河北2015职称英语新增文章理工B

2015年职称英语理工类B级考试真题第一部分：词汇选项1.The organization was bold enough to face the press.A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible参考答案：C2.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A.acceptB.controlC.observeD.regulate参考答案：A3.I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.A.limitB.fearC.powerD.fool参考答案：B4.Most people find rejection hard to accept.A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal参考答案：D5.She's extremely competent and industrious.A.hardworkingB.honestC.objectiveD.independent参考答案：A6.The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.A.hideB.handleC.discloseD.establish参考答案：C7.He tried to assemble his thoughts.A.clearB.shareC.gatherD.spare参考答案：C8.The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison.A.messageB.punishmentC.guiltD.obligation参考答案：B9.Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.A.flexibleB.terribleC.reasonableD.serious参考答案：B10.These products are inferior to those we brought last year.A.poorer thanB.narrower thanrger thanD.richer than参考答案：A11.The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.A.improvedB.changedC.worsenedD.developed参考答案：C12.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.A.coexistingB.fairC.fullD.pubic参考答案：A13.They're petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.A.requestingB.planningC.preparingD.looking参考答案：A14.He said some harsh words about his brother.A.unkindB.properC.normalD.unclear参考答案：A15.We were attracted by the lure of quick money.A.amountB.supplyC.sumD.temp参考答案：D第二部分：阅读判断下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C.(第16—22题，每题1分，共7分)ADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems,seen as early as grade school.If their noses inhaled(吸入)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant.That's the finding of a new study.Released when things aren't burned completely,this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,or PAHs.The biggest sources of these PAHs：the burning of fossil fuels,wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City.She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study,she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City.Because burning tobacco can spew(排放)PAHs into the air and lungs,Perera's team focusedon nonsmokers.The researchers wanted to probe(探查)other sources of PAHs,ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy.The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb.Nine years later,the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children,now age 9.They asked each child's mother a series of questions.These included whatever her child had problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的)mental effort,such as homework or games with friends.The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent,careless mistakes.All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,or ADHD.About one in U.S.children has ADHD.Among the women studied,traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure,Perera and her team suspect.Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood.Ohters had high levels.Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9.The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16.Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：B17.The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects'physical health.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：B18.Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：B19.The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：C20.Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：C21.The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：A22.Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：A第三部分：概括大意与完成句子下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23—26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个标题;(2)第27—30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

2015年职称英语考试《理工B》真题及答案(完整文字版)1.【题干】The organization was bold enough to face the press【选项】A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible【答案】C2.【题干】I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.【选项】A.acceptB.controlC.observeD.regulate【答案】A3.【题干】I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present.【选项】A.limitB.fearC.powerD.fool【答案】B4.【题干】Most people find rejection hard to accept. 【选项】A.excuseB.clientC.destinyD.refusal【答案】D5.【题干】She's extremely competent and industrious. 【选项】A.hardworkingB.honestC.objectiveD.independent【答案】A6.【题干】The doctors did not reveal the truth to him.【选项】A.hideB.handleC.discloseD.establish【答案】C7.【题干】He tried to assemble his thoughts.【选项】A.clearB.shareC.gatherD.spare【答案】C8.【题干】 The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. 【选项】A. messageB. punishmentC. guiltD. obligation【答案】B9.【题干】 Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions. 【选项】A. flexibleB. terribleC. reasonableD. serious【答案】B10. 【题干】These products are inferior to those we brought last year. 【选项】A. poorer thanB. narrower thanC. larger thanD. richer than【答案】A11.【题干】The political situation in the region has deteriorated rapidly.【选项】A. improvedB. changedC. worsenedD. developed【答案】C12. 【题干】There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next building.【选项】A. coexistingB. fairC. fullD. pubic【答案】A13. 【题干】They’re petitioning for better facilities for the disabled on public transport.【选项】A. requestingB. planningC. preparingD. looking【答案】A14. 【题干】He said some harsh words about his brother. 【选项】A. unkindB. properC. normalD. unclear【答案】A15. 【题干】We were attracted by the lure of quick money. 【选项】A. amountB. supplyC. sumD. temp【答案】DADHD Linked to Air PollutantsChildren have an increased of attention problems, seen as early as grade school. If their noses inhaled(吸入)a certain type of air pollution when they were pregnant. That's the finding of a new study. Released when things aren't burned completely, this pollution is known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs. The biggest sources of these PAHs: the burning of fossil fuels, wood and trash.Frederica Perera works at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health is New York City. She researches how exposure to things in the environment affects children's health in a new study, she and her team studied the exposure to air pollution of 233 nonsmoking pregnant women in New York City. Because burning tobacco can spew(排放)PAHs into the air and lungs, Perera's team focused on nonsmokers. The researchers wanted to probe(探查)other sources of PAHs, ones that's would have been hard for an individual to avoid.The team started by testing the blood of each woman during pregnancy. The reason Any PAHs in a woman's blood would also be available to the baby in her womb. Nine years later, the researchers investigated signs of attention problems in those children, now age 9. They asked each child's mother a series of questions. These included whatever her childhad problems doing things that needed sustained(长期的)mental effort, such as homework or games with friends. The scientists also asked if the kids had trouble following instructions or made frequent, careless mistakes. All of these can be symptoms of a disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD. About one in U.S. children has ADHD.Among the women studied, traffic and home heating were the primary sources of air pollution exposure, Perera and her team suspect. Some of these women had low levels of PAHs in their blood. Ohters had high levels. Those with high levels were five times as likely to have children who showed attention problems by age 9. The new findings were published November 5 in the journal PLOS ONE.16.【题干】Perera and her team chose nonsmoking pregnant women all over America.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B17.【题干】The main purpose of the research was to find out how exposure to PAHs played a role in harming the subjects' physical health.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B18.【题干】Nonsmoking mothers were selected because the effect of smoking on PAHs was unclear.【选项】BA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】B19.【题干】The blood of each woman was tested once a month during pregnancy.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】C20.【题干】Kids with ADHD commonly fail in school.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】C21.【题干】The women with high levels of PAHs in their blood were more likely to have kids with ADHD.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】A22.【题干】Traffic and home heating were considered to be the biggest sources of PAHs for the subjects in the research.【选项】A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned【答案】A第3部分：概况大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2项测试认识：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1~4段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes t he information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at o ne chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enoug h to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” means B extra.2．Which of the following does not move throug h a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for dis tance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.注：一页两份理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇 Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.█Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. __1__CWill humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.█For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2_F _ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.█In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3_E _ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.█The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.█__4_B _ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more unde rstanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”█A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. __5_D█People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.练习：A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.理工B阅读理解新增文章*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.█A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.练习：1．Another good title for this passage would be C Today’s Robots and How They Function.2．Artificial intelligence is D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be A more humanlike in behavior and actions.4．The writer begins the passage by comparing B a modem robot with a fictional robot.5．The word humanoid means D having a human form or characteristics.理工B补全短文新增文章：*第九篇 Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately w orking to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1_D__ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by li ghtning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.█Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2_A__ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3_E__ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.█Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ___4_B__ The best place to be is inside a car!█The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.█Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. __5__F_█Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.练习：A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工C阅读理解新增文章第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.█The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.█Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.█If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.练习：1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” mean s B extra.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers to A photosynthesis.4．This passage is primarily developed by A explaining a process.5．Another good title for this passage would be C How Photosynthesis Works.理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. _1_F█On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.█“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intende d to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.█__2_B “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”█OPPORTUNITY█The solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. __3_E_█Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.█During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. __4_A_█MARATHON ROVER█The rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. __5_C█Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.练习：A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, ro cks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.。

2016年职称英语理工A考生必看——2013年到2015年职称英语理工A出自教材文章汇总职称英语考试在2014年之前，都会从职称英语教材中选取两篇文章作为真题，一篇阅读理解，一篇完形填空，而且阅读理解就是从教材的阅读理解里面出题，完形填空也是从教材中的完形填空出题。

2014年职称英语考试开始改革，跨级别跨类别跨题型出题。

2015年职称英语出题，依然延续2014年职称英语出题风格。

2016年职称英语出题，应该依然延续跨题型出题风格。

在此为2016年职称理工A类考生总结一下从2014年到2015年职称英语理工A 从教材出题情况，分析一下这几年职称英语理工A出题难易程度。

预测一下2016年职称英语理工A出题情况。

职称英语理工A自2013年到2015年从教材选取文章汇总一篇完形填空。

有原题。

没有跨题型出题。

难度级别低。

2014年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了2篇文章。

阅读理解从教材中选了理工A 阅读判断。

完形填空选取的是补全短文的文章。

属于跨题型出题。

2014年是职称英语第一年改革，跨题型出题，考生没有复习到，也没有心理准备，所以难度级别高。

2015年职称英语理工A从教材中选取了3篇文章，2篇阅读理解，1篇完形填空。

两篇阅读理解一篇选自理工A的完形填空，一篇选自理工A的概括大意与完成句子。

两篇文章都是属于理工A的文章。

完形填空选自理工A的补全短文，属于跨题型出题。

2015年考生已经知道职称英语出题风格变化，有心理准备，而且三篇文章都是A级别的文章，所以2015年理工A的难度中等。

值得大家注意的是，Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light这篇文章，在2013年理工A完形填空中考过，2015年又作为阅读理解来出题。

所以教材上考过的文章并不是百分之百不会再考了。

预测2016年职称英语理工A会延续2014年和2015年的出题风格，依然是跨题型出题，会从教材选取2到3篇左右的文章。

2015年职称英语考试理工类B级全真模拟题及答案解析第 1 部分：词汇选项（第1-15 题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1 个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. The football team, for the most part, were confident of winning the match.A. mostlyB. partlyC. onlyD. really2. At first he did’t realize that he had succeeded.A. k nowB. find outC. recognizeD. look into3. To frame up his boss, Dick had to make up evidence.A. collectB. discloseC. inventD. generate4. The government launched a massive campaign against crimes in the big cities.A. proposedB. decidedC. beganD. studied5. It is very considerate of you to remember my birthday.A. thoughtfulB. considerableC. carefiilD. concerned6. 1 was amazed at the beauty of the mountain when I reached to the top.A. excitedB. astonishedC. happyD. unpleasant7. The upper atmosphere is believed to consist of a number of roughly concentric layers, which include the troposphere (对流层) and stratosphere (平流层).A. plainlyB. repeatedlyC. nearlyD. changeably8. The earth moves around the sun.A. beforeB. roundC. afterD. over9. He made great show of reluctance, but finally accepted my offer.A. emotionB. unwillingnessC. angerD. postpone10. His success in work has tempted many to try this new method.A. attractedB. calledC. inspiredD. implied11. She could fix the machine without referring to the instructions.A. understandingB. observingC. consultingD. obtaining12. 1 didn’t have much confidence in my talent as a film actor.A. wisdomB. giftC. performanceD. show13. Her death was a grief to him and I doubt if he ever recovered afterwards.A. got byB. got throughC. got onD. got over14. The most prominent characteristic of handwriting is undoubtedly letter formation and slant.A. presumablyB. in many casesC. surelyD. without bias15. Fond industry relies mainly on agriculture for raw material.A. depends onB. dependent onC. derives fromD. derived from第 2 部分：阅读判断（第16-22 题，每题 1 分，共7 分）下面的短文后列出了7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A ; 如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B ; 如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C 。

2015年综合类职称英语新增文章注释1. …create a film over the eye ’s surface ：……在眼睛的表面形成一层薄膜。

2. …get it back …：……恢复……3. …act out the whole situation again …：……整个场景重现…… 练习A It may explain why people who are afraid to cry often suffer more h eart attacks than people cry more freely.BIts good to hold back tears during a tense business discussion.C Crying has good effects on the body.D Even when you're not crying, your eyes produce tears.E They practice crying so that they can get used to expressing emotio n.F As children we were sometimes punished for shedding tears or expres sing anger.答案与题解1. D 此空的上一句讲到眼泪很有用，后一句讲到眼泪的具体用处，并且句首是these，所以所填的这句应该有眼泪，根据上下文只有选项D最适合。

选项C与前一句话意思重复。

综合群385443831；理工群385448628；卫生群3854190922. F 下文提到作为成人，我们仍然害怕流泪，所填的这句应该讲我们还是孩子时对流泪的恐惧。

所以，答案是选项F。

3. A 上文讲到哭能够帮助我们发泄心中的强烈情感，所以经常哭的人会比不常哭的人获得某种益处，根据上下文，只有选项A比较贴切。

2015年职称英语考试《理工B》阅读理解原文2015年职称英语考试理工B阅读理解其中一篇来自于卫生教材中阅读判断的第5篇Dangers Await Babies withAltitude。

各位考友可以参考原文及译文，比对答案。

以下为卫生教材原文：Dangers Await Babies withAltitudeWomenwho live in the world’s highest communities tend to give birth to under-weightbabies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a highrisk of heart disease and strokes.Researchhas hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. Butit wasn’t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitudeor because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at highaltitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.Tofind out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied therecords of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. The babies were bom inboth rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is thehighest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruzis much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sureenough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz wassignificantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high andlow-income families. Even babies bom to poor families in Santa Cruz wereheavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “Wewere very surprised by this result,” says Giussani.Theresults suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen beforebirth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulategrowth of the unborn child.” says Giussani.Histeam also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively largerheads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved ofoxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of thebody.Giussaniwants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life.People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, forexample. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Andnewborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed tohigh blood pressure and strokes in later life.高海拔地区的婴儿有危险一个新的研究表明，住在世界高海拔地区的女人通常生下体重不足的婴儿。

第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to t he robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As scien ce and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.1.To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2.the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上(以此来探知路径)。

2015年职称英语《理工类B级》模拟试题及答案(1)第一部分：词汇选项下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有下划线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1、 The document was compiled by the Department of Health.A．writtenB．printedC．attachedD．sent2、 The policeman wrote down all the particulars of the accident.A．secretsB．detailsC．benefitsD．words3、 Mary said mildly that she was just curious.A．shylyB．gentlyC．weaklyD．wildly4、Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment.A．angerB．doubtC．loveD．surprise5、 Enormous sums of money have been spent on space exploration.A．MuchB．LargeC．SmallD．Fixed6、 While we don't agree, we continue to be friends. A．whoeverB．whereC．AlthoughD．Whatever7、 Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners. A．politeB．similarC．usualD．bad8、 The governor gave a rather vague outline of his tax plan. A．unclearB．firmC．shortD．neat9、 Jack is a diligent student.A．ambitiousB．hardworkingC．lazyD．slow10、 I don't quite follow what she is saying.A．believeB．understandC．explainD．accept11、 Such a database would be extremely costly to set up. A．transferB．destroyC．establishD．update12、 He's spent years cultivating a knowledge of art. A．sharingB．usingC．denyingD．developing13、 Have you talked to her lately?A．lastlyB．finallyC．shortlyD．recently14、 The story was very touching.A．inspiringB．boringC．absorbingD．moving15、 Did anyone call me when I was out?A．inviteB．nameC．answerD．phone第二部分：阅读判断下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

2015职称英语理工类B级真题(概括大意) 第3部分：概况大意与完成句子First Image-recognitions software1) Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.2)The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm(运算法则)for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel(像素)data in images and potentially video—rather than just text—to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned(收集)from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions(图片说明),making for more accurate document search results.3)“Over the last 30 years,” says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani, aco-author of the stu dy,” the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Webpage, he immediately get the gist(主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.”4)The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificialintelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed— that extracts semantic(语义的)information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries(查询)on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.23. Paragraph 1 _____24. Paragraph 2 _____25. Paragraph 3 _____26 Paragraph 4 _____A. Popularity of the new systemB. Publication of the new discoveryC .Function of the new systemD. Artificial intelligence software createdE. Problems of the existing search enginesF .Improvement in document retrieval27. The new system does document retrieval by _____.28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____.29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _____.30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _____.A. information in imagesB. current popular search enginesC. using photosD. machine vision systemsE. document searchF. description of the HTML page更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

2015年职称英语综合类理工类B级新增文章：The Romance of Arthur第二十四篇 The Romance of ArthurMost cultures have some sort of hero whorepresents the best values of what its people believe in. The unusual thingabout King Arthur is that legend s of his heroism have persisted for severalcenturies and spread far beyond England, the place where they began. The earliest stories of King Arthur represent himas a warrior who fought and subdued the invading Norsemen in the years aroundA. D. 700. This much of the Arthurian tale is probably based on fact. Whethercalled Arthur or not, there is a body of evidence supporting the existence ofsuch a warrior. It is the later embellishments of the tale whose authenticityis questionable. According to these, Arthur was born in a castle in Tintagel onthe stormy western coast of England and because he was the illegitimate son ofKing Uther Pendragon, he was spirited away by the magician Merlin and his trueidentity kept from him. He became king after freeing the sword Excalibur fromthe stone into which it was thrust. He married the beautiful Guinevere andassembled in his court all the noblest knights of the land, including Lancelot,with whom Guinevere would later be unfaithful to him. He was finally defeatedin battle by his illegitimate son Mordred, and his body was spirited away tothe isle of A Valon. This romantic tale greatly appealed to the Englishand the French in the Middle Ages, when the code of chivalry-ideal qualities ofknighthood-constituted an important part of many stories. Tales of the heroismof Galahad, Percival, Gawain, and many other of Arthur's knights werecirculated as well. In England today, there are many sites claiming apiece of the Arthurian an legend. There is a mined castle at Tintagel. NearGlastonbury are the remains of an ancient abbey where Arthur’s and Guinevere'sbodies were supposedly exhumed in the 12th century. Neither of these provesthat the legend is true, but they do keep its mystique alive.P>词汇： Arthurn.亚瑟（中世纪传奇故事中的不列颠国王，圆桌骑士团的首领）authenticityn.可靠性，真实性 spiritv.偷偷地带走；拐走；绑架 warriorn. 战士，勇士chivalryn. 骑士 subduev. 制服，慑服 embellishmentn. 美化，修饰 mystiquen. 神秘气氛注释： 1. This much of theArthurian tale……：许多这类亚瑟王的故事 2. ...was spirited awayby ……被偷偷地带走……练习： 1. King Arthur’s famer was ______ A. Lancelot B. Avalon C. Mordred D. Uther Pendragon 2. The writer seems to feel that the truth aboutArthur is that he ______.A. existedB. was married to GuinevereC. had many knightsD. was born at Tintagael3. The information in the second paragraph ismostly presented in ______. A. spatialorder B. order from latest to earliest C. order from earliest to latest D. order from least persuasive 4. In the last paragraph the word “exhumed” means_____ A. dug up from the grave B. buried C. quarreled over D. built a church around 5. Another good title for this passage would be ______ A. Kings in the Seventh Century B. The Knights of the Round Table C. Real or Legend? D. Arthur’s Marriage to Guinevere.。

2015年全国职称英语考试综合类新增文章汇总word版全网独一份注：押题皇后王老师授意，新增文章仍然是考试热门文章，务必掌握。

2015年职称英语教材综合类的变动比较小，一共只有6篇新增文章。

2015年职称英语教材综合类新增的6篇文章，分布在阅读判断、阅读理解和补全短文：阅读判断综合C新增一篇文章；阅读理解综合C和综合B各新增一篇文章；补全短文综合A、B和C各新增一篇文章。

完形填空综合类整体都没有新增文章。

2015年职称英语教材新增文章的对比目录如下：综合C阅读判断新增文章第三篇Across the DesertsThe Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It stretches across Africa from Senegal to Egypt. The Sahara Desert is an unfriendly environment. During the day it's very hot, and at night it’s sometimes very col d. It is also difficult to find water in the Sahara.In 2006, Kevin Lin, Ray Zahab, and Charlie Engle decided to do something very difficult. They made the decision to run across the Sahara Desert 4,300 miles (6,920km). It seemed impossible to do, but they wanted to try. The three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.On the morning of November 2, Kevin, Ray, and Charlie started their trip across the Sahara. Every morning they began running at 5:00. At11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. Then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. Each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). Every day it was the same thing. They got up and ran. They listened to music on their iPods, and they ran and ran.Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed to eat a lot of food during their trip. Most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. Kevin, Ray, and Charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. That's a lot of food! They also needed to drink a lot of water.The three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. It was often very hot (140°F/60°C) during the day, and the heat made them sick. Their legs and feet hurt. Sometimes it was very windy, and they couldn't see. One time they got lost. But they didn't quit. After 111 days, Kevin, Ray; and Charlie successfully finishedtheir trip across the Sahara Desert. They hugged each other and put their hands in the water of the Red Sea. Then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.词汇stretch v. 延伸，伸展calorie n. 卡（路里)，小卡，大卡quit v. 停止，放注释1. ... made the decision to run across ...：......决正跑步横跨......练习1. It’s not always hot m the Sahara Desert.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned2. Each day the men ran for approximately eight hours.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned3. In the middle of the day: the men usually stopped running.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned4. They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned5. Sometimes they couldn't see the road because it was windy.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned6. Luckily, they never got lost.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned7. On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.A. RightB. WrongC. mentioned答案与题解1. A文中提到撒哈拉沙漠白天很热晚上有时很冷，所以不是总是很热。

第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing（每晚只需8个小时，睡眠过多非益事）1、Paragraph 2 (E Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers)段落2(长、短睡者的睡眠问题)2、Paragraph 4 (B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep)段落4(B习惯性睡眠短缺的危险)3、Paragraph 5 (A Kripke’s Rese arch Tool)段落5 (A克里普克的研究工具)4、Paragraph 6 (D A Way of Overcoming Insomnia)段落6 (D克服失眠的一种方式)5、To get a good night's rest, people may not need to(F sleep more than 8 hours)一夜好休息,人们可能不需要(F睡眠超过8小时)6、Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to(E suffer sleep problems)长睡眠者更有可能(E遭受睡眠问题)7、One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to(A fall asleep again)睡眠问题之一是在半夜醒来,无法(再次入睡)8. One survey showed that people who habitually ____ each night have a higher risk of dying. (C sleep less than 7 hours confirm those serious)一项调查显示,人们习惯性地每天晚上有更高的死亡风险。

2015职称英语理工类B级真题(阅读理解) 第四部分：阅读理解第一篇Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy(树冠)of taller indigenous(土生土长的)trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases production because more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren’t any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreaseslocal-wildlife habitat. Native birds nest and hide from predators(捕食者)in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then thebirds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill or sicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and "bird friendly." Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.C. Shade-grow coffee is more expensive than sun-grow coffee.D. People should buy shade-grown coffee.32. The function of the word "Traditionally" in Paragraph 2 is to show_____.A. the positive effects of coffee.B. a change of coffee growth.C. something that is the most important.D. how coffee production used to be.33.What does increased production of full-sun coffee bring about?A. More insects.B. Better quality coffee.C. Larger farms.D. Higher profits.34. How do farmers find more land for growing full-sun coffee?A. They buy more land from other farmers.B. They cut down trees.C. They move to another country.D. They turn grassland into farmland.35.The full-sun method may affect the following EXCEPT_____ full sunA. insects.B. air.C. birdsD. humans第二篇More Rural Research is NeededAgricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead.“The global decline in investment in international agricultural research must be reversed if significant progress is to be made towards reducing malnutrition(营养不良)and poverty.” he said.Research is needed to solve food production, land degradation(贫瘠化)and environmental problems. Secure local food supplies led to economic growth which is turn, slowed population growth. Dr. Fischer painted a picture of the world’s ability to feed itself in the first 25 years, when the world’s population is expected to rise from 5 X to X billion people. He said that things will probably hold or improve but there’ll still be a lot of hungry people. The biggest concentratio n of poor and hungry people would be in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia in 2020, similar to the current pattern. If there is any change, a slight improvement will be seen in southern Asia, but not in sub-Saharan Africa. The major improvement will be in East Asia, South America and South-East Asia.The developing world was investing about 0.5%, or $8 billion a year, of its agricultural gross domestic product(GDP)on research and developed world was spending 2.5% of its GDP. Dr. Fischer said more was needed from all countries.He said crop research could produce technologies that spread across many countries, such as wheat production research having spin-offs(有用的副产品)for Mexico, China or India.“Technologies still need to be refined for the local cond itions but a lot of the strategic research can have global application, so that money can be used very efficiently.” Dr. Fischer said.Yields of rice, wheat ad maize(玉米)havegrown impressively in the past 30 years, especially in developing countries. For example, maize production rose from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare between 1950 and 1995. But technologies driving this growth such as high-yield varieties, fertilizers, and irrigation, were becoming exhausted. “If you want to save the land for non-agricultural activities, for forests and wildlife, you’re going to have to increase yield.” Dr. Fischer said.36. What is the passage mainly about?A. Shortage of food supplies.B. Development of agricultural technologies.C. Impact of agricultural research.D. Expectation of population growth.37. Which of the following statements is true about the world’s agricultural research funding?A. It is increasing among developed countries.B. It is decreasing worldwide.C. Less is demanded from developing countries.D. Most of it is spent very efficiently.38. What is the picture of Asia’s food supplies in the first 25 years?A. Food shortage will not be a problemB. There will be more hungry people in southern Asia.C. Population growth will result in more hungry people.D. There will be fewer hungry people in East Asia.39. What does Dr. Fischer say about technologies? Dr FischerA. They are costly.B. They have to be improved to meet local needs.C. Their application is limited.D. They have to be applied locally.40. It can be infered from the last paragraph that_____.A. there is a demand for saving land for non-agricultural activities.B. crop production is growing faster in developing countries.C. maize production reached its peak in the 1990s.D. technologies improving maize production have been well developed.第三篇Dangers await babies with altitudeWomen who live in the world's highest communities tend to give birth to under-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasn't clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished — many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1976 and 1998. The babies were born inboth rich and poor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. L Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. This was true in both high andlow-income families. Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. "We were very surprised by this result," says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth. "This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child," says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to rest of the body.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birth weight is a risk factor for coronary(冠状的) heart disease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.41. What does the new study discover?A. Babies born to wealthy families are heaver.B. Women living at high altitude tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. Newborns in cities are lighter than average.D. Low-altitude babies have a high risk of heart disease in later life.42. Giussani and his team are sure that _____.A. babies born in Lance Paz are on average lighter than in Santa Cruz.B. people living at high altitudes tend to give birth to underweight babies.C. the birth weight of babies born to wealthy families is Santa Cruz.D. mothers in La Paz are commonly under-nourished.43. It can be inferred from what Giussani says in Paragraph 4 that_____.A. the finding was unexpectedB. he was very tired.C. the study took longer than expected.D. he was surprised to find low-income families in La Paz.44. The results of the study indicate the reason for the underweight babies is _____.A. lack of certain nutrition.B. power of their mother.C. different family backgrounds.D. reduction of oxygen levels.45. It can be learned about form the paragraph that_____.A. high-altitude babies tend to have high blood pressure in later life.B. under-weight babies have a shorter life span.C. babies born to poor families lack hormones before birth.D. new born wealthy families have larger heads compared with their bodies. 更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

Avalanche and Its SafetyAn avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside.Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it.Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60 degrees typically have a low risk of avalanche.Snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes;also,snow does not flow easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is between35 and45degrees;the critical angle,the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is38degrees.The rule of thumb is:A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.Additionally,avalanche riskincreases with use;that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry is never100%safe.Good avalanche safety is a continuous process,including route selection and examination of the snowpack,weather conditions,and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also reduce the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.雪崩和安全问题雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。

阅读理解第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1.Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。

I’ll Be BachComposer David Cope is the inventor of a computerprogram that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope30years todevelop the software.Now most people can’t tell the difference between musicby the famous German composer J.S.Bach(1685-1750)and the Bach-likecompositions from Cope’s computer.It all started in1980in the United States, whenCope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of newmelodies,so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. At first thismusic was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do?He began to rethink howhuman beings compose music.He realized that composers，brains work like big databases.First, they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take outthe music that they dislike.Finally,they make new music from what is left.According to Cope,only the great composers are able to create the databaseaccurately,remember it,and form new musical patterns from it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He beganwith hundreds of works by Bach.The software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smallerpieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns.Before long,the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren’t good,but it was a start. Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a wholeopera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyzemore complex music.He also added many other composers, including his own work,to the database.A few years later，Cope’s computer program, called“Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot ofcollaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer’smusical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy,the opera took onlytwo weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Falling,and it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactlyhow he had composed the work. Since that first opera,Emmy has written thousandsof compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’tlike of her music,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing thesedays!词汇：original/ər dənəl/adj．有独创性的collaboration/kəlæbəreən/n．合作review/r'vju:/n．评论feedback/'fi:dbæk/n．反馈注释J.S.Bach约翰•塞巴斯蒂安•巴赫（德语：Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月31日一1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，同作曲家亨德尔和泰勒曼齐名。

职称英语等年级考试理工类B级试题Document number【980KGB-6898YT-769T8CB-246UT-18GG08】【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年度全国职称英语等级考试理工类(B级)试题第1部分：词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语画有底横线。

请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1 The city centre waswiped out by the bombA covered Breduced C destroyed Dmoved2 Thecontempthe felt for his fellow students WaS obvious．A needB IoveC hateD Pity3 A iarge crowdassembledoutside the American embassyA watchedB shoutedC walkedD gathered4 Heinspiredmany young people to take up the sport。

A allowedB encouragedC calledD advised5 The storm causedseveredamage．A seriousB physicalC accidentalD environmental6 I think￡7 for a drink is a bitsteep, don’t you?A tightB lowC cheapD high7 DO we have to wear these nametagsA IistsB formsC labelsD codes8 Most babies cantake ina wide range of food easily.A bringB keepC serveD digest9 Joe came to the window as the crowdchanted,“Joe，Joe，Joe!”A repeatedB jumpedC maintainedD approached10 Whatpuzzlesme is why his books are so popular.A shocksB influencesC confusesD concerns11 A the flats in the building had the samelayout.A colorB arrangementC sizeD function。