,可以观察到入射光能量密度降低,温升速度减缓.这是因为;1)在硅由固态向液态转变时,材料需要吸收大量的激光能量来维持温度上升;2)由于发生了相变,硅层的发射系数突然增大,使基底对激光能量的吸收大幅度减弱,造成了温升速度缓慢上升,并且由于热扩散和固态-液态相变吸收热量,使得温升速度降低.光电二极管辐照中心点轴向不同深度温度随时间的变化关系如图3所示.当τp=1.0 ms,I=100.24 J/cm2时,可以观察到随着激光辐照时间增加,热能逐渐沉积,探测器辐照中心点轴向温度随着深度的增加温度逐渐下降.由图可见,在探测器表面其温度高于硅的熔融温度1687 K,上表面发生了固态-液态相变,曲线温升减缓,这表明相变仅仅发生在探测器表面的区域内.上表面不同位置温度随时间的变化关系如图4所示.当τp=1.0 ms,I=100.24J/cm2时,在激光入射表面选取5个点.可以观察到在靶材的中心点位置处温度是最高的,因此,在这个位置最先发生固态-液态相变现象,随着距离的增加,温度逐渐降低.并在温度为1687 K时,曲线偏折程度越来越缓.设定硅基PIN光电二极管在激光脉宽为1.0 ms下进行辐照,通过模拟仿真得到了应力分布图.光电二极管上表面应力随位置变化关系如图5所示.图5(a)为光电二极管上表面径向应力随位置的变化关系,为τp=1.0 ms,I=100.24 J/cm2时,其径向应力最大值发生在0.23 ms时,最大应力值为−1.70 GPa.从图中可以观察到,光电二极管表面径向应力数值[21]是小于零的,此时为压应力.图5(b)为光电二极管上表面Mises应力随位置变化关系,当τp=1.0 ms,I=100.24 J/cm2时,其应力最大值发生在0.23 ms时,最大应力值为1.73 GPa.可以观察到,光电二极管表面Mises应力数值是大于零的,此时为拉应力.光电二极管中心轴应力随位置变化关系如图6所示.图6(a)为光电二极管中心轴径向应力随位置的变化关系,当τp=1.0 ms,I=100.24 J/cm2时,其径向应力最大值发生在0.23 ms时,最大应力值为−1.71 GPa,此时应力的存在形式为压应力.图6(b)为光电二极管中心轴Mises应力随位置的变化关系,当τp=1.0 ms,I=100.24J/cm2时,其应力最大值发生在0.23 ms时,最大应力值为1.72 GPa,此时应力的存在形式为拉应力.3.2 实验结果测量实验装置如图7所示.实验中所使用的激光器为镭宝光电Melar-10,输出能量范围1—10 J,脉宽0.5—3.0 ms可调,激光空间分布为高斯分布.实验时使用的激光脉宽为1 ms,能量计测得的激光能量分别为0.195,0.169,0.121,0.067,0.029 J.通过使用激光辐照靶面处的相纸得到光斑形状,再使用金相显微镜进行测量得到激光光斑半径.探测器表面温度通过KBU 1600-USB型点温仪进行测量,测量精度为测量值的0.75%,时间响应为10µs.在τp=1.0 ms的不同能量密度激光辐照下上表面中心点温度随时间的变化关系如图8所示,从图中可以得到其入射的激光能量密度为14.93—99.59 J/cm2.当辐照光电二极管器激光能量密度为14.93—86.15 J/cm2时,硅基PIN光电二极管的上表面没有达到熔点1687 K,当辐照光电二极管的激光能量密度I=99.59 J/cm2时,硅基PIN光电二极管在辐照0.3 ms后达到硅层熔点,并且之后一段时间内观察到有平台期(平台期在这里定义为1687 K后温度缓慢增长时期)出现,在辐照1.0 ms 后,硅基PIN光电二极管上表面中心点温度开始下降,并在2.67 ms上表面中心点完成降温过程.可以明显地观察到,当激光脉宽一定时,辐照光电探测器的入射光能量密度越大,硅基PIN光电二极管的光敏面温度越高.当辐照光电探测器激光能量密度较低时,硅基PIN光电二极管上表面温升速度较为缓慢,并且其最高温度没有达到硅层熔点,也未出现平台期.在入射激光能量密度较高时,硅基PIN光电二极管的温升现象十分明显,并且在这个过程中发生固态-液态相变,在辐照结束的时间点其温度达到最大值,此后中心点温度开始回落.在τp=1.0 ms激光作用下,硅基PIN光电二极管上表面损伤形貌如图9所示. 当I=14.93 J/cm2的入射激光作用于硅基PIN光电二极管时,硅基PIN光电二极管的上表面出现了固-液相变以及液-固相变,并且为不可恢复的塑性形变[18−20].当入射激光能量密度I=86.15 J/cm2时,在硅基PIN光电二极管的表面上出现了熔坑(熔坑定义为激光辐照后熔融处形成的坑其最低点低于光敏面位置).通过实验测量的金相损伤图可以看出,随着入射激光能量密度的增加,硅基PIN光电二极管先后发生了热熔融损伤、热应力破坏、热喷溅.已有理论和实验表明∶随着入射激光能量密度的增加,温度逐渐升高,硅基PIN光电二极管中的半导体硅吸收系数逐渐增大,同时热传导率降低,这是温度场发生变化的主要影响因素,并且随着距离的增加,产生了温度梯度,从而产生了热应力.同时,半导体材料硅具有连续性,其限制了辐照中心区域硅材料的自由膨胀,因此,非均匀的热膨胀将产生巨大的热应力.与此同时,半导体材料硅在高温的条件下性质转为塑性,其屈服强度将大幅降低.一旦最大的热应力超过临界应力,半导体材料硅将发生塑性形变并产生裂纹,这些发生塑性形变的原子将被转移到新的位置.在τp=1.0 ms激光作用下,光电二极管响应度下降比与损伤面积及最高温度的关系如图10所示.根据中华人民共和国电子工业部SJ 2354.6-83方法进行响应度测量.硅基PIN光电二极管的响应面积下降率与响应度下降比随入射激光能量密度的增加而增加.随着入射激光能量密度的增加,响应面积下降率与响应度下降比的增长趋势基本相同,因此响应度下降可能与感光面积降低有关.并且硅基PIN光电二极管的温度与响应度下降比随着入射激光能量密度的增加而增大,最初温度上升与响应度下降比增加得较快,但随着入射激光能量密度的增加,温升与响应度下降比增速逐渐减缓.当I=99.59 J/cm2时,响应度下降9.98%响应度测量误差的估计值为±0.001 A/W.在τp=1.0 ms激光作用下,光电二极管暗电流与损伤面积及最高温度的关系如图11所示.根据中华人民共和国电子工业部SJ 2354.3-83方法进行暗电流测量.硅基PIN光电二极管的损伤面积与暗电流随着激光能量密度的增加而增加,在入射激光能量密度较低时,损伤面积增长速度较快,暗电流上升速度较为缓慢.硅基PIN光电二极管的最高温度与暗电流随着激光能量密度的增加而增加,在入射激光能量密度较低时,温升速度较快,暗电流上升速度较为缓慢在能量密度达到90 J/cm2附近时,暗电流急速上升,相比于初始值2 nA提升了3个数量级暗电流测量误差为0.003%.3.3 仿真与实验对比分析将已有的实验结果与模拟仿真对比分析,可以得到∶毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管时,随着入射激光能量密度增加,光电探测器表现出明显的温升现象,并且损伤效果越加明显.在τp=1.0 ms时,仿真与实验温度对比分析如图12所示.当前模拟设定的激光能量密度为I仿真=100.24 J/cm2,其最高温度为1837 K.实验中入射激光能量密度I实验=99.59 J/cm2时,其最高温度为1807 K.从图12模拟温度与实验温度对比分析可以看出,模拟与实验符合度较高.在τp=1.0 ms时,其上表面应力与中心轴方向屈服应力分别为1.73 GPa与1.72 GPa,响应度下降9.98%,暗电流与初始值相比提高了3个数量级.在硅晶体的111晶面的110晶向,其晶格屈服应力[24,25]为1.7 GPa,而得到的仿真数据大于硅晶格的屈服应力,可能造成晶键断裂,使晶格发生损伤,晶键断裂会使载流子输运通道发生改变,输运时间变长,并且在这个过程中电子空穴快速复合,载流子寿命降低,载流子浓度升高[26],导致了暗电流上升,而光敏面的损伤使响应度降低,这严重的影响了光电探测器的电学性能.实验中定义响应度下降10%时为其电学损伤阈值,通过实验与仿真能量密度对比分析,其符合度较好,因此硅晶格的屈服应力1.7 GPa也是其电学损伤阈值点.本文研究了毫秒脉冲激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管时光电二极管内部的温度场与应力场的变化,实验过程中考虑了温升致材料参数变化,获得了其温度场与应力场的变化规律,并测量了光电二极管实验前后的电学参数变化.结果表明∶由于激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管时,温升使材料表面熔融、烧蚀等,光敏面面积减小,响应度降低;并且温度梯度发生了改变,从而产生了应力变化,当拉应力或压应力大于1.7 GPa时,造成晶格损伤,晶键断裂,而使暗电流上升,这严重地降低了光电探测器的探测性能.因此,在制作PIN光电二极管的过程中,退火的掌控是十分重要的,防止材料的晶格损伤,进而提高良品率.而从使用角度来看,工作环境的稳定可以延长其使用寿命,并且探测精度也有所保证.研究结果可为激光辐照硅基PIN光电二极管电学损伤机理奠定基础.In this paper,based on the thermal elasto-plastic constitutive theory and the equivalent specific heat method,the electrical damage in the silicon-based positive-intrinsic-negative(PIN)photodiode irradiated by millisecond(ms)-pulsed laser is investigated.On condition that the internal materialof the photodiode is isotropic and threelayer structure of the P-I-N satisfying temperature continuity and heat flow balance,a two-dimensional(2D)simulation axisymmetric model for silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by ms-pulsed laser is built.The thermal and stress field distribution are simulated in the silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by the Nd∶YAG ms-pulsed laser at 1064 nm through using thefinite element simulation software.At the same time,electrical parameters before and after the experiment of the silicon-based PIN photodiode irradiated by pulsed laser are measured.The experimental results show that the surface is melted and ablated gradually with the increase of temperature in the high energy pulsed laser,and there is a gradient change for the temperature in spatial distribution.With the increase of laser energy density,photoelectric detector shows the temperature rise phenomenon and damage effect is more obvious.When the tensile stress or compressive stress is greater than 1.7 GPa,the photosensitive surface and the silicon lattice are damaged with the changes of thermal and stress fields.Bond cleavage can change the photogenerated carrier transport channel,and the transport time can be longer.In this process,the photogenerated electron-hole pairs are readilyrecombined,carrier lifetime decrease and carrier concentration increase,which leads to the increase of the dark current and the decrease of the responsivity.Eventually the performance of photodetector detection is reduced.Through comprehensive comparison between experiment and simulation,one can confirm that this theoretical model has a considerable levelof reliability.The conclusion we can draw is that the threshold of electrical damage is 1.7 GPa.So the controlof annealing temperature is extremely important for the process of making PIN photodiode.Preventing the lattice damage of the material can improve the product yield rate.In addition,from the point of view of the use of products,the stability of the working environment can extend the service life of products,and the detection accuracy is 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1215[26]Tayagaki T,Usami N,Pan W,Hoshi Y,Ooi K,Kanemitsu Y 2012 Appl.Phys.Lett.101 133905 PACS∶42.62.—b,85.60.Dw,44.10.+i DOI∶10.7498/aps.66.104203*Project supported by science and technology department of Jilin Province in China(Grant No.20150622011JC).†Corresponding author.E-mail:***************。

铝阳极处理的应用其用途如下各项1.耐腐蚀(corrosion resistance):金属的氧化物较金属更安定,所以更耐腐蚀2.涂装附着性(paint adhesion) :太空及军事零件规格3.电镀铝:铝经阳极处理后适合电镀,因铝阳极处理表面为不连续氧化铝层,含许多孔,在磷酸镀浴中会形成导电性变成可电镀,而许多孔产生内锁反应(interlocking)镀层附着性加强4.装饰(decorative appearance):用不同铝合金,前处理,阳极处理系统可得非常耐久的各种装饰性表面5.电绝缘(electrical insulation):阳极处理镀层绝缘性很好并可耐高温而不必改变,应用在电容器(capasitor)工业上6.照相底板(photographic substrates):阳极处理所形成的多孔表面,将感旋光性物质(light-sensitive materials)渗入孔中可得到如同照相底(photographic film)7.发射性及反射性(emissivity and reflectivity)太空(aerospace),电子(electronics)及机械(machinery)等光热应用上8.耐磨性(abrasion resistance),低温(-4~10℃)之硫酸电解液阳极处理可得非常硬的阳极镀层(hard anodic coating)具有耐磨特性,应用在齿轮(gears),活塞(pistons),叶片(fanblade),燃料喷角(fuel nozzles)9.表面分析(surface analysis):铝基材在铬酸(chromic acid)做阳极处理可检测出表面缺陷(surface flaw)用来研究铝材料的冶金性质(metallurgical characteristics)铝阳极处理电解液1.传统硫酸电解液(conventional sulfuric acid anodizing electrolyte):用在装饰及防护(protective),厚度在2.5~30μm其配方如下:硫酸:H2SO4 12~25wt%浴温21℃电流密度260A/m电压12~22V铬酸阳极处理电解液(chromic acid anodizing Electrolyte)此浴较少用在装饰性,主要用在涂装,特别是军事零件,镀层厚度约10μm,其配方如下铬酸chromic acid 3~10%浴温40 ℃电压慢慢调高(30分钟) 0~40V电流密度0.3~0.5A/dm2磷酸阳极处理液(phosphoric acid anodizing Electrolyte)此浴主要用在电镀,产生大量的孔加强镀层附着性,其配方如下磷酸Phosphoric acid 3~20 Vol %浴温30~35℃电压50~60V时间15~30min硬质阳极处理液(hard anodizing Electrolyte)此浴系将氧化物膜溶解速率降低使氧化镀层厚度大于250μm得到非常硬且耐磨的表面,其配方如下硫酸Sulfuric acid 15Vol浴温temperature 0~3℃电流密度current density 2~2.5A/dm2电压20~60V时间60~200分草酸阳极处理液(oxalic acid anodixing Electrolyte)此浴可得黄色镀层(yellow coatings)比传统硫酸浴阳极处理镀层硬,其配方如下草酸3~10 wt%浴温24~35 ℃电流密度1~2 A/dm时间40~60分硼酸阳极处理液(boric acid anodizing Electrolyte)此浴主要用在制造电容器(electrical capacitors) ,柠檬酸浴(Citrates)及酒石酸浴(Tastrates)也可用. 磺化有机酸(sulfonated Organic Acid )硫酸混合阳极处理液,此浴可得青铜(bronze)金色(gold),灰色(gray)及黑色阳极处理镀层,其镀层较传统硫酸浴的镀层致密(dense)且硬(hard)阳极处理镀层着色(colring Anodic Coating )着色方法有电解(Electrolytic procedure),有机染色(organic dyes),无机染色(inorganic pigments)及电镀金属(Electrolytically deposited metal)等方法16.4 封孔(sealing )封孔为阳极处理的后处理(postanodizing treatment) ,封孔是将镀层的孔(pores)封住成为没有吸附性的表面(nonabsorptive)或将一些物质渗入镀层孔内以改变或改进镀层特性封孔过程(sealing process) 包挂溶解氧化物(dissolution)及氢氧化物(hydroxide)再沉(repreci pitation)在孔内或将他的物质沉积在孔内而形成具有特性的致密表面铝阳极处理设备1.电接触(electrical contact):因阳极镀层不易导电,所以铝的表面最初就须完全接触2.挂具(racks):用铝或纯钛做挂具,要避免过热(overheating)及弧光(arcing),铝挂具会形成氧化物层可用苛性钠(caustic soda)溶解掉再用3.冷却(coolin)及搅拌(agitation),阳极处理会放出热量,为维持操作温度(operating temperature)需用冷却蛇管(cooling coil )或热交换器(heat exchanger)冷却控制温度,搅拌可用空气或机械搅拌4.槽里衬(tank linigs):316不锈钢,锑铅(antimonial lead ),碲铅(Tellurium Lead)被用做衬里及阴极,内衬(inert lining)可用橡胶(rubber),塑料(plastic),或玻璃(Glass)5.电力供应(power supply):可由直流发电机(motor generators)或整流器(rectifiers)供应阳极处理所需要的电力, 一般需24v,但在硬质阳极处理及电解着色电压可达到100v,最好能有定压及定电流的控制(constant current and voltage )6.液雾排除(fume removal):需要有适当排风设备阳极处理的工艺流程﹕除油→碱槽→酸洗3次→氧化阳极→着色→封孔→烤箱→检验→包装→出货阳极处理1.阳极处理的目的与应用一般铝合金很容易氧化，氧化层虽有一定钝化作用，但长期曝露之结果，氧化层仍会剥落，丧失保护作用，因此阳极处理的目的即利用其易氧化之特性，藉电化学方法控制氧化层之生成，以防止铝材进一步氧化，同时增加表面的机械性质。

材料专业英语论文篇一：材料专业中英文辞汇【A】a-grain 高铝颗粒abbe refractometer 阿贝折射计abbertite 黑沥青ablation 花费abnormal setting 异样凝结abnormal steel 异样钢abradant 摩擦剂……【B】B-H curveB-H 曲线(同磁滞曲线)back and design 後端设计back annotation 背面注解back rack 背後接线架back roll 背压轧辊back sand 背砂……【C】c-frame forging hammer 弓架锻鎚c-frame press 弓架压机C-process (croning process)克氏造模法(壳模法) cabal glass 钙硼铝玻璃cable cover 电缆盖cable sheathing alloy 电缆外包合金cacite 方解石……【D】D-nickelD 镍dacite 石英安山石Dacron polyester fibers 达克隆聚脂纤维Daetwyler-Schiltknecht abrasion machine 戴许磨耗机dam block 水闸方块Damage line [疲劳]损害比例Damage ratio 达马新法……【E】E.B.M (electron beam machining)电子束加工，电刻E.C.M. (electrochemical machining)电化加工E.D.M (electrical discharge machining)放电加工Earing 成耳(冲压)Early-strenghth cement 早强水泥Easy glide plane 易滑面Ebonite 硬橡胶(皮)Eccentric converter 偏心转炉……【F】Fabriacation 制造，打造构制，组合face brick 饰砖face down bonding/face bonding 面朝下接合face wall 面墙Face-centered cubic (f.c.c.)面心立方face-centered cubic (FCC)面心立方……【G】g-line stepperg 线步进机G-valueG 值gable tile 山墙瓦gable wall 投料墙gadget 支架gage length 标距gaging 规测gain refiner 微晶剂……【H】H steelH 钢(硬化能带钢)H-beamH 型梁H-MonelH 蒙镍合金H.A.Z. crack (heat affected zpne crack)热影响区裂痕habit plane 晶癖面hack 格架Hacksaw 弓锯Haigl machine 海氏疲劳实验机……【I】I/O switching transition I/O介面转换时间ice cleaning equipment 冰粒洗涤机ice jet cleaning equipment 冰粒喷射涤装置ID mark 辨识标记IDD quiescent test 等待电流静态测试illite 伊莱石(从矿)……【J】jack arch 平拱jamb wall 侧墙jamming 接收干扰jamming rate 干扰率jar mill 瓶磨jasper ware 贾士巴陶石器joint line 接缝joint test action group 联合测试推动集体…..【K】kaolin 高岭土kaolinite 高岭石Kelly sedimentation tube 克里沉积管Kelvin contact 开耳芬接点kerf loss 截口损失kerf thickness 刀刃（截口）厚度Key brick 键砖……【L】lacustrine clay 湖积[黏]土laitance 渗出物(泥)laminate 叠片laminated glass 层合玻璃lamination 层状组织(陶)lamp arrangement 灯泡排列lamp-blown 喷灯吹制(玻)lancing 清除……【M】M-alkalinityM 硷度m-vinylphenol 邻乙烯基酚m-vinyltoluene 间乙烯基苯Mack's cement 麦克胶合剂magnesia 镁氧；苦土magnesioferrite 镁铁矿magnesite 菱镁矿……【N】n-methacrylamiden- 甲基丙烯醯胺n-type semiconductorｎ型半导体n-vinylimidazole 氮领乙烯基咪唑nacrite 珍珠陶土nail head bonder 钉头式接合机，钉头式压接机nano glass 奈米玻璃nano photo-catalysis ceramics 奈米光触媒陶瓷……【O】o-triphenylmethylstarch 邻-三苯代甲基淀粉o-vinyltoluene 邻乙烯基苯oblique incidence illumination 倾射入射照明oblique lighting 斜角照明observability 可观察性obsidian 黑曜石ochre 赭石off line 离线……【P】p-styrenesulfonamide p-乙烯氨磺醯p-styrenesulfonic acid p-苯乙烯磺酸p-toluenesulfonamide 对-甲苯磺醯胺p-trimethoxysilylstyrene 对三甲氧甲矽烷基苯乙烯p-vinylbenzamide 对乙烯基苯醯胺p-vinyltoluene 对乙烯基苯P-xylyenediamine polyamides 对双二胺甲基聚醯胺p-xylylene 对苯二甲……【Q】quad flat package 四侧面脚端表面安装型封装体quarry 采石场quartz 石英quasiceramic 似陶瓷quenching 骤冷quick dump rinse 快速倾卸冲洗quick setting 快凝……【R】r-terpinene 不旋松油精radial brick 辐形砖radial temperature uniformity 径向温度均一性radiant arc furnace 辐射电弧炉radio frequency quadrapole accelerator 高频四重极加速器radio frequency workcoil 高频工作线圈radio-frequency heating 射频加热radition shield 辐射屏障【S】s-n curves s-n曲线saccharin 糖精sacrificial anodes 捐躯阳电极sacrificial red 祭红saggar 匣钵sagging 下垂sago starch 西米淀粉sags 表膜不匀……【T】T control 接合温度控制T monitor 接合温度监控器table 台；盘table oscillator 平盘摆动机tablet 小片，小块tabular alumina 管状铝氧tack 粘性tack temperature 赋粘温度……【U】ulexite 硼酸钠方解石ultimate analysis 元素分析ultimate line 住留谱线ultimate properties 极限特性ultimate strain 极限应变ultimate strength 极限强度ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 超高分子量聚乙烯ultra-micro crystal 超微晶体……【V】vacuum bag 真空袋vacuum bag molding 真空袋模制vacuum chuck of rotary table 旋转台真空吸盘vacuum drawing 真空拉制vacuum embedding 真空嵌置vacuum evaporation system 真空蒸镀系统vacuum firing 真空烧制……【W】wafer 晶圆wafer alignment 晶圆对准wafer automatic transfer system 晶圆自动传送系统篇二：材料专业英语翻译Unit1Advanced Engineering MaterialsTypes of Materials材料的类型Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (onceliving) and inorganic (never living) materials.材料可以按多种方式分类。

质量治理体系文件1.0 目的:通过对环境目标制订﹐能够使监督部门明确标准，便于对公司内、外部的有害物质进行管控，满足客户的需求。

2.0 范畴:适用于本公司环境治理.3.0定义﹕无管理级别：上述物质按照以下3种管理级别进行管理:1 级：关于该物质及其用途立即禁止使用。

2 级：关于该物质及其用途规定一定时期予以禁用，超过个别规定的时程之后，必须不能在部件及材料中使用，到达期限时指定为〝1 级〞。

3 级：目前尽管没有规定日期以及削减目标，但指定了打算削减在部件和材料中含量的物质及其用途。

(若使用该物质那么须告知使用部位，浓度…等)均质物质均质物质指无法藉由机械方法(例如：拆解、剪、切、锯、磨等方式) 将组件拆離成不同的单一材料」。

例如无电镀、涂布的塑料外壳为一均质物质，电镀或涂布层那么视为另一种物质。

禁用物质禁用物质指在零件或部品的制造过程中，不管是有意添加或是天然存在，禁止使用的物质。

这些物质最低浓度限值及测试方法被规范在相关的法律规范内。

禁止供货时期部件和材料禁止向XX供货的时期。

无卤(低卤)材料XX对无卤的规范依据IEC 61249-2-21:2003的标准，卤素的管制仅适用于氯(Cl)及溴(Br)两类的化合物。

其它卤素(氟[F]、碘[I]、砈[At])并不在管制的范畴内。

N.D.: negative: Not detected/ Not detectable，小于侦测极限; 阴性; 未检出。

N/A：不适用。

PPM, ppm: Parts Per Million，百万分之ㄧ。

1 ppm=1 mg/kg=0.0001%〔重量比〕承诺浓度由于技术上的限制，产品中承诺可能含有环境关联治理物质的大浓度上限。

质量治理体系文件。