• Pulmonary rales • Cardiac edema
– Symmetric and dependent in the legs – Most prominet in evening
• Hydrothorax and ascites • Congestive hepatomegaly.
12
Infection Arrhythmias Physical, dietary, fluid, environmental, and emotional excesses Myocardial infarction Pulmonary embolism Anemia Thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy Aggravation of hypertension Rheumatic, viral, and other forms of myocarditis Infective endocarditis
3
UNDERLYING CAUSES
Ischemic heart disease Cardiomyopathies Congenital, valvular and hypertensive heart disease (potentiNG FACTORS
Other symptoms
Fatigue and weakness Abdominal symptoms Cerebral symptoms
9
PHYSICAL FINDINGS OF HF • General findings –↓Pulse pressure （severe HF) –↓ SBP with cool, diaphoretic extremities, and Cheyne -Stokes respiration – Cyanosis, sinus tachycardia
