inbound_logistics

中国经济管理大学学员教辅小保罗·R·墨菲《MBA当代物流学》习题辅导中国自学网/study.asp?vip=2525674ContentsIntroductionChapter 1: Logistics and the Supply Chain (1)Chapter 2: The Supply Chain Management Concept (23)Chapter 3: Logistics and Information Technology (43)Chapter 4: Demand Management, Order Management and Customer Service (62)Chapter 5: Protective Packaging and Materials Handling (81)Chapter 6: Transportation (98)Chapter 7: Transportation Management (115)Chapter 8: Distribution Center, Warehouse, and Plant Location (135)Chapter 9: Inventory Management (157)Chapter 10: Warehousing Management (182)Chapter 11: Procurement (201)Chapter 12: International Logistics (221)Chapter 13: Logistics Systems Controls (240)Chapter 14: Organizing and Analyzing Logistics Systems (260)PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 1: LOGISTICS AND THE SUPPLY CHAIN1. Did it surprise you that logistics can be such an important component in a country’s economic system? Why or why not?它构成了一个国家至少10%的GDP、对于经济增长有很重要的作用The answer to this question likely depends on a student’s prior exposure to logistics.A “typical” student in an undergraduate basic logistics course likely has had limitedexposure to and knowledge about logistics and thus would likely be unaware as tologistics’ impact on a country’s economic system. As such, she/he might be pl easantly surprised to learn that logistics often accounts for at least 10% of a country’s GDPand also is important for economic growth and development.2.Distinguish between possession, form, time, and place utility.Possession utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer beingable to take possession of a product and can be influenced by the relevant payment terms.Form utility refers to a product’s being in a form that (1) can be used by the customer and (2) is of value to the customer. Time utility refers to having products availablewhen they are needed by customers while place utility refers to having productsavailable where they are needed by customers.3.How does logistics contribute to time and place utility?时间效用：不同产品有不同的时间敏感度，香蕉和铅笔；地点效用：把产品从价至少的地方运到价值大的地方。

1.inbound logistics 入厂物流2.outbound logistics 出厂物流3.an increasingly globalized supply chain日益全球化供应链4.Freight Forwarding Company 货代公司5.packing requirement 包装要求6.place of departure 货物启运地点7.place of destination 货物到达地点8.specifications of goods 货物规格9.place much emphasis on sustainable development 关注可持续性发展10.formulate pertinent Material Requirements Planning 制定相关材料需求计划11.touring facilities 巡视设施12.multimodal transportation system 多式联运13.international multimodal transport of goods 国际多式联运公约14.reduce inventory holding costs 减少库存成本15.segmented transport 分段运输16.container-handling facilities 集装箱装卸设备17.feeder operations 支线运输18.logistics inventory management 物流库存管理19.efficient consumer response 有效客户响应20.supply chain management 供应链管理21.workflow-driven stock process 以工作流为导向的存货流程22.mechanical handling of materials 机械物料搬运23.manual handling of materials 人工物料搬运24.materials handling system 物料搬运系统25.transshipment 转运partial shipment 分批装运选词填空1.As the election approaches,the war of words between the main political parties becomes (increase)increasingly intense.2.To study philosophy you have to engage in philosophical argument,which is evidence or reasons (lead)leading to a conclusion.3.Science is not an independent knowledge system,and it has to (integrate) fromvarious perspectives in order to reach a full understanding.4.The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loadingto the port of (destination).5.The WTO provides a (mechanic)mechanism for resolving trade disputes.6.The expert made some (pertinence)pertinent comments on the scheme.7.Thousands of English words (derive from) Latin.8.Friendly contacts between different peoples (facilitate) the cultural and economic interchange.9.This delightful musical comedy (transportation)transports the audience to the innocent days of 1950s America.10.Indonesia's island of Java is (density) densely populated with a population density of 2100 people per square mile.11.I am the formal leader of the project but the everyday management is in the hands of my assistant.12.This spectacular event,now in its 5th year (featuring) a stunning catwalk show.13.Conversationlists hope to rescue these (critical) critically endangered animals beforeit's too late.14.We believe that product (differentiate)differentiation is going to be one of thekeys to success.15.The production facility in Germany makes it possible to meet customer demandsfor the product (maintenance).16.More than two thirds of Americans believe President Obama's public endorsementof gay marriage was (motivated) by politics.17.The original arrest of Gordon was for traveling using false (identify) identication documents.18.The scientists are working on how to improve plants to make them more (resist)resistant to disease.19.Because it is still under (guarantee),the manufacturer will be responsible for therepair.20.The government will not seek to disrupt the (legitimate) business activities of the defendant.翻译1.Logistics is a hot topic in China and the whole world.In fact,logistics, in a narrow sense,is the efficient flow and storage of goods.物流是一个中国乃至全世界的热门话题.从狭义上讲，物流就是商品的高效流动与储存.2.Logistics is the process of planning,implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods,services and related information from point of origin to point of consumptionfor the purpose of meeting customer requirements.物流是计划实施和控制商品的快速、高效流动和储存,以及从源头到消费的服务和信息的全过程,以满足客户的需求。

PART IIIEXAMINATION QUESTIONSCHAPTER 1: LOGISTICS AND THE SUPPLY CHAINMultiple Choice Questions1.Logistics as a percentage of U.S. Gross Domestic Product is approximately (within2%):a.5%b.10%c.15%d.20%e.none of the above(b; p. 4)2.Logistics clearly contributes to ___________ and ___________ utility.a.time; placeb.form; timec.place; formd.possession; timee.none of the above(a; p. 4)3.___________ utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customerbeing able to take possession of a product.a.timeb.placec.formd.possession(d; p. 4)4.___________ utility refers to having products available where they are needed bycustomers.a.possessionb.timec.placed.form(c; p. 5)5.All of the following terms have been used to refer to business logistics except:a.business logisticsb.industrial distributionc.logistics managementd.physical distributione.all of the above are correct(e; p. 5)6.“How well a company does what it says it’s going to do” represents ___________.a.efficiencyb.productivityc.leading edge logisticsd.effectiveness(d; p. 6)7.Every customer getting the same type and levels of logistics service refers to___________.a.tailored logisticsb.mass logisticsc.effectivenessd.efficiency(b; p. 7)8.Which of the following is not a reason for the increased importance of logistics?a.growing power of manufacturersb.reduction in economic regulationc.globalization of traded.technological advances(a; pp. 8–10)9.What logistics “outsider” developed the concept of the value chain?a.Donald Bowersoxb.Gus Pagonisc.Michael Porterd.Michael Hammer(c; p. 8)10.The ___________ approach indicates that a company’s objectives can be realized byrecognizing the mutual interdependence of major functional areas.a.supply chainb.systemsc.interfunctionalityd.total cost(b; p. 10)11.The movement and storage of materials into a firm refers to:a.physical distributionb.materials managementc.materials handlingd.inbound logistics(d; p. 10)12.The movement and storage of materials within a firm refers to:a.physical distributionb.inbound logisticsc.materials managementd.procurement(c; p. 10)13.Logistics managers use the ___________ approach to coordinate inbound logistics,materials management, and physical distribution in a cost efficient manner.a.total costb.supply chainc.mass logisticsd.interfunctional(a; p. 11)14.A cost trade-off is a situation where:a.all costs react according to their individual degrees of inflation in the economyb.all costs are reflected as a percentage variation from standard costsc.some costs increase, some decrease, and the net effect is that total costsdecreased.some costs are eliminated by efficient management controls(c; p. 13)15.The cash flow associated with holding inventory is known as inventory ___________.a.turnoverb.valuationc.stockd.float(d; p. 14)16.__________ refers to one location where customers can purchase products from twoor more brand-name retailers.a.intensive distributionb.co-brandingc.co-generationd.selective distribution(b; p. 14)17.Phantom freight refers to:a.paying more for transportation than the actual costte shipmentsc.shipments accepted by non-certified carriersd.freight that “disappears” in transit(a; pp. 15–16)18.Freight absorption refers to:a. a special rate to cover increasing fuel costsb.rates that are higher than other carriers chargec.the ability of cardboard to absorb moistured.transportation payments lower than the actual costs incurred to ship theproduct(d; p. 16)nded costs refer to:a. a product that is shipped via surface transportb. a product that is quoted cost on delivery (COD)c. a prepaid shipmentd. a price that includes both the cost of the product plus transportation to thebuyer(d; p. 15)20.___________ is the excess freight bill paid by customers who live near the shippingpoint.a.freight absorptionb.delivered pricec.phantom freightnded price(c; p. 15)21.In FOB origin pricing, all of the following are true except:a.prices quoted do not include transportation to the consigneeb.marketers can adopt uniform prices on a regional or national basisc.consignees must arrange for the transportation of the purchased productd.the seller always receives the same net from each sale(b; p. 15)22.___________ refers to a situation where the applicable charges are paid at the time ashipment is tendered to a carrier.a.freight prepaidb.freight absorptionc.phantom freightd.FOB origin(a; p. 16)23.___________ refers to charges being paid at the time of shipment delivery.a.freight absorptionb.freight yieldc.freight collectd.FOB destination(c; p. 16)24.The four basic components of the marketing mix include all of the following except:a.priceb.productionc.productd.place(b; p. 14)25.The most common interface between production and logistics generally involves:a.the use of plastic versus wood palletsb.the mode of transportationc.shipment pricingd.the length of production runs(d; p. 18)26.___________ refers to the delay of value-added activities such as assembly,production, and packaging to the latest possible time.a.building blocksb.deferralc.demurraged.postponement(d; p. 19)27.The ownership channel consists of all parties except:a.customersb.manufacturersc.wholesalersd.retailers(a; p. 19)28.The ____________ channel handles the physical flow of product.a.ownershipb.negotiationsc.logisticsd.promotions(c; p. 19)29.Which channel covers the movement of title to the goods?a.promotionsb.logisticsc.financed.ownership(d; p. 21)30.Which of the following is not part of the marketing channel?a.the logistics channelb.the negotiations channelc.the promotion channeld.the finance channele.all are part of the marketing channel(e; p. 19)31.Channel intermediaries:a.assume temporary ownership of the goodsb.fill nichesc.disappear as the market becomes organizedd.tend to lack focus(b; p. 24)32.Intermediaries in the marketing channel perform all of the following functions except:a.supply informationb.match buyers and sellersc.assume temporary ownership of the goodsd.develop and fill niches(c; pp. 23–24)33.The most costly logistics activity in many firms is ____________.a.industrial packagingb.warehousing managementc.order managementd.transportation management(d; p. 27)34.____________ is bringing together similar stocks from different sources.a.accumulatingb.assortingc.auditingd.allocating(a; p. 23)35.____________ refers to breaking a homogenous supply into smaller lots.a.sorting outb.allocatingc.accumulatingd.assorting(b; p. 23)True-False Questions1.Absolute and relative logistics costs in relation to Gross Domestic Product vary fromcountry to country. (True; p. 4)2.Logistics clearly contributes to time and form utility. (False; p. 4)3.The current definition of logistics, as promulgated by the Council of LogisticsManagement, suggests that logistics is part of the supply chain process. (True; p. 6)4.The purpose of logistics is to maximize customer service. (False; p. 7)5.Logistical principles apply only to for-profit organizations. (False; p. 7)6.Two of the five primary activities in the value chain are inbound logistics andoutbound logistics. (True; pp. 8–9)7.The key aspect of the total cost approach is to maximize customer satisfaction. (False;p. 13)8.The Internet has done little to improve logistical effectiveness and efficiency. (False;p. 9)9.Stock-keeping units (SKUs) are the same as line items of inventory. (True; p.10)10.Inbound logistics refers to the movement and storage of materials into a firm. (True; p.10)11.Inbound logistics is synonymous with materials management. (False; p. 10)12.Interfunctional logistics attempts to coordinate inbound logistics, materials manage-ment, and physical distribution in a cost efficient manner that supports anorganization’s customer service objectives. (False; p. 10)mon sense is one of the keys to being an effective logistics manager. (True; p.11)14.The key to the total cost approach is that all relevant cost items are consideredsimultaneously when making a decision. (True; p. 13)15.Logistics offers many companies an important route for creating marketingsuperiority. (True; p.14)16.Co-branding is a retailing strategy that is associated with place decisions. (True; p. 14)17.As a general rule, marketers prefer FOB origin pricing rather than FOB destinationpricing. (False; pp. 15–16)18.Phantom freight and freight absorption are associated with FOB origin pricing. (False;pp. 15–16)19.It is better for a logistics manager to be a generalist rather than a specialist. (False; p.27)20.Stockouts refer to a situation where a company is out of an item at the same time thatthere is demand for that item. (True; p. 18)21.Long production runs sometimes result in excessive inventory of products withlimited demand for them. (True; p. 18)22.Intermediaries assume ownership of goods while the y’re in the marketing channel.(False; p. 24)23.Channel members are usually more concerned about sellers’ needs than with buyers’needs. (False; p. 20)24.The negotiations channel is the one where buy and sell agreements are reached. (True;p. 21)25.There is no linkage between the promotions and logistics channel. (False; pp. 22–23)26.The most significant contribution that the logistics channel makes to the overallchannel process is the sorting function. (True; p. 23)27.The sorting function has four steps. (True; p. 23)28.The sorting function takes place between retailers and the consumer. (False; p. 23)29.A broker is a type of intermediary often associated with the negotiations channel.(True; p 24.)30.In channel negotiations, all parties are presumed to have equal bargaining strength.(False; pp. 20-21)31.Freight forwarders are the most common intermediary in the logistics channel. (True;p. 24)32.Returned products represent one type of activity in the logistical channel. (True; p. 27)33.The key to total cost analysis is to make sure that either transportation or inventorycosts are minimized. (False; p. 13)34.There are relatively few opportunities for employment in the logistics sector. (False; p.27)35.The logistics channel is the most important of the marketing channels. (False; p. 19)。

第一章物流和供应链Logistics and the Supply Chain1.物流的经济影响（Economic Impacts of Logistics）：1）宏观角度，物流在国家的经济增长和发展中起到了重要作用。

2）经济效用（Economic Utility）：产品满足顾客需求和需求的价值或有用性拥有效用（possession utility）：能够拥有某产品的顾客所得到的价值或有用性形式效用（form utility）:指产品以一种形式存在，这时产品一方面可以被顾客使用，另一方面对顾客有价值地点效用（place utility）:在顾客需要产品的地方能够得到产品时间效用（time utility）:当顾客需要的时候提供产品2.物流的定义：Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverses flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements.物流是供应链管理的一部分，它以满足顾客需求为目标，对产品、服务和相关信息在起始点和消费点之间的有效率的、有效果的正向和逆向流动和储存进行计划、实施和控制。

3.逆向物流（reverse logistics）：产品从消费者流向制造商的流动和储存4.物流的系统方法和总成本方法（The Systems and Total Cost Approaches to Logistics）：1）系统方法（systems approach）：从全公司的角度考虑，公司的目标之所以能够实现，是认识到公司的主要职能部门（营销、生产、财务和物流）间的相互依赖性。

UNIT I LOGISTICS第一单元物流PART ⅠThe Definition of LogisticsPART Ⅰ物流的定义The introduction of Logistics物流简介[Para1]“Logistics” is a term, which originates from both the army an d French. According to the French, the Baron of Jomini, who of Swiss origin who had served in Napoleon’s army before joining the Russians and who later founded the Military Academy of St. Petersburg, first used the term in the early 19th century. So in a m ilitary sense, the term ‘logistics’ encompasses transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.“物流”或“后勤”一词其实源于军队，对其词义解释亦有多个不同版本，根据法国人阐述之词义，该词早于十九世纪初被祖文尼男爵率先采用。

祖文尼是一名原藉瑞士的军官，他在投奔俄罗斯军队之前在拿破伦军中服役，其后一手创立“圣彼得堡军事学院”。

就军事意识而言，物流管理―词意即运输编制、军队补给和物料保养。

[Para2] In the business world however, the concept of “logistics” was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one and the earliest usage dates back to the 1950s in the USA.然而在商务界中，“物流管理”的概念仅仅用于“物料需求计划”，并且最初是在制造业的部门开始使用。

物流常用英语词汇基本概念术语1.物品article2.物流logistics3.物流活动logistics activity4.物流作业logistics operation5.物流模数logistics modulus6.物流技术logistics technology7.物流成本logistics cost8.物流管理logistics management9.物流中心logistics center10.物流网络logistics network11.物流信息logistics information12.物流企业logistics enterprise13.物流单证logistics documents14.物流联盟logistics alliance15.供应物流supply logistics16.生产物流production logistics17.销售物流distribution logistics18.回收物流returned logistics19.废弃物物流waste material logistics20.绿色物流environmental logistics21.企业物流internal logistics22.社会物流external logistics23.军事物流military logistics24.国际物流international logistics25.第三方物流third-part logistics (TPL)26.定制物流customized logistics27.虚拟物流virtual logistics28.增值物流服务value-added logistics service29.供应链supply chain30.条码bar code31.电子数据交换electronic data interchange (EDI)32.有形消耗tangible loss33.无形消耗intangible loss 奖罚物流作业术语1.运输transportation2.联合运输combined transport3.直达运输through transport4.中转运输transfer transport5.甩挂运输_drop and pull transport6.集装运输containerized transport7.集装箱运输container transport8.门到门door-to-door9.整箱货full container load (FCL)10.拼箱货less than container load (LCL)11.储存storing12.保管storage13.物品储存article reserves14.库存inventory15.经常库存cycle stock16.安全库存safety stick17.库存周期inventory cycle time18.前置期(或提前期) lead time19.订货处理周期order cycle time20.货垛goods stack21.堆码stacking22.搬运handing/carrying23.装卸loading and unloading24.单元装卸unit loading and unloading25.包装package/packaging26.销售包装sales package27.定牌包装packing of nominated brand28.中性包装neutral packing29.运输包装transport package30.托盘包装palletizing31.集装化containerization32.散装化containerization33.直接换装cross docking34.配送distribution35.共同配送joint distribution36.配送中心distribution center37.分拣sorting38.拣选order picking39.集货goods collection40.组配assembly41.流通加工distribution processing42.冷链cold chain43.检验inspection 奖罚物流技术装备及设施术语1.仓库warehouse2.库房storehouse3.自动化仓库automatic warehouse4.4立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse5.虚拟仓库virtual warehouse6.保税仓库boned warehouse7.出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse8. 海关监管货物cargo under customer’s supervision9.冷藏区chill space10.冷冻区freeze space11.控湿储存区humidity controlled space12.温度可控区temperature controlled space13.收货区receiving space14.发货区shipping space15.料棚goods shed 16.货场goods yard17.货架goods shelf18.托盘pallet19.叉车fork lift truck20.输送机conveyor21.自动导引车automatic guided vehicle (AGV)22.箱式车box car23.集装箱container24.换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit (TEU)25.特种货物集装箱specific cargo container26.全集装箱船full container ship27.铁路集装箱场railway container yard28.公路集装箱中转站inland container depot29.集装箱货运站container freight station (CFS)30.集装箱码头container terminal31.国际铁路联运international through railway transport32.国际多式联运international multimodal transport33.大陆桥运输land bridge transport34.班轮运输liner transport35.租船运输shipping by chartering36.船务代理shipping agency37.国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent38.理货tally39.国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance40.报关customs declaration41.报关行customs broker42.进出口商品检验commodity inspection 奖罚物流管理术语1.物流战略logistics strategy2.物流战略管理logistics strategy management3.仓库管理warehouse management4.仓库布局warehouse layout5.库存控制inventory control6.经济订货批量economic order quantity (EOQ)7.定量订货方式fixed-quantity system (FQS)8.定期订货方式fixed-quantity system (FIS)9.ABC分类管理ABC classification10.电子订货系统Electronic order system (EOS)11.准时制just in time (JIT)12.准时制物流just-in-time logistics13.零库存技术zero-inventory logistics14.物流成本管理logistics cost control15.物料需要计划material requirements planning (MRP)16.制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)17.配送需要计划distribution requirements planning (DRP)18.配送资源计划distribution resource planning (DRP II)19.物流资源计划logistics resource planning (LRP)20.企业资源计划enterprise resource planning (ERP)21.供应链管理supply chain management (SCM) 22.快速反映Quick response (QR)23.有效客户反映efficient customer response(ECR)24.连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program (CRP)25.计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering ()26.供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory (VMI)27.业务外包outsourcing ...freight rates 运费率freight absorption 运费免收volume of freight 货运量dead freight 空舱费freight agent 运输行freight car [美](一节)货车freight engine 货运机车freight house 货栈, 堆栈freight ton [tonnage] 容积吨(数)freight-in n. (=freight inward, transportation-in)进货运费freight-out n. (=freight outward, transportation-out)销货运费freight forward 运费由提货人支付freight paid 运费付讫freight prepaid (=advanced freight) 运费先付freightless adj.by freight [美]用普通铁路货车运送dead freight 空舱费; 空舱；不易腐坏的大件货物drag one’s freight [美俚]离开, 出发pull one’s freight [美俚]离开, 出发additional freight 增列运费, 附加运费ad valorem freight 从价运费advanced freight 预付运费air freight 航空运费astray freight 票货分离(但有到达站和货主标计)的货物back freight 退货运费, 额外运费, 空车回送方向货物back goods freight 退货费用bulk freight 散装货物charter er’s freight 租船人的运费clausum freight 不动产占有侵犯collect freight 待收运费, 收取运费cost and freight 离岸加运费价格cost, assurance and freight 到岸价格cost insurance freight 到岸价格direct freight 直航运费distance freight 增加距离运费distress freight 填载运费excess freight 超(过路程单填明数)量货物export freight & insurance a/c 出口保险费运费科目(帐户) fast freight 快运货物general freight 普通货物groupage freight 化零为整的货物home freight 返回运费, 回程运费inbound freight 到达货物inflammablefreight 易燃货物interline freight 铁路联运货物less-than-carload freight (LCL freight) 零担货物lump sum freight 按整船计算的运费.包干运费manifest freight 快运货物measurement freight 按体积计算的运费multiple freight 复式运费net freight 运费纯收入, 运费实收金, 运费净数nonrevenue freight 无收入货物open freight 自由运费, 未定运费outbound freight 运出货物outward freight 销出运费overland freight 陆运货运package freight 包裹货运, 零担货物phantom freight 在售价上加计的假设运费pro rata freight 比例运费quick dispatch freight 快运货物refused freight 收货人拒收的货物restricted freight 限制条件下运输的货物(如易燃品, 易爆品等) return cargo freight 回运货物运费river freight 内河水脚, 内河运费shipping freight 运费shortfall freight 亏舱运费tapering freight 远距离递减的运费through freight 直达运费, 联运货物freight on board 离岸价格freight on inter-branch transfers 分店间送货运费freight to be collected 运到收费, 运费待收freight to be deducted 应扣代付运费。

IJPDLM 32,2110International Journal of Physical Distribution &Logistics Management,Vol.32No.2,2002,pp.110-134.#MCB UP Limited,0960-0035DOI 10.1108/09600030210421723Received January 2001Revised July 2001Revised November 2001A conceptual framework of vulnerability in firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows Go Èran SvenssonVa Èxjo ÈUniversity,Va Èxjo È,Sweden Keywords Inbound logistics,Outbound logistics,Supply chainAbstract The reason for this research originates from the time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities and resources in supply chains.These dependencies cause vulnerability.The principal objective of this research is to conceptualize the construct of vulnerability in firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows.The vulnerability construct of this research consists of two components:disturbance and the negative consequence of disturbance.This research is based upon a two-phase process utilizing sequential triangulation.It is proposed that the vulnerability in the inbound logistics flows from sub-contractors,and the vulnerability in the outbound logistics flows to customers,may be measured and evaluated by four principal dimensions,namely:service level,deviation,consequence and trend.In addition,a model of inbound and outbound vulnerability scenarios in supply chains is introduced for teaching and training purposes,as well as to position and compare the outcome of replication studies of vulnerability in firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows.Research problem The theoretical basis for this research is derived from the simple and obvious fact that there exist dependencies between firms in any marketplace (Lambert et al.,1998;Ha Êkansson and Snehota,1995;Stern,1969;Alderson,1957,1965;McCammon and Little,1965;Weld,1916).In this research,dependence refers to the fact that there is a link,a tie,or a bond between one firm in relation to another firm or firms (Lambert et al.,1998;Ha Êkansson and Snehota,1995).Hammarkvist et al.(1982)discuss different types of dependencies between firms such as technical adaptations,time issues,coordination,knowledge about each other,social bonds and economical as well as juridical ties.Furthermore,Mattsson (1999)writes about market-related and IT-technological dependencies between firms.These different dependencies may be categorized into two groups,namely time-and relationship dependencies.Relationship dependence comprises technical adaptations,coordination,knowledge about each other,social bonds and economical as well as juridical ties,but not time issues.Nevertheless,there is an aspect of time dependence in all these other dependencies,e.g.in terms of long-and short-term dependencies.For this reason,the time dependence between firms turns out to be of substantial importance to be taken into consideration in this research.Time dependence refers to the fact that there is a chronological or sequential dependence between firms'activities in supply chains.This might depend upon the activities per se,or the resources that are available to perform these activities.Relationship The research register for this journal is available at /researchregisters The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at /0960-0035.htmA conceptual framework of vulnerability 111dependence refers to other specific relationship factors that influence the activities between firms.There is also a functional dependence between firms in the marketplace (Bucklin,1966;Alderson,1954;Stigler,1951).Functional dependence refers to the fact that firms'activities in supply chains are specialized and complement each other in channels or networks.For example,there is a functional diffusion between firms in networks (Ha Êkansson and Snehota,1995).Furthermore,there is a sequential coordination of activities between firms in channels (Bucklin,1966;Alderson,1954).This functional dependence between firms might be explained by the division of labor that usually develops and takes place in channels (Stern and El-Ansary,1992;Stigler,1951)and networks (Lambert et al.,1998).These time-and functional dependencies lead to the necessity of cooperation and coordination between firms in order to achieve internal,and in some cases,mutual goals.Christopher (1992,p.12)writes:The supply chain is the network of organizations that are involved,through upstream and downstream linkages,in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate consumer ....In addition,Coyle et al.(1996,p.1)conclude that ``there is a recognition that companies are usually part of a `pipeline'or supply chain that brings a product to the ultimate user''.This research is therefore derived from these time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains.Time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities have been considered in both channels (Alderson,1957,1965;Bucklin,1965;Gattorna,1978)and networks (Ha Êkansson and Snehota,1995).In this research,a network refers to at least one horizontal dependence and one vertical dependence between firms'activities,while a channel refers to the dependence between firms'activities in a vertical chain.This research is limited to channel dependencies between firms'activities.Bowersox and Closs (1996,p.90)define the channel construct as:``the structure of intercompany units and extracompany agents and dealers,wholesale and retail,through which a commodity,product,or service is marketed''.Furthermore,this research is limited to a value chain (Porter,1985)in terms of firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows.Value systems (Porter,1985)and supply chain network structures (Lambert et al.,1998)are therefore not considered.The time-and functional dependencies between two firms in a supply chain might be studied through the interaction model (Ha Êkansson,1982).This model identifies four groups of variables,i.e.the overall environment,the atmosphere of interaction,the actors of interaction and the interaction process.These groups describe and influence the interaction,as well as the dependence,between buying and selling organizations.This research is limited to the interaction process itself between two firms.In logistics research there are a number of studies that have focused on a single or just a few logistics flows.Others have focused on the ability of a singleIJPDLM 32,2112firm,or just a few firms,to handle the disturbances in their inbound,internal or outbound logistics flows.Furthermore,logistics research is seldom performed taking into consideration simultaneously firms'inbound and outbound logistics ually,the inbound and outbound logistics flows are studied as dyads between firms,if both perspectives are considered at all.Most research considers only one perspective,i.e.the inbound,the internal,or the outbound logistics flows.In addition,logistics research that explicitly focuses on the vulnerability between firms'activities in supply chains is rare. Vulnerability in supply chainsUntil recently,there did not exist any explicit conceptual framework for the analysis of vulnerability in supply chains.Svensson(2000)develops a conceptual framework and a model for the analysis of vulnerability in supply chains.The model consists of three principal components,namely:(1)source of disturbance;(2)category of disturbance;and(3)type of logistics flow.The source of disturbance is itself divided into two dimensions,such as atomistic and holistic sources of disturbance.The category of disturbance is divided into quantitative and qualitative disturbances.The third dimension considers different kinds of logistics flows in terms of their complexity, inventory buffers,materials and components and thus identifies three levels of logistics flows.The outcome of the model is four vulnerability scenarios that are based upon the three components in the model.Svensson(2000)states that the construct of vulnerability is an underestimated and unexplored construct in logistics research and concludes that a further refinement of the introduced conceptual framework and model is required.In this research the construct of vulnerability consists of two components: disturbance and the negative consequence of disturbance.A disturbance is defined as a random quantitative or qualitative deviation from what is normal or expected.A negative consequence of disturbance refers to a deteriorated goal accomplishment in terms of economic costs,quantitative deviations±such as increased cycle times and down times±and qualitative deviations.By the aid of these two components the vulnerability construct of this research has been defined as:Vulnerability is a condition that affects a firm's goal accomplishment dependent upon the occurrence of negative consequences of disturbance.The degree of vulnerability for a given disturbance may be interpreted as being proportional to the chance of disturbance and the expected negative consequence of the disturbance,given that it has occurred.The construct of vulnerability of this research refers to the focal firm's inbound and outbound logistics flows.In general,it may be understood that firms succeed in diminishing the vulnerability in their inbound and outbound logistics flows when preventive activities are introduced.A conceptual framework of vulnerability 113Research objective Vulnerability in supply chains is of immediate importance due to the fact that logistics flows in many industries strive to be lean,responsive and agile.The UPS strikes in the late 1990s demonstrated to JIT buyers and sellers that firms'activities are highly dependent upon each other and thus very vulnerable in today's highly integrated supply chains (Coleman and Jennings,1998).The objective of this research is therefore to developa set of dimensions of vulnerability in firms'inbound logistics flows from their first-tier sub-contractors,and the vulnerability in the firms'outbound logistics flows to their first-tier customers.There is a lack of a comprehensive framework for the empirical measurement and evaluation of vulnerability in firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows.In consequence,the research question has been formulated as follows:``How can the vulnerability in firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows be conceptualized,measured and evaluated?''The inbound and outbound vulnerability of this research corresponds to the atomistic source of disturbance in the model of vulnerability introduced by Svensson (2000).Furthermore,the inbound and outbound vulnerability refers to quantitative and qualitative categories of disturbance.Disturbances in a supply chain of materials and components may be mainly categorized as either quantitative or qualitative.Causes of quantitative disturbances are events that result in a lack of components and materials for downstream activities in the supply chain,for example:breakdowns or delays in transport caused by unexpected conditions,bad weather,etc.Causes of qualitative disturbances are events that lead to deficiencies in components and materials in the supply chain,for example:poor paint surfaces,measurement errors in components,non-functioning articles,etc.Positioning of the vulnerability construct The vulnerability construct of this research might be positioned in relation to other constructs such as power,conflict,risk,uncertainty,reliability,availability and stockout costs (see Table I).The common denominator that separates or unites these constructs from each other is whether they require dependence between firms'activities,or not.The vulnerability construct of this research might be positioned under the umbrella concept of contingency planning (CP).Berman (1996,pp.49-50)defines CP as that which:``specifies a series of events that are designed to take Table I.Positioning of the vulnerability constructContingency planning DependenceIndependence Power Vulnerability Conflict Risk/uncertainty Reliability Availability Stockout costsIJPDLM 32,2114full advantage of a business opportunity or to reduce the impact of an event that generally would be disastrous to a firm''.Coyle et al.(1996,p.558)write that CP considers``preparing to deal with calamities(e.g.floods)and non-calamitous situations(e.g.strikes)before they occur''.CP comprises unexpected and random situations that may occur in and between firms'activities.Ballou (1987)and Johnson and Wood(1993)identify two sub-groups of CP,namely system breakdown and product recall.Principally,the vulnerability construct of this research belongs to the category of system breakdown.Buzacott(1969, p.213)states that``in production systems the main cost of breakdown is incurred through lost production,particularly if the process is a bottleneck''. Ballou(1987,p.69)writes that many companies have no CP for logistics activities.Ballou(1992)argues that there are no methods of CP,while others argue that there are some(Nord and Johansson,1997).CP might also be an umbrella concept for constructs such as power,conflict,risk,uncertainty, reliability,availability and stockout costs.The constructs of power (Cartwright,1959;Emerson,1962),conflict(Brown and Frazier,1978;Dwyer, 1980),risk/uncertainty(Knight,1921;Ganesan,1994),reliability(Sandler,1963; Frankel,1988;Evans,1993)and stockout costs(Chang and Niland,1967; Brandes,1971;Oral et al.,1972;Jensen,1992)are related to parts of the vulnerability construct in this research.For example,the constructs of power and dependence are closely related. They are the opposite sides of the same coin.Emerson(1962,p.32)states that ``power resides implicitly in the other's dependency''.The construct of power requires dependence between firms'activities,as well as the construct of vulnerability.The power construct is not synonymous to the vulnerability construct of this research.The power construct is also mentioned in relation to and separately to the construct of conflict,since it does not consider the negative consequences of disturbances(Brown and Frazier,1978;Dwyer,1980). Gaski(1984,p.9)writes that:``the impact of one channel member's power on the amount of intrachannel conflict that is present''.The construct of conflict is related to power,but does not require dependence between firms'activities.A conflict might be a negative consequence of disturbance.The constructs of risk and uncertainty do not either require dependence between firms'activities. Ganesan(1994,p.14)states that:``uncertainty±in the form of diversity±reduces dependence of the channel member''.Risk and uncertainty might be present in situations of independence between firms'activities.They might also occur as a negative consequence of disturbance.Knight(1921,p.233) writes:The practical difference between the two categories,risk and uncertainty,is that in the former the distribution of the outcome in a groupof instances is known(either through calculation a priori or from statistics of past experience),while in the case of uncertainty this is not true,the reason being in general that it is impossible to form a group of instances,because the situation dealt with is in a high degree unique.The construct of reliability does not require dependence between firms' activities.Frankel(1988,p.11)argues:A conceptual framework of vulnerability115The reliability and the risk of failure of a system are complementary concepts.The reliability of a system is the probability that the system will not fail during a specified time period under given operation conditions,while the risk of failure is the probability that the system will fail during that period and operating conditions.Poor reliability (e.g.in terms of low service level or frequent deviations)is rather a negative consequence of disturbance than an issue of vulnerability between firms'activities.In this research,the construct of availability is treated as a negative consequence of disturbances in terms of economic costs,quantitative deviations ±such as increased cycle times and down times ±and qualitative deviations.The construct of availability is another construct that does not require dependence between firms'activities (Sandler,1963;Shingo,1984).The construct of stockout costs does not require dependence between firms'activities either.Jensen (1992,p.15)defines the construct as ``[a]stockout cost occurs when an item on a stocklist cannot be delivered directly from stock when required''.In this research,stockout costs are interpreted as a negative consequence of disturbances in terms of economic costs.Consequently,these constructs are not synonymous to or exchangeable with the vulnerability construct of this research.Principally,they are interpreted as negative consequences of disturbances caused by time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains.This means that the negative consequences of disturbances between firms'activities might cause the occurrence of conflict between firms,increased risk,low reliability,low availability and stockout cost in supply chains.These negative consequences of disturbances do not require underlying time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains.The essence and fundament of the vulnerability construct of this research are the unidirectional and bi-directional time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains.Theoretical underpinning of the vulnerability construct The time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains has in the last few decades been explored in the fields of just-in-time (JIT)and supply chain management (SCM).JIT emerged in research literature in the 1970s (e.g.Sugimore et al.,1977)and has been of great scholar and managerial interest ever since.The significance of SCM has been of substantial importance since the early 1990s,although the approach,or rather the concept,was introduced in the early 1980s (i.e.by Oliver and Webber,1982).SCM has become an influential ingredient in today's literature and thought in the field of logistics.In addition,practitioners strive to implement the underlying ideas of this business philosophy,as well as the underlying principles of JIT.The overall theoretical foundation of the vulnerability construct of this research is SCM,while at the same time it is specifically derived from JIT or other lean business philosophies.The keen competition in the automotive industry has forced vehicle manufacturers to search for different means of reducing costs,increasing productivity and maintaining profitability.For example,vehicle manufacturers have been striving to reduce,and in someIJPDLM 32,2116cases eliminate,inventories(e.g.sequence deliveries which almost lack inventory buffers between the supplier and the car manufacturer's assembly plant,so-called just-in-sequence(JIS),reducing the number of sub-contractors used(e.g.from multiple sourcing to single sourcing per component or material), and the sharing or diffusion,partly or totally,of manufacturing,assembling, research and development of new materials and components(e.g.outsourcing). These issues have to a certain extent contributed to increasing time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains in the automotive industry.They have also implicated a movement of responsibility upstream,where the different functions performed on the car manufacturers' assembly lines in the past have now been transmitted to sub-contractors. Rainnie(1991,p.3)states that``JIT is highly vulnerable to breakdown and relies to a large extent on pushing responsibility for quality control down the line to sub-contractors''.SCMSCM recognizes dependencies between firms.It has achieved the status of a generic term for various systematic processes that implicitly consider time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities.Ellram and Cooper(1993, p.1)state that SCM is``[an]integrating philosophy to manage the total flow of a distribution channel from supplier to ultimate customer''.Carter et al.(1995) define SCM as a coordinated approach for managing the flow of goods from suppliers to ultimate consumers and that the goal is to meet customer service objectives while minimizing inventory and related costs.SCM regards the channel as a single entity that aims at satisfying the needs and wants of the customer,and eventually the ultimate consumer(Lambert,1992).Evidently, SCM has an emphasis on upstream and downstream issues in supply chains beyond firms'first-tier sub-contractors and first-tier customers.Houlihan (1987)states that SCM strives to balance conflicting activities such as promotion,sales,distribution and production.SCM might be seen as a business philosophy that strives to integrate the dependent activities between firms,e.g. logistics,purchasing,production,and marketing.The Council of Logistics Management[1]defines logistics as:Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans,implements,and controls the efficient,effective flow and storage of goods,services,and related information from the point-of-origin to the point-of-consumption in order to meet customers'requirements.This definition implies that logistics is a sub-set of SCM.The vulnerability construct of this research belongs to logistics theory,such as JIT and,in extension,SCM.JITAnother field of research that acknowledges the time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in the vehicle industry is JIT.JIT signifies a continuous search for waste reduction and to make only what isA conceptual framework of vulnerability 117needed ``just in time''(Toyoda,1987).It does not necessarily mean to speed-up the production rhythm,but that the production contains fewer disruptions,fewer disturbances and an improved quality (e.g.Porteus,1986;Hay,1987).JIT is a matter of achieving an improved flow in the processes of production (Hall,1983)or,as Stalk (1988,p.41)expresses it:Today,time is on the cutting edge.The ways leading companies manage time ±in production,in new product development and introduction,in sales and distribution ±represent the most powerful new sources of competitive advantage.JIT embodies a philosophy of excellence to establish demand-pulled inventory practices that produce products to design specifications at a rapid,smooth,delivery rate,with no idle inventories,no unnecessary lead times,and increased employee involvement in the channel (Fogarty et al.,1989).This may lead to reduced costs,to improved quality and to flexible companies,which in turn may create competitive advantages in the marketplace (Waters-Fuller,1995).JIT is a construct that has been frequently promoted and has attracted practitioners in many different industries.Its underlying principles have been widely implemented in the worldwide automotive industry.Much of the research about JIT focuses on the manufacturers'perspective (John and Heriot,1993),as joint ventures between General Motors and Toyota (Newman and Rhee,1990),Toyota (Monden,1983;Ohno,1988),Ford (Deal,1985)and others (Ansari and Modarress,1988)such as Buick,Hewlett-Packard,Nissan and Kawasaki.A number of reviews have been produced about JIT (e.g.Sohal et al.,1988;Cheng,1990;Goyal and Deshmukh,1992;Singh and Brar,1992;Waters-Fuller,1995),which describe and picture the meanings,applications and models of parisons are also made between JIT and conventional concepts.Hence,research on JIT may be classified in several areas (Goyal and Deshmukh,1992),namely research that treats JIT as a philosophy (e.g.Sugimore et al.,1977;Schonberger,1982;Sohal et al.,1988),research that treats the implementation of JIT within different areas and activities (e.g.Lee and Ansari,1985;Ansari,1986),research that presents mathematical models of JIT (e.g.Fellers,1984;de Treville,1987;Gupta and Gupta,1989)and other areas within JIT.These latter include set-up times (e.g.Lee and Seah,1988),quality aspects (e.g.Schonberger,1982;Monden,1983),manufacturing units (e.g.Monden,1983;Ohno,1988)and buyer/seller synchronization (e.g.Hall,1983;Schonberger and Gilbert,1983;Manoochehri,1984;Lee and Ansari,1985).There is also research that compares JIT with traditional systems (e.g.Gelders and Van Wassenhove,1981;Rice and Yoshikawa,1982)and other JIT systems (e.g.Kim,1985;Spearman et al.,1990).JIT reinforces the time-and functional dependencies between firms'activities in supply chains that in extension cause vulnerability.Although JIT issues have been explored in different aspects,vulnerability issues are still more or less unexplored.IJPDLM 32,2118Triangular research approachThe approach of this research of vulnerability in firms'inbound and outbound logistics flows applied methodological triangulation(e.g.Campbell and Fiske, 1959;Jick,1979).Denzin(1978,p.291)defines triangulation as``the combination of methodologies in the study of the same phenomena''.Webb et al.(1966,p.3) originally founded the concept:Once a proposition has been confirmed by two or more independent measurement processes, the uncertainty of its interpretation is greatly reduced.The most persuasive evidence comes through a triangulation of measurement processes....In particular,this research applied sequential triangulation.Creswell(1994, p.182)writes:In sequential triangulation the researcher conducts two phases of the project,with the results of the first phase essential for planning the next phase.The first questions of Phase1are completed before the questions of Phase2are raised.This research has been divided into two separate,but interconnected, methodological and empirical phases.The first phase applied qualitative methods,while the second applied quantitative methods.The usage of triangulation attempted to strengthen the empirical findings in each phase,and also their pertaining conclusions.Phase1MethodologyPhase one of this study applied an inductive approach.It was based upon research in the automotive industry and a series of meetings with17leading executives at a Swedish car manufacturer(Volvo Personvagnar AB:henceforth called Volvo).The selection of executives was initially based upon judgmental sampling.Thereafter a snowball sampling was applied,which is a form of a judgmental sampling that is appropriate when it is necessary to reach a small and specialized population.Under a snowball procedure,each respondent is asked to identify one or more suitable individuals.A disadvantage of the snowball procedure is that respondents who are socially related are more likely to be selected.The interviewed executives received the questionnaire by fax or mail a week before the agreed appointment for the interview.The interviews were performed by the author in the office of the executive,without interruption.In addition,the data were collected through recorded in-depth interviews.Each interview lasted approximately between60and120minutes,and followed the same pre-determined structure and pre-defined questionnaire with fairly broad items.Broad items were used to minimize leading questions and to catch slight differences in the executives'answers.The content in the recorded interviews was transcribed and saved as a written manuscript in order to be qualitatively analyzed.Before the qualitative analysis,most of the manuscripts of each interview were checked by the interviewee,in order to discover any errors,misunderstandings or misleadingA conceptual framework of vulnerability 119interpretations.This process served as a guide for the identification of confidential information that was not appropriate for appearance in any publication.In the qualitative analysis of the written interviews the manuscript was inductively analyzed repeatedly over a period of several weeks.Gradually,a picture began to emerge based upon the explicit statements (i.e.verbally pronounced)and the overall impression (i.e.the holistic interpretation)in the manuscripts from the performed interviews.Empirical findings The outcome of the inductive approach of phase one is divided into two principal sections.The first section deals briefly with the overall impression transmitted and interpreted at Volvo on the vulnerability in the inbound logistics flows from first-tier sub-contractors and the vulnerability in the outbound logistics flows to first-tier customers.The second section presents a set of perceived vulnerability dimensions and a conceptual framework for the measurement and evaluation of inbound and outbound vulnerability between firms in supply chains.The conceptual framework is proposed to be atomistic and applicable in an interorganizational context.Finally,at the end of this paragraph the proposed conclusions of phase one are presented.Inbound and outbound vulnerability.Vulnerability is interpreted as a random disturbance,whose consequences are not completely absorbable in the inbound,internal and outbound logistics flows in the assembly plant.At Volvo's assembly plants there is a high level of vulnerability in their inbound logistics flows from sub-contractors,as well as a high level of vulnerability in their outbound logistics flows to customers,according to the interviewed executives.This is a calculated risk in order to improve competitiveness,reduce costs,and increase or maintain the profitability of the company.There seems to be a potential association between the existence of vulnerability in the inbound and outbound logistics flows,since Volvo's internal inventories are reduced to a minimum,and sometimes even eliminated.Furthermore,the number of first-tier sub-contractors has been reduced.In some cases,unique sub-contractors are used to satisfy the demand of certain crucial materials and components.Simultaneously,the outsourcing of internal activities to sub-contractors has increased.Therefore,it is troublesome for Volvo to absorb the negative consequences of quantitative and qualitative disturbances in the inbound logistics flows from sub-contractors in their internal supply chains and manufacturing processes.A conceptual framework of inbound and outbound vulnerability .The case study at Volvo led to the identification of two components of how the vulnerability in the inbound and outbound logistics flows may be conceptualized,measured and evaluated.The inbound and outbound vulnerability in logistics flows appeared to be closely related to the potential occurrence of disturbances in supply chains.In addition,the impact of these disturbances in firms'performances is a crucial feature of inbound and outbound vulnerability.These two components establish the vulnerability。

物流相关的英文文献英文回答：Logistics: A Comprehensive Overview.Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient and effective flow of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption. It involves the coordination of a wide range of activities, including transportation, warehousing, inventory management, order fulfillment, and customer service.Key Concepts in Logistics.Transportation: Moving goods from one location to another using various modes of transport, such as trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes.Warehousing: Storing goods in a secure and efficientmanner until they are needed.Inventory Management: Managing the levels of stock to ensure availability while minimizing costs.Order Fulfillment: Processing customer orders, selecting and packaging goods, and delivering them to the desired destination.Customer Service: Providing support and assistance to customers throughout the logistics process.Types of Logistics.Inbound Logistics: The process of acquiring raw materials and components from suppliers.Outbound Logistics: The process of distributing finished goods to customers.Reverse Logistics: The process of managing the return of goods, such as defective products or excess inventory.Third-Party Logistics (3PL): The use of external providers to handle all or part of the logistics operations.Importance of Logistics.Logistics plays a crucial role in businesses by:Reducing costs through efficient operations and optimization.Improving customer satisfaction through timely and accurate deliveries.Enhancing supply chain visibility and responsiveness.Increasing flexibility and adaptability to market changes.Challenges in Logistics.The logistics industry constantly faces variouschallenges, including:Globalization: Increasingly complex and global supply chains.Technology: Keeping up with advancements in transportation, warehousing, and information systems.Demand Fluctuations: Managing supply and demand variations while maintaining service levels.Environmental Concerns: Minimizing the environmental impact of logistics operations.Trends in Logistics.The logistics industry is continuously evolving, with key trends emerging such as:Automation and Robotics: Increased use of technology to automate tasks and improve efficiency.Sustainability: Focus on reducing the environmental footprint of logistics operations.Data Analytics: Leveraging data to optimize processes and make informed decisions.E-commerce: Growing impact of e-commerce on logistics demand and delivery expectations.中文回答：物流，全面概述。

第一单元物流概论一、学习重点：1.词汇：logistics, warehouse, inventory, procurement, packaging, inbound, outbound,handing, coordination, strategic planning2.语法：动词后接动名词和动词不定式的区别。

二、学习难点：1.学习什么是现代物流2.了解物流的八个主要组成部分。

三、建议学时：12学时General Introduction to Logistics物流概论We work 24 hours a day, seven days a week and 52 weeks a year!我们一天工作24小时，一周七天，一年52周！Pre-text Learning前文本学习1.Modern logistics is one of the most challenging and exciting jobs in the world.现代物流是一个最具挑战性和最激动人心的工作世界2.Every company that sells products will need the service of logistics.每个公司销售的产品需要物流服务3.Logistics is part of a supply chain.物流是供应链的一部分4. A bonded warehouse（保税仓库）is a warehouse in which goods are stored without excise orcustoms duties being paid until and unless they are removed from the warehouse to enter the country.保税仓库（保税仓库）是一个仓库的货物存放不付消费税或者海关除非删除它们从仓库进入该国的职责。

Unit 1Logistics Engineer 物流工程师Business Sector 商业领域Logisticians 物流师Supply Chain Management 供应链管理Forward Logistics 正向物流Reverse Logistics 逆向物流Inbound Logistics 进货物流、企业物流、内部物流Outbound Logistics 出货物流、社会物流、外部物流Warehousing 仓储Materials Handling 物料搬运Order Fulfillment 订单执行、订单完成Sourcing \Procurement\Purchasing 采购Packaging\Packing\Wrapping 包装Assembly 装配Customer Service 客服Business Logistics 商业物流、商贸物流、企业物流Engineering Logistics 工程物流Distribution 配送、分销、送货Finished Goods 产成品Physical Distribution 实体配送Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 平均故障间隔时间Mean Time to Failure (MTF) 平均无故障间隔时间Mean Time to Repair (MTR) 平均修复时间Sub-assembly 分装Inventory 库存Material 物料Transport 运输、交通工具(车辆)Transportation 运输Goods/Cargo/Freight/Shipment 货物Total\general\final-assembly 总装Product 总装Produce/Production /Manufacturing 生产Goods 产品、商品、物品、货物Storage 存储Warehouse 仓库Primary product 初级产品Fill order 执行订单、完成订单Trade-off 平衡交易Semi/half finished goods 半成品Main Products 主产品By- Products 副产品Unit 2Material Handling 物料搬运Product Life Cycle 产品生命周Container 集装箱Throughput V olume 吞吐量Pick Up 拣货Layout 布局Containerization 集装箱化Items\Article\piece 物品Inventory holding/carrying cost 存货持有成本Raw Material 原材料Products Family 产品系列Distribution Channel 分销渠道Transportation 运输Parts\Component 零部件In Process Inventory 在制品库存Place order/ Make order 下订单Delivery 送货、配送、交付In process product 在制品Pick up 拣货Set-down 放货Workplace 车间、工厂Material Flow 物料流Unit 3Cross Aisle 横向通道Forklift truck 叉车Honey Combing Loss 蜂窝损失Container 集装箱Cube per Order Index ( COI) 体积-订单指数Input/Output Point 存取点Bar Coding 条形码RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification) 无线射频识别技术、电子标签Expiration Date 产品有效期Materials Flow 物料流Useful life 有效期Pallet/Tray 托盘Spare parts 备件Carton 纸箱Fill order 执行订单、完成订单Join/Co-products 联产品Shelf/rack 货架Work-in-progress/process 在制品Unit4Material Handling Device (MHD) 物料搬运设备Material Handling System (MHS) 物料搬运系统Transport 运输Loads and Unloads 装卸Conveyor 输送机Palletizer 码垛机、堆垛机Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) 自动导引车Truck 货车Accumulation Conveyor 储积输送机Belt Conveyor 带式输送机Bucked Conveyor 斗式输送机Chain Conveyor 链式输送机Chute Conveyor 斜道输送机Gravity Conveyor 重力输送机Power and Free Conveyor 积放式输送机Pneumatic Conveyor 气动输送机Vacuum Conveyor 真空输送机Roller Conveyor 滚筒式输送机Screw Conveyor 螺旋式输送机Slat Conveyor 板条输送机Tow line Conveyor 轨道牵引式输送机Trolley Conveyor 吊式输送机Assembly Line 装配线Unit Loads 搬运单元、单位载荷Overhead Crane 悬臂式起重机Jibs Crane 泡货/ 抛货Bulky Cargo 高架起重机Bulk Commodity 大宗商品Pick/Deposit (P/D) 取货/存放Storage and RetrievalSystem(AS/RS) 存储/检索系统Hoist Crane 吊式起重机Assembly 集货、备货Pallet/tray 托盘Bulk Cargo 散货Unit5Stock room 储藏室Piece/article/item 物品Carton 纸箱Shipments 运输的货物Full truckload 整车、满载Carrier 承运人Place/make order 下订单Bulky products 散货Forklift truck 叉车Less than truckload (LTL) 零担货运Wholesale and Retail 批发零售Rack/shelf 货架Place/make order 下订单Bulky products 散货Forklift truck 叉车Less than truckload (LTL) 零担货运Wholesale and Retail 批发零售Rack/shelf 货架Merchandise/Goods/Commodity 承运人Carrier 元器件Assembly kits(kitting) 商品Fast Moving Consumer Goods 快消品Purchase/procurement/resource 采购Product instruction/description/specificat 产品说明书Replenishment 补货Assembly line 装配线Order processing 订单处理Courier 快递(员)Slow Moving Consumer Goods 绩效指标、性能指标Performance Metrics 绩效指标、性能指标Assembly Kits 元器件Spare Parts 备件Parts and Components 零部件Unit6Customer Service 客服Vendor 供应商Distribution Center 配送中心CDC Central Distribution Center 中央配送中心RDC Regional Distribution Center 区域配送中心Throughput volume 吞吐量Planning horizon 规划周期、规划远景Inventory stocking cost 库存持有成本Risk pooling 风险共担Outbound Logistics 出货物流、社会物流、外部物流Inbound Logistics 进货物流、企业物流、物流内部Material Handling 物料搬运、物流处理Civil Engineering 土木工程Integrated circuit 集成电路Electrical Engineering 电子工程Inventory Stocking/carrying/holding 存货/库存持有Overhead 经费Order processing 订单处理Business process 业务流程Freights 货物、运费Performance metrics 绩效考核、考核指标Garbage-in, Garbage-out 无用输入，无用输出；废料入，废料出Unit7 Warehouse EquipmentForklift truck 叉车Walkie-ride pallet trucks 步行式托盘搬运车Towlines 托缆Tractor-trailer 拖挂车Shipping and receiving 发货收货Carousel 旋转式货架Master carton 标准纸箱Slip sheet 纸托盘Unite loads 搬运单元、单位载荷High stacking truck 高架码垛机Side-clamp 夹抱器Loading and unloading 装卸Order selection 订单拣选Order accumulation 订单合并Shuttling loads 穿梭式装载Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS) 自动导引车Portable gravity-style roller conveyor 可移动重力滚轴输送机Paperless picking 无纸拣选Unit 8 Distribution Center Distribution Center 配送中心Central DC 中央配送中心Regional DC 区域配送中心Inventory stocking 存货持有Efficient Consumer Response 有效客户响应Kitting 套装Physical distribution 实体配送Final/Total/General assembly 总装Sub assembly 分装Inventory carrying/holding/stocking 存货持有Cross-docking 较叉转运Packaging 包装Fast Moving Consumer Goods(FMCG) 快销品Slow Moving Consumer Goods(SMCG), Dead Stock 滞销品、慢销品Ready Stock，In Stock 现货Order Processing 订单处理Obsolete Stock 过时库存Available Stock 可调库存、可用库存Unit 9 TransportationCargo 货物Container 集装箱Barge 驳船Right-of-way 通行权Switching yards 调车场、车站Cushioned cars 气垫车Unite trains 单元列车Articulated cars 铁路平车Articulated barge 铰接式驳船Bulk commodity 大宗商品Bulky cargo 泡货、抛货Rail-yards 车场Carrier 承运人Line-haul 长途运输Airway 航线Pipeline 管道Port 港口Freight rate 运费率Air freight 航空货运Trailer 挂车Traffic volume 交通量Transit 运输、运送Unit 10Storage System and Equipment Unit Load 单位载荷、搬运单元Order Picking 订单拣选Out of stock 脱销Block Stacking 方块式堆垛First-in-First-out 先进后出Drive-in and Drive-through racking 驶入驶过式货架Cantilever pallet 悬臂式托盘High Bay 高架仓储Stacker Crane 堆垛起重机Double Deep Racking 倍深货架Overhead Crane 高架起重机Pigeon-hole-racking 鸽子洞货架。

⏹logistics n. 后勤学，物流⏹definition n.定义，概念⏹implement v. 履行，推进⏹civilization n. 文明⏹professional n. 专家，专业人员⏹pipeline n. 管道⏹acquisition n. 获得⏹manufacture n./v.加工，制造⏹storage n.储存，仓储⏹distribution n.配送⏹maintenance n.维持⏹disposition n.配置⏹construction n. 建设，构成⏹provision n. 供应，提供⏹volatile adj. 多变的⏹critical adj. 关键性的，决定性的⏹budget n.预算⏹evolve v.演变，发展⏹integrate v.整合，综合⏹cognizant adj.知道的，认识的⏹capitalize v.变成资本，作资本用⏹container n. 集装箱⏹transportation n. 运输⏹warehouse v.仓储，储存⏹consolidation n. 集货，配货⏹freight n. 运输，运费⏹forward v. 发送，递送⏹optimize v. 优化，充分利用⏹demonstration n. 运营⏹utilization n.利用⏹pickup and delivery 货物交接⏹customs clearance 通关，清关⏹plunge… into action 把……投入⏹functional adj.功能上的，职责上的⏹output n.产量，产品⏹complaint n.抱怨，投诉⏹damage n./v.损失，损坏⏹claim n./v.要求，索赔⏹requirement n.需求，要求⏹transport n./v.运输⏹transportation n.运输⏹regulation n.管制，规则⏹integral adj. 完整的⏹warehouse n./v.储存，仓库⏹inventory n. 库存，存货⏹maintain v.维持，保持⏹convey v.传送，传递⏹promotion n.促进，提升，促销⏹procurement n.采购，获得⏹purchase n./v. 采购⏹facet n.（事情之）一面⏹reverse adj.相反的,逆向的⏹raw material 原材料⏹work in process 半成品，在加工产品⏹finished goods 成品⏹waste disposal 废弃物处理⏹warehouse n. 仓库⏹means n.方法，手段⏹railway n.铁路⏹highway n. 公路⏹airway n.空运⏹headquarters n.总部⏹concession n.优惠⏹in charge of 负责，主管⏹raw material 原材料⏹semi-finished products 半成品⏹finished products 成品⏹predominant goods 大宗货物⏹delivery n.交付，递送⏹internal adj. 内部的⏹external adj. 外部的⏹wholesaler n.批发商⏹retailer n.零售商⏹stimulate v. 刺激，鼓舞⏹manufacturer n.生产商，制造商⏹supplier n.供应商⏹availability n.有效性，可利用的⏹element n. 元素，成份⏹exceed v. 超出，超越⏹undertake v. 着手，履行⏹process n. 过程，进展⏹utility n.效用⏹output n.产出⏹supply chain 供应链⏹down-stream enterprises 下游企业⏹after-sales service 售后服务⏹value-added service 增值服务⏹deliver v.交付，递送⏹render v. 给予，提供⏹check v.查询，核对⏹awfully adv. 非常，十分⏹arrangement n.安排⏹assure v. 保证⏹fill in 填写⏹due to 由于，因为⏹traffic jam 交通堵塞⏹make the delivery of 交货⏹urgency n. 紧急，紧迫⏹fiercely adv.强烈，极度地⏹competitive adj.竞争的⏹retain v.保留，维持⏹formation n. 形成⏹implementation n. 执行，落实⏹superior adj. 优秀的⏹contradiction n. 矛盾⏹ultimate adj. 最终的⏹simultaneously adv. 同时的⏹imply v. 暗示，包含⏹frequent adj.频繁的⏹multiple adj.多样的⏹identify v. 确认⏹characterize v. 以…为特征⏹process n. 过程，工序⏹similarity n.相似处，相似点⏹preference n. 偏爱⏹achieve v. 完成，达到，实现⏹competitor n. 竞争者⏹sector n. 环节⏹interact v. 互相作用，互相影响⏹negatively adv. 否定地⏹calculate v. 计算⏹formula n. 公式⏹variable adj. 可变的⏹ a great array of 大量的⏹result from 发生，引起⏹take …into accoun t 对……加以考虑⏹fall into 分类⏹market-driven 市场驱动⏹cargo n.货物⏹shortage n. 短量⏹consignment n.寄送，委托货物⏹inspect v. 检查，检验⏹carton n.纸箱⏹carrier n.承运人⏹settlement n.解决⏹approach v.解决，处理⏹original adj. 原来的，正本的⏹policy n.保险单⏹in conformity with 与11一致，与11相符⏹onboard bill of lading 已装船提单⏹be liable for 对11负责⏹survey report 检验报告⏹commercial invoice 商业发票⏹integrated adj.整体的，综合的⏹strategy n.战略，计划⏹facility n. 设备⏹consumer n. 消费者，用户⏹consolidate v. 统一，联合⏹inbound adj. 内部的⏹appropriate adj. 适合的⏹component n. 组成，成分⏹equipment n. 设备⏹rack n. 货架⏹conveyor n. 传送，传输⏹track v. 追踪⏹authority n. 权力⏹lease v.出租，租借⏹flexibility n. 灵活性，适应性⏹emerge v. 出现⏹beneficial adj. 有益的，有利的⏹consolidation n. 统一，联合⏹outbound adj. 外部的⏹conduct v. 执行⏹supply chain 供应链⏹materials handling 物资搬运⏹private warehouse 私有仓库⏹public warehouse 公共仓库⏹contract warehousing 合同仓储⏹staging area 待运区，装货区⏹divide v. 区分，分割⏹procedure n. 程序，手续⏹indoor adj. 入库的⏹arrange v.安排⏹enroll v. 登记⏹deposit v.放置，储存⏹facility n. 设备⏹regularly adv.经常性的⏹standardize v.使标准化⏹gather v.收集⏹inventory n. 库存⏹define v. 下定义⏹manufacturer n. 生产商，制造商⏹distributor n. 经销商⏹buffer n. 缓冲器⏹balance v. 平衡，均衡⏹specialization n. 专业化⏹uncertainty n. 不确定性⏹investment n. 投资⏹dedicate v. 致力于⏹inspection n. 检查，检验⏹obsolescence n.过时，作废⏹queue n./v. 长队，排队⏹finished goods 成品⏹raw materials 原材料⏹parts and components 零部件⏹economics of scale 规模经济⏹order-processing costs 订单处理成本⏹inventory-carrying costs 库存持有成本⏹safety stock level 安全库存水平⏹lead time 前置时间⏹consult v. 请教，咨询⏹frequently adj.频繁的⏹complicated adj. 复杂的⏹factor n.因素⏹uncertainty n. 不确定性⏹annual adj. 每年的⏹retail n. 零售⏹trifle adj. 微小的，琐碎的⏹order-processing cost 订单处理成本⏹safety stock 安全库存⏹movement n. 移动，运动⏹origin n. 生产地，原产地⏹consumption n. 消费⏹significant adj. 重大的，有意义的⏹requirement n. 需求，需要⏹feature n. 特点，特征⏹characteristic n. 特性，特征⏹coal n. 煤⏹timber n. 木材⏹grain n. 粮食，谷物⏹haul n. 拖拉，运输⏹bulk adj. 大批的，散装的⏹environmental adj. 环境的⏹inflexibility n. 不变性⏹schedule n.时间表⏹terminal n. 终点站，终端⏹vehicle n. 车辆，交通工具⏹pollution n. 污染⏹congestion n. 堵塞，阻塞⏹emerge v. 显现，形成⏹maritime adj. 海运的，海上的⏹canal n. 运河⏹tremendously adv. 非常的，惊人的⏹proportion n. 部分，比例⏹emergency n. 紧急情况，紧急事件⏹perishable adj.新鲜的，易腐烂的⏹petroleum n.石油⏹raw material 原材料⏹production process 生产线⏹finished goods 成品⏹cost-effective 经济有效的⏹door to door service 门到门运输服务⏹in comparison to 与…比较⏹settle v. 安排，解决⏹document n. 文件，单证⏹prompt adj. 迅速的，立即的⏹commit v. 委托，从事⏹balance n. 余额，剩下的⏹effect v. 实现，履行⏹Stipulate v. 指定，规定，约定⏹tramp n. 不定期租船⏹terms of payment 支付条款⏹partial shipment 分批装运⏹shipping space 舱位⏹declare a claim 索赔⏹link n.连接点⏹destine v.预定，指定⏹supplier n. 供给者，供应商⏹efficient adj. 有效率的，最经济的⏹emphasis n. 强调，重点⏹collect v. 集合，收集⏹predominantly adv. 压倒性的，主要的⏹consolidation n. 联合，配货⏹sort v. 分类，分拣⏹separate v. 分离，隔离⏹dispatch v. 派遣，发送⏹anticipate v. 预期，预料⏹complex adj. 复杂的，合成的⏹complexity n. 复杂性⏹documentation n. 文件，单证⏹value-added 增值⏹in batches 分批地，成批地⏹real time 实时⏹order picking 订单拣选⏹order fill 订单履行⏹give rise to 导致，引起⏹urgent adj. 紧急的，迫切的⏹divide v. 分割，分类⏹via prep.经由，经过⏹guarantee v.保证，承诺⏹transshipment n.转运，转船⏹damage n.损失，损害⏹consignment n. 委托，运送之货物⏹partial shipment 分批装运⏹end-user 最终用户⏹in advance 提前⏹withstand v. 抵抗，经受住⏹appealing adj. 吸引人的⏹significance n. 意义，重要性⏹widespread adj.分布广泛的，普遍的⏹insufficient adj.不足的，不够的⏹confuse v. 搞乱，使糊涂⏹procedure n. 程序，手续⏹fulfill v. 履行，实现，完成（计划等）⏹combination n.结合，联合，合并，化合物⏹therein adv. 在那里，在其中，在那一点上⏹weatherproof adj.防风雨的，抗风化的⏹identification n. 辨认，鉴定，证明，视为同一⏹interior adj. 内部的，内的⏹exterior adj. 外部的，外在的，表面的⏹discard v. 丢弃，抛弃⏹polythene n. 聚乙烯⏹wrapper n.包装材料，包装纸⏹keen adj. 强烈的，热心的，渴望的⏹competition n. 竞争⏹attractive adj. 吸引人的，有魅力的⏹cardboard n. 纸板⏹waterproof adj. 防水的⏹pilferage n.行窃，偷盗⏹insurance n. 保险，保险单，保险业，保险费⏹compensation n. 补偿，赔偿⏹voyage n.航程，航空⏹silk stocking 丝袜⏹function n.功能，职责⏹source n. 来源，出发地⏹perform v. 履行，完成⏹integrated adj. 整体的，综合的，完全的⏹requirement n.需要，需求⏹specifically adv. 特别地，具体地，明确地⏹containment n. 包含，包括，容纳⏹manufacturer n. 制造商，生产商⏹consumer n. 消费者，用户⏹vibration n.振动，动摇⏹impact n. 冲击，挤压，压紧⏹puncture n.刺穿，穿孔⏹compression n. 压缩，压制⏹combine v. 使结合，综合，整合⏹optimal adj. 最佳的，理想的⏹influence v.影响，改变⏹lack v. 缺乏，不足⏹label n.标签⏹identify v.识别，确认⏹container n.集装箱，容器⏹distribution center 配送中心⏹beer n.啤酒⏹Tsingtao Brewery Group 青岛啤酒集团⏹transportation n.运输，运送⏹reinforce v. 加强，增援，加固⏹strap n. 带，皮带⏹liquid n. 液体，流体⏹shortcoming n.缺点，短处⏹transit n. 搬运，运输，运输线⏹bottle-opener 启瓶器⏹beverage n. 饮料⏹incorporate v. (使)合并，并入，合编。

物流前沿考试复习资料考试题型1．判断题，共12题（内容范围在1、3、4、5、6、8、9章）；2．名词解释题，共5题（具体内容见下方）；3．问答题，共5题（具体内容见下方）；4．案例分析题，共1题，（具体内容见下方）；分值405．计算题（）。

判断题可能考试范围：CHAPTER1This chapter introduced the topic of logistics, which the CLM defines as “ that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effctive forward and reverse flow and reverve flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet cusTOM er s’ requirement.”本章介绍了物流这一主题，美国物流管理协会将物流定义为“计划、执行并调控高效率、高效益的正向与逆向货物流动，流动货物的存储与服务和流动生产环节与消费环节之间的相关信息，以满足可乎的要求。

”The economic impacts of logistics were discussed along with reason for the increased importance of logistics since 1980. Systems and total cost approaches to logistics were discussed, as were logistical relationships within a firm, with a particular focus on various interfaces between marketing and logistics. A brief description of a number of logistics activities was presented, and the chapter concluded with a brief look at logistics careers.CHAPTER3This chapter discussed key issues of logistics and information techonlogy. Six general types of information management systems were examined, with a particular emphasis on relevant logistical applications. Topics discussed include EDI , auTOM atic indentification technologies, artificial intelligence, datamining, and enterprise resource planning systems, among others.The Internet and its impact on logistics management were discussed, as were logistical intermediaries, such as logistics exchanges, that have been spawned by the adoption of Internet technology. The chapter concluded with a discussion of the logistical challenges of e-fulfillment. CHAPTER4Order management deals with the handling of orders. CusTOM er service is defined as the collection of activities that includes order management and keeping the cusTOM er happy. CusTOM er service helps integrate the seller’s logistical activities, because they must pull together to help the cusTOM er.Also discussed were the order cycle and order management. The cusTOM er views the order cycle as the period of time from when the order is placed until it is received; the seller has a shorter view: from the time the order is received until the goods are shipped. Today, many orders are placed through computerized and electronic networks.CusTOM er service standards are important yardstick of performance. Often, they are told to cusTOM ers(who may even collect reimbursement if the standards are not met). CusTOM er service standards are an important competitive tool and take time to develop and maintain.Policies for returned products were discussed, as well as the role of the logistics staff in helping establish cusTOM er services goals. Also discussed were the measurement and control of cusTOM er service.CHAPTER5As this chapter demonstrates, many considerations must be taken into account as one chooses protective packaging. Much depends on the physical characteristics of the specific product. Some products are hazardous to either the enviroment or to persons handling them, and they require special packaging and attention. common carriers often specify the packaging that must be used. Concerns about recycling and environmental protection also impact the choice of packaging materials.Packages have a sales functions as well, and a sturdy package contributes to a product’s solid image. In recent years, retail packages have been provided with protective seals, which make it easier to detect tampering.Retail packages are placed into cartons, which are loaded onto pallets to form unit loads. Then, the unit loads are loaded by forklifts into intermodal containers, truck trailers, or railcars. Palletization and unitization both refer to the utilization of pallet loads as a form of building block.All materials have their unique handling and storage characteristics. A list of materials handling principles guidance for system design.CHAPTER6Transportation is the links portion of the links and nodes that make up the logistics operation. Transportation is pivotal to the success of any logistics or supply-chain operation. The shippers of small quantities rely on the post office or parcel carriers such as UPS of FexEx. The next step is to ship by an LTL motor carrier that picks up goods and takes them to a local terminal, where they are loaded aboard a line-haul truck to a terminal near the consignee. A small truck then makes delivers from the terminal. In terms of numbers of shippers, the vast majority use only parcel of LTL services.The next step, in terms of shipment size, is to ship in truckload, railcar-load, or barge-load volumes or to use a pipeline. The rates are negotiable, and service considerations are part of the negotiations. Carriers encourage multiple truckloads, multiple railcar loads, and so on. Specialized equipment is also used with these volumes or traffic. Specialized terminals are also cusTOM designed for handling each different type of bulk commodity.Parcel and LTL shippers pay rates established in carrier tariffs. To prepare a tariff, the carriers need three different types of information before they know the exact rate for a specific shipment. The information needed is length of haul, size of shipment, and the cargo’s handling characteristics. Cargo handling characteristics are usually incorporated into a product’s classification number. This number if influenced by the product’s density. This, in turn, is taken into account when the product is designed and when packaging is selected.Today, many tariffs appear on the Internet and one can calculate rates using a computer. CHAPTER8The chapter discussed several issues associated with the location of warehousing, manufacturing, and assembly facilities. General factors in facility location were looked at , including population and trade patterns. Population characteristics are a double-edged sword in facility location in the sense that population serves both as a market for goods as well as a source of labor. Changing trade patterns, spurred in part by multicountry trade alliances, have had a profound influence with respect to the location of distribution facilities.This chapter also discussed specialized location charateristics, with a particular emphasis on free trade zones. It presented several examples of how grid systems can be useful for determiningthe lowest-cost location for a facility. The chapter concluded with a look at facility relocation and facility closing. Companies should be cognizant of the human dimension associated with both relocation and closing.CHAPTER9This chapter addressed inventories and inventory mangement. Because many challenges are associated with holding inventories, some companies try to shift this burden to other parties in the supply chain. Many companies seek to improve their inventory turnover levels, or the number of times that inventory is sold in a –year period.When deciding what levels of inventories to maintain, companies try to minimize the costs associated with both too much and too little inventory .Too much inventory leads to high inventory carrying costs; too little inventory can lead to stockouts and the associated stockout cost; The worst outcome of a stockout is to lose both a sale, and all future business, from the cusTOM er.The chapter also addressed when to order, as well as how much to order,reorder points signify stock levels at which a new order should be placed. With respect to how much to order, the economic order quantity (EOQ) minimizes ordering costs and inventory carrying costs.Contemporary approaches to managing inventory ---ABC analysis, the JIT approach, and VMI---- were discussed. The chapter concluded with a look at special concerns associated with inventory and substitute items. This final section offered several examples of informal considerations that might affect inventory management.名词解释题考试范围(28选5)CHAPTER 1Freight absorption: （货运吸收）Buyer pays a lower freight charge than the shipper incurs in shipping the products.在航运中买方支付比托运人更低的费用。