Lecture 6 The Genetic Code

计算机英语教程第六版Computer English Tutorial, 6th EditionComputer English Tutorial, 6th Edition, provides a comprehensive guide to learning English in the context of computers and technology. This edition covers the fundamentals of computer terminology, programming, networking, and cybersecurity, making it suitable for both beginners and intermediate learners. With a practical approach and engaging exercises, this tutorial is designed to enhance the English language skills of computer enthusiasts and professionals alike.The tutorial begins with an introduction to basic computer terminology. It covers essential terms such as hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, and input/output devices. Each term is explained in clear and concise language, accompanied by relevant examples, making it easier for learners to grasp the concepts. The tutorial also includes exercises to reinforce understanding and aid in memorization.Moving on, the tutorial delves into the world of programming. It provides a step-by-step guide to understanding programming concepts, including variables, data types, conditionals, loops, and functions. Learners are introduced to popular programming languages such as Python and Java, and are encouraged to practice writing their own code. The tutorial also includes coding exercises and quizzes to assess the learners' progress.The networking section of the tutorial is dedicated to familiarizing learners with the basics of computer networks. Topics coveredinclude local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), routers, switches, and protocols. Learners will also gain an understanding of IP addresses, subnetting, and network troubleshooting. Real-world examples and case studies are used to illustrate networking concepts and enhance comprehension.In today's digital age, cybersecurity is of paramount importance. The tutorial covers essential cybersecurity principles, including threat identification, risk assessment, and vulnerability management. Learners will gain knowledge in areas such as encryption, authentication, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. The tutorial also provides guidance on security best practices and emphasizes the importance of ethical hacking and responsible online behavior.At the end of each chapter, the tutorial offers a comprehensive review to reinforce the learned material. These reviews include multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blanks exercises, and practical scenarios, allowing learners to assess their progress and identify areas for improvement.In addition to the main content, the tutorial includes a glossary of computer terms and a list of recommended resources for further learning. Learners can refer to the glossary for quick reference and use the recommended resources to deepen their understanding of specific topics.Computer English Tutorial, 6th Edition, is an invaluable resource for anyone seeking to enhance their English language skills in the domain of computers and technology. Whether you are a student, aprofessional, or simply an enthusiast, this tutorial provides a solid foundation in both English language and computer concepts. With its practical approach and comprehensive coverage, it is an essential guide for mastering computer English.。

新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇1.生物学antibody 抗体, toxin 毒素, immunity 免疫（immune system）, immunology 免疫学, vaccine 疫苗（bacterin菌苗）, fungus 真菌(fungi), bacteria 细菌（spreading disease）, fermentation 发酵, inflection 传染/ 感染（infected plant）, microorganism / microbe 微生物, virus 病毒（anti-virus 防病毒）, disinfection 消毒（disinfect vt.将…消毒）, sterilization 灭菌/消毒, biology 生物学, marine biology 海洋生物学, entomology 昆虫学, ornithology 鸟类学, microbiology 微生物学, genetics 遗传学, speciology 物种学, parasitology 寄生虫学（parasitifer 宿主, 例句：The reason that caused the patients toxic is that the seeds of Cuscuta菟丝子属japonica山茶contains the same toxic components as its parasitifer Coriaria sinica. 大菟丝子引起中毒是因为含有与寄主马桑相同的毒性成分所致。

）, paleontology 古生物学, paleontologist 古生物学家, dinosaur 恐龙, die out / extinction 灭绝, mammal 哺乳动物, carnivore 食肉动物, rodent 啮齿类动物（grinding teeth 磨牙）, underwater 水下的, marine海洋的, scuba水下呼吸器diving, 潜水/ 跳水, one-celled organism 单细胞有机体, tissu（动植物细胞的）组织, single-cell 单细胞, protective camouflage 保护色（octopus章鱼, chameleon 变色龙）, predator 捕猎者, oceanic 海洋的, snail 蜗牛（mollusk / mollusc软体动物）, animal adaptation 动物适应性, survival of the fittest 适者生存, origin of species 物种起源, wild environment 野生环境, insecticide 杀虫剂（pesticide / insectifuge / insect repellent）, prenatal care 产后护理, habitat 栖息地, tentacle 触须（palpus 触须复数–palp 单数, tentaculum (tentacula pl.), whisker胡须）, prey 捕食, navigate 导航, receptor 接收器, nerve 神经, specimen 物种, amphibian 两栖类动物（frog, toad / bufonid 蟾蜍, giant salamander大鲵俗称娃娃鱼）, decline in the number 数量减少, gene 基因, genetic 基因的，遗传的, endangered species 濒危动物（extinct species）, survival 活着的, transition 转变/过渡, microbe 微生物, yeast 酵母（菌）, catalyst 催化剂, reptile 爬行类动物（lizard蜥蜴, snake, turtle 龟, soft-shelled turtle 鳖, crocodile 鳄鱼, chameleon 变色龙, gecko 壁虎）, hatch 孵化/ incubation 孵化, (Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.切莫过于乐观) nest 巢, offspring 子孙, chew up 咀嚼, unfertilized eggs 未受精卵, nutrient 营养品, nutrition 营养, nutrilite 营养物，微量营养物, nourishment 营养品/ 食物, feed 喂养, cannibalism 同类相食, respiration 呼吸, ingestion 摄食, digestion 消化, digestive enzyme 消化酶, cell 细胞, nucleus 细胞核, cytoplasm 细胞质, plasma lemma / cell membrane 细胞膜, cell wall 细胞壁, protein 蛋白质, amino acid 氨基酸, plankton 浮游生物, heredity 遗传（inheritance 遗传，继承, inherit v.）, mutation of species 物种变异, mutation 变种, chromosome 染色体, genetic engineering 遗传工程, solitary 独居, social 群居, swamp 沼泽地、湿地, bio-diversity 生物多样性, metamorphosis 变态/变形, variation 变异, blight 枯萎, soil-borne 土壤产生的, host plant 寄主植物, parasitifer 宿主植物2. 动物学zoology 动物学, Darwinism 达尔文学说, natural selection 自然选择, phylum 门, class 纲, order 目, sub-order 亚目, family 科, genus 属, species 种,invertebrate 无脊椎动物, vertebrate 脊椎动物, aquatic life 水生动物, reptile爬行动物, amphibian/amphibious animal 两栖动物, protozoa 原生动物, rodent 啮齿动物, ruminant 反刍动物, parasitic animal 寄生动物, primate 灵长动物, plankton 浮游生物, mollusk 软体动物, coelenterate 腔肠动物（如水母jellyfish、海蜇、珊瑚coral等）, herbivore 食草动物, carnivore 食肉动物, mammal 哺乳动物, homotherm 恒温动物又称为温血动物（鸟类birds：ostrich 鸵鸟, penguin 企鹅, stork 鹳, chick / chicken, duck, eagle / halk 鹰, crane 鹤, sea gull 鸥, parrot 鹦鹉, cuckoo 杜鹃, night owl 猫头鹰, sparrow 麻雀；哺乳动物mammal：kangaroo 袋鼠, hedgehog 刺猬, bat, rabbit, mouse / rat, cat, dog, whale, panda, seal 海豹, ox / cow / cattle, horse, sheep, pig, monkey, human）poikilotherm 变温动物又称cold-blooded animal 冷血动物（snake earthworm 蚯蚓, frog青蛙, giant salamander 大鲵, fishes 鱼, chameleon 变色龙）, scavenger 食腐动物, carnivorous 食肉的, herbivorous 食草的, omnivorous杂食的, camouflage 伪装, hibernate 冬眠/ 蛰伏, regeneration 再生, predatory adj. / carnivore 食肉的, predator 捕食者, prey 捕食, hordes / swarms（昆虫等）群, flock（牛、羊等）群, community 动物的群落或人的部落, population 种群, herd 兽群, hygiene 卫生（food hygiene）, sanitation 公共卫生、卫生设施, monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的, polygamous 一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的, polyandrous 一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的, nomadic 游牧的；流浪的, trapper 诱捕动物者, niche 小生态环境, vestige退化器, fertilizer 受精媒介物, metabolism 新陈代谢, breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖, multiply / reproduce繁殖, spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵, anatomy 解剖学, appetite 食欲, creature 生物, scales 鳞, feathers 羽毛, armor 甲spinal cord 脊椎, digestive duct 消化管, esophagus 食管, stomach 胃, small intestine 小肠, large intestine 大肠, anus 肛门, digestive gland 消化腺, salivary gland唾液腺, liver 肝, gallbladder 胆, bladder 膀胱, pancreas 胰人体九大系统：digestive system 消化系统, excretory system 排泄系统, reproductive system 生殖系统, circulatory system 循环系统, respiratory system 呼吸系统, hormonal system 内分泌系统, urinary system 泌尿系统, immune system 免疫系统, nerve system 神经系统squirrel 松鼠, marten 貂, bat 蝙蝠, squeak（老鼠等）吱吱, otter 水獭, antelope 羚羊, gorilla 大猩猩, chimpanzee 黑猩猩, baboon 狒狒, hyena 鬣狗, beaver 海狸, moose 驼鹿, elk 麋鹿, reindeer 驯鹿, giraffe 长颈鹿, rhinoceros 犀牛, hippo 河马, sloth 树懒, slothful 懒惰的, frog 青蛙, tadpole 蝌蚪, salamander 蝾螈/ 大鲵, scorpion 蝎子, turtle 龟, lizard 蜥蜴, chameleon 变色龙, caymen / crocodile 鳄鱼, centipede 蜈蚣, robin 知更鸟, owl 猫头鹰, barnacle 北极鹅, canary 金丝雀（canary wharf 伦敦金丝雀码头）, chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）, vulture 秃鹫, ptarmigan 雷鸟, migrate 迁移, plumage 羽体, wing 翅膀, bill 鸟嘴, beak（鹰等的）嘴, insect 昆虫, wasp 黄蜂, hornet 大黄蜂, spider 蜘蛛, pest 害虫, worm 虫/蠕虫, cicada 蝉, mantis 螳螂, cockroach 蟑螂, antenna / tentacle 触须, larva 幼虫, mating ritual 求偶仪式, preen 洋洋得意, groom 打扮, inhibit 抑制、禁止, disinhibition抑制, displacement 取代,3. 海洋生物学jellyfish 水母, nettlefish 海蜇, coral 珊瑚, dolphin 海豚, whale 鲸鱼, shrimp 小虾, prawn 对虾, lobster 龙虾, crab螃蟹, mussel 贻贝；蚌类, clam 蛤蜊, oyster 牡蛎, sponge 海绵, starfish 海星, squid 鱿鱼；乌贼, octopus章鱼, sole 鳎；鳎目鱼, plaice / flatfish 鲽，红斑比目鱼（flounder）4. 植物学botany 植物学, botanical / botanic 植物学的, horticulture 园艺学, aquatic plant 水生植物, parasite plant寄生植物, root 根, canopy 树冠层/顶棚, foliage / leaf 叶, leaflet 小叶, rosette（叶的）丛生, stem 茎, stalk杆, leafstalk 叶柄, shoot / sprout 嫩芽/抽枝, flower 花, bud 花蕾, petal 花瓣, peel / skin 果皮, shell（硬）果壳husk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶, trunk 树干, bark 树皮, branch 树枝, bough 大或者粗的树枝, twig 小树枝, jungle丛林, lawn 草坪, meadow 草地/牧场, prairie 大草原, mosses 苔藓, shrub / bush 灌木, cluster 一簇（灌木）, fern 蕨类植物, horsetails 木贼类植物, club mosses 石松类植物, herb 草, photosynthesis光合作用, chlorophyll 叶绿素symbiosis 共生, symbiotic 共生的, wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢, blossom 花, pollen 花粉, pollinate 传授花粉, petal 花瓣, nectar 花蜜, tissue 组织, organ 器官, system 系统, seeds种子, everlasting永久的, crossbreed 杂交, root pressure 根压, bore 腔/肠, cohesion-tension 凝聚压力, column 花柱, necrosis坏死, barren 贫瘠的；不生育的, futile 无用的, carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）, glucose 葡萄糖, starch 淀粉, fat 脂肪, protein 蛋白质, vitamin 维他命, mal nourish ed 营养不良的（mal-不好, 坏的）, nutrition 营养, perennial 多年生的, annual 一年一生的, verdant 绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的, evergreen 常青树, conifer tree 针叶树, larch 落叶松, pine 松树, spruce 云杉, juniper 刺柏；杜松, sequoia 红杉, elm 榆树, walnut 核桃树, redwood 红木树, plum blossom 梅花, orchid 兰花, chrysanthemum 菊花, water lily 荷花/莲花, rhododendron杜鹃花, rose 玫瑰, carnation 康乃馨, lily 百合, jasmine 茉莉花, helianthus / heliotrope / sunflower 向日葵, camellia 茶花, corn / maize / mealie 玉米, pumpkin 南瓜, tomato 番茄, lettuce 莴苣, cabbage 卷心菜, wheat 小麦, rye 黑麦, barley 大麦, oats燕麦, germinate （使）发芽, 生长, remnant 剩余/ remains 剩余, dwindle 减少/ decline / decrease / dip5. 气象学meteorology 气象, meteorologist 气象学家, meteorological station 气象站, forecast / predict 预报, climate 气候, atmosphere 大气层, troposphere 对流层, stratosphere 平流层, mesosphere 中间层, ionosphere 电离层, exosphere 逸散层, cold front 冷锋, warm air mass 热气团current（气）流moisture 潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间, vapor 蒸汽, evaporate 蒸发, damp / moist / humid 潮湿, humidity 湿度, moisture 潮湿/ 水分, saturate 饱和, dew 露, frost 霜, fog / mist 雾, smog 烟雾, droplet 小水, condense 浓缩, crystal水晶体, sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层, downpour / torrential rain 大雨, tempest (storm) / torrential rain 暴风雨, drizzle 细雨, shower 阵雨, hail 冰雹, blizzard / snowstorm 暴风雪, avalanche / snow slide 雪崩, precipitation（雨、露、雪等）降水, thunder 雷, breeze 微风, sandstorm 沙暴, monsoon 季风, gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风, hurricane 飓风, tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风, wind scale 风级, tsunami / seismic sea wave 海啸, tidal wave 潮汐；浪潮,upper atmosphere 上层大气, funnel 漏斗云, disaster / calamity /catastrophe灾难, devastation 破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾convection 对流wind velocity 风速, wind direction 风向, long-range forecast 长期预报, numerical weather prediction 数值天气预报, nephanalysis 云层分析；卫星云图6. 地质学crust 地壳, mantle 地幔, core 地核, continental crust大陆地壳, oceanic crust 海洋地壳, layer / stratum 地层, stratigraphy 地层学, fault 断层, fault plane 断层面, fault zone 断层带, rift / crack / split 断裂, disintegration /decomposition 分解, erosion 腐蚀, fossil 化石, igneous rock 火成岩, sedimentary rock 沉积岩, metamorphic rock 变质岩, limestone 石灰岩, granite 花岗岩, marble 大理石, lithosphere 岩石圈, magma / molten lava 岩浆, quartz 石英, mineral 矿物, ore 矿石, deposit 矿床, rubble 碎石, debris 残骸, platinum 白金/ 铂金, silver 银, copper 黄铜, aluminum 铝tin 锡, lead 铅, zinc 锌, nickel 镍, mercury 汞/水银, sodium 钠, gem 宝石diamond 钻石, emerald 绿宝石, ruby 红宝石, glacier 冰川glacial 冰川的, glacial epoch / age / period 冰川期, glacial drift 冰渍, moraines 冰碛, iceberg 冰山volcano 火山, active volcano 活火山, extinct volcano 死火山, dormant volcano 休眠火山, (sloping) shield volcano 盾状火山（平缓）, (steep-sided) cone volcano 锥状火山（陡峭）, eruption 火山喷发, crater 火山口, caldera （开口较大的）火山口, depression 洼地，凹陷处；盆地, lava 火山岩浆, volcanic dust 火山尘, volcanic ash 火山灰, geyser 间歇喷泉, hot spring 温泉, earthquake / quake / tremor / seism 地震, seismic 地震的, seismology 地震学, magnitude 震级, seismic intensity scale 震烈度, seismicwave 地震波, transverse wave 横波, longitudinal wave 纵波, epicenter 震中, epicentral distance 震中距, aftershock 余震cataclysm 灾变, tsunami / tidal / force 海啸, undersea landslide 海底山崩, melt global warming 全球逐渐变暖, aquifer 蓄水层, swamp 沼泽, peat bog 泥炭沼泽, Great Canyon 大峡谷, Nile River 尼罗河, Colorado river 科罗拉多河, crumples zones 地质缓冲地带, bedrock 岩床, bulge 凸起物7. 考古学archaeology 考古学, paleontology 古生物学, anthropolog 人类学, archaeologist 人类学家, pale-anthropologist古人类学家, ecological anthropologist 生态人类学家, psychological anthropologist 心理人类学家, originate起源于, ancestor 祖先hominid 人（科）, homogeneous 同以种族（种类）的tribe 部落, clan 氏族, excavation 挖掘, excavate / unearth 挖掘, ruins 遗迹/废墟, remains 遗产/遗骸artifact 手工艺品, relic 遗物/文物, antique 古物/古董, antiquity 古代/古老, Stone Age 石器时代, Bronze Age 青铜器时代, Iron Age 铁器时代, Paleolithic 旧石器时代的, Mesolithic 中石器时代的, Neolithic 新石器时代的, morphology 形态学, skull 颅骨, cranial 颅骨的, fossil 化石, ancient civilization 古代文明, cave man 山顶洞人cultural relics 文物, rock painting 岩画8. 地理学hemisphere 半球, meridian 子午线/ 经线, parallel 平行圈, latitude 纬线, longitude 经线/ 经度, elevation 海拔, altitude 高度/ 海拔, horizon 地平线, equator 赤道, temperature latitudes 温带地区, tropics 热带地区, Arctic / theNorth Pole 北极, Antarctic / Antarctica 南极, the Antarctic Continent南极洲, the Antarctic Circle南极圈, the Arctic Circle 北极圈, aurora 极光, tropics of Cancer 北回归线, tropics of Capricorn 南回归线, international date line 国际日期变更线, time difference 时差, time zone 时区, topography 地形/ 地形学plain 平原plateau / highland 高地, lowland 低地, basin 盆地, oasis 绿洲, enclave 飞地, peak 山峰, cordillera /ranges 山脉, carven / cave 洞穴, terrain 地域, subterranean 地底下, coastland 沿海地区, coastline 海岸线, watershed 分水岭, upper reaches 上游, lower reaches 下游, tributary 支流, deposit 沉积, spring / fountain 泉水, iceberg 冰山, riverbed 河床, gulf / bay 海湾, waterfall 瀑布, cascade 小瀑布；喷流reef 暗礁, tide 湖水, torrent 水的急流, tropical rain forest 热带雨林, continental island 大陆岛, volcanic island 火山岛, coral island 珊瑚岛, islet 小岛, peninsular 半岛, archipelago 群岛, delta 三角洲landlocked area 内陆inland waterway 内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff 山崖, valley 山谷, hillside / mountain slope 山坡, continental shelf 大陆架, canyon / gorge 峡谷, channel / strait 海峡, remote-sensing 遥感的, terrestrial 地球的/ 陆地的, terrestrial heat / geothermal 地热, terrestrial magnetism 地磁, continental drift 大陆漂移学, sea-floor spreading 海床扩展, evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度, ocean bottom 海床, sediment 沉积物, tropical 热带的, temperate温带的, frigid 寒带的, frost heaving 冻胀现象, tundra 苔原，冻原, fieldstone 卵石the Mediterranean Sea 地中海, the primeval forest 原始森林, Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾, coral reef 珊瑚礁, Chalk 白垩纪, cataclysm 大洪水, ridge 山脊；分水岭, abyss 深渊, territory 版图；领土地域, Pyrenees 比利牛斯山脉, Carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉, Vesuvius 维苏威火山, Pompeii 庞贝, precipice悬崖, eon 世；纪；代, glacier 冰河, Pangaea 盘古大陆, dune 沙丘, Lagoon 咸水湖9. 天文学astronomy 天文学, astronomical observatory 天文台, planetarium 天文馆, astrophysics 天文物理学, astrology 占星学, pseudoscience 伪科学, cosmos / universe 宇宙, cosmology 宇宙, infinite 无限的, cosmic 宇宙的, cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射, cosmic rays 宇宙射线, celestial 天体的, celestial body / heavenly body 天体, celestial map / sky atlas 天体图, celestial sphere 天球, dwarf / dwarf star 矮星, quasar 类星体, constellation 星座, galaxy / Milky Way 银河系, star cluster 星团, asterism 星群, solar system 太阳系, solar corona 日, 冕solar eclipse 日食, solar radiation 太阳辐射, planet 行星, planetoid / asteroid小行星, revolve 旋转, twinkle 闪烁, naked eye 肉眼, Mercury 水星Venus 金星, Earth 地球, Mars 火星, Jupiter 木星, Saturn 土星, Uranus 天王星, Neptune 海王星, Pluto 冥王星, orbit 轨道, spin 旋转, satellite卫星, lunar 月球的, meteor 流星, meteor shower 流星雨, star 恒星, meteoroid 流星体, meteorite 陨石, comet 彗星, space / outer space 太空，外层空间, spacecraft / spaceship 宇宙飞船, space shuttle 航天飞机, space telescope 空间望远镜, astronaut / spaceman 宇航员, space suit 宇航服, stellar 恒星的, intergalactic 星系间的, interstellar 恒星间的, interplanetary 行星间的asteroid 小行星nebula 星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia 氨, photosphere 光球；光球层chromospheres 色球；色球层日冕层, sunspot 太阳黑子（发生在光球层）, flare 耀斑（发生在色球层）, solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）, convection zone 对流层, vacuum 真空, infrared ray 红外线, absolute magnitude 绝对量级, emission 发射/散发, high-resolution 高清晰度, interferometer 干扰仪，干涉仪, illusive object 幻影体, faint 微弱的, image影像, gravitational force 吸引力, molten 融化的, leap year 闰年, rotation 自传, revolution 公转, black hole 黑洞, ultraviolet ray 紫外线luminosity 光度, light year 光年10.环保相关ecology 生态学, ecosystem 生态系统, balance of nature 自然界生态平衡, fauna 动物群, flora 植物群, rainforest 雨林, food chain 食物链, acid rain 酸雨, greenhouse 温室效应, infrared radiation 红外线辐射, ozone layer / ozonosphere 臭氧层, ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射, pollution control 污染控制, air pollution 空气控制, water pollution 水污染, noxious / toxic 有毒的, fumes（有毒的）废气, waste 废物, solid waste 固体废物, sewage / wastewater 污水, sewage purification 污水净化, swage disposal 污水处理, decibel（噪音）分贝11. 能源相关fossil fuel 矿物燃料, process of photosynthesis 光合作用, solar energy 太阳能, nonrenewable 不可再生的, energy conservation 保护能源, resource 资源, energy source 能源资源, tidal energy潮汐能, fuel-efficient 节能型的, rush hour 高峰期, zero emission 零辐射, wildness 野生/天然, preservation 保护, atmosphere 大气, carbon 碳, dioxide 二氧化物, burning of coal and oil 煤油燃烧, global warming 全球变暖, greenhouse effect温室效应, rise in sea level 海平面上升, long-term climatic change 长期的气候变化, environmental recycling center 再循环利用中心, litter/trash garbage 垃圾, pollutant 污染物, desertification 沙漠化deforest 滥伐森林, drought 干旱, water shortage 水源缺乏, offshore spillage 近海岸溢出, carbon dioxide release 二氧化碳排放, industrial sewage 工业污水, recycling 再循环, purify 净化, deteriorate 恶化, acid rain 酸雨, sewage disposal 污水处理, environment protection 环境保护, ozone layer 臭氧层, waste disposal 废物处理, emission（汽车废气的）排放, soot 烟尘, El Niño 厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学artist 艺术家, choreographer 舞蹈编排家, critic 批评家, satirist 讽刺作家, inventor 发明家, biographer 自传作家, sculptor 雕塑家, feminist 女权主义者, humanitarian 人道主义者, imagist 意象派诗人, philanthropist 慈善家, proprietor 业主, mortal 犯人precursor 先驱, figurehead 名誉领袖, disciple 学徒, apprentice 学徒, mechanic 机械工, minimalist 简单抽象派艺术家,avant-garde 前卫派, territory 领域, genre 风格/体裁, eccentric古怪的, odd 怪诞的/奇数的, erratic 奇怪的, weird 怪异的/不可思议的, romantic 浪漫的, innocent 天真的/无罪的, lovelorn 相思病苦的, emotional 情绪的/情感的, sentimental 感伤的/多愁善感的, cheerless 无精打采的/无生命力的, patriarchal 家长的/ 族长的, rigid 僵化的, spare 简朴的, clumsy 笨拙的, zigzag 曲折的, contemporary 当代的, acclaimed 受欢迎的, preeminent 杰出的, versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的, household 家庭的/家喻户晓的, genuine 真正的, authentic 逼真的/原汁原味的, symbolic 象征性的, immortal 不朽的/神nostalgia 怀旧主义/思乡, emotive 感人的, prodigious 巨大的, classic 经典的, posthumous 死后的14.发展史文学pose 散文diary 日记, autobiography 传记, editorial 社论, narrative prose 叙述性, descriptive prose 描写性, essay 随笔, poetry诗歌, ballad 民谣, lullaby 催眠曲, fiction 小说allegory 寓言, fairy tale 童话, legend 传说, proverb 谚语, model 人物原型, leading character 主人公, main plot 主要情节, prelude 序曲, prologue 序言, epilogue 尾声, literary criticism 文学批评, literary studies 文学研究, schools of literature 文学流派, comparative literature 比较文学, realism 现实主义, surrealism 超现实主义, futurism 未来主义, modernism 现代主义, aestheticism 唯美主义音乐musical instrument 乐器, orchestra（管弦）乐队, shook rattle 摇拨浪鼓, pound dru 击鼓, foot beat 跺脚, note音符, score 乐谱, movement 乐章, fanatical狂热的, hillbilly music 乡村音乐, folk music 民间音乐, pop music 流行音乐, classical music 古典音乐, Jazz 爵士乐symphony 交响乐rock and roll 摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐, string 弦乐, violin 小提琴, viola 中提琴, cello 大提琴, harp 竖琴, horn 号；喇叭, clarinet单簧管, oboe 双簧管, keyboard instrument 键盘乐器, percussion 震荡/打击乐器, vocal music 声乐, concerto协奏曲, sonata 奏鸣曲, serenade 小夜曲, solo 独奏/ 独唱, duet 二重唱, conducting 指挥, podium 指挥台, accompaniment 伴奏, quality 音质, volume 音量, chord 和弦, harmony 和声, rest 休止, time 节拍, lullaby 催眠曲, prelude 序曲, epilogue 尾声政治经济subsistence 存活，生活subsistence wage 刚够养家糊口的工资, subsistence level 收支平衡的生活水平, kinship 亲属关系，血缘关系, commodity 商品, check 支票；收据；账单, bank loan 银行贷款, interest 利息, withdraw 从银行账户中提款, honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑, a run on a bank 挤兑, the Great Depression大萧条, consumerism 消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义, affluence富裕，富足, sophisticated 世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture 建筑学, architect 建筑学家, construct 结构, wing 辐楼/ 侧楼, design 设计, elevator 电梯, skyscraper 摩天大楼, design element 设计元素, log structure 原木结构, cabin 小木屋, beam 梁, prototype 原型, building technique 建筑工艺new material 新材料, metal-frame 金属结构, repair person 修理工, planetarium 天文馆, aquarium 水族馆, archives 档案馆, office building 写字楼, cathedral 大教堂, mosque 清真寺, the statue of liberty 自由女神像, the triumphal arch 凯旋门sphinx 狮身人面像, pyramid 金字塔, castle城堡美术fine arts 美术, oil painting 油画, water color 水彩画, tempera 蛋彩画, sketch 速写/素描, pastel 彩色蜡笔画, poster 海报/招贴画, charcoal drawing 木炭画, mural painting / fresco 壁画, engraving 版画, lithograph 石板画, landscape painting 风景画still life 静物画portrait 肖像画, caricature 漫画, pigment 颜色，色素, canvas油画布, brush 画笔, drawing board 画板, perspective 透视画法, original原作, copy 临本, reproduction / replica复制品, genuine 真的, fake 假的, gallery 美术馆, autograph 真迹, panorama 全景画, calligraphy 书法, paste 裱、糊, impressionistic style 印象派风格, framing 装框, sculpture 雕塑, sculptor 雕塑家, figurine 小雕像, bust半身雕塑像, statue 塑像, unique 唯一的/独特的, animator 漫画家, saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者, indigo 靛蓝, purple 紫色新托福听力经典加试完整版第一篇：关于鸟的迁徙的论文写作Conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper文章回顾男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。

Lecture分类词汇完整版1.生物学antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染/感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙dieout/extinction灭绝mammal哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba水下呼吸器diving潜水/跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanicsnail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产后护理habitat 栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tinyreceptor接收器nerve/specimen 物种amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangeredspecies濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation孵化nest巢offspring子孙chewup咀嚼unfertilizedeggs 未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品/食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasmalemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异2.动物学zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus属species种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibiousanimal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasiticanimal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration 再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms（昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化器fertilizer使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply/reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite 食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestivesystem消化系统excretorysystem排泄系统reproductivesystem生殖系统circulatorysystem循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃smallintestine小肠largeintestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒hyena 鬣狗moose驼鹿beaver海狸elk麋鹿reindeer驯鹿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒slothful懒惰的frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪salamander蝾螈scorpion蝎子turtle龟lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙caymen / crocodile鳄鱼centipede蜈蚣robin知更鸟owl猫头鹰barnacle北极鹅penguin企鹅canary金丝雀chirp（鸟、虫的叫声）vulture秃鹫crane鹤stork鹳ptarmigan雷鸟migrate迁移plumage羽体camouflage伪装wing翅膀bill（鸟）嘴beak（鹰等的）嘴insect昆虫wasp黄蜂hornet大黄蜂spider蜘蛛pest害虫worm虫/蠕虫cicada蝉mantis螳螂cockroach蟑螂earthworm蚯蚓antenna / tentacle触须larva幼虫3.海洋生物学jellyfish水母nettlefish海蜇coral珊瑚dolphin海豚whale鲸鱼shrimp小虾prawn对虾lobster龙虾crab螃蟹mussel贻贝；蚌类clam蛤蜊oyster牡蛎sponge海绵starfish海星squid鱿鱼；乌贼burro / octopus章鱼sole鳎；鳎目鱼plaice鲽，红斑比目鱼4.植物学botany植物学botanical / botanic植物学的horticulture园艺学aquaticplant 水生植物parasite plant寄生植物root根canopy树冠层/顶棚foliage/leaf叶leaflet小叶rosette（叶的）丛生stem茎stalk杆leafstalk叶柄shoot / sprout嫩芽/抽枝flower花bud花蕾petal花瓣peel / skin果皮shell（硬）果壳husk （干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶trunk树干bark树皮branch树枝bough大或者粗的树枝twig小树枝jungle丛林lawn草坪meadow草地/牧场prairie大草原mosses苔藓shrub / bush灌木cluster一簇（灌木）fern蕨类植物horsetails木贼类植物club mosses石松类植物herb草photosynthesis光合作用chlorophyll叶绿素symbiosis共生symbiotic共生的wither/shrivel/fade凋谢blossom花pollen花粉pollinate传授花粉petal花瓣nectar花蜜tissue组织organ器官system系统seeds种子everlasting永久的crossbreed杂交root pressure根压bore腔/肠cohesion-tension凝聚压力column花柱necrosis坏死barren贫瘠的；不生育的futile无用的carbohydrate (starch)碳水化合物（淀粉）glucose葡萄糖starch淀粉fat脂肪protein蛋白质vitamin维他命malnourished营养不良的nutrition营养perennial多年一生的annual一年一生的verdant绿油油的，嫩绿的，翠绿的evergreen常青树conifertree针叶树larch落叶松pine松树spruce云杉juniper刺柏；杜松sequoia红杉elm榆树walnut核桃树redwood红木树plumblossom梅花orchid兰花chrysanthemum菊花water lily荷花/莲花rhododendron杜鹃花rose玫瑰carnation康乃馨lily百合jasmine茉莉花helianthus/heliotrope/sunflower向日葵camellia茶花corn/maize/mealie玉米pumpkin南瓜tomato番茄lettuce莴苣cabbage卷心菜wheat小麦rye黑麦barley大麦oats燕麦5.气象学meteorology气象meteorologist气象学家meteorologicalstation气象站forecast/predict预报climate气候atmosphere大气层troposphere对流层stratosphere平流层mesosphere中间层ionosphere电离层exosphere逸散层cold front冷锋warmairmass热气团current（气）流moisture潮湿，水气spell某种天气持续一段时间vapor蒸汽evaporate蒸发damp / moist / humid潮湿humidity 湿度moisture潮湿/水分saturate饱和dew露frost霜fog / mist雾smog烟雾droplet小水condense浓缩crystal水晶体sheet（水、冰、雪的）一层downpour / torrential rain大雨tempest (storm) / torrential rain暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail冰雹blizzard / snowstorm暴风雪avalanche / snow slide雪崩precipitation （雨、露、雪等）降水thunder雷breeze微风sandstorm沙暴monsoon季风gale大风whirlwind旋风typhoon台风hurricane飓风tornado / twister / cyclone 龙卷风wind scale风级tsunami / seismic sea wave海啸tidal wave潮汐；浪潮upper atmosphere上层大气funnel漏斗云disaster/calamity/catastrophe灾难devastation破坏submerge淹没drought旱灾convection对流wind velocity风速wind direction风向long-rangeforecast长期预报numerical weather prediction数值天气预报nephanalysis云层分析；卫星云图6.地质学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continental crust大陆地壳oceanic crust海洋地壳layer /stratum地层stratigraphy地层学fault断层faultplane断层面faultzone断层带rift/crack / split断裂disintegration / decomposition分解erosion 腐蚀fossil化石igneous rock火成岩sedimentary rock沉积岩metamorphic rock变质岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma / molten lava岩浆quartz石英mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床rubble碎石debris残骸platinum白金/铂金silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacial epoch / age /period冰川期glacial drift冰渍moraines冰碛iceberg冰山volcano火山activevolcano活火山extinct volcano死火山dormant volcano休眠火山(sloping) shield volcano盾状火山（平缓）(steep-sided)conevolcano锥状火山（陡峭）eruption火山喷发crater火山口caldera（开口较大的）火山口depression洼地，凹陷处；盆地lava火山岩浆volcanic dust火山尘volcanic ash火山灰geyser间歇喷泉hot spring温泉earthquake/quake/tremor/seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学magnitude震级seismicintensityscale震烈度seismic wave地震波transversewave 横波longitudinalwave纵波epicenter震中epicentral distance震中距aftershock 余震cataclysm灾变tsunami / tidal / force海啸undersea landslide海底山崩melt global warming全球逐渐变暖aquifer蓄水层swamp沼泽peat bog泥炭沼泽Great Canyon大峡谷Nile River尼罗河Colorado river科罗拉多河crumples zones 地质缓冲地带bedrock岩床bulge凸起物7.考古学archaeology考古学paleontology古生物学anthropolog人类学archaeologist 人类学家pale-anthropologist古人类学家ecologicalanthropologist生态人类学家psychologicalanthropologist心理人类学家originate起源于ancestor祖先hominid 人（科）homogeneous同以种族（种类）的tribe部落clan氏族excavation挖掘excavate/unearth挖掘ruins遗迹/废墟remains遗产/遗骸artifact手工艺品relic 遗物/文物antique古物/古董antiquity古代/古老Stone Age石器时代Bronze Age 青铜器时代IronAge铁器时代Paleolithic旧石器时代的Mesolithic中石器时代的Neolithic新石器时代的morphology形态学skull颅骨cranial颅骨的fossil化石ancientcivilization古代文明caveman山顶洞人cultural relics文物rock painting岩画8.地理学hemisphere半球meridian子午线/经线parallel平行圈latitude纬线longitude经线/经度elevation海拔altitude高度/海拔horizon地平线equator赤道temperaturelatitudes温带地区tropics热带地区Arctic / the North Pole北极Antarctic/Antarctica南极theAntarctic Continent南极洲the Antarctic Circle南极圈the Arctic Circle北极圈aurora极光tropics of Cancer北回归线tropics of Capricorn 南回归线international date line国际日期变更线time difference时差time zone 时区topography地形/地形学plain平原plateau/ highland高地lowland低地basin盆地oasis绿洲enclave飞地peak山峰cordillera/ranges山脉carven / cave 洞穴terrain地域subterranean地底下coastland沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed分水岭upper reaches上游lowerreaches下游tributary支流deposit沉积spring / fountain泉水iceberg冰山riverbed河床gulf / bay海湾waterfall瀑布cascade小瀑布；喷流reef暗礁tide湖水torrent水的急流tropical rain forest热带雨林continental island大陆岛volcanic island火山岛coralisland珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlocked area内陆inland waterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆cliff山崖valley山谷hillside/mountainslope 山坡continentalshelf大陆架canyon / gorge峡谷channel / strait海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/陆地的terrestrial heat / geothermal地热terrestrial magnetism地磁continental drift大陆漂移学sea-floor spreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度oceanbottom海床sediment沉积物tropical热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的frostheaving冻胀现象tundra苔原，冻原fieldstone卵石theMediterraneanSea地中海theprimevalforest原始森林Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)fjord峡湾coral reef珊瑚礁Chalk白垩纪cataclysm大洪水ridge山脊；分水岭abyss深渊territory版图；领土地域Pyrenees比利牛斯山脉Carpathians喀尔巴阡山脉Vesuvius维苏威火山Pompeii庞贝precipice悬崖eon世；纪；代glacier冰河Pangaea盘古大陆dune沙丘Lagoon咸水湖9.天文学astronomy天文学astronomical observatory天文台planetarium天文馆astrophysics天文物理学astrology占星学pseudoscience伪科学cosmos / universe 宇宙cosmology宇宙infinite无限的cosmic宇宙的cosmic radiation宇宙辐射cosmic rays宇宙射线celestial天体的celestial body / heavenly body天体celestial map / sky atlas天体图celestial sphere天球dwarf / dwarf star矮星quasar类星体constellation星座galaxy / Milky Way银河系starcluster星团asterism星群solarsystem太阳系solarcorona日冕solareclipse日食solar radiation太阳辐射planet行星planetoid / asteroid小行星revolve旋转twinkle闪烁naked eye肉眼Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星Pluto冥王星orbit轨道spin旋转satellite卫星lunar月球的meteor流星meteor shower流星雨star恒星meteoroid流星体meteorite陨石comet彗星space / outer space太空，外层空间spacecraft / spaceship宇宙飞船space shuttle航天飞机space telescope空间望远镜astronaut / spaceman宇航员space suit宇航服stellar恒星的intergalactic星系间的interstellar恒星间的interplanetary行星间的asteroid小行星nebula星云space debris太空垃圾ammonia氨photosphere光球；光球层chromospheres色球；色球层日冕层sunspot太阳黑子（发生在光球层）flare耀斑（发生在色球层）solar prominence 日珥（发生在色球层）convection zone对流层vacuum真空infrared ray红外线absolutemagnitude绝对量级emission发射/散发high-resolution高清晰度interferometer干扰仪，干涉仪illusive object幻影体faint微弱的image影像gravitational force吸引力molten融化的leap year闰年rotation自传revolution公转black hole黑洞ultraviolet ray紫外线luminosity光度light year光年10.环保相关ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统balance of nature自然界生态平衡fauna 动物群flora植物群rain forest雨林food chain食物链acidrain酸雨greenhouse 温室效应infrared radiation红外线辐射ozone layer / ozonosphere臭氧层ultraviolet radiation紫外辐射pollution control污染控制air pollution空气控制water pollution水污染noxious / toxic有毒的fumes（有毒的）废气waste废物solidwaste固体废物sewage/wastewater污水sewage purification污水净化swage disposal污水处理decibel（噪音）分贝11.能源相关fossil fuel矿物燃料process of photo synthesis光合作用solar energy太阳能nonrenewable不可再生的energyconservation保护能源resource资源energysource能源资源tidalenergy潮汐能fuel-efficient节能型的rush hour高峰期zero emission零辐射wildness野生/天然preservation保护atmosphere大气carbon碳dioxide二氧化物burningofcoaland oil煤油燃烧global warming全球变暖greenhouse effect温室效应rise in sea level海平面上升long-term climatic change长期的气候变化environmental recycling center再循环利用中心litter/trash garbage垃圾pollutant污染物desertification沙漠化deforest滥伐森林drought干旱water shortage水源缺乏offshore spillage近海岸溢出carbondioxiderelease二氧化碳排放industrial sewage工业污水recycling再循环purify净化deteriorate恶化acid rain酸雨sewage disposal污水处理environmentprotection环境保护ozone layer臭氧层waste disposal废物处理emission（汽车废气的）排放soot烟尘El Niño厄尔尼诺现象12.新技术发明相关13.人类学artist艺术家choreographer舞蹈编排家critic批评家satirist讽刺作家inventor发明家biographer自传作家sculptor雕塑家feminist女权主义者humanitarian人道主义者imagist意象派诗人philanthropist慈善家proprietor业主mortal犯人precursor先驱figurehead名誉领袖disciple学徒apprentice学徒mechanic机械工minimalist简单抽象派艺术家avant-garde前卫派territory领域genre风格/体裁eccentric古怪的odd怪诞的/奇数的erratic奇怪的weird怪异的/不可思议的romantic浪漫的innocent天真的/无罪的lovelorn相思病苦的emotional情绪的/情感的sentimental感伤的/多愁善感的cheerless无精打采的/无生命力的patriarchal家长的/族长的rigid僵化的spare简朴的clumsy笨拙的zigzag曲折的contemporary当代的acclaimed受欢迎的preeminent杰出的versatile（人）多才多艺的/（物）多功能的household家庭的/家喻户晓的genuine真正的authentic逼真的/原汁原味的symbolic象征性的immortal不朽的/神nostalgia怀旧主义/思乡emotive感人的prodigious巨大的classic经典的posthumous死后的14.发展史文学pose散文diary日记autobiography传记editorial社论narrativeprose叙述性descriptiveprose描写性essay随笔poetry诗歌ballad民谣lullaby催眠曲fiction 小说allegory寓言fairy tale童话legend传说proverb谚语model人物原型leadingcharacter主人公main plot主要情节prelude序曲prologue序言epilogue 尾声literarycriticism文学批评literarystudies文学研究schoolsofliterature文学流派comparativeliterature比较文学realism现实主义surrealism超现实主义futurism未来主义modernism现代主义aestheticism唯美主义音乐musical instrument乐器orchestra（管弦）乐队shook rattle摇拨浪鼓pound dru击鼓foot beat跺脚note音符score乐谱movement乐章fanatical狂热的hillbillymusic乡村音乐folkmusic民间音乐popmusic流行音乐classicalmusic古典音乐Jazz爵士乐symphony交响乐rock and roll摇滚乐band music / wind music 管乐string弦乐violin小提琴viola中提琴cello大提琴harp竖琴horn号；喇叭clarinet单簧管oboe双簧管keyboard instrument键盘乐器percussion震荡/打击乐器vocal music声乐concerto协奏曲sonata奏鸣曲serenade小夜曲solo独奏/独唱duet二重唱conducting指挥podium指挥台accompaniment伴奏quality音质volume音量chord和弦harmony和声rest休止time节拍lullaby催眠曲prelude政治经济序曲epilogue尾声subsistence存活，生活subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistence level收支平衡的生活水平kinship亲属关系，血缘关系commodity商品check支票；收据；账单bank loan银行贷款interest利息withdraw从银行账户中提款honor (a cheque/bill/draft)承兑a run ona bank挤兑the Great Depression大萧条consumerism消费主义（认为高消费对个人和社会有利的看法）；保护消费者权益主义affluence富裕，富足sophisticated世故的，老练的；复杂的，尖端的建筑architecture建筑学architect建筑学家construct结构wing辐楼/侧楼design 设计elevator电梯skyscraper摩天大楼designelement设计元素logstructure原木结构cabin小木屋beam梁prototype原型building technique建筑工艺new material新材料metal-frame金属结构repairperson修理工planetarium天文馆aquarium水族馆archives档案馆officebuilding写字楼cathedral大教堂mosque 清真寺thestatueofliberty自由女神像thetriumphal arch凯旋门sphinx狮身人面像pyramid金字塔castle城堡美术fine arts美术oil painting油画water color水彩画tempera蛋彩画sketch速写/素描pastel彩色蜡笔画poster海报/招贴画charcoaldrawing木炭画muralpainting/fresco壁画engraving版画lithograph石板画landscape painting风景画still life静物画portrait肖像画caricature漫画pigment颜色，色素canvas油画布brush画笔drawingboard画板perspective透视画法original原作copy临本reproduction / replica复制品genuine真的fake假的gallery美术馆autograph真迹panorama全景画calligraphy书法paste裱糊impressionistic style印象派风格framing装框sculpture雕塑sculptor雕塑家figurine小雕像bust半身雕塑像statue塑像unique唯一的/独特的animator漫画家saxophonist萨克斯风管吹奏者indigo靛蓝purple紫色。

托福听力tpo51lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,continuing with crop domestication,and corn—or,um, maize,as it's often called.Obviously it's one of the world's most important cropstoday.It's such a big part of the diet in so many countries,and it's got so many different uses,that it's hard to imagine a world without it.But because it doesn't grow naturally,without human cultivation,and because there's no obvious wild relative of maize…uh,well,for the longest time,researchers weren’t able to find any clear link between maize and other living plants.And that's made it hard for them to trace the history of maize.Now,scientific theories about the origins of maize first started coming out in the 1930s.One involved a plant called teosinte.Teosinte is a tall grass that grows wild in certain parts of Mexico and Guatemala.When researchers first started looking at wild teosinte plants,they thought there was a chance that the two plants—um, maize and teosinte—were related.The young wild teosinte plant looks a lot like the corn plant,and the plants continue to resemble each other—at least superficially—even when they're developed.But when the scientists examined the fruits of the two plants,it was a different story. When you look at ripe corn,you see row upon row of juicy kernels…um,all those tiny little yellow squares that people eat.Fully grown teosinte,on the other hand, has a skinny stalk that holds only a dozen or so kernels behind a hard,um,almost stonelike casing.In fact,based on the appearance of its fruit,teosinte was initially considered to be a closer relative to rice than to maize.But there was one geneticist,named George Beadle,who didn't give up so easily on the idea that teosinte might be…well…the“parent”of corn.While still a student in the1930s,Beadle actually found that the two plants had very similar chromosomes—very similar genetic information.In fact,he was even able to make fertile hybrids between the two plants.In hybridization,you remember,the genes of two species of plants are mixed to produce a new,third plant—a hybrid.And if this offspring—this hybrid—is fertile,then that suggests that the two species are closely related genetically.This new,hybrid plant looked like an intermediate,right between maize and teosinte.So,Beadle concluded that maize must've been developed over many years,uh,that it is a domesticated form of teosinte.Many experts in thescientific community,however,remained unconvinced by his conclusions.They believed that,with so many apparent differences between the two plants,it would have been unlikely that ancient—that prehistoric peoples could’ve domesticated maize from teosinte.I mean,when you think about it,these people lived in small groups,and they had to be on the move constantly as the seasons changed.So for them to selectively breed,to have the patience to be able to pick out just the right plants…and gradually—over generations—separate out the durable,nutritious maize plant from the brittle teosinte that easily broke apart…it's a pretty impressive feat,and you can easily see why so many experts would have been skeptical.But,as it turns out,Beadle found even more evidence for his theory when he continued his experiments,producing new hybrids,to investigate the genetic relationship between teosinte and maize.Through these successive experiments,he calculated that only about five specific genes were responsible for the main differences between teosinte and maize—the plants were otherwise surprisingly similar genetically.And more recently,botanists have used modern DNA testing to scan plant samples collected from throughout the Western Hemisphere.This has allowed them to pinpoint where the domestication of maize most likely took place—and their research took them to a particular river valley in southern Mexico.They've also been able to estimate that the domestication of maize most likely occurred about9,000 years ago.And subsequent archaeological digs have confirmed this estimate.In one site,archaeologists uncovered a set of tools that were nearly9,000years old.And these tools were covered with a dusty residue…a residue of maize,as it turns out…thus making them the oldest physical evidence of maize that we've found so far.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.A research study that compares wild and domesticated plantsB.Problems with a commonly held hypothesis about the origin of teosinteC.Reasons why wild plants are usually unsuitable for agricultureD.The process used to identify the ancestor of a modern crop2.What evidence seemed to indicate that maize and teosinte are not related?A.Young teosinte plants do not physically resemble young maize plants.B.Preliminary DNA evidence indicated that teosinte was related to rice.C.Maize and teosinte usually grow in significantly different climates.D.Maize and teosinte have very different types of kernels.3.Why does the professor discuss hybrids?A.To explain how a geneticist confirmed that maize was widely grown9,000years agoB.To indicate the earliest method used by geneticists to identify plant originsC.To explain a method used to demonstrate a link between two plant speciesD.To describe how geneticists distinguish between wild plants and domesticated plants4.What was most researchers'initial view of George Beadle's theory about teosinte?A.They accepted it but questioned the evidence cited.B.They rejected it because of conflicting archaeological evidence.C.They questioned it because it implies that ancient farmers were sophisticatedplant breeders.D.They questioned it because genetic research was viewed with skepticism at that time.5.What did Beadle conclude about maize and teosinte?A.Both plants lack particular genes that are common in most domesticated plants.B.Both plants have particular genes that enable them to adapt to varying climates.C.Only a small number of genes are responsible for the differences between the two plants.D.The genetic composition of both plants is very similar to that of rice.6.According to the professor,why was the discovery of stone tools important?A.It proved that teosinte was simultaneously domesticated in multiple locations.B.It helped to confirm the period in which maize was first domesticated.C.It suggested that maize required farming techniques that were more complex than experts had previously assumed.D.It provided evidence that maize plants were used for more purposes than experts had previously assumed.答案D D C C C B译文旁白：请听一段植物学讲座的节选。

《从一到无穷大》和《物理世界奇遇记》等多部科普读物的George Gamow出生于俄国敖德萨(Odessa)市。

1928年获苏联列宁格勒大学物理博士学位。

先后在丹麦哥本哈根大学和英国剑桥大学师从玻尔和卢瑟福(这两位本身就是物理学的泰斗极人物，同时也是许多小飞侠们的老师)，并在列宁格勒大学，巴黎居里研究所，密执安大学，华盛顿大学，加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校，科罗拉多大学从事研究和教学工作。

他用六十四年时间做了以下几件大事。

1.与勒梅特一起最早提出了在体物理学的"大爆炸"理论2.首先提出了生物学的"遗传密码"理论3.完成多部科普著作，启迪了无数年轻人的梦想；为无数人带来了只有科学才可以给予的智慧之光。

并因为他对科学普及的贡献在1956年获得联合国教科文组织颁发的卡林伽科普奖(Awarded Kalinga Prize by UNESCO for popularization of science)如果你的书架上没有他的科普著作，将是最大的遗憾；纪念他的官方网站的文章里，对于他的一生重要成就是这样总结：Career Highlights(引)(1)1928 Explained nuclear alpha decay by quantum mechanical tunneling；(2)1928 Pioneered the liquid-drop model in nuclear physics；(3)1936 Described,with Edward Teller,spin-induced nuclear beta decay；(4)1938 Introduced the"Gamow"factor in stellar reaction rates and element formation；(5)1939 Modeled red giants,supernovae,and neutron stars；(6)1948 Developed the"Big Bang Theory"of the universe；(7)1954 First suggested how the genetic code might be transcribed；Wrote the popular science fiction series,the"Adventures ofMr.Tompkins"(8)(most recently reprinted in 2001).以下就是他的作品名录：(引)The Mr.Tompkins Series汤普金斯先生系列1939 Mr.Tompkins in Wonderland 1944 Mr.Tompkins Explores the Atom 1953 Mr.Tompkins Learns the Facts of Life 1967 Mr.Tompkins Inside Himself Other Popular Writing其他受欢迎的作品1940 The Birth and Death of the Sun 1941 Biography of the Earth 1947 One,Two,Three...Infinity：Facts and Speculations of Science(从一到无穷大)1953 The Moon 1958 Puzzle-Math 1961 Biography of Physics 1962 Gravity 1963 APlanet Called Earth 1964 AStar Called the Sun 1966Thirty Years that Shook Physics：The Story of Quantum Theory Science Text Books伽莫夫教科书系列1931 The Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radioactivity 1937 Structure of Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Transformations 1947 Atomic Energy in Cosmic and Human Life 1949 Theory of Atomic Nucleus and Nuclear Energy Sources,with C.L.Critchfield 1952 The Creation of theUniv erse 1958 Matter,Earth&Sky,with John M.Cleveland 1960 Physics：Foundations&Frontiers 1961 The Atom and its Nucleus注：*看到中文介绍伽莫夫的生平时有这样的记载"一生出版了二十五部著作，其中十八部是科普作品。

Chapter 1Genetics and the Organism遗传学与生物Key Concepts关键概念The hereditary material is DNA.遗传物质是DNA。

DNA is a double helix composed of two intertwined nucleotide chains oriented in opposite directions.DNA由两条相互缠绕的互补链反向平行螺旋组成In the copying of DNA, the chains separate and serve as molds for making two identical daughter DNA molecules.在复制的DNA中，链解开并作为完全相同的子链的模板。

The functional units of DNA are genes.基因是DNA上的一个功能单位。

A gene is a segment of DNA that can be copied to make RNA.一个基因就是一个能够转录出RNA的DNA片段。

The nucleotide sequence in RNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.一条RNA中的核苷酸序列可以被翻译为蛋白质中的一条氨基酸序列。

Proteins are the main determinants of the basic structural and physiological properties of an organism.蛋白质是生物体基本结构构成与生理过程中的主要决定性物质。

The characteristics of a species are encoded by its genes.基因来编码相应物种的特有性状。

Variation within a species may be from hereditary variation, environmental variation, or both.物种中的变异可能来源于遗传上的变异、环境变异或者这两个因素都有作用。

The Ethics of Gene EditingGene editing has been a topic of debate for several years now, with scientists and ethicists divided on the ethical implications of this technology. The ability to manipulate genes and alter the genetic makeup of an organism has the potential to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and even human evolution. However, it also raises several ethical concerns, including the possibility of creating a new class of genetically modified humans and the potential for unintended consequences.One of the primary ethical concerns surrounding gene editing is the potential for creating a new class of genetically modified humans. This could lead to a society that is divided based on genetic traits, with those who are genetically modified having advantages over those who are not. This could lead to discrimination and the creation of a genetic underclass, which is a violation of basic human rights. Additionally, there is the possibility that these genetic modifications could be passed down to future generations, leading to further genetic inequality.Another ethical concern is the potential for unintended consequences. Gene editing is a complex process that involves manipulating the genetic makeup of an organism. While scientists have made significant progress in this area, there is still much that is unknown about the long-term effects of these modifications. There is the possibility that these modifications could have unintended consequences, such as creating new diseases or causing existing ones to become more virulent.There is also the issue of consent. Gene editing has the potential to create a new class of humans, but it is unclear who would have access to this technology. If only the wealthy or privileged have access to gene editing, it could lead to further inequality and discrimination. Additionally, there is the issue of informed consent. It is unclear how much information individuals would need to make an informed decision about gene editing, and whether they would fully understand the risks and benefits of this technology.On the other hand, gene editing also has the potential to revolutionize medicine and agriculture. In medicine, gene editing could be used to cure genetic diseases, such as sicklecell anemia and cystic fibrosis. It could also be used to develop new treatments for cancer and other diseases. In agriculture, gene editing could be used to develop crops that are resistant to pests and disease, reducing the need for harmful pesticides and herbicides.In addition, gene editing could be used to address issues of social justice and equality. For example, it could be used to eliminate genetic diseases that disproportionately affect certain populations, such as sickle cell anemia in African Americans. It could also be used to address issues of food insecurity by developing crops that are more resilient to climate change and other environmental factors.In conclusion, the ethics of gene editing is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. While there are certainly potential benefits to this technology, there are also significant ethical concerns that must be addressed. The possibility of creating a new class of genetically modified humans, the potential for unintended consequences, and the issue of consent are just a few of the ethical concerns that must be addressed. Ultimately, it is up to society as a whole to decide whether the benefits of gene editing outweigh the ethical concerns.。

New Horizon College English (Book 4)I. Warm-up activities1.Background informationLuca Cavalli-Sforza (A)Cavalli-Sforza, born in Genoa, Italy, was educated at the University of Pavia where he gained his MD in 1944. After working on bacterial genetics at Cambridge (1948－1950) and Milan (1950－1957) he has held chairs in genetics at Parma (1958－1962) and Pavia (1962－1970). In 1970 he was appointed professor of genetics at the University of Stanford, California, a position he held until his retirement in 1992.Luca Cavalli-Sforza (B)Cavalli-Sforza has specialized mainly in the genetics of human populations, producing with Walter Bodmer a comprehensive survey of the subject in their Genetics, Evolution and Man (1976). He has also done much to show how genetic data from present human racial groups could be used to reconstruct their past separations. This reconstruction, based on the analysis of 58 genes, yields a bifurcated evolutionary tree with Caucasian and African races in one branch and Orientals, Oceanians, and Amerinds in the other.The human genetic map (A)Our bodies are comprised of trillions of microscopic units called cells. Cells in turn are built up from many specific types of molecules, both large and small. The large molecules or macromolecules include polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. Proteins are the workhorses of our cells. There are about 40,000 different types of proteins in our bodies. Each protein is present in many, many copies.The human genetic map (B)An adult, for example, carries about 1021 (a billion trillion) hemoglobin molecules. The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to Protein. Each protein is a linear polymer of a specific sequence of 20 different amino acids. DNA is also a linear polymer comprised of 4 types of nucleotides. The sequence of amino acids in each protein is encoded by a segment of DNA called a gene. Three consecutive nucleotides in a gene encode a single amino acid in the corresponding protein. The genetic code is universal among all living things.Basques (A)The Basques are a people who live in a small region (about the size of Rhode Island in the United States) that straddles the border of Spain and France from the sea in the west into the Pyrenees in the east. This area is called Euskal Herria (comprising seven provinces, historically: Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Navarra on the Spanish side; Laburdi, Zuberoa, and Behe-Nafarroa on the French side). There are about 660,000, according to the 1991 census.Basques (B)Fewer than 80,000 of these are on the French side of the frontier which runs through the Basque Country, the rest on the Spanish side. Basques speak a language called euskara, but today only about 25% of the population is fluent in that tongue. Even so, the word for a Basque person, euskaldun, means “possessor of the Basque language”. The Basque population is distinguished physically by a high incidence of Rh Negative factor in the blood.Basques (C)No one knows exactly where the Basques came from. Some say they lived in that area since Cro-Magnon man first roamed Europe. Estimates of how long they have lived there vary from 10,000 to 75,000 years. Some say they are descended from the original Iberians. More fancifultheories exist, as well. One is that the Basques are the descendents of the survivors of Atlantis. 2.Questions and answers1)-How did the researchers obtain the information to write their book?The researchers took the blood of hundreds of thousands of individuals, from all around the world, and then analyzed their blood proteins. They examined the genetic similarities between the populations of the world. In this way, they obtained the information for their book.2)-What two scientific aims does the book have?This book has two scientific aims. One is to discover the routes taken by early people migrating around the world; another is to show that under the skin we are all very similar on a genetic level.3)-What is the ultimate aim of the book?The book is written for scientific purposes as well as in hopes that it would have a social effect by proving that there is no biological basis for racial prejudice, thus disproving the idea that one race is genetically superior to any other race.II.Drills of important phrases in the text1. 在基因层面上at the level of their genes (L. 3)2. 这些理论毫无科学依据no scientific basis for theories (L. 6)3. 不仅仅是对······的反驳be more than an argument against… (L. 8)4. 该项目的主要倡导者/发起者the prime mover behind the project (L. 9)5. 简直是；同······一点也不差nothing less than (L. 10)6. 是······的标记serve as markers to do/of sth. (L. 17)7. 限定于······be confined to sth. (L. 22) 8. 1492年以来/从1492年起as of 1492 (L. 23)9. 产生宗教上的担心raise religious concerns (L. 28)10. 曾经；有一次；有一回on one occasion/at one time/once (L. 29)11. 这些血来施魔法to do some magic with the blood (L. 32)12. 醒目地印在书的封面上jump right off the book’s cover (L. 34)13. ······并非如此tell a different story (L. 37) 14. 与······一起；共同in combination with (L. 42)15. 阐明（某事）；使······更为清楚shed/throw/cast light on (L. 46)16. 为······的后裔；是······的后人be descended from (L. 50)17. 恕不苟同；说明了不同的结果beg to differ (L. 50)18. 使某人有了（这样的）结论/理解/计划lead sb. to the conclusion/understanding/ plan (L. 58)19. 具有某种抗病药物的价值have some value as disease-fighting drugs (L. 64)anization of the text (main idea, developing devices)1.Main idea of the textAs the most extensive survey to date on how humans vary at the level of their genes, the book The History and Geography of Human Genes made two remarkable contributions to science: There is no scientific basis for the genetic superiority of one race over any other one; and it creates the first genetic map of the world. In the process of collecting information for the book, however, scientists encountered great difficulties. The ultimate goal of their work is to remove racial prejudice.2.How is the text organized?The passage falls into four parts. It evolves from the two outstanding scientific contributions of the book through induction. Next, it moves back to the illustrations, as an inserted part, of hard work in collecting the information needed for the book. Then, the passage comes to the scientists’remark-able discoveries, as listed in paras. 5 to 9. It is concluded with the social effect, the ultimate aim, of their research.Central topic: Research into Population Genetics-Part 1 (Paras. 1-2)Two scientific aims achieved by the book?No scientific basis for racial prejudice; creation of the first genetic map.-Part 2 (Paras. 3-4)Illustrations of hard work in collecting the information needed?For instance, people in a rural region of Africa refused to take blood out of their children.-Part 3 (Paras. 5-9)Remarkable discoveries of the scientists?A genetic difference between Australians and Africans; the discovery of human birthplace; new light cast on the origins of populations; and the medical value of the genetic material.-Part 4 (Para. 10)The ultimate aim of the research?The study’s aim is to weaken conventional notions of race that cause racial prejudice.3.Text analysisPart 1:(Para.1) : Brief introduction to a book.Part 2: ( para 2-4): The book presents the first genetic map of the world.Part 3: (para5~9): Four major contributions of the first genetic map of the world.Part 4: (para10): The significance of the book.IV. key words and expressions1. Sth./Sb. is widely assumed/believed/ thought to… But sth./sb. else tells a different story.人们普遍认为······然而······表明并非如此。

SPBCN拼词大赛小学中级组词汇INTERMEDIATE GROUP WORD LIST(1800)小中组是指三年级至四年级的学生组别。

小中组单词主要由6大部分组成，分别是原SPBCN词库单词，人教版英语教材单词，外研版英语教材单词，美国较为通用的词汇学习教材单词，根据蓝思分级阅读体系精选的经典英文名著中的单词，以及CEFR分级下的词汇。

其中，人教版英语教材主要包括五至六年级词汇和部分七至九年级词汇，外研版英语教材五至六年级词汇，美国通用词汇学习教材四年级至六年级少量词汇，精选蓝思指数在670-800L范围的经典英文名著中的词汇，以及CEFR分级下A1-A2的部分高频词汇，本组别共包含1800个单词备注:带有小蜜蜂标记的为本组别核心词汇，主要用于复赛备赛参考。

对于其他赛段本组别的所有单词都应予以参考。

本组别共包含600个核心词汇。

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医学遗传学英文教科书English Answer:Medical Genetics.Medical genetics is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of genetic disorders. These disorders are caused by changes in the DNA sequence of an individual. Medical geneticists use a variety oftools to diagnose and manage genetic disorders, including family history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and genetic counseling.Types of Genetic Disorders.There are two main types of genetic disorders:Single-gene disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene. These disorders are typically inherited in a Mendelian fashion, which means that they follow the laws ofinheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel.Multifactorial disorders are caused by the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. These disorders are typically more common than single-gene disorders, and they can be more difficult to diagnose and manage.Diagnosis of Genetic Disorders.The diagnosis of a genetic disorder can be challenging, as there are often no specific symptoms that are associated with the disorder. Medical geneticists use a variety of tools to diagnose genetic disorders, including:Family history can help to identify individuals who are at risk for a genetic disorder.Physical examination can help to identify physical signs that are associated with genetic disorders.Laboratory testing can be used to identify geneticmutations that are associated with genetic disorders.Genetic counseling can help to provide information about genetic disorders and their risks.Management of Genetic Disorders.The management of a genetic disorder depends on the specific disorder. Some genetic disorders can be treatedwith medication or surgery, while others can only be managed. Medical geneticists work with patients and their families to develop a treatment plan that is tailored tothe individual's needs.中文回答：医学遗传学。

TPO 10 Conversation 1photography [fə'tɑɡrəfi]n. 摄影step [stɛp]n. 级别，等级gallery ['gæləri]n. 画廊flavor ['flevɚ]n. 风格trendy ['trɛndi] adj. 流行的stake [stek] n. 奖金technique [tɛk'nik]n. 技巧pressure ['prɛʃɚ]n. 压力surrender [sə'rɛndɚ] v. 屈服，放弃exhibit [ɪɡ'zɪbɪt]v. 展示，展出practical ['præktɪkl]adj. 实际的，实用Lecture 1marine [mə'rin]adj. 海的mammal ['mæml] n. 哺乳动物mystery ['mɪstri]n. 难以理解的事情dweller ['dwɛlɚ]n. 居住者fossil ['fɑsl] n. 化石evidence ['ɛvɪdəns]n. 证据，证明transition [træn'zɪʃən]n. 转变characteristic [ˌkærəktə'rɪstɪk]n. 特征，特点aquatic [ə'kwætɪk]adj. 水栖的limb [lɪm]n. 肢skeletal ['skɛlətl]adj. 骨骼的evolution [ˌivə'luʃən]n. 进化，演变genetic code 遗传密码descend [dɪ'sɛnd]v. 遗传contradictory[ˌkɑntrə'dɪktəri]adj. 矛盾的controversy ['kɑntrə'vɝsi]n. 论战molecular [mə'lɛkjəlɚ]adj. 分子的Lecture 2ingredient [ɪn'ɡridɪənt]n. 组成部分sauce [sɔs]n. 调味汁assume [ə'sum]v. 假定，假设wild [waɪld]adj. 野生的cultivate['kʌltɪvet]v. 耕作，种植wonder ['wʌndɚ]n. 惊奇，惊叹inedible [ɪn'ɛdəbl] adj. 不能吃的poisonous ['pɔɪzənəs] adj. 有毒的toxic ['tɑksɪk]adj. 有毒的president ['prɛzɪdənt]n. 总统conventional [kən'vɛnʃənl]adj. 常规的，惯例的restrain [rɪ'stren] v. 约束，克制subsist [səb'sɪst]v. 供养，维持生活suffer from 遭受reliability [rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪlətɪ]n. 可靠，可信赖abundant [ə'bʌndənt]adj. 大量的，充足的nutritious [nʊ'trɪʃəs]adj. 有营养的spread [sprɛd]v. 传播tremendous [trə'mɛndəs]adj. 极大的，巨大的soar [sɔr]v. 激增，猛增Conversation 2refund [rɪ'fʌnd]n. 退款merchandise ['mɝtʃəndaɪs]n. 商品，货物assig [ə'saɪn]v. 指定，指派specific [spə'sɪfɪk]adj. 特殊的，特定的withdraw [wɪð'drɔ]v. 撤退exception [ɪk'sɛpʃən]n. 例外rigid ['rɪdʒɪd]adj. 死板的，僵硬的announce [ə'naʊns]v. 宣布qualify ['kwɑlɪfaɪ]v. 具有资格intrigued [ɪn'triɡd] adj. 好奇的Lecture 3nutrient ['nutrɪənt]n. 营养物essential [ɪ'sɛnʃl]adj. 必不可少的，必要的scarce [skɛrs]adj. 缺乏的weather['wɛðɚ]v. 受侵蚀，风化phosphorus ['fɑsfərəs]n. 磷release [rɪ'lis]v. 释放，排放agriculture ['æɡrɪkʌltʃɚ]n. 农业melt [mɛlt]v. 融化excessive [ɪkˈsɛsɪv]adj. 过度的，过分的interrupt ['ɪntə'rʌpt] v. 打断sediment ['sɛdɪmənt]n. 沉淀物volcano [vɑl'keno] n. 火 fterode [ɪˈrod]v. 侵蚀，腐蚀substantial [səb'stænʃl]adj. 大量的minimal ['mɪnɪməl]adj. 最小的，极少的quantity ['kwɑntəti]n. 数量Lecture 4phenomenon [fə'nɑmɪnən]n. 现象document [ˈdɑkjəmənt]v. 用文件证明incident ['ɪnsɪdənt]n. 事件disturbing [dɪ'stɝbɪŋ]adj. 烦扰的explanation [ˌɛksplə'neʃən]n. 解释，说明cognitive ['kɑɡnətɪv]adj. 认知的capacity[kə'pæsəti]n. 能力dominant ['dɑmɪnənt]adj. 支配的，统治的symbolically [sɪmˈbɑlɪkəlɪ]adv. 象征性地propose [prə'poz]v. 提议，建议representation ['rɛprɪzɛn'teʃən]n. 表现，表示infant ['ɪnfənt]n. 婴儿，幼儿acknowledge [ək'nɑlɪdʒ]v. 承认stimuli ['stimjulai] n. 刺激，刺激物perform [pɚ'fɔrm]v. 执行。

分⼦⽣物学教案串讲分⼦⽣物学教案串讲说明：主要是相关的名词解释和课后问题，其它繁杂的知识点请参阅教材与课件。

第⼀章⼀、名词解释：1.peptide bond肽键-The carboxyl group of one amino acid can react with the amino groupof another amino acid to form a peptide bond(amide bond-酰胺键).2.肽平⾯(peptide plane)- 由于肽键具有部分双键的性质，使参与肽键构成的六个原⼦被束缚在同⼀平⾯上，这⼀平⾯称为肽平⾯(peptide plane)3.结构域（domain）-是在⼆级结构或超⼆级结构的基础上形成三级结构的局部折叠区，相邻的域常被⼀个或两个多肽⽚段连结。

4.亚基（subunit）就是指参与构成蛋⽩质四级结构、每条具有三级结构的多肽链。

5.别构调节Allosteric regulation / --酶分⼦的⾮催化部位与某些化合物可逆地⾮共价结合后发⽣构象的改变，进⽽改变酶活性状态，称为酶的别构调节。

⼆、问题：1.Character of peptide bond；2. Describing Protein Structure各级结构；3. 蛋⽩质的⼆级(Secondary structure)结构的⼏种形式；4. What physical interactions happen in the process of protein folding? （1） Covalentbonding 2）Hydrogen bonding3） Ionic bonding4） Van der Waals forces5） Hydrophobic interaction）第⼆章⼀、名词解释：1.Base stacking force碱基堆积⼒: 每个碱基对平⾏伸展并且与上⾯的和下⾯的碱基对⾮常靠近，这⼀现象叫做碱基堆积。