在意义上,副词 可以分为时间副词 (now, late),地点副词 (here, up), 程度副词 (very, so), 频率副词(often, rarely), 方式副词(fast, easily), 评注性副词(maybe, honestly)和逻辑连接副词(hence, however)等。在功能上,副词可以分为一般副词(there),疑问副词(when),关系副词(as, why)和解释性副词 (namely, for example, i.e.,e.g.)等。
关系副词用来引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或定语从句。
例如:
I'd like to know how she did it.(宾语从句)
This where you are mistaken.(表语从句)
Why she committed suicide is still a mystery.(主语从句)
This is the place where he was arrested.(定语从句)
一、副词的构成
(一)大部分副词由相应的词加上后缀-ly构成,但注意有变化。
A)一般情况。例如:
slow→slowly dear→dearly
cool→coolly had→hadly
final→finally exact→extactly
B)-y结尾的词。例如:
happy→happily angry→angrily
但shy→shyly/shily,gay→gayly/gaily,dry→dryly/drily
C)-le结尾的词,省去-e再加-y。例如:
subtle→subtly noble→nobly single→singly
idle→idly able→ably
D)-ue结尾的词,去掉-e,再加-ly。例如:
true-truly due→duly
E)-e结尾的词,直接加-ly。例如:
complete→completely wise→wisely
wide→widely lone→lonely
loose→loosely definite→definitely
F)-ic结尾的词,加-ally。例如:
economic→economically historic→historically
tragic→tragically phonetic→phonetically
energetic→energetically fanatic→fanatically
但public→publicly, politic→politicly,
political→politically
G)-ly结尾的词 ,去掉-y,加ily。例如:
friendly→friendlily manly→manlily lively→livelily
H)其他词类+-ly构成的副词。例如:
first→firstly over→overly
most→mostly according→accordingly
determined→determinedly matter-of-fact→matter-of-factly
(二)有些副词是由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成的,意为“向…”。
如:
forward(s), backward(s), downward(s), northward(s), upward(s), stationward(s)
(三)有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成的,表示位置、方向、状态、有关等意义。
如:
sidewise, clockwise, saleswise, taxwise, lengthwise, educationwise, weatherwise
(四)某些以名词+-ly构成的词和其他结构的词,既可作副词,也可作形容词,下面名词 +-ly构成的词既是副词又是形容词。
例如:
hourly
Their average hourly earnings are 20 yuan.(形容词)
The guards shifted hourly.(副词)
weekly
a weekly payment of 100 yuan.(形容词)
They met weekly.(副词)
yearly
a yearly meeting (形容词)
The interest is normally paid once yearly.(副词)
leisurely
He often takes a leisurely walk in the garden in the evening.(形容词)
He walked leisurely along he road.(副词)
二、具有两种形式的同根副词
有些副词具有两种形式,一种与形容词同形,一种是形容词加后缀-ly构成的。这两种形式的副词有时含义相同或略有不同,有时则意义完全不同。比较下面几组词:
hard 和hardly
It is raining hard.(猛烈地)
He works very hard.(努力地)
I can hardly understand you.(几乎不)
clean和cleanly
I clean forgot about it.(完全地,彻底地)
The man got clean away.那人逃得无影无踪。
He is clean out of food.他完全没有东西吃了。
He pulled one cork cleanly, but the other crumbled.(利索地,顺利地)
Note:
cleanly作“清楚地”解时,读作/klinli/,也可用作形容词,作“爱清洁的”解,读作/klenli/,如a cleanly cat.
late 和lately
Very late at night, I got a phone call.(晚,迟)
I have lately received a number of letters about this.(最近)
most 和mostly
The head is the most sensitive part of the body.(最)
The snake hunts mostly at night.(主要地)
The guests are mostly friends of the bride.(大多数地)
close和closely
He stood close to the wall.(靠近)
He was following close behind.(近)
Watch what I do closely.(细心地)
The prisons were closely guarded.(严密地)
dead和deadly
dead sure(的确)
dead tired (极其)
dead ahead(正好)
dead drunk(完全地)
stop dead(突然地)
He was deadly pale.(死一般地)
She is deadly sleepy.(非常)
sharp 和sharply
We arrived at the station at ten o' clock sharp.(准时)
look sharp注意,sing sharp用升半音唱
At th crossroads, we turned sharp (sharply) to the left.(急剧地)
(作“急剧地,突然地”解时,用sharp和sharply均可)
slow和slowly
The workers decided to go slow.(怠工)
(slow通常与go, drive, walk等动词连用,置于动词之后,其他动词多同slowly连用,slowly在句中的位置较灵活)
Speak slowly, please.
She awakened slowly.
Slowly she awakened.
但在下面几句中,用slowly和slow均可:
How slowly / slow time passes!
Go slow/ slowly, we're coming to a sharp turn.
You'd better go slow/ slowly in reaching a decision.
right和 rightly
All went right.(好)
He went right away.(立即)
Go right home at once!(直接)
I haven't read the book right through.(完全地)
The book is right in front of her.(恰好)
I rightly guessed that he wasn't coming.(正确地)
Note:
rightly通常放在动词前,但也可以说:He guessed rightly/right.
firm 和firmly
Always hold firm to your beliefs.
Stand firm.
He firmly believes
that.(坚定地)
Fix the nail firmly in the wall.(牢固地)
fair 和fairly
We must play fair.(公正地)
She hit him fair on the nose.(恰好)
They've dealt fair and square with him.(公平地)
She told the facts fairly.(不感情用事或不带偏见地)
He was fairly beside himself with joy.(相当地,非常)
easy和easily
Take it easy. (别急)
Go easy.(别急)
Easy said, easy go.轻诺者往往失信。
get off easy没受多大惩罚
Stand easy!
Easier said than done.
I can easily finish it today.(容易地)
He is easily satisfied.(容易地)
It is easily the best hotel.(无疑)
wide和widely
He stands with legs wide apart.(宽阔地,张得很开)
Her mouth is wide open.(完全地)
The ball went wide (far away) from the right point.(偏斜地)
Canning is the most widely used method of food preservation.(广泛地)
They differed widely in opinion.(很大地,在很多地方)
He is widely known.(到处)
sure和surely
" Can I sit here?" "Sure."(当然可以)
It sure was a mystery.(的确)
He will surely succeed.(一定)
You don't want to hurt his feelings surely.(当然)
loud和loudly
Don't speak so loud. (loud指音量的大小,常同talk, speak, sing, laugh等作用)
He is snoring loudly.
Tell the children not to speak so loudly. (loudly指发音时用力的强度,具有“大叫,呼号”等含义,有时相当于noisily,常指“令人不快的噪音”)
She is loudly dressed.(花哨地)
Please read out loud (aloud).(“朗读”不可用loudly)
但下面两句均正确:
He spoke loud and clear.(口语)
He spoke loudly and clearly.(书面语)
deep 和deeply
表示静止状态的具体深度一般用deep,修饰形容词或动词表示抽象深度则用deeply.例如:
She stood there, her feet deep in the grass.
I enjoy it deeply.
She was deeply grateful to you for your help.
在work deep into the night(工作到深夜), go deep into the matter(深入探讨),drink deep(痛饮),deeprooted eyes(深陷的眼睛)等词组中,不用deeply。
有时两者可以换用。例如:
She is deep in love.
She is deeply in love.
dig deep
dig deeply
near 和nearly
The holiday is drawing near.(接近,指时间和空间)
He was nearly run over by a car.(几乎,差不多)
round 和roundly
Turn you chair round and face me.(转过来)
He was roundly criticized by the teacher.(狠狠地)
下面两组句子都是正确的,第一句用于口语,第二句用于书面:
She was sleeping sound. (口语)
She was sleeping soundly. (书面)
He lay quiet until the danger was over. (口语)
He lay quietly until the danger was over. (
书面)
free 和freely
The dog ran free on the farm.(无约束地)
He admitted the mistake freely.(直率地)
They walked freely in the park.(自由地)
The books are given away free.(免费)
large和largely
write large(很大地)
sail large(顺风地)
It is stupid to talk large.(夸大地,自夸地)
His success is largely due to luck.(主要地,基本上)
He drinks largely.(大量地)
clear和clearly
He climbed clear to the top of the tree.(一直地,完全地)
The incident remained very clearly in her mind.(清楚地,清晰地)
The time is clearly ripe for it.(显然)
short和shortly
You'd better cut short your talk. It's late.(简短)
He said he would be back shortly.(不久)
flat和flatly
knock sb. down flat(平直地)
They went flat against orders.(断然地)
He finished writing the letter in twenty minutes flat.(正好)
He kept singing flat.(用降调)
She flatly refused his demand.(坚决地)
He told her flatly that he wouldn't pay the cost.(坦率地)
cheap和cheaply
He bought it cheap and sold it dear. (便宜地)
I never thought he would act so cheap.(卑鄙地)
The bike was cheaply bought.(便宜地)
first和firstly
You'd better phone her first.(先)
I first met her in a small village.(初次)
She said she would resign first.(宁可)
the first three days(最初的,开始的)
Firstly he explained some sentences;secondly he gave a brief comment on the whole essay.(首先)
rough和roughly
treat sb. rough(粗暴地)
live rough(简陋地)
sleep rough(露宿)
travel rough(因陋就简地旅行)
Roughly speaking, he earned about 200 dollars last month.(大致地)
Note:
rough只能用在动词后面,roughly则可以用在动词前面或后面。
pretty和prettily
The wind blew pretty hard.(相当,十分,相当于rather)
She was prettily dressed.(漂亮地)
He was prettily punished.(合宜地)
He answered the teacher prettily.(有礼貌地)
false和falsely
He played her false.他欺骗了她。(不忠实地,背信弃义地)
judge sb. falsely(错误地)
The man was falsely accused.(冤枉地)
He treated me falsely.(虚伪地)
new和newly
new-fallen snow(新,新近)
It is a newly built factory.(新近地)
They are a newly married couple.(最近)
It is a newly-painted door.(重新,再一次)
last和lastly
He came last.(最后地)
When did you see her last?(上一次,最后一次)
Lastly, I want to thank the hostess for her consideration.(最后。常位于句首,表示列举的最后一点)
even和evenly
Even a child can say it.(甚至,即使)
It is an even worse mistake.(甚至更)
The goods are evenly distributed among(st) them.(平均地)
He spread the butter on the bread evenly.(均匀地)
express和expressly
You'd better send the letter express.(用快件寄运)
He came here express to see her.(特意地)
I expressly told him what to do.(明确地,清楚地)
The book is expressly written for college students.(专门地)
bright和brightly
The stars shine bright.(明亮地,只能同shine连用,并放在shine后面)
The lamps are shining brightly.(明亮地)
The floor is brightly painted.(鲜艳地)
full和fully
sit full in the sun(直接地)
hit sb. full on the nose(正好)
He is fully aware of it.(完全地)
The children are fully fed.(充分地)
Note:
注意下面的习惯用法:
full ripe全熟了,full many很多,full well很好,turn full around直转过来,look full at sb.直盯着某人,full in the centre正当中,know full well非常了解
just和justly
He did it just for fun.(只是,仅仅)
They just caught the bus.(勉强地,差一点就不)
The moon has just come out.(刚刚)
He lived just in this room.(就)
She was treated justly.(公正地)
He was justly punished for the crimes.(应得地)
dear 和dearly
He paid dear for the computer.(昂贵地)
She sells her property very dear.(高价地)
He loves her dearly.(深情地)
He'd dearly like to see you.(非常)
Note:
dear作“昂贵地”解时,用其字母意义,常同sell, buy, pay, cost等连用,只能放在动词后面。dearly作“昂贵地”解时,用其比喻意义。
sound 和soundly
The boy is still sound asleep.(酣畅地)
Their football team was soundly beaten by ours.(痛打,大败)
Note:
既可以说sleep sound,也可以说sleep soundly.
direct和directly
He flew direct to New York.(径直地,表示路程或时间)
They are not directly affected.(直接地)
He answered me very directly.(直截了当地)
The bookstore is directly opposite the shop.(正好地)
He will come directly.(马上,立刻)
Note:
既可以说Answer me direct.也可以说Answer me directly.
inward 和inwardly
The door opened inward, not outward.(向内,向中心)
bleed inwardly内出血(在内部)
Inwardly, he doesn't like her.(在内心)
He spoke inwardly.(小声地,暗自地)
fine和finely
The coat suits me fine.(很好)
He cut up the vegetable very fine.(细小地)
She is a finely dressed woman.(雅致地)
You did finely.(极好地)
The prices have been finely calculated.(仔细地)
三、副词的功能
(一)副词作状语
副词作状语修饰动词、形容词 、
副词、介词短语或整个句子,例如:
He runs fast.他跑得很快。
The book is very interesting.这本书很有趣。
The bus came quite early.公共汽车到得很早。
She left shortly after the meeting.会议刚结束她就走了。(修饰介词短语)
Frankly, I don't agree with you.说实话,我不同意你的意见。(修饰句子)
(二)副词作表语
表示位置的副词 作表语时说明主语的状态或特征(above, across, inside, upstairs);表示动作方向的副词作表语时是有动作意义(up, down, on, in, off, out); well off, up to等副词短语亦可作表语。例如:
Time is up. 时间到了。(指结束的时间)
The cruel man is up to anything. 那个残忍的人是什么都能干得出的。
Spring is in. 春天来了。
Jack was down with a fever. 杰克因发烧卧床。
The Democratic Party is now in. 共和党在执政。
Is the fire still in? 火还在烧吗?
Oranges are now in. 桔子已经上市了。
Is the TV on? 电视机开着吗?
A new film is in. 一部新影片正在上映。
The conservative Party is out. 保守党下台了。
This kind of cap is out. 这种帽子已经不流行了。
What's up? 发生了什么事?
He was up late last night. 他昨晚睡得很迟。
The gas is off. 煤气关上了。
The village is ten miles off. 离那个村庄有10里路。
One of the tyres is down. 一只轮胎没气了。
(三)副词作定语
副词作定语,放在被修饰的词后面,例如:
The buildings around are of modern style.
The students there are from France.
I met her on my way home.
I saw her the week before.
This is my first day off.
(四)副词作作介词宾语和宾语补足语
某些表示位置的副词可以在over, out, up, under, from, in, near, on,around, down, along等后作介词宾语;某些时间副词可以在by, from, except, before, after, till, since等后作介词宾语;副词还可作及物动词的宾语补足语或介词with和without的宾语补足语。例如:
You can leave the goods anywhere but here.
She looked everywhere except there.
I did not know her until quite recently.
It was a quiet night, with the moon high up in the sky.
Please ask her in.
I went to her room only to find her out.
Note:
少数副词亦可作动词的宾语。例如:
See above 见上文 Consult below参阅下文
四、副词的位置
(一)程度副词的位置
程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词前面, 如果实义动词前有情态动词或助动词,程度副词要放在二者之间;如果是be动词,程度副词要放于其后。常用的这类词有:just, too, fairly, nearly, almost, quite, extremely, completely, deeply, greatly, hardly, definitely, partly, terribly, considerably, rather, so, very, much等
。
例如:
I am very happy to be with you.(修饰形容词)
He speaks English pretty well.(修饰副词)
He nearly got run over by a car.(行为动词前)
I can hardly believe what he said.(情态动词和实义动词之间)
He is terribly sorry for his misdeeds.(be动词后)
(二)频率副词的位置
频率副词通常放在行为动词前, 当句中有情态动词、助动词或be动词时,则放在这类动词后。常用的有:ever, rarely, often, sometimes, seldom, never, constantly, frequently, occasionally, always, usually等。
例如:
I often see her walk in the park.(行为动词前)
We must always remember this.(情态动词后)
He has never been late.(助动词后)
She is seldom late.(be动词后)
Note:
1.still, almost, nearly, never, already, just, always等程度副词或频率副词可以放在be, have,助动词和情态动词之前,表示强调、要重读,但被强调的不是still等副词,而是be, have,助动词或情态动词。
例如:
He never can understand it.
She already has done her best.
He really is unaware of it.
He always has been prudent, and always will be.
2.当程度副词和频率副词在句中同时出现时,通常是程度副词修饰频率副词。
例如:
They nearly always spend their holiday in the mountains.
他们几乎总是在山里度假。
(三)方式副词的位置
方式副词一般放在动词后, 遇到动词+介词+宾语结构时,方式副词既可置于介词前,也可置于宾语后;在动词+宾语结构中,放在宾语后。常用的有:fast, quickly, quietly, slowly, carefully, angrily, well等。例如:
The girl danced beautifully.
She speaks French well.
He looked at her angrily.(=He looked angrily at her.)
在动词+宾语结构中,如果宾语较长,常把副词置于动词之前,以免造成歧义。比较:
They secretly decided to leave the town.
他们秘密决定离开小镇。(“决定”是秘密的)
They decided to leave the town secretly.
他们决定秘密地离开小镇。(“离开”这一行动是秘密的)
还有一些方式副词放在动词前和放在动词后具有不同的含义。比较:
He answered the question foolishly. 他的回答是愚蠢的。(不着边际)
He foolishly answered the question.他愚蠢地回答了问题。
(意即:他不该回答这个问题)
He behaved foolishly at the party.他在晚会上表现不佳。
Note:
人、动物或事物有各种各样的行为或变化,这就需要用不同的方式副词来加以表述。
1.方式副词→表示状况、状貌。例如:
She danced gracefully.
He refused her demand politely.
这类副词常用的还有:bravely, gently, rudely, loudly, humbly, graciously, courteously, publicly, carefully
, violently, formally, skillfully, casually, violently, thoroughly, perfectly, badly, strikingly, completely, quietly, surprisingly, quickly, fast, well等。
2.方式副词→表示情感、意愿。例如:
He flung the book on the floor angrily.
She didn't do it purposely.
这类副词常用的还有:merrily, proudly, sadly, calmly, , willingly, unwillingly, deliberately, contentedly, nervously, warmly, mildly, coldly, intentionally, unintentionally, willfully, gratefully, excitedly, bitterly, determinedly, delightedly, encouragingly, voluntarily等。
3.方式副词 →表示方法、手段。例如:
He got the money illegally.他以非法手段弄钱。
She told him the news telegraphically.她用电报把这消息告诉他。
这类副词常用的还有:legally, medically用医疗手段,microscopically用显微镜,telescopically用望远镜,surgically用外科手术等。
(四)逻辑连接副词和评注性副词的位置
这两类副词通常位于句首,有时也位于句中或句尾。
A)逻辑连接副词。例如:
However, not everybody agreed.
The composition is all right; there is room for improvement, however.
B)评注性副词 →表示推断。
例如:
Rightly, he refused her offer.
He wisely took his friend's advice.
这类副词既修饰全句,也修饰主语,常用的有:artfully, cleverly, correctly, justly, incorrectly, reasonably, sensibly, unreasonably, shrewdly, unwisely, prudently, rightly, wisely等。
C)评注性副词→表示怀疑或不怀疑、真实或非真实。
例如:
Obviously, he tried to tell the truth.
He is undoubtedly the greatest musician of the country.
She can possibly do it all by herself.
Actually, he is an ideal teacher.
这类副词常用的有:likely, possibly, maybe, conceivably, reputedly, doubtless, seemingly, arguably, allegedly, supposedly, obviously,
undoubtedly, plainly, clearly, manifestly, definitely, certainly, undeniably, decidedly, admittedly, actually, nominally, formally, officially, outwardly, superficially,ostensibly, fundamentally, essentially, basically, naturally等。
D)评注性副词→表示情感或方式。
例如:
Confidentially, he is not qualified for the job.
Unfortunately, it rained hard the whole day.
Luckily, nobody saw her at the moment.
这类副词常用的有:briefly, seriously, honestly, frankly, flatly, candidly, truthfully, privately, bluntly, broadly, roughly, simply, confidentially, unfortunately, funnily, remarkably, curiously, amazingly, inevitably, unexpectedly, incredibly, regrettably, annoyingly, happily, sadly, luckily, tragically, understandably, preferably, amusingly, thankfully, conveniently, significantly, fortunately等。
E)评注性副词→表示方面。
例如:
Personally, I don't like the book.
Generally speaking, it is worth reading.
这类
副词常用的有:personally, generally, literally, figuratively, technically, theoretically, financially, generally speaking, strictly speaking, broadly speaking等。
Note:
1.有些评注性副词,既可以修饰句子,也可以修饰某一个具体的词,应加以区别。
例如:
Clearly she didn't understand what you mean.(修饰整个句子)
We could see the distant hills clearly.(修饰谓语动词)
She naturally replied at once.(修饰整个句子)
She replied naturally.(修饰谓语动词)
2.有些评注性副词位置不同,则含义不同。
比较:
Actually, he did not know it.事实上,他不知道那件事。
He actually did not know it.他确实不知道那件事。
Happily, she wasn't there.幸亏她不在那里。
The letter was happily phrased.这封信措辞妥当。
3.形容词短语,分词短语,介词短语,不定式短语和句子也可用作评注性状语。这时,形容词短语,分词短语和不定式短语通常放在句首,用逗号隔开,句子则可放在句首或句尾,用逗号隔开,有时也可放在句中,用逗号隔开。例如:
To be sure, she it the best student in the class.(不定式短语)
He is, so to speak, very suitable for the job.(不定式短语)
Sure enough, it began to rain at noon.(形容词短语)
Worse still, he let out the secret.(形容词短语)
Strange, the book is nowhere to the found.(形容词作评注性状语)
See you next week, I hope.(句子)
The man, I believe, is reliable.(句子)
其他如:I admit, I think, who knows, they tell me, one hears, I'm sorry to say, I'm sure, it is claimed, God knows, I'm pleased (happy, delighted, glad) to say, I fear, it grieves me to say, there is no doubt, it may interest you to know, it is rumoured, it is claimed, it is to be frank, calculating roughly, speaking as a layman说句外行话,as it happens碰巧,if you please (like)如果你愿意(劳驾),what's more而且,at it is (was) 事实上,as it were可以说,what's more serious, what's more important, I hope, I wonder, I dare say, you see你瞧(要知道), I'm afraid, in reality, in brief, of course, in a word总之,on the whole, to one's delight (regret, amusement, vexation)使某人感到高兴(遗憾、有趣,恼火)的是,to be frank坦率地说,to be honest, to be fair, to tell the truth, to be candid直率地说,to sum up总而言之,to be blunt with you老实对你说,to put it bluntly直截了当地说,to speak frankly, to be exact, to make a long story short长话短说,to make matters worse更糟的是,strange to say说来奇怪,worse still, even more important更重要的是,most important of all 最重要的是,等。
4.逻辑连接副词还有:otherwise, consequently, namely, nevertheless, accordingly, again, altogether, anyway, correspondingly, conversely, equally, furthermore,
hence, meanwhile, moreover, nonetheless, overall, still, thus等。
(五)时间副词的位置
时间副词,尤其是表示具体时间的副词,一般放在句首或句尾, 常用的有:finally, yet, still, now, soon, lately, shortly, then, recently, presently, already, before, early, late, today等。例如:
He will be back tomorrow.
Tomorrow I will go downtown.
(六)地点副词的位置
地点副词通常置于句尾,有时可置于句首,一般不置于句中, 常用的有:away, abroad, downstairs, everywhere, outside, around, here, there, below, anywhere, somewhere, near, far, up, down等。
例如:
The children are playing upstairs.
Here the speaker paused for a while.
Note:
由其他词或词组构成的地点状语亦可遵循上述原则。例如:
She is sitting at the corner of the garden.
At the corner of the garden there was a very tall tree.(正)
There was at the corner of the garden a very tall tree.(误)
几个地点状语连用时,大地方放在最后。例如:
She was always sitting by the statue at the center of the park in the city.
五、副词的排列次序
(一)地点副词→时间副词,方式副词→时间副词,方式副词→地点副词→时间副词(有时时间副词亦可放在句首)。例如:
She sang beautifully in the hall last night.
beautifully方式 in the hall地点 last night时间
Yesterday, they worked very hard in the fields.
Yesterday时间 very hard方式 in the fields地点
(二)具体的→笼统的,小的→大的。例如:
I saw the program at ten o'clock yesterday evening.
He is used to taking a walk for an hour or so every day in the evening.
They ate in a Chinese restaurant in London.
Note:
注意下面两句副词的用法:
We heard it last night, at about two o'clock.(补充,追想)
Tomorrow I shall meet you at seven o' clock.(强调)
(三)run, go, drive+地点副词→方式副词→时间副词。例如:
He drove to the bank hurriedly after lunch.
to the bank地点 hurriedly方式 after lunch时间
另外,两个方式副词一起用时,通常是短的在前,长的在后。例如:
She spoke slowly and sensibly.
(四)enough和only在句中的位置
enough修饰形容词、副词或动词时,一般位于它们的后面。例如:
You will master the skill soon enough.
The egg is not boiled enough.
only应紧靠它所修饰的词,不同的位置往往具有不同的意义。例如:
Only he lent the book to her.
只有他把书借给了她。(意即:别人没借给他)
He only lent the book to her.
他只是把书借给了她。(意即:不是把书送给她)
He lent the book to her only.
他把书只借给了她。(意即:没借给其他任何人)
上述各句中的onl
y词本身虽没改变,但因其位置改变了,所限定的对象不同,因而影响到全句意思。再如:
Then why didn't you do it?那么,为什么你没有做这件事?
First comes Henry, then Alfred.先来的是亨利,接着是阿尔福特。
I worked in a middle school then.我当时在一所中学工作。
上述各句中的then 分别居句首、句中和句末,词义也各不相同。
(五)the way ahead 和the meal afterwards中的副词位置问题
有些地点副词和时间副词可以后置修饰名词。例如:
the way ahead the direction back
the hall downstairs the trip abroad
his journey home the sentence below
the photo above the man there
the noise backstage the neighbours upstairs
the meeting yesterday the stay overnight
但有些副词,包括上述一些副词,也可以前置修饰名词。例如:
the downstairs part of the house
a building with ten upstairs rooms
the above sentence
an away match 客场比赛
in after years在后来的岁月里