The Lin28b-let-7-Hmga2 axis determines the higher self-renewal potential of fetal HSCs-SUP

3GPP TS 36.101 V8.0.0 (2007-12)Technical Specification3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception(Release 8)The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP. The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented.This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification. Specifications and reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.KeywordsUMTS, BSS, radio3GPPPostal address3GPP support office address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16InternetCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© 2007, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC).All rights reserved.ContentsForeword (6)1Scope (7)2References (7)3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations (7)3.1Definitions (7)3.2Symbols (8)3.3Abbreviations (8)4General (9)4.1Relationship between minimum requirements and test requirements (9)5Frequency bands and channel arrangement (9)5.1General (9)5.2Frequency bands (9)5.3TX–RX frequency separation (10)5.4Channel arrangement (10)5.4.1Channel spacing (10)5.4.2Channel bandwidth (10)5.4.2.1 Nominal channel bandwidth (11)5.4.2.2Additional channel bandwidth (12)5.4.3Channel raster (12)5.4.4Channel number (12)5.4.5EARFCN (13)6Transmitter characteristics (13)6.1General (13)6.2Transmit power (13)6.2.1Maximum Output Power (MOP) (13)6.2.2UE Power class (13)6.2.3Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) (14)6.2.4Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) (15)6.3Output power dynamics (15)6.3.1Power control (15)6.3.2Minimum output power (15)6.3.2.1Minimum requirement (15)6.3.3Transmit ON/OFF power (16)6.4Control and monitoring functions (16)6.4.1Out-of-synchronization handling of output power (16)6.5Transmit signal quality (16)6.5.1Frequency error (16)6.5.2Transmit modulation (16)6.5.2.1Error Vector Magnitude (16)6.5.2.1.1Minimum requirement (16)6.5.2.2IQ-component (17)6.5.2.2.1Minimum requirements (17)6.5.2.3In-band emissions (17)6.5.2.3.1Minimum requirements (17)6.6Output RF spectrum emissions (17)6.6.1Occupied bandwidth (18)6.6.2Out of band emission (18)6.6.2.1Spectrum emission mask (18)6.6.2.1.1Minimum requirement (18)6.6.2.2Additional Spectrum Emission Mask (18)6.6.2.2.1Minimum requirement (network signalled value "NS_03") (19)6.6.2.2.2Minimum requirement (network signalled value "NS_04") (19)6.6.2.2.3Minimum requirement (network signalled) (20)6.6.2.3Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (20)6.6.2.3.1Minimum requirement E-UTRA (20)6.6.2.3.2Minimum requirements UTRA (20)6.6.2.4Additional ACLR requirements (21)6.6.2.4.1Minimum requirements (network signalled value "NS_02") (21)6.6.3Spurious emissions (21)6.6.3.1Minimum requirements (21)6.6.3.2Spurious emission band UE co-existence (22)6.6.3.3Additional spurious emissions (22)6.6.3.3.1Minimum requirement (network signalled value "NS_05") (22)6.6.3.3.2Minimum requirements (network signalled) (23)6.7Transmit intermodulation (23)7Receiver characteristics (23)7.1General (23)7.2Diversity characteristics (23)7.3Reference sensitivity power level (23)7.3.1Minimum requirements (QPSK) (23)7.3.2Maximum Sensitivity Reduction (MSR) (24)7.4Maximum input level (24)7.4.1Minimum requirements (25)7.5Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) (25)7.5.1Minimum requirements (25)7.6Blocking characteristics (26)7.6.1In-band blocking (26)7.6.1.1Minimum requirements (26)7.6.2Out of-band blocking (27)7.6.2.1Minimum requirements (27)7.6.3Narrow band blocking (28)7.6.3.1Minimum requirements (28)7.7Spurious response (29)7.7.1Minimum requirements (29)7.8Intermodulation characteristics (29)7.8.1Wide band intermodulation (29)7.8.1.1Minimum requirements (29)7.8.2Narrow band intermodulation (30)7.8.2.1Minimum requirements (30)7.9Spurious emissions (30)7.9.1Minimum requirements (30)8Performance requirement (31)8.1General (31)8.1.1Dual-antenna receiver capability (31)8.1.1.1Simultaneous unicast and MBMS operations (31)8.1.1.2Dual-antenna receiver capability in idle mode (31)Annex A (normative): Measurement channels (32)A.1General (32)A.2UL reference measurement channels (32)A.3DL reference measurement channels (32)Annex B (normative): Propagation conditions (33)B.1General (33)B.2Propagation channels (33)B.2.1Static propagation condition (33)B.2.2Multi-path fading propagation conditions (33)B.2.2.1Delay profiles (33)B.2.2.2Doppler spectrum (34)B.2.2.3Multi-Antenna channel models (36)B.2.2.3.1 Background (36)B.2.2.3.2 Correlation Matrix Defintions (39)B.2.2.3.3 Correlation Matrix Application (39)B.2.2.4Combinations of channel model parameters (39)Annex C (normative): Downlink Physical Channels (41)C.1General (41)C.2Set-up (41)C.3Connection (41)Annex D (normative): Characteristics of the interfering signal (42)D.1General (42)D.2Interference signals (42)Annex E (normative): Environmental conditions (43)E.1General (43)E.2Environmental (43)E.2.1Temperature (43)E.2.2Voltage (43)E.2.3Vibration (44)Annex F (informative): Change history (45)ForewordThis Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:Version x.y.zWhere:x the first digit:1 presented to TSG for information;2 presented to TSG for approval;3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections, updates, etc.z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.1 ScopeThe present document establishes the User Equipment (UE) minimum RF characteristics of E-UTRA for both FDD and TDD modes2 ReferencesThe following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document.•References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific.•For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.•For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same Release as the present document.[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".[2] ETSI ETR 273-1-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvementof radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurementuncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2: Examples and annexes".[3] ITU-R Recommendation SM.329-10, "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain"[4] ITU-R Recommendation M.1225, "Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Transmission Technologies forIMT-2000", ITU-R, 1997.[5] 3GPP TR 25.943 V6.0.0 "Deployment aspects" (Release 6).[6] 3GPP TR 25.913: "Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)".[7] 3GPP TS 45.005 V7.8.0: "Radio transmission and reception" (Release 7).[8] R4-070752, "Proposal for LTE channel models"3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations3.1 DefinitionsFor the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905 [1]. Channel edge: The lowest and highest frequency of the carrier, separated by the channel bandwidth.Channel bandwidth: The RF bandwidth supporting a single E-UTRA RF carrier with the transmission bandwidth configured in the uplink or downlink of a cell. The channel bandwidth is measured in MHz and is used as a reference for transmitter and receiver RF requirements.Maximum Output Power: The mean power level per carrier of UE measured at the antenna connector in a specified reference condition.Mean power: When applied to E-UTRA transmission this is the power measured in the operating system bandwidth of the carrier. The period of measurement shall be at least one subframe (1ms) for frame structure type 1 and one subframe (0.675ms) for frame structure type 2 excluding the guard interval, unless otherwise stated.Occupied bandwidth: The width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specifie d percentage β/2 of the total mean power of a given emission.Output power: The mean power of one carrier of the UE, delivered to a load with resistance equal to the nominal load impedance of the transmitter.Reference bandwidth: The bandwidth in which an emission level is specified.Transmission bandwidth: Bandwidth of an instantaneous transmission from a UE or BS, measured in Resource Block units.Transmission bandwidth configuration: The highest transmission bandwidth allowed for uplink or downlink in a given channel bandwidth, measured in Resource Block units.3.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:BW Channel Channel bandwidthF FrequencyF Interferer (offset) Frequency offset of the interfererF Interferer Frequency of the interfererF C Frequency of the carrier centre frequencyF DL_low The lowest frequency of the downlink operating bandF DL_high The highest frequency of the downlink operating bandF UL_low The lowest frequency of the uplink operating bandF UL_high The highest frequency of the uplink operating bandN DL Downlink EARFCNN Offs-DL Offset used for calculating downlink EARFCNN Offs-UL Offset used for calculating uplink EARFCNN RB Transmission bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of resource blocksN UL Uplink EARFCNRav M inimum average throughput per RBP Interferer Modulated mean power of the interfererΔF OOB Δ Frequency of Out Of Band emission3.3 AbbreviationsFor the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in TR 21.905 [1].ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage RatioACS Adjacent Channel SelectivityA-MPR Additional Maximum Power ReductionAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseBS Base StationCW Continuous WaveDL DownlinkEARFCN E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel NumberE-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessEUTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkEVM Error Vector MagnitudeFDD Frequency Division DuplexFRC Fixed Reference ChannelHD-FDD Half- Duplex FDDMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMOP Maximum Output PowerMPR Maximum Power ReductionMSR Maximum Sensitivity ReductionOOB Out-of-bandPA Power AmplifierREFSENS Reference Sensitivity power levelSNR Signal-to-Noise RatioTDD Time Division DuplexUE User EquipmentUL UplinkUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications SystemUTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessUTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkOther abbreviations used in the present document are listed in 3GPP TR 21.905 [1].4 General4.1 Relationship between minimum requirements and testrequirementsThe Minimum Requirements given in this specification make no allowance for measurement uncertainty. The test specification TS 36.xxx section y defines Test Tolerances. These Test Tolerances are individually calculated for each test. The Test Tolerances are used to relax the Minimum Requirements in this specification to create Test Requirements.The measurement results returned by the Test System are compared - without any modification - against the Test Requirements as defined by the shared risk principle.The Shared Risk principle is defined in ITU-R M.1545 [3].5 Frequency bands and channel arrangement5.1 GeneralThe channel arrangements presented in this clause are based on the frequency bands and channel bandwidths defined in the present release of specifications.NOTE: Other frequency bands and channel bandwidths may be considered in future releases.5.2 Frequency bandsE-UTRA is designed to operate in the frequency bands defined in Table 5.2-1.Table 5.2-1 E-UTRA frequency bands5.3 TX–RX frequency separation5.4 Channel arrangement5.4.1 Channel spacingThe spacing between carriers will depend on the deployment scenario, the size of the frequency block available and the channel bandwidths. The nominal channel spacing between two adjacent E-UTRA carriers is defined as following:Nominal Channel spacing = (BW Channel(1) + BW Channel(2))/2where BW Channel(1) and BW Channel(2) are the channel bandwidths of the two respective E-UTRA carriers. The channel spacing can be adjusted to optimize performance in a particular deployment scenario5.4.2 Channel bandwidthRequirements in present document are specified for the channel bandwidths listed in Table 5.4-1.Table 5.4-1 Transmission bandwidth configuration N RB in E-UTRA channel bandwidthsFigure 5.4-1 shows the relation between the Channel bandwidth (BW Channel) and the Transmission bandwidth configuration (N RB). The channel edges are defined as the lowest and highest frequencies of the carrier separated by the channel bandwidth, i.e. at F C +/- BW Channel /2.Figure 5.4-1 Definition of Channel Bandwidth and Transmission Bandwidth Configuration.5.4.2.1 Nominal channel bandwidthTable 5.4.2-1 specifies the nominal channel bandwidth which are supported for the E-UTRA bandTable 5.4.2-1: E-UTRA channel bandwidth5.4.2.2 Additional channel bandwidthThe following additional channel bandwidth can be supported if certain relaxations of the UE performance are allowed or UE functionality is limited. These relaxations and limitations are TBD.Table 5.4.4.2-1: Additional E-UTRA channel bandwidth5.4.3 Channel rasterThe channel raster is 100 kHz for all bands, which means that the carrier centre frequency must be an integer multiple of 100 kHz.5.4.4 Channel numberThe carrier frequency in the uplink and downlink is designated by the E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (EARFCN). The carrier frequency in MHz for the downlink is given by the following equation, where F DL_low and N Offs-DL are given in table 5.4.4-1 and N DL is the downlink EARFCN.F DL = F DL_low + 0.1(N DL– N Offs-DL)The carrier frequency in MHz for the uplink is given by the following equation where F UL_low and N Offs-UL are given in table 5.4.4-1 and N UL is the uplink EARFCN.F UL = F UL_low + 0.1(N UL– N Offs-UL)Table 5.4.4-1 E-UTRA channel numbers5.4.5 EARFCN6 Transmitter characteristics6.1 GeneralUnless otherwise stated, the transmitter characteristics are specified at the antenna connector of the UE with a single transmit antenna. For UE with integral antenna only, a reference antenna with a gain of 0 dBi is assumed.6.2 Transmit power6.2.1 Maximum Output Power (MOP)The Maximum Output Power (MOP) defined in Table 6.2.1-1 is the broadband transmit power of the UE, i.e. the power in the channel bandwidth (clause 5.2) for all transmit bandwidth configurations (resource blocks).Table 6.2.1-1: Maximum Output Power (MOP)6.2.2 UE Power classThe following UE Power Classes define the nominal maximum output power. The nominal power is defined as the broadband transmit power of the UE, i.e. the power in the channel bandwidth (clause 5.2) of the radio access mode. The period of measurement shall be at least one [timeslot/ frame/TTI].Table 6.2.2-1: UE Power ClassThe transmission bandwidth configuration (resource blocks) for the maximum output power specified in Table 6.2.2-1 is defined in Table 6.2.2-2 below for QPSK modulation.Table 6.2.2-2: UE Power Class / channel bandwidth / transmission configuration6.2.3 Maximum Power Reduction (MPR)For UE Power Class 3, the allowed Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for the nominal maximum output power in 6.2.2 due to higher order modulation and transmit bandwidth configuration (resource blocks) is specified in Table 6.2.3-1.Table 6.2.3-1: Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for PC 36.2.4 Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR)Additional ACLR and spectrum emission requirements can be signalled by the network to indicate that the UE shall meet also additional requirements in a specific deployment scenario. To meet these additional requirements the concept of A-MPR is introduced.For UE Power Class 3 the specific requirements and identified sub-clauses are specified in table 6.2.4-1 along with the allowed A-MPR values that may be used to meet these requirements. The allowed A-MPR values specified below are in addition to the allowed MPR requirements specified in clause 6.2.3.Table 6.2.4-1: Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) / Spectrum Emission requirements6.3 Output power dynamics6.3.1 Power control6.3.2 Minimum output powerThe minimum controlled output power of the UE is defined as the broadband transmit power of the UE, i.e. the power in the channel bandwidth (clause 5.2) for all transmit bandwidth configurations (resource blocks), when the power is set to a minimum value.6.3.2.1 Minimum requirementThe minimum output power is defined as the mean power in one sub-frame (1ms). The minimum output power shall be less than [-30] dBm.6.3.3 Transmit ON/OFF power6.4 Control and monitoring functions6.4.1 Out-of-synchronization handling of output power6.5 T ransmit signal quality6.5.1 Frequency errorThe UE modulated carrier frequency shall be accurate to within ±0.1 PPM observed over a period of one sub-frame (1ms) for generic frame structure type 1 and one sub-frame (0.675ms) for frame structure type 2 excluding the guard period (Cyclic prefix).6.5.2 Transmit modulationTransmit modulation defines the modulation quality for expected in-channel RF transmissions from the UE. This transmit modulation limit is specified in terms of; an Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) for the allocated resources blocks (RB), an I/Q component and an in-band emissions for the non-allocated RB.6.5.2.1 E rror Vector MagnitudeThe Error Vector Magnitude is a measure of the difference between the reference waveform and the measured waveform. This difference is called the error vector. Before calculating the EVM the measured waveform is corrected by the sample timing offset and RF frequency offset. Then the IQ origin offset is removed from the measured waveform.The measured waveform is further modified by selecting the absolute phase and absolute amplitude of the Tx chain. The EVM result is defined after the front-end IDFT as the square root of the ratio of the mean error vector power to the mean reference power expressed as a %. The measurement interval is one [timeslot] except when the mean power between slots is expected to change whereupon the m easurement interval is reduced by [] μs at each end of the slot. The IQ origin offset shall be removed from the evaluated signal before calculating the EVM; however, the removed relative IQ origin offset power (relative carrier leakage power) also has to satisfy the applicable requirement.6.5.2.1.1 M inimum requirementThe RMS average of the basic EVM measurements for [10 consecutive sub-frames] for the different modulations schemes shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.5.2.1.1-1 for the parameters defined in Table 6.5.2.1.1-2.Table 6.5.2.1.1-1: Minimum requirements for Error Vector MagnitudeTable 6.5.2.1.1-2: Parameters for Error Vector MagnitudeParameter Unit LevelUE Output Power dBm -30Operating conditions Normal conditionsPower control step size dB [tbd][slot] [] msBasic measurement period (Note1,2)Note 1: Less any [ ]μs transient periodsNote 2: [ ]ms for generic frame structure FS1 and [ ] ms for FS26.5.2.2 I Q-componentThe IQ origin offset is the phase and amplitude of an additive sinusoid waveform that has the same frequency as the reference waveform carrier frequency.6.5.2.2.1 M inimum requirementsThe relative carrier leakage power (IQ origin offset power) shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.5.2.2.1-1.Table 6.5.2.2.1-1: Minimum requirements for Relative Carrier Leakage PowerLO Leakage Parameters Relative Limit (dBc)For output power >0 dBm -25For output power ≤0 dBm-206.5.2.3 I n-band emissions6.5.2.3.1 M inimum requirements6.6 Output RF spectrum emissionsThe output UE transmitter spectrum consists of the three components; the emission within the occupied bandwidth (channel bandwidth), the Out Of Band (OOB) emissions and the far out spurious emission domain.Figure 6.6-1: Transmitter RF spectrum6.6.1 Occupied bandwidthOccupied bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth containing 99 % of the total integrated mean power of the transmitted spectrum on the assigned channel. The occupied bandwidth for all transmission bandwidth configurations (Resources Blocks) shall be less than the channel bandwidth specified in Table 6.6.1-1Table 6.6.1-1: Occupied channel bandwidth6.6.2 Out of band emissionThe Out of band emissions are unwanted emissions immediately outside the assigned channel bandwidth resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions. This out of band emission limit is specified in terms of a spectrum emission mask and an Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio.6.6.2.1 Spectrum emission maskThe spectrum emission mask of the UE applies to frequencies (Δf OOB) starting from the ±edge of the assigned E-UTRA channel bandwidth. For frequencies greater than (Δf OOB) as specified in Table 6.6.2.1.1-1 the spurious requirements in clause 6.6.3 are applicable.6.6.2.1.1 Minimum requirementThe power of any UE emission shall not exceed the levels specified in Table 6.6.2.1.1-1 for the specified channel bandwidth.Table 6.6.2.1.1-1: General E-UTRA spectrum emission maskNote: As a general rule, the resolution bandwidth of the measuring equipment should be equal to the measurement bandwidth. However, to improve measurement accuracy, sensitivity and efficiency, the resolution bandwidth may be smaller than the measurement bandwidth. When the resolution bandwidth is smaller than the measurement bandwidth, the result should be integrated over the measurement bandwidth in order to obtain the equivalent noise bandwidth of the measurement bandwidth.6.6.2.2 Additional Spectrum Emission MaskThis requirement is specified in terms of an "additional spectrum emission" requirement.6.6.2.2.1 Minimum requirement (network signalled value "NS_03")Additional spectrum emission requirements are signalled by the network to indicate that the UE shall meet an additional requirement for a specific deployment scenario as part of the cell handover/broadcast message.When "NS_03" is indicated in the cell, the power of any UE emission shall not exceed the levels specified in Table6.6.2.2-1.Table 6.6.2.2.1-1: Additional requirements (FCC Part 22)Note: As a general rule, the resolution bandwidth of the measuring equipment should be equal to the measurement bandwidth. However, to improve measurement accuracy, sensitivity and efficiency, the resolution bandwidth may be smaller than the measurement bandwidth. When the resolution bandwidth is smaller than the measurement bandwidth, the result should be integrated over the measurement bandwidth in order to obtain the equivalent noise bandwidth of the measurement bandwidth.6.6.2.2.2 Minimum requirement (network signalled value "NS_04")Additional spectrum emission requirements are signalled by the network to indicate that the UE shall meet an additional requirement for a specific deployment scenario as part of the cell handover/broadcast message.When "NS_04" is indicated in the cell, the power of any UE emission shall not exceed the levels specified in Table6.6.2.2.2-1.Table 6.6.2.2.2-1: Additional requirements (FCC Part 27)Note: As a general rule, the resolution bandwidth of the measuring equipment should be equal to the measurement bandwidth. However, to improve measurement accuracy, sensitivity and efficiency, the resolution bandwidth may be smaller than the measurement bandwidth. When the resolution bandwidth is smaller than the measurement bandwidth, the result should be integrated over the measurement bandwidth in order to obtain the equivalent noise bandwidth of the measurement bandwidth.6.6.2.2.3 Minimum requirement (network signalled)6.6.2.3 Adjacent Channel Leakage RatioAdjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio (ACLR) is the ratio of the] filtered mean power centred on the assigned channel frequency to the filtered mean power centred on an adjacent channel frequency. ACLR requirements are specified for two scenarios for an adjacent E -UTRA and /or UTRA channel as shown in Figure 6.6.2.3 -1.Figure 6.6.2.3-1: Adjacent Channel Leakage requirements6.6.2.3.1 Minimum requirement E-UTRAE-UTRA Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio (E-UTRA ACLR) is the ratio of the filtered mean power centred on the assigned channel frequency to the filtered mean power centred on an adjacent channel frequency. The E-UTRA on channel and adjacent channel power is measured with a [rectangular measurement bandwidth filter.]Table 6.6.2.3.1-1: General requirements for E-UTRA ACLR6.6.2.3.2 Minimum requirements UTRAUTRA Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio (UTRA ACLR) is the ratio of the filtered mean power centred on the assigned E-UTRA channel frequency to the filtered mean power centred on an adjacent(s) UTRA channel frequency. UTRA Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio is specified for both the first UTRA 5 MHz adjacent channel (UTRA ACLR1) and the 2nd UTRA 5MHz adjacent channel (UTRA ACLR2) .The UTRA channel is measured with a 3.84 MHz RRC bandwidth filter with roll-off factor =0.22. The E-UTRA channel is measured with a [rectangular measurement bandwidth filter]Table 6.6.2.3.2-1: Additional requirements6.6.2.4 Additional ACLR requirementsThis requirement is specified in terms of an additional UTRA ACLR2 requirement.6.6.2.4.1 Minimum requirements (network signalled value "NS_02")"NS_02" is signalled by the network to indicate that the UE shall meet this additional requirement for a specific deployment scenario as part of the cell handover/broadcast message.The Additional ACLR requirements is specified for the 2nd UTRA 5MHz adjacent channel (UTRA ACLR2) .The UTRA channel is measured with a 3.84 MHz RRC bandwidth filter with roll-off factor =0.22. The E-UTRA channel is measured with a [rectangular measurement bandwidth filter.]Table 6.6.2.3.2-1: Additional requirements (UTRA ACLR2)For E-UTRA TDD mode, operation in an adjacent UTRA TDD channels not possible with synchronized and synchronized operation due to different time slot structures.6.6.3 Spurious emissionsSpurious emissions are emissions which are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmonics emission, parasitic emission, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out of band emissions. The spurious emission limits are specified in terms of general requirements inline with SM.329 and a E-UTRA operating band requirement to address UE co-existence.6.6.3.1 Minimum requirementsThe spurious emission limits apply for the frequency ranges that are more than Δf OOB (MHz) from the edge of the channel bandwidth.。

子宫内膜癌血清PDK1、Lin28B 、HMGA2变化及意义何建清，杨立芬，陈莹，宋伟唐山市妇幼保健院妇产科，河北唐山063000摘要：目的　探讨子宫内膜癌患者血清磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶-1（PDK1）水平、内膜组织Lin -28同系物B （Lin28B ）、高迁移率族蛋白2（HMGA2）变化及意义。

方法　选取子宫内膜癌患者120例（观察组）和子宫良性病变80例（对照组），采用ELISA 试剂盒检测血清PDK1水平，以免疫组织化学法检测子宫内膜癌组织及良性病变子宫内膜组织Lin28B 、HMGA2阳性表达。

比较两组血清PDK1水平及子宫内膜组织Lin28B 、HMGA2阳性表达率，并观察不同临床病理特征子宫内膜癌患者PDK1、Lin28B 、HMGA2表达特点，分析血清PDK1水平及子宫内膜组织Lin28B 、HMGA2阳性表达对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值。

结果　与对照组比较，观察组血清PDK1水平及子宫内膜组织Lin28B 、HMGA2阳性表达率升高，差异有统计学意义（P 均<0.05）。

不同病理分期、分化程度、肿瘤直径、有无肌层浸润、淋巴结转移、脉管浸润子宫内膜癌患者血清PDK1水平及内膜组织Lin28B 、HMGA2阳性表达比较差异有统计学意义（P 均<0.05）。

以血清PDK1≥47.88 U/mL 、子宫内膜组织Lin28B 、HMGA2表达阳性为诊断标准，三项联合检测诊断子宫内膜癌的特异度、阳性预测值分别为93.75%、95.24%，均高于PDK1、Lin28B 、HMGA2单项检测（P 均<0.05）。

结论　子宫内膜癌患者血清PDK1水平及子宫内膜癌组织Lin28B 、HMGA2的阳性表达率增高，且与肿瘤病理分期、组织分级、肌层浸润、淋巴结转移、脉管浸润、肿瘤直径相关，三者联合检测对子宫内膜癌的诊断价值较高。

关键词：子宫内膜肿瘤；磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶1；Lin -28同系物B ；高迁移率族蛋白2doi ：10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2024.04.017中图分类号：R737.33 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-266X （2024）04-0073-04子宫内膜癌是女性生殖系统中较为常见的恶性肿瘤之一［1］，目前该病诊断方式主要有超声、宫腔镜、诊断性刮宫等，但诊断效能均不理想［2-3］。

金转停Genistein金雀异黄素可抑制人乳腺癌细胞的生长作者：G 彼得森，S 巴恩斯摘要：已经检查了金雀异黄素对人乳腺癌细胞系MDA-468（雌激素受体阴性）以及MCF-7 和MCF-7-D-40（雌激素受体阳性）生长的影响。

金雀异黄素是每种细胞系生长的有效抑制剂（IC50 值为6.5 至12.0 μg/ml），而biochanin A 和大豆苷元是较弱的生长抑制剂（IC50 值为20 至34 μg/ml）。

金雀异黄素β-葡萄糖苷，genistin和daidzin，对生长几乎没有影响（IC50值大于100μg/ml）。

金雀异黄素不需要雌激素受体的存在来抑制肿瘤细胞生长（MDA-468 与MCF-7 细胞）。

此外，金雀异黄素和生物素A的作用不会因多重耐药基因产物（MCF-7-D40 与MCF-7 细胞）的过表达而减弱。

收起关键词：精胺色氨酸抗氧化剂电子喷射自由基年份：1991Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene作者：G Peterson，S Barnes摘要：The effect of isoflavones on the growth of the human breast carcinoma cell lines, MDA-468 (estrogen receptor negative), and MCF-7 and MCF-7-D-40 (estrogen receptor positive), has been examined.Genistein is a potent inhibitor of the growth of each cell line (IC50 values from 6.5 to 12.0 micrograms/ml), whereas biochanin A and daidzein are weaker growth inhibitors (IC50 values from 20 to 34 micrograms/ml). The isoflavone beta-glucosides, genistin and daidzin, have little effect on growth (IC50 values greater than 100 micrograms/ml). The presence of the estrogen receptor is not required for the isoflavones to inhibit tumor cell growth (MDA-468 vs MCF-7 cells). In addition, the effects of genistein and biochanin A are not attenuated by overexpression of the multi-drug resistance gene product (MCF-7-D40 vs MCF-7 cells).关键词：SPERMINE TRYPTOPHAN ANTIOXIDANT ELECTRON EJECTION FREE RADICALS年份：1991。

Lin28信号通路与肿瘤荚耘路;吕可真;林娜;胡文献【期刊名称】《中国肿瘤临床》【年(卷),期】2014(000)008【摘要】Lin28 is a highly conserved RNA-binding protein that has an important role in human body development, metabolism, and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have found that the activation of Lin28 can suppress the maturity of let-7 miRNA in stem cells and promote the proliferation of stem cells by upregulating cell-cycle related genes, such as cyclins A and B. Other mechanisms underlying the activation of Lin28 can selectively block the processes of pre-let-7 miRNA in embryonic stem cells and ultimately promote tumori-genesis. In addition, Lin28 affects the occurrence, development, and prognosis of cancer by inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of miRNA and by moderating the expression of some cell-cycle related genes. Lin28 has an important function in the tumor's tolerance of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We review the physiological function of Lin28 in tumors and its function in tumor treatment.%Lin28是一种结构上高度保守的RNA结合蛋白，其在机体正常生长发育代谢及某些疾病状态，如肿瘤发生发展中有重要作用。

Difference thresholds for vibration of the foot:Dependence onfrequency and magnitude of vibrationNazim Gizem Forta,Michael J.Griffin n ,Miyuki MoriokaHuman Factors Research Unit,Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,University of Southampton,Southampton SO171BJ,United Kingdoma r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 26September 2009Received in revised form9June 2010Accepted 27August 2010Handling Editor:H.Ouyang a b s t r a c t The smallest change in vibration intensity for the change to be perceptible (i.e.intensity difference threshold)has not previously been reported for vibration of the foot.This study investigated the influence of vibration magnitude and vibration frequency on intensity difference thresholds for the perception of vertical sinusoidal vibration of the foot.It was hypothesised that relative intensity difference thresholds (i.e.Weberfractions)for 16-Hz vibration mediated by the non-Pacinian I (NPI)channel would differfrom relative intensity difference thresholds for 125-Hz vibration mediated by thePacinian (P)channel.Absolute thresholds,difference thresholds,and the locations ofvibration sensation caused by vertical vibration of the right foot were determined for 12subjects using the up-down-transformed-response method together with the three-down-one-up rule.The difference thresholds and locations of sensation were obtainedat six reference magnitudes (at 6,9,12,18,24,30dB above absolute threshold —i.e.sensation levels,SL).For 16-Hz vibration,the median relative difference thresholdswere not significantly dependent on vibration magnitude and were in the range 0.19(at 30dB SL)to 0.27(at 9dB SL).For 125-Hz vibration,the median relative differencethresholds varied between 0.17(at 9dB SL)and 0.34(at 30dB SL),with differencethresholds from 6to 12dB SL significantly less than those from 18to 30dB SL.Atvibration magnitudes slightly in excess of absolute thresholds (i.e.6–12dB SL)therewere no significant differences between Weber fractions obtained from the P channel(at 125Hz)and the NPI channel (at 16Hz).At 24and 30dB SL,the 125-Hz Weberfractions were significantly greater than the 16-Hz Weber fractions.Differences in the125-Hz Weber fractions may have been caused by a reduction in the discriminability ofthe P channel at high levels of excitation,resulting in one or more NP channel mediatingthe difference thresholds at magnitudes greater than 18dB SL.At high magnitudes,achange of channel mediating the Weber fractions may have been responsible fordifferent Weber fractions with 16-and 125-Hz vibration.&2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionA difference threshold,also called a ‘differential threshold’,‘difference limen’,or ‘just noticeable difference’,is defined as ‘the difference in value of two stimuli that is just sufficient for their difference to be detected’[1].Difference thresholds can be expressed as either the ‘absolute change’in the stimulus required to detect the change,or as the ‘proportional change’in the stimulus required to detect the change,called ‘relative difference threshold’or ‘Weber fraction’(after psychophysicist E.H.Weber).Weber proposed that,for a particular sensation,difference thresholds for the detection of changes in the Contents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/jsviJournal of Sound and Vibration0022-460X/$-see front matter &2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2010.08.039n Corresponding author.Tel.:+442380592277;fax:+442380592927.E-mail addresses:M.J.Griffin@,mjg@ (M.J.Griffin).Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815intensity of a stimulus are constant:D II ¼constant (1)where I denotes stimulus intensity and D I is the absolute difference threshold [2].Difference thresholds for the perception of vibration can assist the optimisation of comfort in transport,since they indicate how much a vibration needs to be reduced for an improvement to be detected by a test driver or noticed by a passenger.It may be assumed that a single change in vibration intensity less than the difference threshold will not alter a passenger’s assessment of ride comfort.Four ‘channels’appear to be involved in the perception of vibration applied to the glabrous skin,with the absolute threshold for vibration perception being mediated by different channels at different frequencies [3,4].Studies of the perception of vibration at the thenar eminence on the hand suggest that absolute thresholds for the perception of vibration at frequencies less than about 2Hz are likely to be mediated by the ‘non-Pacinian III channel’.At frequencies between about 2and 40Hz,the ‘non-Pacinian I channel’probably mediates absolute thresholds.At frequencies greater than about 40Hz,absolute thresholds are mediated by the ‘Pacinian channel’,which has sensitivity to displacement of the skin that increases with increasing frequency up to about 250Hz and then declines.The fourth channel,‘non-Pacinian II channel’,has greatest sensitivity to displacement in a frequency range similar to the P channel,but with a sensitivity less than the P channel in most contact conditions.While the channels responsible for absolute thresholds have been suggested,the mechanisms responsible for the perception of changes in magnitude at supra-threshold levels,and whether the difference threshold depends on the channel mediating the sensation of vibration,is less clear.For the hand,some studies have found that relative difference thresholds depend on the magnitude of vibration,contrary to Weber’s Law.With 25-and 250-Hz sinusoidal vibration applied by a 2.9cm 2contactor to the thenar eminence of the hand,Gescheider et al.[5]found reductions in Weber fractions with increasing vibration magnitude:from 0.26at 4dB SL to 0.12at 40dB SL (where SL is the sensation level —the level of the vibration stimulus expressed in decibels (dB)relative to the subject’s absolute threshold expressed in decibels).The Weber fractions were similar at the two frequencies (differing by less than about 0.05).With 250-Hz sinusoidal vibration,and similar contact conditions,Gescheider et al.[6]found that Weber fractions decreased from 0.26at 4dB SL to 0.16at 36dB SL.Again with 250-Hz vibration and similar contact conditions,Gescheider et al.[7]also found reductions in Weber fractions with increasing vibration magnitude.Gescheider et al.[5]suggested the reduction could be due to a spread of the vibration excitation at higher magnitudes.However,Gescheider et al.[7]suggested that reductions in Weber fractions may have resulted from the involvement of channels other than the P channel at higher magnitudes,particularly the involvement of the NPII channel.In contrast to the Gescheider studies,with the whole hand gripping a handle vibrating at 125Hz,Forta [8]found that Weber fractions were greater at higher magnitudes (in the range 18–36dB SL)than at a lower magnitude (12dB SL).Few studies have investigated foot-transmitted vibration,and there are no known studies of difference thresholds for the perception of vibration applied to the foot.Equivalent comfort contours showing how the perception of vibration of the whole foot depends on the frequency of vibration at supra-threshold levels have been reported by Parsons et al.[9],Rao [10],Miwa [11]and Morioka and Griffin [12].Thresholds at specific locations on the foot have also been reported,usually in the context of the detection of sensorineuropathy (e.g.,Refs.[13–15]).Absolute thresholds for vibration of the entire foot have been reported by Morioka and Griffin [16]using 12subjects and vibration stimuli and contact conditions similar to those in the current experiment.They used sinusoidal vibration and determined absolute thresholds over the frequency range from 8to 315Hz.The absolute thresholds for vertical vibration (expressed in terms of acceleration)were independent of frequency from 8to 25Hz,but dependent on frequency at higher frequencies,defining a U-shaped contour with the lowest threshold at about 100Hz,and greatly increased threshold at 200and 315Hz.The median thresholds were 0.040m s À2rms at 16Hz and 0.029m s À2rms at 125Hz.The experiment presented here was designed to investigate the influence of vibration magnitude and vibration frequency on intensity difference thresholds for vertical sinusoidal vibration of the entire foot at 16and 125Hz.These two frequencies were chosen to assist the identification of the channels involved in the perception of vibration.To avoid complications arising from differences between the two feet,difference thresholds were determined for only one foot.At vibration magnitudes less than 12dB SL it was expected that vibration at 16and 125Hz would primarily excite the non-Pacinian I (NPI)and the Pacinian (P)channels,respectively.At these low levels of vibration it was hypothesised that relative intensity difference thresholds for 16-Hz vibration mediated by the NPI channel would differ from those for 125-Hz vibration mediated by the P channel.With both frequencies of vibration,it was expected that relative intensity difference thresholds would change when the vibration magnitude increased above 12dB SL,as the vibration became sufficient to excite other channels according to the four-channel model of vibrotactile perception [3,4].2.Method2.1.ApparatusVibration stimuli were generated and measured using HVLab software (version 3.81)running in a personal computer.Signals were generated at 5000samples per second and passed through a 300-Hz low-pass filter to an MB Dynamics ModelN.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815806SL 500VCF power amplifier connected to a MB Dynamics electro-dynamic vibrator.The vibrator applied vertical sinusoidal vibration to the right foot via a rigid wooden platform inclined by 10degrees,with the rear lower than the front so as to maintain subject comfort (Fig.1).Vibration was measured using a piezo-electric accelerometer (D.J.Birchall,model A/20T)attached to the footrest.The vibration acceleration signal was acquired via a Techfilter anti-aliasing filter (1000Hz low-pass)to a PCL-81812-bit analogue-to-digital converter.Subjects sat with an upright posture on a stationary seat with no backrest and with their feet on the two identical footrests described above.Only the right foot was exposed to vibration.2.2.ProcedureThe experiment was conducted in two sessions on different days,each lasting about 75minutes.Prior to commencing the experiment,subjects removed their shoes (but not their socks)and rolled their trousers up above the knee so as to remove any cues due to the trousers moving relative to the skin (Fig.1).A session involved either 16or 125Hz vibration and consisted of two measures of the absolute threshold and six measures of the difference threshold (at ‘reference magnitudes’6,9,12,18,24,and 30dB above the subjects’absolute threshold).Additionally,subjects were exposed to the six reference vibration magnitudes separately and asked to report the location where they experienced maximum sensation.All vibration stimuli had total durations of 2s,including 0.5-second rise and decay times.Both sessions commenced with the measurement of the absolute threshold,used to calculate the six ‘reference magnitudes’for the difference threshold tests.The locations at which the maximum sensation was experienced when exposed to the reference magnitudes were then determined using a diagrammatic representation of the foot and lower leg (Fig.2).After one practice measurement,difference thresholds were then determined at the six reference magnitudes in a Latin square balanced order.After each determination of a difference threshold,subjects were asked to identify the body location where they detected the difference between the two vibration stimuli (Fig.2).At the end of each session,the absolute threshold was measuredagain.Fig.1.Experimental set-up and posture.N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815807Auditory masking (white noise at 75dBA)was presented via headphones.The skin temperature of the right foot was measured with a thermocouple at the sole of the foot before and after the measurements,because absolute thresholds are dependent on temperature,especially in the Pacinian channel [17].2.3.SubjectsTwelve healthy male subjects aged between 20and 28years (mean age 24.1years,mean stature 177.8cm,mean weight 72.5kg)took part in the experiment.All subjects were either members of staff or students at the University of Southampton.The experiment was approved by the Human Experimentation Safety and Ethics Committee of the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research.2.4.Psychophysical methodThe up-down-transformed-response,UDTR,method was used to determine both the absolute thresholds and the difference thresholds [18].In the UDTR method,the magnitude of the test stimulus is increased or decreased according to the response of the subject.The stimuli were presented with a two-interval forced-choice procedure and the responses of the subject were tracked using a three-down-one-up rule:if the subject gave three consecutive correct responses,the level of the next test stimulus was reduced by one step,if the subject gave an incorrect response,the level of the next test stimulus was increased by one step.A red light was used to indicate the duration of the two intervals.To determine a difference threshold,one presentation interval contained the test stimulus and another contained the reference stimulus.The order of the test stimulus and the reference stimulus was randomly determined for each trial.The 2-second reference vibration and the 2-second test vibration were separated by a 1-second pause.The test vibration was always at a greater level than the reference vibration.The magnitude of the test stimulus was modified in accord with the three-down-one-up rule,with a step size of 0.25dB.The subjects were asked to identify the interval that contained the stronger stimulus.At the first trial,all subjects were presented with a test stimulus at a level where they were able to detect the difference between the two stimuli.The absolute thresholds were determined with a similar procedure.One of the two intervals contained the test stimulus while the other interval contained no stimulus.The subjects’task was to determine the interval that contained the test stimulus.The magnitude of the test stimulus was modified according to the three-down-one-up rule,with a step size of 3dB.At the first trial,all subjects started at a level where they were able to detect the test stimulus.The absolute thresholds and the difference thresholds were calculated from reversal points (i.e.trials at which the direction of the change of stimulus magnitude was reversed).Trials were terminated after six reversals.The thresholds were calculated from the average of the final four reversals,ignoring the first two reversals.An absolute difference threshold was calculated usingAbsolute difference threshold ¼X N ¼6i ¼3M i ÀR i (2)where N is the number of reversals (N =6),M i and R i are,respectively,the measured rms acceleration magnitude of the test vibration and the measured rms acceleration magnitude of the reference vibration at a reversal.Eq.(2)was also used for calculating the absolute threshold,with the R i equallingzero.Fig.2.Diagrammatic representation of the foot and the lower leg used to determine the locations of vibration sensations and differences in vibration magnitude.N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815808To determine a Weber fraction,the absolute value of the difference threshold for that stimulus was divided by the rms acceleration magnitude of the reference vibration,R i :Weber fraction ¼X N ¼6i ¼3M i ÀR i i (3)2.5.Statistical methodsMathworks Inc.MATLAB (R 14)software with Statistics Toolbox,was used to calculate the thresholds and perform the subsequent statistical analysis of the results.Non-parametric tests (Friedman and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks for two-related samples)were employed in the statistical analysis without adjustment for multiple comparisons.Cochran’s Q and McNemar tests were employed to investigate the location at which vibration was perceived.These tests were conducted using SPSS Inc.SPSS 16.0software.3.ResultsAll subjects had foot temperatures greater than 251C,except for one subject with a foot temperature of 231C.3.1.Absolute thresholdsAbsolute thresholds for 16-Hz vibration were significantly greater than those for 125Hz vibration at both the beginning and the end of the session (Wilcoxon,p =0.0005).The median threshold for 16-Hz vibration rose by 21%(i.e.1.7dB),from 0.034m s À2rms at the beginning of the session to 0.042m s À2rms at the end of the session (Wilcoxon,p =0.0068,Fig.3).The median threshold for 125-Hz vibration rose by 30%(2.28dB),from 0.014m s À2rms at the beginning of the session to 0.018m s À2rms at the end of the session,but the difference was not statistically significant (Wilcoxon,p =0.1099,Fig.3).3.2.Difference thresholdsAs the reference level increased from 6to 30dB SL,the median absolute difference thresholds increased from 0.016to 0.205ms -2rms at 16Hz and from 0.007to 0.150m s À2rms at 125Hz (Fig.4).With 16-Hz vibration,the absolute difference thresholds increased less than predicted by Weber’s Law:as the reference magnitude increased by a factor of 16the difference threshold increased by a factor of 12.5.With 125-Hz vibration,the absolute difference thresholds increased1234567891011121010SubjectsA b s o l u t e t h r e s h o l d (m s -2r .m .s .)Fig.3.Absolute thresholds for vertical vibration at 16and 125Hz.Thresholds were measured twice for each subject at each frequency,once before and once after the determination of difference thresholds.N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815809more than predicted by Weber’s Law:as the reference magnitude increased by a factor of 16the difference threshold increased by a factor of 21.With 16-Hz vibration,the median Weber fractions varied between 0.19(at 30dB SL)and 0.27(at 9dB SL).With 125-Hz vibration,the median Weber fractions varied between 0.17(at 9dB SL)and 0.34(at 30dB SL)(Fig.5).With 16-Hz vibration,there was no overall statistically significant effect of vibration magnitude on the Weber fractions (Friedman,p =0.4960).Although the median Weber fractions at 6and 9dB SL were greater than those at greater magnitudes,the median Weber fraction at 30dB SL was less than at lower magnitudes.16 Hz125 Hz 06912182430360.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.45Sensation level (dB)R e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e t h r e s h o l d (W e b e r f r a c t i o n )Fig.4.Median absolute difference thresholds with inter-quartile ranges for 12subjects at six sensation levels at 16and 125Hz.069121824303610-310-210-1100Sensation Level (dB SL)A b s o l u t e d i f f e r e n c e t h r e s h o l d (m s -2r .m .s .)Fig.5.Median relative difference thresholds and inter-quartile ranges for 12subjects at six sensation levels at 16and 125Hz.N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815810N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration330(2011)805–815811Table1Comparisons between Weber fractions for125-Hz vibration at magnitudes from6to30dB SL(p-values,Wilcoxon matched-pairs sign ranks test). 125Hz6dB SL9dB SL12dB SL18dB SL24dB SL30dB SL6dB SL–0.26610.38040.0210n0.0034nn0.0015nn9dB SL––0.38040.0161n0.0049nn0.0161n12dB SL–––0.0342n0.0093nn0.0161n18dB SL––––0.30130.203624dB SL–––––0.339430dB SL––––––n p o0.05.nn p o0.01.Table2Comparisons between Weber fractions for16-and125-Hz vibration at magnitudes from6to30dB SL(p-values,Wilcoxon matched-pairs sign ranks test).16Hz125-Hz6dB SL9dB SL12dB SL18dB SL24dB SL30dB SL6dB SL0.38040.10990.33940.62210.23340.10999dB SL0.0425n0.23340.26610.62210.26610.0269n12dB SL0.73340.42380.85010.07710.0210n0.0068nn18dB SL0.62210.30130.96970.05220.0093nn0.0024nn24dB SL0.51860.06400.46970.07710.0068nn0.0269n30dB SL0.42380.79100.26610.0122n0.0024nn0.0034nnn p o0.05.nn p o0.01.With125-Hz vibration,the Weber fractions varied with sensation level(Friedman,p=0.0004)with lower Weber fractions at the three lower sensation levels(6,9,and12dB SL)than at the three higher sensation levels(18,24,and30dB SL)(Wilcoxon,p o0.04,Table1).Comparison of all Weber fractions obtained for16-Hz vibration with all the Weber fractions obtained for125-Hz vibration revealed that the30dB SL Weber fractions with125Hz were significantly greater than all16-Hz Weber fractions (Wilcoxon,p o0.03),except those at6dB SL.The24dB SL Weber fractions obtained with125-Hz vibration were significantly greater than all16-Hz Weber fractions(Wilcoxon,p o0.03),except those at6and9dB SL.The Weber fractions for16-Hz9dB SL were significantly greater than the Weber fractions obtained for125-Hz6dB SL(Wilcoxon, p=0.0425),and the Weber fractions for16-Hz30dB SL were significantly lower than the Weber fractions for125-Hz18dB SL(Wilcoxon,p=0.0122,Table2).Within the group of12subjects,the Weber fractions for16-Hz vibration at18dB SL and125-Hz vibration at24dB SL were correlated with each other(Spearman,p=0.0082),and the Weber fractions for16-Hz vibration at24dB SL and 125-Hz vibration at9dB SL were correlated with each other(Spearman,p=0.0004).There were no other significant correlations between Weber fractions.The correlations were positive other than those between16-Hz vibration at6dB SL and125-Hz vibration at12,18,24,and30dB SL,and those between16-Hz vibration at9dB SL and126-Hz vibration at9, 12,18,and24dB SL.3.3.Location of sensationThe reported locations of sensations were simplified by combining the sub-divisions(indicated by lowercase letters in Fig.2)within locations,since all responses at locations4and5were either on the sole of the foot(5b and5c)or at the ankle (4b).Only for the lower leg,the knee,and the upper leg were‘front side’responses(i.e.3a,2a and1a)observed,but there were few responses in these locations compared to other locations.Overall,‘back side’responses were about90%of the total responses.In Cochran’s Q and McNemar tests,the locations from1to4were combined and compared to the most common reported location(i.e.location5—sole of the foot).Fig.6shows the reported locations for the strongest sensation.With increasing magnitude of16-Hz vibration,the sensation of vibration spread from the sole of the foot to the upper part of the foot and the leg.The ratio of the number reporting the strongest sensation at other locations(i.e.1–4)to the number reporting the sole of the foot(i.e.5)showed a marginally non-significant change with vibration magnitude at16Hz(Cochran’s Q,p=0.097).At125Hz,irrespective of vibration magnitude,all subjects indicated that they felt the vibration most at the sole of the paring the locations giving the strongest sensations between frequencies at each magnitude(e.g.16Hz compared with125Hz at6dB SL),the locations were not significantly different at the two lower magnitudes(i.e.6and9dB SL;McNemar,p=0.125for eachcase),but they were significantly different at the two middle magnitudes (i.e.12and 18dB SL;p =0.031for each case),and highly significantly different at the two highest magnitudes (24and 30dB SL;p o 0.009).Fig.6also shows the locations at which subjects reported the differences in sensations that they used to detect differences between the two stimuli (i.e.the locations of the sensations that yielded the difference thresholds).Sensations at the sole of the foot were used for 87.5%of judgements with 125-Hz vibration but only 25%of judgements with 16-Hz paring the locations between frequencies at each magnitude (e.g.16Hz compared with 125Hz at 6dB SL),the locations differed significantly at all magnitudes (McNemar,p o 0.017),with changes in the magnitude of 125-Hz vibration detected at the sole of the foot and changes in the magnitude of 16-Hz vibration detected higher up the leg.The locations at which changes in the vibration magnitude were detected were not significantly different from the locations producing the greatest sensations for either of the two frequencies or any of the six magnitudes (McNemar,p 40.218).4.Discussion4.1.Absolute thresholdsMedian absolute thresholds obtained at the beginning of the sessions in this experiment were 14%lower at 16Hz and 53%lower at 125Hz than those obtained by Morioka and Griffin [16].Although the contact conditions and stimuli were similar,different psychophysical methods were employed in the two studies.Morioka and Griffin used a procedure where the subjects indicated when they perceived the vibration in a single interval (‘yes–no’procedure).In the current study,subjects had to detect the vibration in one of two intervals (‘forced-choice’procedure).Morioka and Griffin [19]investigated the dependence of vibrotactile thresholds at the fingertip on the psychophysical method and found that the ‘forced-choice’procedure significantly lowered thresholds by about 2.2dB (29%reduction)compared with the ‘yes–no’procedure,consistent with the differences observed between the present study and the study by Morioka and Griffin [16].As suggested by Morioka and Griffin [19],the ‘yes–no’procedure requires greater certainty of perception compared with the ‘forced-choice’procedure.The 21%rise in 16-Hz thresholds and the 30%rise in 126-Hz thresholds during the experiment suggest that the modest vibration exposures were sufficient to cause temporary threshold shifts.For the subject with the highest thresholds giving the greatest exposures,the 8-h equivalent vibration exposures according to ISO 5349-1[20]were less than 0.40m s À2rms with 16-Hz vibration and less than 0.03m s À2rms with 125-Hz vibration —much lower than the exposure expected toS u b j e c t sL s Ma g n i t u d S L )S ub j ec t s L s M a g n i t ud S L )S u b je c t s L s M a g n i t u d e S L )S u b j e c t s s Ma g n i t u d e S L )Location of sensation at 16 HzLocation of sensation at 125 Hz Fig.6.Number of reported locations of strongest sensations (top graphs)and difference sensations (bottom graphs).N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration 330(2011)805–815812N.G.Forta et al./Journal of Sound and Vibration330(2011)805–815813 cause injury.The thresholds might have changed as a result of increased experience at the end of the session,but this would be expected to lower rather than raise thresholds.Whatever the cause of the change,it was small relative to the differences in threshold between subjects(see Fig.3).4.2.Weber fractionsWeber fractions most likely to be mediated by the NPI channel(with16-Hz vibration at6,9,and12dB SL,according to Bolanowski et al.[3])were not significantly different from the Weber fractions most likely to be mediated by the P channel (with125-Hz vibration at6,9,and12dB SL,according to Bolanowski et al.[3]),except for one marginal case.Although in the conditions investigated any differences in Weber fractions between the two somatosensory channels seem to be small, Fig.5suggests a pattern in which the Weber fractions for125-Hz vibration tend to be less than the Weber fractions for 16-Hz vibration at6and9dB SL but greater as the vibration magnitude increases.While the Weber fractions for16-Hz vibration were consistent with Weber’s law(i.e.independent of vibration magnitude),the Weber fractions for125-Hz vibration appear to contradict Weber’s law by being dependent on vibration magnitude.The125-Hz Weber fractions can be divided into two groups:low sensation levels(6,9,and12dB SL)and high sensation levels(18,24,and30dB SL),with smaller Weber fractions at the lower levels.The dependence of125-Hz Weber fractions on vibration magnitude may be due to reduced discriminability within the P channel with increased excitation.The neural responses of Pacinian corpuscles saturate at high magnitudes,which may have increased the125-Hz difference thresholds.Gescheider et al.[7]reported saturation in the P channel at about25dB SL when measuring difference thresholds with250-Hz vibration applied to the thenar eminence of the hand through a 3-cm2contactor.The excitation area and stimulus duration were much greater in the current study and this may have led to saturation of the P channel around18dB SL rather than25dB SL.At low magnitudes(6,9,and12dB SL),the125-Hz difference thresholds are likely to have been mediated by the P channel,while at high magnitudes(18,24,and30dB SL)they may have been mediated by an NP channel,due to saturation in the P channel at levels greater than about18dB SL.According to the four-channel model,absolute thresholds of all NP channels are close to each other at125Hz,so it is not obvious which NP channel wouldfirst take over from the P channel. Comparing Weber fractions for low levels of16-Hz vibration(probably mediated by the NPI channel)with Weber fractions for low levels of125-Hz vibration(probably mediated by the P channel),it may be inferred that there was little or no difference in discriminability between the P channel and the NPI channel,suggesting that the greater Weber fractions at high magnitudes of125-Hz cannot be explained solely by the mediation of changes within the NPI channel if it is Weberian (i.e.has the same Weber fraction at16and125Hz and at different sensation levels).A frequency-dependence in the Weber fractions was found at24and30dB SL(and marginally at18dB SL),with16-Hz Weber fractions significantly lower than125Hz Weber fractions.However,this frequency-dependence cannot easily be attributed to a difference between the channels because these high magnitudes are likely to excite multiple channels.It might be assumed that if at these magnitudes the16-and125-Hz Weber fractions were mediated by the same NP channel, the Weber fractions would not differ from each other.The difference may therefore have arisen from either the NPI channel having greater discriminability at16Hz than at125Hz,or mediation by another channel(NP or P).Although Weber fractions for125-Hz vibration increased with increasing vibration magnitude,the perception of changes in vibration magnitude was almost always at the sole of the foot.So it seems unlikely that the increase in the 125-Hz Weber fraction was due to a spread in the area of excitation with increasing vibration magnitude.While the location at which the strongest sensation caused by the16-Hz reference vibration did change with vibration magnitude, the location at which changes in vibration magnitude were perceived did not change with magnitude and the Weber fractions for16-Hz vibration were independent of vibration magnitude.A frequency-dependence of the Weber fraction within channels merits consideration(e.g.the NP channel may have a lower Weber fraction with16-Hz vibration than with125-Hz vibration).The higher magnitudes of125-Hz vibration were probably above the absolute threshold of the NP channel and so difference thresholds at the higher magnitudes of125-Hz vibration may have been mediated by the NPI channel,assuming the P channel had become‘saturated’.So,to compare Weber fractions with similar excitation of the NPI channel,the16-Hz Weber fractions at6,9,and12dB SL should be compared with125-Hz Weber fractions at18,24,and30dB SL.In this study,the16-Hz Weber fraction at6dB SL was not significantly different from the125-Hz Weber fractions at any magnitude.The16-Hz Weber fraction at9dB SL was only significantly less than the125-Hz Weber fraction at30dB SL.The16-Hz Weber fraction at12dB SL was significantly less than the125-Hz Weber fraction at both24and30dB SL.The absence of systematic differences in Weber fractions between the lowest magnitudes of16Hz and the highest magnitudes at125Hz allows the possibility that the NPI channel could be responsible for mediating Weber fractions at the higher magnitudes at125Hz as well as the lower magnitudes of16Hz.The higher magnitudes of16-Hz vibration were probably above the absolute threshold of the P channel,so if the P channel has greater discriminability than the NPI channel below12dB SL(as may be suggested by the results),the Weber fractions for the higher magnitudes of16-Hz vibration could have been mediated by the P channel.In which case, involvement of the P channel with high magnitudes of16-Hz vibration could have contributed to the downward trend in the16-Hz Weber fractions with increasing magnitude of vibration.If the P channel has a lower Weber fraction than the NPI channel,a reversal of channels may have taken place:Weber fractions for low magnitudes of16-Hz vibration and high。

[文章编号]1000-2200(2021)03-0285-06-基础医学-let-7a1和let-7c在非小细胞肺癌中的表达及临床意义李殿明「，柳兆飞2,宁国兰3［摘要］目的:探讨人类微小RNA let-7a1和let-7c在肺癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征之间的关系。

方法：收集53例肺组织手术标本及临床资料，其中包括肺癌组织44例(收集其癌组织和癌旁正常组织)和良性肺疾病组织9例。

并收集病人吸烟史、肿瘤TNM分期、病理分化程度及有无淋巴结转移等。

采用Trizol法提取总RNA,采用荧光定量PCR检测let-7a1和let-7c 的表达,分析其在肺癌组织、癌旁正常组织及良性肺疾病组织中的表达差异及与临床特征的关系。

结果:肺癌组织中let-7a1和let-7c的相对表达量均低于癌旁正常组织和良性肺疾病组织(P<0.05);癌旁正常组织中let-7a1和let-7c的相对表达量均低于良性肺疾病组织(P<0.05)。

let-7a1表达与分化程度、吸烟和TNM分期有关(P<0.05-P<0.01),与淋巴结有无转移无关(P>0.05)。

let-7c表达与淋巴结转移、分化程度有关(P<0.01),与吸烟、TNM分期无关(P>0.05)。

结论:let-7a1和let-7c 基因在肺癌组织中相对表达量降低，并且随临床分期进展、淋巴结转移呈明显下降趋势，提示两者与肺癌的发生、发展及转移密切相关,let-7a1和let-7c可能成为肺癌早期诊断生物标志因子，并可能成为肺癌的靶向治疗新的靶点,为高危人群的早期干预提供实验依据。

［关键词］肺肿瘤;微小RNA;let-7a1;let-7c［中图法分类号］R734.2［文献标志码］A DOI：10.13898/ki.issn.1000-2200.2021.03.002Expression and clinical significance of let・7a1and let・7c in non・small cell lung cancerLI Dian-ming1,LIU Zhao-fei2,NING Guo-lan3(1.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,Anhui Clinical and Preclinical Key Laboratoryof Respiratory Disease,The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College,Bengbu Anhui233004;2.Department of Respiratory Medicine,Linquan People's Hospital,Linquan Anhui236400;3.Department of Respiratoryand Critical Care Medicine,Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang Anhui236000,China)[Abstract]Objective:To investigate the expression of human microRNA let-7a1and let-7c in lung cancer tissues and its relationship with clinicopathological features.Methods:The surgical specimens and clinical data of53cases of lung tissue were collected,including 44cases of lung cancer used to collect cancer tissue and paracancerous normal tissue,and9cases of benign lung disease tissue.The smoking history, TNM stage,pathological differentiation and lymph node metastasis were collected.The total RNA was extracted by Trizol method, and the expression of let-7a1and let-7c was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR.The difference of let-7a1and［收稿日期］2020-03-20［修回日期］2020-06-17［基金项目］安徽省教育厅自然科学研究重点项目(KJ2018A0997);安徽省教育厅自然科学研究项目(KJ2010B113)［作者单位］1.蚌埠医学院第一附属医院呼吸与危重症医学科，安徽省呼吸系病临床基础重点实验室，安徽蚌埠233004;2.安徽省临泉县人民医院呼吸内科,236400;3.安徽省阜阳市第二人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科,236000［作者简介］李殿明(1970-),男，硕士研究生导师，主任医师，副教授.let-7c expression in lung cancer tissue,paracancerous normal tissue and benign lung disease tissue,and its relationship with clinical features were analyzed.Results:The relative expression of let-7a1and let-7c in lung cancer tissue was lower than that in paracancerous normal tissue and benign lung disease tissue(P< 0.05),and the relative expression of let-7a1and let-7c in paracancerous normal tissue was lower than that in benign lung disease tissue(P<0.05).The expression of let-7a1was related to differentiating degree,smoking and TNM stage(P<0.05to拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾拾[10]SHI J,SLN J,LIL C,et al.All-trans-retinoic acid(ATRA)plusoxaliplatin plus5-fluorouracil/leucovorin(FOLFOX)versusFOLFOX alone as palliative chemotherapy in patients withadvanced hepatocellular carcinoma and extrahepatic metastasis:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2019,20(1):245.[11]SCHNEIDER SM,OFFTERDINGER M,HUBER H,et alActivation of retinoic acid receptor琢is sufficient for fullinduction of retinoid responses in SK-BR-3and T47D humanbreast cancer cells[J].Cancer Res, 2000,60(19)：5479.[12]WHEATLEY SP,ALTIERI DC.Survivin at a glance[J].J CellSci,2019,132(7):jcs223826.[13]SANDUR SK,DEORUK11KAR A,PANDEY MK,et al Curcuminmodulates the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells bysuppressing constitutive and inducible NF-k B activity[J].Int JRadiat Oncol Biol Phys,2009,75(2)：534.[14]李晓波，徐芳.姜黄素通过影响NF-k B信号通路促进肺癌细胞的放射敏感性[J].重庆医学,2017,46(6):749.(本文编辑赵素容)P<0.01)，but was not related to smoking and TNM stage(P>0.05).The expression of let-7c was related to lymph node metastasis and differentiating degree(P<0.01)，but was not related to smoking and TNM stage(P>0.05).Conclusions:The relative expression of let-7a1and let-7c genes in lung cancer tissue decreases，and exhibits decreasing trend with the progress of clinical stage and lymph node metastasis，which suggests that let-7a1and let-7c are closely related to the occurrence，development and metastasis of lung cancer.Let-7a1and let-7c may become biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer，and become new targets for targeted therapy of lung cancer，to provide experimental basis for early intervention of high-risk groups.［Key words］lung neoplasms；microRNA；let-7a1；let-7c肺癌是目前发病率与病死率最高的恶性肿瘤,死亡率高主要是由于绝大部分病人确诊时已属中晚期,5年生存率极低［1］o因此,肺癌的早期诊断和有效的治疗方法是改善预后和提咼生存率的关键。

病变的相关性分析[J].医学临床研究,2020,37(5):680-682.[17]Medina-Leyte DJ,Zepeda-García O,Domínguez-Pérez M,et al.En-dothelial dysfunction,inflammation and coronary artery disease:po-tential biomarkers and promising therapeutical approaches [J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(8):3850.[18]Kwon Y ,Kim M,Kim Y ,et al.EGR3-HDAC6-IL -27axis mediatesallergic inflammation and is necessary for tumorigenic potential of cancer cells enhanced by allergic inflammation-promoted cellular in-teractions [J].Front Immunol,2021,12(1):680441.[19]Nie F,Zhang Q,Ma J,et al.Schizophrenia risk candidate EGR3is anovel transcriptional regulator of RELN and regulates neurite out-growth via the Reelin signal pathway in vitro [J].J Neurochem,2021,157(6):1745-1758.[20]Shin SH,Kim I,Lee JE,et al.Loss of EGR3is an independent riskfactor for metastatic progression in prostate cancer [J].Oncogene,2020,39(36):5839-5854.[21]Hua Y ,Wang H,Ye Z,et al.An integrated pan-cancer analysis ofidentifying biomarkers about the EGR family genes in human carci-nomas [J].Comput Biol Med,2022,148(1):105889.(收稿日期：2023-09-18)不同分期恶性肿瘤患者外周血凝血功能指标、NLR 检测及其临床意义赵娜1，赵宁2，申晓楠1，苗雨莉11.通用环球西安西航医院检验科，陕西西安710021；2.西安医学院药学院，陕西西安710021【摘要】目的探讨不同分期恶性肿瘤患者外周血凝血功能指标、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)检测及其临床意义。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /0007288v 2 25 J u l 2000Single superpartner production at Tevatron Run IIF.D´e liot 1,G.Moreau 2,C.Royon 1,3,41:Service de Physique des Particules,DAPNIA CEA/Saclay 91191Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,France2:Service de Physique Th´e oriqueCEA/Saclay 91191Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex,France3:Brookhaven National Laboratory,Upton,New York,11973;4:University of Texas,Arlington,Texas,76019February 1,2008AbstractWe study the single productions of supersymmetric particles at Tevatron Run II which occur inthe 2→2−body processes involving R-parity violating couplings of type λ′ijk L i Q j D ck .We focus on the single gaugino productions which receive contributions from the resonant slepton productions.We first calculate the amplitudes of the single gaugino productions.Then we perform analyses of the single gaugino productions based on the three charged leptons and like sign dilepton signatures.These analyses allow to probe supersymmetric particles masses beyond the present experimental limits,and many of the λ′ijk coupling constants down to values smaller than the low-energy bounds.Finally,we show that the studies of the single gaugino productions offer the opportunity to reconstruct the ˜χ01,˜χ±1,˜νL and ˜l ±L masses with a good accuracy in a model independent way.1IntroductionIn the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM),the supersymmetric (SUSY)particles must be produced in pairs.The phase space is largely suppressed in pair produc-tion of SUSY particles due to the important masses of the superpartners.The R-parity violating (R p )extension of the MSSM contains the following additional terms in the superpotential,which are trilinear in the quarks and leptons superfields,W R p=i,j,k12λ′′ijk U c i D c j D ck,(1)where i,j,k are flavour indices.These R p couplings offer the opportunity to produce thescalar supersymmetric particles as resonances [1,2].Although the R p coupling constants are severely constrained by the low-energy experimental bounds [3,4,5],the resonant superpartner production reaches high cross sections both at leptonic [6]and hadronic [7]colliders.The resonant production of SUSY particle has another interest:since its cross section is proportional to a power 2of the relevant R p coupling,this reaction would allow an eas-ier determination of the R p couplings than the pair production provided the R p coupling is large enough.As a matter of fact in the pair production study,the sensitivity on the R p couplings is mainly provided by the displaced vertex analysis of the Lightest Super-symmetric Particle (LSP)decay which is difficult experimentally,especially at hadronic colliders.Neither the Grand Unified Theories(GUT),the string theories nor the study of the discrete gauge symmetries give a strong theoretical argument in favor of the R-parity violating or R-parity conserving scenarios[3].Hence,the resonant production of SUSY particle through R p couplings is an attractive possibility which must be considered in the phenomenology of supersymmetry.The hadronic colliders have an advantage in detecting new particles resonance.Indeed, due to the wide energy distribution of the colliding partons,the resonance can be probed in a wide range of the new particle mass.This is in contrast with the leptonic colliders for which the center of mass energy must befine-tuned in order to discover new narrow width resonances.At hadronic colliders,either a slepton or a squark can be produced at the resonance respectively through aλ′or aλ′′coupling constant.In the hypothesis of a single dominant R p coupling constant,the resonant scalar particle can decay through the same R p coupling as in the production,leading to a two quarkfinal state for the hard process[8,9,10,11,12]. In the case where bothλ′andλcouplings are non-vanishing,the slepton produced viaλ′can decay throughλgiving rise to the samefinal state as in Drell-Yan process,namely two leptons[11,13,15].However,for reasonable values of the R p coupling constants, the decays of the resonant scalar particle via gauge interactions are typically dominant if kinematically allowed[6,16].The main decay of the resonant scalar particle through gauge interactions is the decay into its Standard Model partner plus a gaugino.Indeed,in the case where the resonant scalar particle is a squark,it is produced throughλ′′interactions so that it must be a Right squark˜q R and thus it cannot decay into the W±-boson,which is the only other possible decay channel via gauge interactions.Besides,in the case where the resonant scalar particle is a slepton,it is a Left slepton produced via aλ′coupling but it cannot generally decay as˜l±L→W±˜νL or as˜νL→W±˜l∓L.The reason is that in most of the SUSY models,as for example the supergravity or the gauge mediated models,the mass difference between the Left charged slepton and the Left sneutrino is due to the D-termsso that it isfixed by the relation m2˜l±L−m2˜νL=cos2βM2W[17]and thus it does not exceedthe W±-boson mass.Nevertheless,we note that in the large tanβscenario,a resonant scalar particle of the third generation can generally decay into the W±-boson due to the large mixing in the third family sfermion sector.For instance,in the SUGRA model with a large tanβa tau-sneutrino produced at the resonance can decay as˜ντ→W±˜τ∓1,˜τ∓1 being the lightest stau.The resonant scalar particle production at hadronic colliders leads thus mainly to the single gaugino production,in case where the decay of the relevant scalar particle into gaugino is kinematically allowed.In this paper,we study the single gaugino productions at Tevatron Run II.The single gaugino productions at hadronic colliders werefirst studied in[2,7].Later,studies on the single neutralino[18]and single chargino[19]productions at Tevatron have been performed.The single neutralino[20]and single chargino[21] productions have also been considered in the context of physics at LHC.In the present article,we also study the single superpartner productions at Tevatron Run II which occur via2→2−body processes and do not receive contributions from resonant SUSY particle productions.The singly produced superpartner initiates a cascade decay ended typically by the R p decay of the LSP.In case of a single dominantλ′′coupling constant,the LSP decays into quarks so that this cascade decay leads to multijetfinal states having a large QCD background[7,8].Nevertheless,if some leptonic decays,as for instance˜χ±→l±ν˜χ0,˜χ±being the chargino and˜χ0the neutralino,enter the chain reaction,clearer leptonic signatures can be investigated[22].In contrast,in the hypothesis of a single dominantλ′coupling constant,the LSP decay into charged leptons naturally favors leptonic signatures [2].We will thus study the single superpartner production reaction at Tevatron Run II within the scenario of a single dominantλ′ijk coupling constant.In section2,we define our theoretical framework.In section3,we present the values of the cross sections for the various single superpartner productions viaλ′ijk at Tevatron Run II and we discuss the interesting multileptonic signatures that these processes can generate.In section4,we analyse the three lepton signature induced by the single chargino production.In section5,we study the like sign dileptonfinal state generated by the single neutralino and chargino productions.2Theoretical frameworkOur framework throughout this paper will be the so-called minimal supergravity model (mSUGRA)which assumes the existence of a grand unified gauge theory and family universal boundary conditions on the supersymmetry breaking parameters.We choose the5following parameters:m0the universal scalars mass at the unification scale M X, m1/2the universal gauginos mass at M X,A=A t=A b=Aτthe trilinear Yukawa coupling at M X,sign(µ)the sign of theµ(t)parameter(t=log(M2X/Q2),Q denoting the running scale)and tanβ=<H u>/<H d>where<H u>and<H d>denote the vacuum expectation values of the Higgsfields.In this model,the higgsino mixing parameter |µ|is determined by the radiative electroweak symmetry breaking condition.Note also that the parameters m1/2and M2(t)(˜W wino mass)are related by the solution of the one loop renormalization group equations m1/2=(1−βa t)M a(t)withβa=g2X b a/(4π)2, whereβa are the beta functions,g X is the coupling constant at M X and b a=[3,−1,−11], a=[3,2,1]corresponding to the gauge group factors SU(3)c,SU(2)L,SU(1)Y.We shall set the unification scale at M X=21016GeV and the running scale at the Z0-boson mass: Q=m Z0.We also assume the infraredfixed point hypothesis for the top quark Yukawa coupling [23]that provides a natural explanation of a large top quark mass m top.In the infrared fixed point approach,tanβisfixed up to the ambiguity associated with large or low tanβsolutions.The low solution of tanβisfixed by the equation m top=C sinβ,where C≈190−210GeV forαs(m Z0)=0.11−0.13.For instance,with a top quark mass of m top=174.2GeV[24],the low solution is given by tanβ≈1.5.The second important effect of the infraredfixed point hypothesis is that the dependence of the electroweak symmetry breaking constraint on the A parameter becomes weak so that|µ|is a known function of the m0,m1/2and tanβparameters[23].Finally,we consider the R p extension of the mSUGRA model characterised by a single dominant R p coupling constant of typeλ′ijk.3Single superpartner productions viaλ′ijk at Tevatron Run II 3.1Resonant superpartner productionAt hadronic colliders,either a sneutrino(˜ν)or a charged slepton(˜l)can be produced at the resonance via theλ′ijk coupling.As explained in Section1,for most of the SUSY models, the slepton produced at the resonance has two possible gauge decays,namely a decayjd d dd jil~χ+χ~-d~-ilkliχkuu cj~dddk~ci νiiν~χ+~χ+u jχj+νuku jdd jddνi d kνdkd iνicd jjχ~χ~χ~0d dkdjujiχ0~χ0il~χ0u ~lkj i lcd u~(d)(c)(b)(a)Figure 1:Feynman diagrams for the 4single production reactions involving λ′ijk at hadronic colliders which receive acontribution from a resonant supersymmetric particle production.The λ′ijk coupling constant is symbolised by a smallcircle and the arrows denote the flow of the particle momentum.into either a chargino or a neutralino.Therefore,in the scenario of a single dominant λ′ijk coupling and for most of the SUSY models,either a chargino or a neutralino is singly produced together with either a charged lepton or a neutrino,through the resonant superpartner production at hadronic colliders.There are thus four main possible types of single superpartner production reaction involving λ′ijk at hadronic colliders which receive a contribution from resonant SUSY particle production.The diagrams associated to these four reactions are drawn in Fig.1.As can be seen in this figure,these single superpartner productions receive also some contributions from both the t and u channels.Note that all the single superpartner production processes drawn in Fig.1have charge conjugated processes.We have calculated the amplitudes of the processes shown in Fig.1and the results are given in Appendix A.3.1.1Cross sectionsIn this section,we discuss the dependence of the single gaugino production cross sections on the various supersymmetric parameters.We will not assume here the radiative elec-σ(p p –→χ~1+ µ-)µ = -200 GeV µ = -500 GeVtan βσ (p b )M 2 = 200 GeVm 0 = 200 GeVλ’ 211=0.0900.20.40.60.810102030405060Figure 2:Cross sections (in pb )of the single chargino production p ¯p →˜χ+1µ−at a center of mass energy of 2T eV as a function of the tan βparameter for λ′211=0.09,M 2=200GeV ,m 0=200GeV and two values of the µparameter:µ=−200GeV,−500GeV .troweak symmetry breaking condition in order to study the variations of the cross sections with the higgsino mixing parameter µ.First,we study the cross section of the single chargino production p ¯p →˜χ+l −i which occurs through the λ′ijk coupling (see Fig.1(a)).The differences between the ˜χ+e −,˜χ+µ−and ˜χ+τ−production (occuring respectively through the λ′1jk ,λ′2jk and λ′3jk couplings with identical j and k indices)cross sections involve m l i lepton mass terms (see AppendixA)and are thus negligible.The p ¯p →˜χ+l −i reaction receives contributions from the s channel sneutrino exchange and the t and u channels squark exchanges as shown in Fig.1.However,the t and u channels represent small contributions to the whole single chargino production cross section when the sneutrino exchanged in the s channel is real,namely for m ˜νiL >m ˜χ±.The t and u channels cross sections will be relevant only when the produced sneutrino is virtual since the s channel contribution is small.In this situation the single chargino production rate is greatly reduced compared to the case where the exchanged sneutrino is produced as a resonance.Hence,The t and u channels do notrepresent important contributions to the ˜χ+l −i production rate.The dependence of the ˜χ+l −i production rate on the A coupling is weak.Indeed,theσ(p p –→χ~+µ-)σ(χ~1+ µ-)σ(χ~2+ µ-)µ (GeV)σ (p b )M 2 = 200 GeV m 0 = 200 GeVtan β = 1.5λ’ 211=0.090.20.40.60.81-800-600-400-2000200400600800Figure 3:Cross sections (in pb )of the single chargino productions p ¯p →˜χ+1,2µ−as a function of the µparameter (in GeV )for λ′211=0.09,M 2=200GeV ,tan β=1.5and m 0=200GeV at a center of mass energy of 2T eV .rate depends on the A parameter only through the masses of the third generation squarkseventually exchanged in the t and u channels (see Fig.1).Similarly,the dependences on the A coupling of the rates of the other single gaugino productions shown in Fig.1are weak.Therefore,in this article we present the results for A =ter,we will discuss the effects of large A couplings on the cascade decays which are similar to the effects of large tan βvalues.tan βdependence:The dependence of the ˜χ+l −i production rate on tan βis also weak,except for tan β<10.This can be seen in Fig.2where the cross section of the p ¯p →˜χ+1µ−reaction occuring through the λ′211coupling is shown as a function of the tan βparameter.The choice of the λ′211coupling is motivated by the fact that the analysis in Sections 4and 5are explicitly made for this R p coupling.In Fig.2,we have taken the λ′211valueequal to its low-energy experimental bound for m ˜d R =100GeV which is λ′211<0.09[4].At this stage,some remarks on the values of the cross sections presented in this section must be done.First,the single gaugino production rates must be multiplied by a factor 2in order to take into account the charge conjugated process,which is for example in the present case p ¯p →˜χ−µ+.Furthermore,the values of the cross sections for all the single gaugino productions are obtained using the CTEQ4L structure function [25].σ(p p –→ χ~1+ µ-)M 2 (G e V )m 0 (Ge V )σ (p b )λ’ 211 =0.09 µ = -200 GeV tan β = 1.510015020025030035012515017520022525027530032535037512345Figure 4:Cross section (in pb )of the single chargino production p ¯p →˜χ+1µ−as a function of the m 0(in GeV )and M 2(in GeV )parameters.The center of mass energy is√σ(p p –→ χ~+µ-)σ(χ~1+ µ-)σ(χ~2+ µ-)m 0 (GeV)σ (p b )λ’ 211=0.09 λ’ 231=0.22λ’ 211=0.09λ’ 221=0.18λ’ 212=0.09M 2 = 200 GeV µ = -200 GeV tan β = 1.500.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9100200300400500600Figure 5:Cross sections (in pb )of the single chargino productions p ¯p →˜χ+1,2µ−as a function of the m 0parameter (in GeV ).The center of mass energy is taken at√through various R p couplings of type λ′2jk are presented.In this figure,we only consider the R p couplings giving the highest cross sections.The values of the considered λ′2jk couplings have been taken at their low-energy limit [4]for a squark mass of 100GeV .Therate of the ˜χ+2µ−production through λ′211is also shown in this figure.We already notice that the cross section is significant for many R p couplings and we will come back on this important statement in the following.The σ(p ¯p →˜χ+µ−)rates decrease as m 0increases for the same reason as in Fig.4.A decrease of the rates also occurs at small values of m 0.The reason is the following.When m 0decreases,the ˜νmass is getting closer to the ˜χ±masses so that the phase space factor associated to the decay ˜νµ→˜χ±µ∓decreases.We also observe that the single ˜χ+2production rate is much smaller than the single ˜χ+1production rate,as in Fig.3.The differences between the ˜χ+1µ−production rates occuring via the various λ′2jk couplings are explained by the different parton densities.Indeed,as shown in Fig.1the hard processassociated to the ˜χ+1µ−production occuring through the λ′2jk coupling constant has a partonic initial state ¯q j q k .The ˜χ+1µ−production via the λ′211coupling has first generation quarks in the initial state which provide the maximum parton density.We now discuss the rate behaviours for the reactions p ¯p →˜χ−νµ,p ¯p →˜χ0µ−and p ¯p →˜χ0νµwhich occur via λ′211,in the SUSY parameter space.The dependences of these rates on the A ,tan β,µand M 2parameters are typically the same as for the ˜χ+µ−production rate.The variations of the ˜χ−1νµ,˜χ01,2µ−and ˜χ01νµproductions cross sectionswith the m 0parameter are shown in Fig.6.The ˜χ−2νµ,˜χ03,4µ−and ˜χ03,4νµproduction rates are comparatively negligible and thus have not been represented.We observe in this figure that the cross sections decrease at large m 0values like the ˜χ+µ−production rate.However,while the single ˜χ±1productions rates decrease at small m 0values (see Fig.5and Fig.6),this is not true for the single ˜χ01productions (see Fig.6).The reasonis that in mSUGRA the ˜χ01and ˜l iL (l i =l ±i ,νi )masses are never close enough to inducea significant decrease of the cross section associated to the reaction p ¯p →˜l iL →˜χ01l i ,where l i =l ±i ,νi (see Fig.1(c)(d)),caused by a phase space factor reduction.Therefore,the resonant slepton contribution to the single ˜χ01production is not reduced at small m 0values like the resonant slepton contribution to the single ˜χ±1production.For the samereason,the single ˜χ01productions have much higher cross sections than the single ˜χ±1productions in most of the mSUGRA parameter space,as illustrate Fig.5and Fig.6.We note that in the particular case of a single dominant λ′3jk coupling constant and of largetan βvalues,the rate of the reaction p ¯p →˜τ±1→˜χ01τ±(see Fig.1(d)),where ˜τ±1is the lightest tau-slepton,can be reduced at low m 0values since then m ˜τ±1can be closed to m ˜χ01due to the large mixing occuring in the staus sector.By analysing Fig.5and Fig.6,we also remark that the ˜χ−νµ(˜χ0µ−)production rate is larger than the ˜χ+µ−(˜χ0νµ)one.The explanation is that in p ¯p collisions the initial states of the resonant charged sleptonproduction u j ¯d k ,¯u j d k have higher partonic densities than the initial states of the resonantsneutrino production d j ¯d k ,¯d j d k .This phenomenon also increases the difference between the rates of the ˜χ01µ−and ˜χ+1µ−productions at Tevatron.Although the single ˜χ±1production cross sections are smaller than the ˜χ01ones,it is interesting to study both of them since they have quite high values.σ(χ~10 µ-)σ(χ~20 µ-)σ(χ~10 νµ)σ(χ~1- νµ)m 0 (GeV)σ (p b )λ’ 211=0.09M 2 = 200 GeVµ = -200 GeV tan β = 1.5510152025100150200250300350400450500Figure 6:Cross sections (in pb )of the reactions p ¯p →˜χ−1ν,p ¯p →˜χ01,2µ−and p ¯p →˜χ01νas a function of the m 0parameter (in GeV ).The center of mass energy is taken at√•The squark production d k g→˜u jL l i via the exchange of a˜u jL squark(d k quark)in the t(s)channel.•The sneutrino production¯d j d k→Z˜νiL via the exchange of a d k or d j quark(˜νiL sneutrino)in the t(s)channel.•The charged slepton production¯u j d k→Z˜l iL via the exchange of a d k or u j quark (˜l iL slepton)in the t(s)channel.•The sneutrino production¯u j d k→W−˜νiL via the exchange of a d j quark(˜l iL sneu-trino)in the t(s)channel.•The charged slepton production¯d j d k→W+˜l iL via the exchange of a u j quark(˜νiL sneutrino)in the t(s)channel.The single gluino production cannot reach high cross sections due to the strong ex-perimental limits on the squarks and gluinos masses which are typically about m˜q,m˜g>∼200GeV[30].Indeed,the single gluino production occurs through the exchange of squarks in the t and u channels,as described above,so that the cross section of this productiondecreases as the squarks and gluinos masses increase.For the value m˜q=m˜g=250GeV which is close to the experimental limits,wefind the single gluino production rateσ(p¯p→˜gµ)≈10−2pb which is consistent with the results of[7].The cross sections√given in this section are computed at a center of mass energy ofFor m ˜ν,m ˜l ,m ˜q ,m ˜χ02>m ˜χ±1,the branching ratio B (˜χ±1→˜χ01l ±ν)is typically of order 30%and is smaller than for the other possible decay ˜χ±1→˜χ01¯q p q ′p because of the color factor.Since in our framework the ˜χ01is the LSP,it can only decay via λ′ijk ,either as ˜χ01→l i u j d k or as ˜χ01→νi d j d k ,with a branching ratio B (˜χ01→l i u j d k )ranging between ∼40%and ∼70%.The three lepton signature is particularly attractive at hadronic colliders because of the possibility to reduce the associated Standard Model background.In Section 4.2we describe this Standard Model background and in Section 4.4we show how it can be reduced.4.2Standard Model background of the 3lepton signature at TevatronThe first source of Standard Model background for the three leptons final state is the topquark pair production q ¯q →t ¯tor gg →t ¯t .Since the top quark life time is smaller than its hadronisation time,the top decays and its main channel is the decay into a W gauge bosonand a bottom quark as t →bW .The t ¯tproduction can thus give rise to a 3l final state if the W bosons and one of the b-quarks undergo leptonic decays simultaneously.The cross section,calculated at leading order with PYTHIA [32]using the CTEQ2L structurefunction,times the branching fraction is σ(p ¯p →t ¯t )×B 2(W →l p νp )≈863fb (704fb )with p =1,2,3at√s =2T eV .The W ±Z 0production gives also a small contribution to the 3leptons background through the decays:W →bu p and Z →b ¯b ,W →lνand Z →b ¯b or W →bu p and Z →l ¯l ,if a lepton is produced in each of the b jets.Similarly,the Z 0Z 0production followed by the decays Z →l ¯l (l =e,µ),Z →τ¯τ,where one of the τdecays into lepton while the other decays into jet,leads to three leptons in the final state.Within the same framework as above,the cross section is of order σ(p ¯p →ZZ →3l )≈2fb .The Z 0Z 0production can also contribute weakly to the 3leptons background via the decays:Z →l ¯l and Z →b ¯b or Z →b ¯b and Z →b ¯b ,since a lepton can be produced in a b jet.It has been pointed out recently that the W Z ∗(throughout this paper a star indicates a virtual particle)and the W γ∗productions could represent important contributions to the trilepton background [33,34].The complete list of contributions to the 3leptons final state from the W Z ,W γ∗and ZZ productions,including cases where either one or both of the gauge bosons can be virtual,has been calculated in [35].The authors of [35]have found that the W Z ,W γ∗and ZZ backgrounds (including virtual boson(s))at the upgraded Tevatron have together a cross section of order 0.5fb after the following cuts have been implemented:P t (l 1)>20GeV ,P t (l 2)>15GeV ,P t (l 3)>10GeV ;|η(l 1,l 2,3)|<1.0,2.0;ISO δR =0.4<2GeV ;E /T >25GeV ;81GeV <M inv (l ¯l )<101GeV ;12GeV <M inv (l ¯l );60GeV <m T (l,E /T )<85GeV .We note that there is at most one hard jet in the 3leptons backgrounds generated by the W Z ,W γ∗and ZZ productions (including virtual boson(s)).Since the number of hard jets is equal to 2in our signal (see Section 4.1),a jet veto can thus reduce this Standardm1/2\m0200GeV400GeV100GeV3.3762.974200GeV0.1220.130300GeV1.310−21.310−2s=2T eV.These rates have been calculated with HERWIG[44]using the EHLQ2 structure function.Model background with respect to the signal.Other small sources of Standard Model background have been estimated in[36]:The productions like Zb,W t or W t¯t.After applying cuts on the geometrical acceptance,thetransverse momentum and the isolation,these backgrounds are expected to be at most√of order10−4pb in p¯p collisions with a center of mass energy ofs=2T eV.The authors of[38]have also estimated the background from the three-jet events faking trilepton signals to be around10−3fb.Hence for the study of the Standard Model background associated to the3lepton signature at Tevatron Run II,we consider the W±Z0production and both the physics and non-physics contributions generated by the Z0Z0and t¯t productions.4.3Supersymmetric background of the3lepton signature at TevatronIf an excess of events is observed in the three lepton channel at Tevatron,one would wonder what is the origin of those anomalous events.One would thus have to consider all of the supersymmetric productions leading to the three lepton signature.In the present context of R-parity violation,multileptonicfinal states can be generated by the single chargino production involving R p couplings,but also by the supersymmetric particle pair production which involves only gauge couplings[39,40].In R p models,the superpartner pair production can even lead to the trilepton signature[41,42,43].As a matter of fact, both of the produced supersymmetric particles decay,either directly or through cascade decays,into the LSP which is the neutralino in our framework.In the hypothesis of a dominantλ′coupling constant,each of the2produced neutralinos can decay into a charged lepton and two quarks:at least two charged leptons and four jets in thefinal state are produced.The third charged lepton can be generated in the cascade decays as for example at the level of the chargino decay˜χ±→˜χ0l±ν.In Table1,we show for different mSUGRA points the cross section of the sum ofall superpartner pair productions,namely the R p conserving SUSY background of the3lepton signature generated by the single chargino production.As can be seen in this table, the summed superpartner pair production rate decreases as m0and m1/2increase.This is due to the increase of the superpartner masses as the m0or m1/2parameter increases. The SUSY background will be important only for low values of m0and m1/2as we will see in the following.4.4CutsIn order to simulate the single chargino production p¯p→˜χ±1l∓at Tevatron,the matrix elements(see Appendix A)of this process have been implemented in a version of the SUSYGEN event generator[45]allowing the generation of p¯p reactions[46].The Stan-dard Model background(W±Z0,Z0Z0and t¯t productions)has been simulated using the PYTHIA event generator[32]and the SUSY background(all SUSY particles pair pro-ductions)using the HERWIG event generator[44].SUSYGEN,PYTHIA and HERWIG have been interfaced with the SHW detector simulation package[37],which mimics an average of the CDF and D0Run II detector performance.We have developped a series of cuts in order to enhance the signal-to-background ratio. First,we have selected the events with at least three leptons where the leptons are either an electron,a muon or a tau reconstructed from a jet,namely N l≥3[l=e,µ,τ].We have also considered the case where the selected leptons are only electrons and muons, namely N l≥3[l=e,µ].The selection criteria on the jets was to have a number of jets greater or equal to two, where the jets have a transverse momentum higher than10GeV,namely N j≥2with P t(j)>10GeV.This jet veto reduces the3lepton backgrounds coming from the W±Z0 and Z0Z0productions.Indeed,the W±Z0production generates no hard jets and the Z0Z0production generates at most one hard jet.Moreover,the hard jet produced in the Z0Z0background is generated by a tau decay(see Section4.2)and can thus be identified as a tau.Besides,some effective cuts concerning the energies of the produced leptons have been applied.In Fig.7,we show the distributions of the third leading lepton energy in the3 lepton events produced by the Standard Model background(W±Z0,Z0Z0and t¯t)and the SUSY signal.Based on those kinds of distributions,we have chosen the following cut on the third leading lepton energy:E(l3)>10GeV.Similarly,we have required that the energies of the2leading leptons verify E(l2)>20GeV and E(l1)>20GeV.We will refer to all the selection criteria described above,namely N l≥3[l=e,µ,τ] with E(l1)>20GeV,E(l2)>20GeV,E(l3)>10GeV,and N j≥2with P t(j)>10GeV, as cut1.Finally,since the leptons originating from the hadron decays(as in the t¯t production)are not well isolated,we have applied some cuts on the lepton isolation.We have imposed√the isolation cut∆R=。

论著China &Foreign Medical Treatment 中外医疗壮医联合治疗类风湿关节炎患者的临床效果分析徐健，钟秋园，兰菲菲广西国际壮医医院超声科，广西南宁 530000［摘要］ 目的 探讨壮医联合治疗类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis, RA ）患者的临床效果。

方法 随机选取2021年4月—2022年5月期间广西国际壮医医院收治的50例RA 患者，随机分为对照组（n =25）和观察组（n =25）。

对照组给予艾拉莫德治疗，观察组给予清毒伸筋汤和壮医针挑疗法联合治疗，两组均治疗6个月。

对比两组临床疗效、不良反应情况、治疗前后28个关节疾病活动度评分（DAS28评分）以及C 反应蛋白（CRP ）、血沉（ESR ）、类风湿因子（RF ）水平。

结果 观察组临床疗效高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。

治疗后，两组患者DAS28评分、CRP 、ESR 、RF 均较治疗前降低，且观察组低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。

观察组总体不良反应严重程度低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。

结论 清毒伸筋汤联合壮医针挑疗法治疗类风湿关节炎疗效显著，安全可行。

［关键词］ 类风湿关节炎；壮医；清毒伸筋汤；壮医针挑疗法；临床疗效［中图分类号］ R274.9；R593.22 ［文献标识码］ A ［文章编号］ 1674-0742（2023）04(b)-0047-04Clinical Effect Analysis of Combined Zhuang Medicine in Treating Pa⁃tients with Rheumatoid ArthritisXU Jian, ZHONG Qiuyuan, LAN FeifeiDepartment of Ultrasound, Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530000 China[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical effect of combined Zhuang medicine in treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Randomly selected 50 RA patients admitted to Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospi⁃tal from April 2021 to May 2022, and randomly divided them into a control group (n =25) and an observation group (n =25). The control group was treated with Eramode, while the observation group was treated with a combination of Qin⁃gdu Shenjin decoction and Zhuang medicine needle picking therapy. Both groups were treated for 6 months. The clinical efficacy, adverse reactions, 28 joint disease activity scores (DAS28 scores), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythro⁃cyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and rheumatoid factor (RF) levels were compared between the two groups before andafter treatment. Results The clinical efficacy of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). After treatment the DAS28 score, CRP, ESR, and RF of the two groups of patients decreased compared to before treatment, and the observation group was lower than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). The overall severity of adverse reactions in the observa⁃tion group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclu⁃sion The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the combination of Qingdu Shenjin decoction and Zhuang medicineneedle picking therapy was effective, safe and feasible.DOI ：10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2023.11.047[基金项目] 广西壮族自治区中医药管理局自筹经费科研课题（GZZC2020136）。