高分子化学常见名词（中英文）Side groupsAll the carbon based polymers you will findmentioned on this site have the structure-C-C-C-C-C-C- etc. Anything hanging off thatcentre chain that is not a hydrogen atom is a sidegroup.侧基：任何悬挂在高分子主链上的非氢原子均称为侧基。
Functional GroupAn atom or group of atoms that has similarchemical behavior, no matter what the rest of themolecule looks like. For example, the hydroxy (OH)group in all alcohols has similar reactivity, as doesthe thio (SH) group in all thiols.官能团：分子中存在的一部分原子、原子团或特征结构，容易发生体现分子主要性质的某些特征反应，因此称它们为官能团。
Hydrogen bondThe strongest attraction between two dipoles iswhen one or both of them involves a bond betweenhydrogen and a strongly electronegative atom, likeoxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. Because hydrogenonly has one electron, if it forms a bond with anelement that is very keen to grab an electron, itbecomes much more positive than an element thathas plenty of other electrons left to hang aroundthe positively charged nucleus. Dipole-dipoleinteractions between these sort of molecules (likewater {H2O}, ammonia {NH3}, hydrofluoric acid{HF}) are so much stronger than ordinarydipole-dipole bonds that we give them the specialname of 'hydrogen bonds'.氢键：氢键是极性很强的X－H键上的氢原子与另外一个键上电负性很大的原子上的孤对电子相互吸引而形成的一种键。
氢键作用力比一般的偶极间相互作用力大。
氢键具有饱和性和方向性。
MonomerAny small molecule that can undergo a reaction inwhich it is incorporated into a large moleculecontaining many similar units. Commonmonomers are vinyl acetate, styrene, butadieneand vinyl chloride. (Yes, it is appropriate toconsider hydrocarbons as polymers of methylene!) 单体:能够发生反应生成大分子的小分子物质，最常用的单体如：醋酸乙烯，苯乙烯，丁二烯，氯化乙烯等。
（习惯上称亚甲基聚合物为碳氢化合物）PolymerA large molecule (molecular weight ~10 000 orgreater) composed of many smaller molecules(monomer) covalently bonded together. Some ofus think they are much better than any of thoselittle molecules, but the other chemists are alwaystelling us size doesn't matter.聚合物：由许多小分子（单体）通过共价键连接而成的大分子物质（分子量大于1万）。
PolymerisationThe process in which many small molecules(molecular weight ~100) are joined together toform a few, much larger molecules (molecularweight 10 000 - 10 000 000). The two ways inwhich this happens are chain-growth andstep-growth polymerisation.聚合：许多小分子物质（分子量约为100）连接在一起生成高分子（分子量为104－107）的过程。
主要有连锁聚合和逐步聚合两大类。
Free RadicalA member of the socialist party not caught byMcCarthy's inquisition. Also a molecule which hasan odd number of electrons. The "unpaired"electron feels lonely and wants to find a friend. Ifit finds something that might be willing to give itan electron it reacts very quickly with it. Moleculessuch as other radicals and alkenes turn out to begood things for radicals to attack. The reaction ofradicals with the double bonds in alkenes is howsome of us earn our living.自由基：化合物中共价键发生均裂时，共价键上两个电子分属于两个基团，这种带独电子的基团呈中性。
Radical Chain PolymrizationChain polymerization is initiated by a reactivespecies R* produced from some compound Itermed an initiator. The reactive species, whichmay be a free-radical, adds to a monomermolecule by opening the -bond to form a newradical. The process is repeated as many moremonomer molecules are successively added tocontinuously propagate the reactive center.Polymer growth is terminated at some point bydestruction of the reactive center by anappropriate reaction depending on the type ofreactive center and the particular reactionconditions.自由基聚合：由一种称为引发剂的化合物产生的反应种所引发的链式聚合。
这个带有自由基的反应种通过打开双键加入到单体分子上，从而形成新的自由基。
这个过程不断重复，更多的单体连续地加入到反应中心上，形成大的自由基反应中心。
当一种破坏反应中心的反应发生时，聚合物增长被终止，这将依赖于反应中心的类型和特定的反应条件。
Addition PolymerisationAlso known as chain-growth polymerisation. Themechanism in which large numbers of usuallyidentical small molecules are joined together torapidly form a single large molecule. This involvesthe addition of reactive centre (anion, cation, orunpaired electron) to a multiple bond to form anew bond and a new reactive centre - which reactswith another multiple bond, et cetera... Thefinished chain then hangs around without reactingwhile more of the starting material reacts to formnew polymer chains.加成聚合：又称为连锁聚合。
聚合机理是，大量的小分子快速地连接在一起形成一个大分子。
反应中心（阴离子、阴离子和不成对电子）加成到单体的双键中生成新的键和新的反应中心，之后再与另一个单体反应，以此持续反应下去。
当不再反应时，链的增长停止，同时新的反应开始，生成新的聚合物链。
InitiatorA compound required to start a chain reaction,such as free-radical polymerisation. Unlike acatalyst, it is consumed in the reaction, but only asmall quantity is normally required since onemolecule of initiator can initiate the reaction ofmany other molecules.引发剂：能够引起连锁反应（如自由基聚合）的化合物。
