travel medicine and travel vaccination

Screening for and Prevention of Infectious Diseases inSpecial PopulationsCLINICALDefinition•Immune suppression (IS) has potential therapeutic implications for those with underlying conditions requiring the need to alter the immune response (examples include, but are not limited to, inflammatory bowel conditions, autoimmune disorders, connective tissue diseases, and other inflammatory conditions). [13]•Screening for and vaccinating against infectious diseases prior to initiation of IS when feasible, is critical to help lower potential infectious complications.•The opportunity to update vaccinations and screen for infectious diseases prior to initiation of IS may be missed. In most scenarios, there is time prior to initiation of IS to take the necessary steps to foster prevention of infectious complications down the road.•The definition of “immune suppression” for this module is:▫The use of corticosteroids such as prednisone > 20mg/day (or 2mg/kg/day if < 10kg) for 2 weeks or more and within 3 months of stopping.▫Effective doses of immunomodulators, methotrexate, or biologics within 3 months of stopping these agents▫Any combination of therapies above.•The purpose of this module is to help guide physicians to optimize patient outcomes when initiating IS. Many of these recommendations are evidence-based, and others based upon expert opinion.Screening for infectious diseases:A thorough history and physical exam are required with close attention paid to the following historical details:•Travel history, area of residence, occupational exposures and exposures through hobbies, water and food exposures, sick contacts, and animal exposures.•History of bacterial infections (e.g., recurrent UTIs)•History of fungal infections (e.g., oral and vaginal candidiasis)•Risk of active or latent tuberculosis•Prior history of chickenpox and/or shingles•History of recurrent herpes simplex virus infection•Vaccination history•Travel history and area of residence may be telling of endemic fungal infections and/or Strongyloides exposure, as well as tuberculosis exposure risks.▫Traveling after receiving IS would benefit from assistance of a Travel Medicine/Infectious Diseases specialist.▫If your patient is anticipating travel after the initiation of IS, it would be prudent to refer to a Travel Medicine/Infectious Diseases specialist prior to starting IS as many travel related vaccinations are live vaccines that can be given prior to ISinitiation, but are contraindicated after IS initiation.•Occupational exposure and exposure through hobbies may indicate exposure to various fungal infections, such as Cryptococcus and Aspergillus.•Water exposures▫Often, patients’ homes are supplied through untreated well water, which increases their risks for Giardia, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium, as well as non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.▫If well water is supplying a patient’s home, they should be advised to either obtaina water treatment system, boil the water for at least one minute prior to use orconsumption, or use bottled water routinely for consumption purposes.•Food exposures▫Raw and undercooked eggs, poultry, and meat carries Salmonella and E.colirisks.‣Avoidance of unpasteurized products is necessary to avoid infections, such as Listeria.‣Similarly, soft cheeses and cold cuts of meat (i.e. delicatessen processed meats, hot dogs, and refrigerated pates) should be avoided for risk ofListeria.•Animal exposures▫All patients who are to receive IS should avoid sick animals and live vaccinations in their animals (such as the kennel cough vaccine, which protects against Bordetella bronchiseptica. This live vaccine has been reported as having the potential to infect immunocompromised individuals.). [12]▫If a cat is present, it is essential that your patient does not handle the cat litter for possible exposure to various bacterial and parasitic exposures, such as Toxoplasma.▫Turtles, snakes, and other reptiles have a risk of carrying Salmonella.▫New animals should not be acquired while on IS.•Bacteria▫Active bacterial infections, including UTI, cellulitis, and pneumonia should halt the initiation of IS until the infection has cleared and all necessary therapies for the infection are completed.▫Routine dental care should be performed prior to starting IS.•Mycobacteria▫M. tuberculosis‣Patients on steroids or other IS may not mount a response (anergy) to a tuberculin skin test (such as the Protein Purified Derivative [PPD]assay).[13][15]‣Patients who have received a bacilli de Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine will test positive on a PPD assay in the early years after administration,but typically wanes after 15-20 years.‣Therefore, the PPD assay can both under- and over- estimate the incidence of latent TB in these circumstances. A more reliable assay to use wouldbe the interferon-gamma release cellular assay.[13][15]‣T-SPOT TB and QuantiFERON TB Gold are two availableinterferon-gamma release assays in the U.S.‣All patients should have an interferon-gamma release assay performed prior to initiating IS, especially immunomodulators and biologics.‣ A positive TB test is not a contraindication for IS as long as the patient is started on isoniazide or other appropriate latent TB therapy (such asrifampin, isoniazide plus rifapentine) for at least 4 weeks prior to startingIS.•Viruses▫Viruses of concern include the following:‣HIV, HA V, HBV, HCV, HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, HPV, and Influenza ▫Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis A virus (HA V), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)‣Prior to starting IS, the following should be considered:‣Serum HIV screening should be performed on all individuals ages 15-64 (as per the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force)[6]‣If positive, refer to Infectious Diseases to initiate onappropriate antiretroviral therapy prior to starting any IS‣If negative, counsel against engaging in risky behaviors thatmay increase one’s risk of acquiring HIV‣Serum HA V IgG should be sent, if negative would advise vaccination.‣HBV has been known to progress in the context of IS.[13]‣Screening for HBV should be performed even if one has beenvaccinated in the past. Some immunocompetent individuals donot mount biologically adequate antibody levels without abooster vaccination.⁎Serum serologies to send: Hepatitis B surface antigen,surface antibody, core total antibody (IgG + IgM)‣If negative and deemed HBV susceptible, should vaccinateagainst HBV. Would also educate against engaging in riskybehaviors that may increase one’s risk of acquiring HBV.‣If serologic testing reveals acute infection, chronic infection,or resolving infection, would refer to Infectious Diseases orGastroenterology for evaluation of treatment for HBV prior tostarting IS.⁎Treatment is necessary at minimum 3 weeks prior tostarting IS.‣HCV Antibody (serum IgG) should be screened prior to starting IS.‣If positive, would refer to Infectious Diseases orGastroenterology for evaluation of treatment for HCV prior tostarting any IS.‣If negative, would counsel against engaging in risky behaviorsthat may increase one’s risk of acquiring HCV ▫Herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)‣Serum antibodies (IgG) to each of these should be evaluated for todetermine prior exposure.‣If HSV and/or VZV positive, then should monitor for reactivation.‣HSV: If a patient has frequent (>4 episodes) and/or severeHSV outbreaks, would provide prophylaxis againstreactivation while on IS.⁎Prophylaxis: Valacyclovir 500mg po twice-daily orAcyclovir 400mg po twice-daily‣VZV: If a patient develops shingles, would provideprophylaxis after treatment course while on IS.⁎Prophylaxis: Valacyclovir 500mg po twice-daily orAcyclovir 400mg po twice-daily⁎See VZV module for treatment of active infection.‣If reactivation of either virus is severe, it may be necessary tostop IS until infection resolves.‣If CMV IgG positive, closely monitor for signs/symptoms consistent with CMV reactivation.‣Fevers, chills, diarrhea, vision changes, hepatitis, etc.‣Outside of the solid organ transplant and hematopoietic stemcell transplant populations, there is no clear role for pre-emptive monitoring for CMV reactivation.‣If IgG negative, patient is at risk for primary CMV Infectionwhile on IS.▫Human papilloma virus (HPV)‣Women should have documentation of an updated Pap smear to rule out active HPV infection or abnormal cytology prior to starting IS.‣If positive, evaluation by Gynecology should be performedprior to starting IS.‣There may be data to suggest that immunosuppressed women should undergo more frequent screening with Pap smears.‣Current guidelines recommend routine Pap smears every 3years.‣Literature suggests that for the immunocompromised woman,Pap smears every year would improve early detection ofabnormal cytology and/or HPV infection.‣If appropriate based on age, vaccination against HPV is warranted prior to starting IS.▫Influenza‣Each respiratory virus season, those receiving IS should receive the inactivated influenza vaccine.‣Avoid giving the live intranasal vaccine to theimmunosuppressed patient and their close contacts as this canlead to transmission of the attenuated influenza strain.‣If a live, intranasal vaccine is given to a household/closecontact, the immunosuppressed individual should avoid thevaccine recipient for 7 days at minimum after receiving thevaccine.•Fungi▫Endemic fungi have the potential to reactivate in the setting of IS.▫Fungi of concern: Coccidiomycosis, Histoplasma, Blastomycoses, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP), Aspergillus.▫Exposure to endemic fungi should be determined based upon history acquired from patient (see exposure history above).▫Based upon historical information, send serum for Coccidiomycosis antibodies and/or Histoplasmaantibodies to determine if evidence of prior infection.‣If a patient presents with fever and pulmonary symptoms, it may be necessary to rule out active/acute hisotplasmosis - send urine Histoplasmaantigen.▫If determined as necessary based upon history obtained regarding occupational and hobbies exposures, send cryptococcal antigen to determine if any evidence of active cryptococcal infection exists/is present prior to starting IS.‣If positive, would delay initiation of IS by at least 4-6 weeks, during which time, the patient should receive the appropriate work up and treatment foractive cryptococcus.▫PJP prophylaxis: Treatment with either steroids (20mg or greater (or the equivalent) for longer than 2 weeks), a biologic or an immunomodulatory agent requires PJP prophylaxis.‣First line: Bactrim 1 SS tab po daily or 1 DS tab po qMWF‣Second line: Dapsone 100mg po daily‣If using dapsone, would check G6PD levels prior to starting.If deficient should avoid dapsone for risk of developinghemolytic anemia‣In pediatric patients, IV pentamidine is often used as a secondline agent.‣Third line: Atovaquone 750mg po twice-daily or inhaled pentamidine •Parasitic infections▫Risks depend on historical data acquired from the patient‣It is important to obtain a travel history as well as a history of areas of residence over one’s lifetime▫Strongyloidesis ubiquitous on all continents, except Antarctica. It is most commonly found in the tropics, subtropics, and in warm temperate regions (such as Southeast Asia and rural Appalachia)▫If traveled or lived in a strongyloides endemic area, would send strongylides IgG.‣If positive, then patient is at risk for strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome while on IS.‣Thus if positive, treat with Ivermectin 200mcg/kg po x 2 doses (each dose given 2 weeks apart). Treatment should be completed prior to starting IS. Vaccinations•All patients should undergo a thorough vaccination history with documentation ofvaccinations, if possible.•Based upon small studies, patients with chronic immunologic diseases will respond to vaccinations and produce adequate antibodies.▫Vaccinations in these populations is not a risk factor for flare of clinical disease.•All vaccinations that require updating or boosters as per the CDC Adult Immunization Schedule should be administered prior to starting IS.[2]▫Any killed (inactivated) vaccine should be given at least 2 weeks prior to starting any IS.▫Any live vaccinations should be given at least 4-6 weeks prior to starting any IS.▫All live vaccines in the immunosuppressed individual should be avoided after IS has begun.▫Live vaccinations in household/close contacts:‣As noted above, influenza live vaccine (intranasal) can be given to household/close contacts if needed, but should be avoided when possible.‣If given, the immunosuppressed individual should avoid thevaccinated recipient for 7 days at minimum after receiving thevaccine.‣VZV and MMR vaccines can be given to household/close contacts of immunosuppressed individuals.[4]‣If a VZV vaccine (ZOSTA V AX, V ARIV AX or PROQUAD) isgiven and a herpetic lesion/rash develops at the site ofvaccination, the immunosuppressed individual should avoidcontact with the VZV vaccine recipient until the lesion hasfully healed.‣Rotavirus vaccine can be given, but immunosuppressed individuals should avoid changing diapers for at least 14 days after vaccination hasbeen given.‣Oral polio vaccine should not be given under any circumstances to household or close contacts.‣Live typhoid and yellow fever vaccines can be given to household/close contacts.▫Tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccine should be given once ever 10 years, with the tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) given at least once during this period.▫Travel vaccinations should be given under the direction of a Travel Medicine or Infectious Diseases specialist.‣In some instances avoidance of travel may be necessary while on IS. OTHER INFORMATIONMonitoring while on immunosuppressive therapy[19]•Patient education is vital for the prevention and treatment of infections while on IS.•Patients should be counseled about monitoring for the development of infections while receiving immunosuppressive therapies.▫Fever is often the first and only sign of a serious infectious complication.•Vaccinations should remain up to date.•Routine CBC should be monitored while on IS.If neutropenia and/or lymphopenia develop, this will increase one’s risk for infectious complications.。

公共场所双语标识英文译法（医疗卫生部分）1 范围DB11/T 334本部分规定了北京市医疗卫生双语标识英文译法的原则。

本部分适用于医疗卫生场所中的英文标识译法。

2 规范性引用文件下列文件中的条款通过本部分的引用而成为本部分的条款。

凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本部分,然而，鼓励根据本部分达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。

凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本部分。

GB/T 16159 汉语拼音正词法基本规则3 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本部分。

3.1 医疗卫生health and medicine医疗卫生是指以医疗、预防、保健、医疗教育和科研工作为功能，由不同层次的医疗卫生机构组成。

4 分类4.1 医疗卫生的英语标识按内容可分为：警示提示信息、功能设施信息。

4.2 其中功能设施信息分为：通用信息、医院系统信息、疾病预防控制中心系统信息、急救中心系统信息、血液中心系统信息。

4.3 警示提示信息见附录A.1。

4.4 通用信息见附录A.2.1，医院系统信息见附录A.2.2，血液中心系统信息见附录A.2.3，疾病预防控制中心系统信息见附录A.2.4。

5 要求5.1 警示提示信息译法原则按照本标准第0部分的规定。

5.2 功能设施信息5.2.1 国际通用功能设施采用相应的英文词语，如医院Hospital、疾病预防控制中心Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC)、诊室Consulting Room、血液中心Blood Center、卫生监督所Health Inspection Institute。

5.2.2 医疗卫生标志上的地名通常采用汉语拼音标注，汉语拼音用法应符合GB/T 16159的要求，如宣武医院Xuanwu Hospital；已经被社会普遍接受的单位名称，如协和医院Peking Union Medical College Hospital，可延续此用法。

医学常用治疗方法英语翻译In this article, we will explore commonly used medical treatment methods and provide their English translations. Please note that the following translations are provided for reference purposes and may vary depending on the context and usage.1. Hand washing: 手部洗净Hand washing is a fundamental practice in preventing the spread of infections. It involves using soap and water to clean the hands thoroughly.2. Vaccination: 接种疫苗Vaccination is the administration of vaccines to stimulate the immune system and provide protection against specific diseases. It helps prevent illness and reduce the spread of infectious agents.3. Antibiotics: 抗生素Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections. They work by inhibiting the growth or destroying bacteria, effectively treating the infection.4. Chemotherapy: 化疗Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It can be administered orally or intravenously, and sometimes in combination with other treatments.5. Radiation therapy: 放射治疗Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. It can be delivered externally or internally, depending on the cancer type and location.6. Surgery: 手术Surgery is a medical procedure that involves an incision or manipulation of tissues to treat a condition or disease. It can be performed for various purposes, including removing tumors, repairing injuries, or correcting abnormalities.7. Physical therapy: 物理治疗Physical therapy is a rehabilitation treatment that focuses on improving mobility, function, and quality of life. It includes exercises, manual therapy, and other techniques to address musculoskeletal issues.8. Psychotherapy: 心理治疗Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, is a treatment that aims to improve mental health and well-being. It involves speaking with a trained therapist to explore thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.9. Acupuncture: 针灸疗法Acupuncture is an alternative medical practice originating from traditional Chinese medicine. It involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to relieve pain or treat various conditions.10. Herbal medicine: 中草药Herbal medicine utilizes plants and plant extracts to treat illnesses and promote overall health. Different herbs are used to target specific symptoms or imbalances in the body.11. Homeopathy: 顺势疗法Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine that uses highly diluted substances to stimulate the body's self-healing abilities. It operates on the principle that "like cures like."12. Massage therapy: 按摩疗法Massage therapy involves manipulating muscles, soft tissues, and joints to promote relaxation and relieve tension. It can be used for pain management, stress reduction, and improving circulation.13. Herbal tea: 草药茶Herbal tea is an infusion of herbs, flowers, or other plant materials in hot water. Different herbs offer various benefits, such as reducing inflammation, aiding digestion, or promoting relaxation.14. Meditation: 冥想Meditation is a practice that involves focusing the mind to achieve mental clarity and calmness. It can help reduce stress, enhance self-awareness, and promote overall well-being.15. Yoga: 瑜伽Yoga is a mind-body practice that combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation. It promotes flexibility, strength, and relaxation while improving mental and emotional well-being.Conclusion:These are some commonly used medical treatment methods and their English translations. It's important to consult with medical professionals to determine the most appropriate treatment for specific conditions. Remember, this article provides translations for reference purposes and may not always capture the full meaning or nuances of the original terms.。

In the realm of medical science,the treatment of diseases and pain has always been a central focus.The goal is to alleviate the suffering of patients and improve their quality of life.Heres a detailed essay on the subject:Title:The Treatment of Diseases and PainIntroductionDiseases and pain are inevitable aspects of human life.They can range from minor discomforts to lifethreatening conditions.The medical field has made significant strides in understanding and treating various ailments,aiming to reduce the impact of these health issues on individuals and society.DiagnosisThe first step in treating any disease or pain is accurate diagnosis.Modern medicine utilizes a variety of diagnostic tools and techniques,such as blood tests,imaging studies like Xrays,MRI,and CT scans,and biopsies,to identify the root cause of a patients symptoms.Early and precise diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Pharmacological TreatmentsMedications are a primary method for treating diseases and managing pain. Pharmaceuticals can be classified into various categories,including analgesics for pain relief,antibiotics for bacterial infections,antivirals for viral infections,and chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment.The development of new drugs is an ongoing process,with researchers constantly seeking more effective and less harmful treatments.Surgical InterventionsIn some cases,diseases or conditions that cause pain may require surgical intervention. Surgeons use various techniques to remove,repair,or replace damaged tissues and organs. Advances in surgical technology,such as minimally invasive procedures and robotic surgery,have improved patient outcomes and reduced recovery times.Physical Therapy and RehabilitationFor patients recovering from injuries or surgeries,or those living with chronic pain, physical therapy and rehabilitation play a vital role.These treatments help restore function,improve mobility,and manage pain through exercises,stretches,and othertherapeutic activities.Complementary and Alternative Medicine CAMIn addition to conventional treatments,many patients seek complementary and alternative medicine for pain management and disease treatment.This includes practices such as acupuncture,massage therapy,herbal medicine,and meditation.While the efficacy of these treatments can vary,they are often used in conjunction with traditional medical care to enhance overall wellbeing.Pain ManagementPain management is a specialized field focusing on the relief of pain and improvement of a patients functional capacity.It involves a multidisciplinary approach,combining pharmacological,interventional,and nonpharmacological methods tailored to the individuals needs.Preventive MeasuresPrevention is a key aspect of reducing the incidence of diseases and the associated pain. This includes vaccination programs,public health initiatives,and individual lifestyle choices such as a balanced diet,regular exercise,and avoiding harmful behaviors like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.ConclusionThe treatment of diseases and pain is a complex and evolving field.It requires a combination of medical expertise,technological advancements,and patientcentered care. As our understanding of the human body and the causes of diseases continues to grow,so too does our ability to provide effective treatments that improve the lives of those affected by illness and pain.。

英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。

医学作文三个分论点【中英文版】英文文档：Medical Composition: Three SubtopicsThe field of medicine is vast and diverse, covering a wide range of topics that can be explored in a medical composition.When writing about medicine, it is important to choose a specific topic and develop three main subtopics that support the main theme.Here are three subtopics that can be used as a starting point for a medical composition:1.The importance of preventive healthcare: This subtopic can discuss the significance of preventive measures in reducing the burden of diseases.It can explore various preventive methods such as vaccination, regular health check-ups, and adopting a healthy lifestyle.2.The impact of technology on medical advancements: This subtopic can focus on how technology has revolutionized the field of medicine, leading to improved diagnostics, treatment, and patient care.It can discuss specific examples such as the use of artificial intelligence in diagnosing diseases or the role of telemedicine in providing healthcare services remotely.3.Ethical considerations in medical research: This subtopic can delve into the ethical dilemmas faced by medical researchers, including the balance between patient welfare and scientific progress.It can exploretopics such as informed consent, the use of animal testing, and the ethical implications of gene editing.中文文档：医学作文：三个分论点医学领域广泛而多样，涵盖了许多可以在医学作文中探讨的主题。

到澳大利亚旅游带药品申报流程1.抵达澳大利亚后，游客需要在海关填写入境申报表。

Upon arrival in Australia, tourists need to fill in an arrival declaration form at the customs.2.申报表上需要填写携带的药品信息。

The declaration form requires information about the medications being carried.3.游客需要提供药品的名称、数量和用途等信息。

Tourists need to provide information about the name, quantity, and purpose of the medications.4.对于处方药，游客需要提供医生处方和药品包装上的标签。

For prescription medications, tourists need to provide a doctor's prescription and the medication's packaging label.5.非处方药也需要进行申报，包括药品名称和数量。

Over-the-counter medications also need to be declared, including the name and quantity of the medications.6.如果游客携带大量药品或特殊药品，可能需要提供进一步的证明文件。

If tourists are carrying a large quantity of medications or special medications, they may need to provide further documentation.7.申报药品的目的是确保游客携带的药品符合澳大利亚的进口规定。

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷76(总分60,考试时间90分钟)2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed.【F1】The underlying assumption in "technology transfer" is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries.Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere.【F2】The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management.It is my contention that "technology transfer" as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed.【F3】The fundamental flaw is that "technology transfer" is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries.Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which "technology transfer" is based, beginning with training and ending with application, is composed of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which select the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained.Clearly, technology based on the set of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural conditions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even serving to slow progress.【F4】This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called "basic knowledge transfer" as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries.This approach contains the following features:Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation.【F5】The problem of internal "technology transfer" will require for each country or region a suitable number oftrained scientific specialists; means for maintaining **petency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.1. 【F1】2. 【F2】3. 【F3】4. 【F4】5. 【F5】【F1】When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.【F2】The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally.To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease' s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.【F3】This makes sure that, should the patient **e into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however.【F4】On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death.【F5】Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.Approximately 1 in 10, 000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3, 000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.6. 【F1】7. 【F2】8. 【F3】9. 【F4】10. 【F5】【F1】The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted.The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, **ponents of intelligence were improved far more than others.【F2】The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to thenext.It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation, the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased.【F3】The organism is more awake more vigilant, this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings.The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.The elements of intelligence and **e together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.【F4】Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.The predator is searchingly aggressive inner directed, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard' s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind.【F5】Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.11. 【F1】12. 【F2】13. 【F3】14. 【F4】15. 【F5】It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA "letters" in the human body.【F1】The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable, **pleted DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology.But the race itself, between the government's Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., **pany Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins(and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities were resolved(for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the "finish lines" each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, "firstdrafts" rather than the definitive version.【F3】And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they've been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain's **e Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP's complaints. Venter called the move "a lowlife thing to do." But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. "The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors," Venter told Newsweek in March, "and fighting back is probably not helpful."【F4】At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other's approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit.By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday's joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. "If this ends the horse race, science wins."【F5】With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.16. 【F1】17. 【F2】18. 【F3】19. 【F4】20. 【F5】。

太空旅行英语作文Title: The Future of Space Travel。

Space travel has always captivated the imagination of humanity. From the early dreams of reaching the stars to the modern-day missions exploring the cosmos, the quest to explore space has been relentless. In this essay, we will delve into the exciting realm of space travel and its potential future.Firstly, let's consider the remarkable achievements in space exploration thus far. Humanity has achieved incredible feats, from landing on the moon to sending robotic probes to the distant reaches of our solar system and beyond. These missions have expanded our understanding of the universe and paved the way for future endeavors.One of the most notable recent developments in space travel is the rise of commercial spaceflight. Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Virgin Galactic arepioneering efforts to make space travel more accessible to the general public. With initiatives such as space tourism and satellite deployment, these companies are revolutionizing the space industry and opening up new possibilities for exploration and discovery.Furthermore, advances in technology are driving innovation in space travel. Breakthroughs in propulsion systems, materials science, and robotics are enabling spacecraft to travel farther and faster than ever before. Concepts like ion propulsion, solar sails, and nuclear propulsion hold the promise of unlocking the vast potential of interstellar travel, allowing humanity to exploredistant stars and galaxies in the future.Another key aspect of the future of space travel is international collaboration. Space agencies from around the world are pooling their resources and expertise to tackle ambitious projects such as lunar bases, Mars missions, and space telescopes. Collaborative efforts like the International Space Station (ISS) have demonstrated the benefits of cooperation in space exploration, fosteringgoodwill and cooperation among nations.Moreover, the exploration of space offers immense opportunities for scientific research and discovery. By studying other planets, moons, and celestial bodies, scientists can gain insights into the origins of the universe, the evolution of planetary systems, and the potential for extraterrestrial life. Space missions also provide a unique platform for conducting experiments in microgravity, which have applications in fields such as medicine, materials science, and agriculture.However, space travel also poses significant challenges and risks that must be addressed. The harsh environment of space, with its extreme temperatures, vacuum conditions, and cosmic radiation, presents formidable obstacles to human exploration. Additionally, the high costs associated with space missions and the inherent dangers of spacetravel underscore the need for careful planning, rigorous testing, and robust safety measures.In conclusion, the future of space travel holds immensepromise and potential. From commercial spaceflight to cutting-edge technology to international collaboration, humanity is poised to embark on a new era of exploration and discovery in the cosmos. By overcoming challenges, pushing the boundaries of science and engineering, and working together as a global community, we can unlock the mysteries of the universe and fulfill our destiny as explorers of the final frontier.。

小学下册英语第4单元全练全测英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1. A healthy plant will have vibrant ______ and sturdy stems. (健康的植物会有鲜艳的叶子和坚固的茎。

)2.My favorite vegetable is ______ (carrot).3.What is the name of the animal that is known for its intelligence and ability to mimic speech?A. ParrotB. CrowC. DolphinD. Monkey4.The moon is ________ (明亮) tonight.5.We have a ______ (愉快的) celebration for achievements.6.We have a _____ (露营) trip planned.7.The chemical symbol for selenium is ______.8. A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can be _____ at a given temperature.9.The falcon is known for its _________ (速度).10.What is the name of the famous scientist known for his work on vaccination?A. Edward JennerB. Louis PasteurC. Jonas SalkD. Albert SabinA11.The _____ (环境) plays a big role in plant health.12.I want to _______ a book about animals.13.The flamingo gets its pink color from the food it ______ (吃).14.The _____ (ocean/lake) is calm.15.I have a _____ (相机) to take pictures of my adventures. 我有一台相机，用来拍摄我的冒险经历。

【民航英语词汇和表达】做空姐不可不学的英⽂！尤其是想做外航空乘的JM们，学好实⽤英语才能更好的服务哦~ Vocabulary and Expressions / Main Cities and CodesMain Facilities in the Airportaerodrome/airport 飞机场 alternate airfield 备⽤机场control tower 管制塔台 hangar 机库fuel farm 油库 emergency service 急救站localizer 航向信标台/定位信标 weather office ⽓象站runway 跑道 taxiway 滑⾏道parking bay 停机位置 maintenance area 维修区terminal building 机场⼤厦；候机楼 international departure building 国际航班出港⼤厦seeing-off deck 送客台 domestic departure lobby 国内线出港候机厅coffee shop 咖啡室 special waiting room 特别休息室quarantine 检疫 Customs 海关emigration control 出境检查 departure lounge 出境旅客休息室snack bar 快餐部 automatic door ⾃动出⼊门arrival lounge 到达⼤厅 departure lounge 离港⼤厅transit lounge 过站⼤厅 telephone, telegram and fax room 电话、电报、传真间stand-by ticket counter 补票处 flight information board 航班显⽰板check-in counter 办理登机⼿续柜台 transfer correspondence (desk) 中转柜台carousel 旋转⾏李传送带 public address ⼴播室dispatch office 签派室 police office 机场公安局（警察局）medical centre 医疗中⼼ escalator ⾃动扶梯elevator （升降式）电梯[美] lift （升降式）电梯[英]moving walkway/automatic walkway ⾃动步道 air bridge 登机廊桥airport fire service 机场消防队 catering department 配餐供应部门duty-free shop 免税商店 airtel/airport hotel 机场旅馆VIP room 贵宾室 main lobby 主厅security centre 保安中⼼ freight building/cargo centre 货运⼤厦；货运中⼼imports shop 进⼝商品店 entrance ⼊⼝passenger route 旅客通道 boarding gate No.18 第18 号登机⼝information counter/office 问询处 boarding gate besides No.16 第16 号以外登机⼝lavatory 盥洗室 international arrival building 国际航班到达⼤厦taxi stand 出租汽车站 domestic connection counter 国内线联运柜台exit 出⼝ hotel and limousine service 旅馆及机场交通服务处limousine stand 机场交通车站 waiting room 休息室exchange and tax payment 兑换及付税 Customs personnel 海关⼈员Customs inspection counter 海关检查柜台 baggage claim area ⾏李认领区immigration control ⼊境检查 plant quarantine 植物检疫animal quarantine 动物检疫 connection counter 联运柜台arrival lobby ⼊境旅客休息室 security counter 安检柜台security check station 安全检查站 airport tax sales 机场税购买柜台passport control 护照检查柜台Vehicles in the Airportpassenger bus 乘客班车 passenger step 登机梯车commisary truck 补给车 fork lift truck 装卸货叉车drinking-water supply truck 饮⽔供应车 rubbish truck 垃圾车fuel tanker 燃料车 tug 拖车ground power unit 地⾯动⼒装置 emergency service vehicle 紧急救援车Baggagebaggage ⾏李[美] luggage ⾏李[英]luggage check ⾏李提取单 pieces of luggage/baggage ⾏李件数trunk ⼤箱⼦ suitcase ⼩提箱；⾐箱briefcase 公事包 handbag ⼿提袋travelling bag 旅⾏袋 checked luggage/registered luggage 交运⾏李unaccompanied shipment ⾮随⾝载运⾏李 interline baggage 转机⾏李excess luggage 超重⾏李 label/tag ⾏李标签baggage check-in counter ⾏李过磅处 free allowance for luggage 免费⾏李重量限额overweight 超重⾏李Customsto fill in a form 填表 to declare something 申报……to go through one's entry formalities 办理⼊境⼿续to go through one's exit formalities 办理出境⼿续to get one's passport visaed 办理护照签证⼿续to go through the passport formalities 办理护照⼿续Customs formalities 海关⼿续 passport 护照exit/transit visa 出境/过境签证 entry visa ⼊境签证Customs declaration form 海关申报单 health certificate 健康证书Customs declaration for inward passengers ⼊境旅客物品申报单vaccination certificate 预防接种证书 quarantine office 检疫站duty-free articles 免税物品 dutiable articles 应上税物品luggage declaration ⾏李申报单 contraband 违禁品foreign currency registration certificate 外币登记表 immigration form 移民表travel permit 旅⾏证 identity card ⾝份证Planes and Parts of a Planepassenger plane 客机 jet plane 喷⽓式飞机cargo plane 货机 helicopter 直升机chopper 直升机[美] transport plane 运输机aircraft 飞⾏器；航空器 propeller plane 螺旋桨飞机aeroplane 飞机[英] airplane 飞机[美]wide-bodied jet 宽体喷⽓机 narrow-bodied jet 窄体喷⽓机charter plane 包机 cockpit 驾驶舱fuselage 机⾝ undercarriage wheels/gears 起落轮wing 机翼 aileron 副翼fin 垂直尾翼 rudder ⽅向舵nose (landing) wheels ⿐轮；前轮 tail plane ⽔平安定⾯；⽔平尾翼elevator 升降舵 flap 襟翼slat 前缘缝翼 engine 发动机；引擎first class=FR 头等舱 economy class/coach class=EY 经济舱exit (door) 出⼝ departure gate 登机门arrival gate 下机门 emergency exit/door 紧急出⼝entry door 旅客使⽤门 service door 服务使⽤门smoking section 吸烟区 non-smoking section ⾮吸烟区window seat 靠窗座位 aisle seat 靠⾛道座位attendant seat 乘务员座位 seat number 座位号armrest 扶⼿ seat cover 座椅套cushion 坐垫；靠垫 seat pocket 座椅背后⼝袋ashtray 烟灰缸 seat pitch 座椅前后之间隔plug-in meal tray 插座式⼩桌板 fold-away meal table 折叠式⼩桌板aisle 过道 floor 地板carpet 地毯 overhead compartment ⾏李架closet 储藏室 window 窗sunshade 遮阳板 curtain 帘⼦bulkhead 隔板 ceiling 天花板lavatory/toilet 洗⼿间；盥洗室 nightstool 马桶；便盆toilet flush handle 冲厕⼿柄 (water) tap （⽔）龙头water quantity ⽔量 refrigerator 冰箱galley 厨房 trolley ⼿推餐车electric oven 电烤箱 water boiler 烧⽔器meal and beverage cart 餐饮⼿推车 beverage container 饮料箱hot cup 烧⽔杯 carrier 菜箱waste container 废物箱 attendant panel 乘务员⾯板passenger service unit 旅客服务⾯板 call system 呼叫系统interphone 舱内电话 call button 呼叫铃air-flow knob 通风器 reading light 阅读灯speaker 扬声器 headset socket ⽿机插孔channel selector 频道选择 volume control ⾳量控制film projector 放像机 screen 屏幕Facilities in a Planeno smoking 禁烟 fasten seat belt 系好安全带occupied （洗⼿间）有⼈ vacant （洗⼿间）没⼈E=empty 空的 F=full 满的light 灯光 entry 出⼝处work light ⼯作灯 ground service 地⾯服务灯ceiling 天花板灯 window 窗灯emergency exit 紧急出⼝ BRT 明亮位置DIM 昏暗位置 NIGHT 夜间使⽤位置on 开启 off 关闭music ⾳乐 volume ⾳量ready 准备灯 start 启动键stop 停⽌键 front auto airstair 前门⾃备梯retract 收回 extend 放下normal 正常 standby 备⽤/待⽤open 打开 push 推pull 拉 press 按lift 提 turn 旋转Articles in a Planeextinguisher 灭⽕器 portable oxygen bottle ⼿提氧⽓瓶life raft 救⽣筏 life vest/jacket 救⽣⾐oxygen mask 氧⽓⾯罩 first aid kit 急救箱escape slide 紧急滑梯 escape rope 紧急⽤绳flashlight 电筒 megaphone 扩⾳器；喊话筒smoke goggle 护⽬镜 crash axe 紧急时⽤的斧⼦blanket ⽑毯 pillow 枕头eye shade 眼罩 socks 袜套garbage/litter bag 垃圾袋 airsickness bag 呕吐袋medicine bag 医药袋 coat hanger ⾐架headset ⽿机 movie film 影⽚towel ⽑⼱ newspaper 报纸magazine 杂志 souvenir 纪念品passenger comments/passenger's book 乘客意见簿Passengers and People Working on and with Planesinternational passenger 国际旅客 domestic passenger 国内旅客connecting passenger 转机旅客 transit passenger 过境旅客stand-by 候补旅客 no-show 误机者unaccompanied child ⽆⼈陪伴⼉童 handicapped passenger 残疾旅客departing passenger 出港旅客 arriving passenger 进港旅客flight crew 机组⼈员 captain 机长pilot 飞⾏员 copilot 副驾驶员flight engineer 飞⾏机械师 stewardess/cabin attendant/air hostess ⼥乘务员steward 男乘务员 purser/chief attendant 乘务长chief purser 主任乘务长 air crew 空勤⼈员ground crew 地勤⼈员 ground service staff 地⾯服务⼈员navigator 领航员Tickets, Flights and Routesone way ticket 单程机票 round ticket 双程机票return ticket 回程机票 open ticket 不定期机票confirmed ticket 定期机票 free ticket 免票half fare ticket 半票 one forth-fare ticket 四分之⼀票one tenth-fare ticket ⼗分之⼀票 full-fare ticket 全票to get the ticket refunded 退票 to cancel the reservation 取消预定flight number 航班号码 international flight 国际航班domestic flight 国内航班 overseas flight 国外航班outgoing flight 出境航班 incoming flight ⼊境航班charter flight 包机；专机 cargo flight 货机航班morning flight 早班航班 night flight 夜⾏航班non-stop flight 直达航班 extra flight 加班航班scheduled flights 定期航班 non-scheduled flights 不定期航班/⾮正常航班regualr flights 正常航班 connecting flights 衔接航班maiden flight ⾸航 domestic routes 国内航线regional routes 地区航线 international routes 国际航线trunk lines ⼲线 feeder lines ⽀线local lines 地⽅航线Timeestimated time of arrival 预计到达时间 estimated time of departure 预计起飞时间connecting time 转机时间 on schedule 依照预定时间；准时ahead of schedule ⽐预定时间早 behind schedule ⽐预定时间晚time difference 时差 local time 当地时间Beijing time 北京时间 Greenwich mean time 格林尼治平时（格林尼治标准时）。

Guidance | 防控疫情齐努力！附防护指南中英文版Guidance on Prevention of Pneumonia caused by coronavirus by National Immigration AdministrationI. Reduce outdoor activities as much as possible1. Avoid visiting areas where the disease is prevalent.2. It is recommended to make less visits to relatives and friends and dining together during the epidemic prevention and control, and stay at home as much as possible.3. Try to avoid visits to crowded public areas, especially places of poor ventilation, such as public bathrooms, hot springs, cinemas, internet bars, Karaokes, shopping malls, bus/train stations, airports, ferry terminals and exhibition centers, etc.II. Personal Protection and Hand Hygiene1. It is recommended that a mask shall be worn when going out. A surgical or N95 mask shall be worn whenvisiting public areas, hospitals or taking public transportation.2. Keep your hands sanitized. Try to avoid touching public objects and parts in public areas. After returningfrom public areas, covering your cough, using the restroom, and before meals, please wash your hands with soap orliquid soap under running water, or use alcoholic hand sanitizer. Avoid touching your mouth, nose or eyes when you are unsure whether your hands are clean or not. Cover your mouth and nose with your elbow when sneeze or cough.III. Health Monitoring and Seeking Medical Attention1. Monitor the health conditions of your family members and yourself. Measure your temperatures when you feel like having a fever. If you have kid(s) at home, touch thekid’s forehead in the morning and at night. Measure the kid’s temperature in case of fever.2. Wear a mask and seek medical attention at nearby hospitals in case of suspicious symptoms. Go to medical institution in a timely manner in case of the suspicious symptoms relating to the pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus are found. Such symptoms include fever, cough, pharyngalgia, chest distress, dyspnea, mildly poor appetite, feebleness, mild lethargy, nausea, diarrhea, headache, palpitation, conjunctivitis, mildly sore limb or back muscles, etc. Try to avoid taking metro, bus and other public transportation and visiting crowded areas. Tell thedoctor your travel and residence history in epidemic areas, and who you met after you got the disease. Cooperate with your doctor .IV. Keep Good Hygiene and Health Habits1. Frequently open the windows of your house for better ventilation.2. Do not share towels with your family members. Keep your home and tableware clean. Sun-cure your clothes and quilts often.3. Do not spit. Wrap your oral and nasal secretion with tissue and throw it in a covered dustbin.4. Balance your nutrition and exercise moderately.5. Do not touch, buy or eat wild animals (gamey). Try to avoid visiting markets that sell live animals.6. Prepare thermometer, surgical or N95 masks, domestic disinfectant and other supplies at home.。

公共卫生与预防医学英语Public Health and Preventive Medicine.Public health and preventive medicine play a crucialrole in maintaining the well-being of communities and individuals. These fields focus on preventing diseases, promoting healthy lifestyles, and addressing health disparities to improve the overall health of populations.One of the key aspects of public health is disease prevention. This includes implementing vaccination programs, promoting healthy behaviors such as regular exercise and balanced nutrition, and educating the public about the importance of regular health screenings. By preventing diseases before they occur, the burden on healthcare systems can be reduced, and the overall quality of life for individuals can be improved.In addition to disease prevention, public health and preventive medicine also address social and environmentalfactors that impact health. This includes advocating for clean air and water, safe living and working conditions, and access to healthcare services for all members of society. By addressing these social determinants of health, public health professionals can work towards creating a more equitable and healthier society.Furthermore, public health and preventive medicine also play a critical role in responding to public health emergencies, such as infectious disease outbreaks and natural disasters. These professionals work to develop emergency preparedness plans, coordinate response efforts, and provide crucial support to affected communities.In conclusion, public health and preventive medicine are essential in promoting and protecting the health of populations. By focusing on disease prevention, addressing social determinants of health, and responding to public health emergencies, these fields play a vital role in creating healthier and more resilient communities. It is important to continue to support and invest in publichealth initiatives to ensure the well-being of current and future generations.。

### **The Hospital: A Place of Healing and Hope****Introduction:**Hospitals are essential institutions in our communities, playing a critical role in maintaining public health and providing medical care. They are places where people seek help during times of illness and injury, and their significance extends far beyond just treating physical ailments. Hospitals are centers of hope, recovery, and sometimes, profound emotional support.**Body:**1. **Facilities and Services:**Hospitals are equipped with a wide range of facilities and services designed to cater to various medical needs. These include emergency rooms, operating theaters, diagnostic labs, and specialized departments such as cardiology, oncology, and pediatrics. Modern hospitals are equipped with advanced medical technology, such as MRI machines, CT scanners, and robotic surgical systems, which enhance the accuracy and efficiency of medical procedures.2. **The Role of Healthcare Professionals:**The heart of any hospital is its dedicated staff. Doctors, nurses, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals work tirelessly to provide the best care possible. They undergo rigorous training and continual education to stay updated with the latest medical advancements. Beyond their technical skills, these professionals offer compassion, comfort, and reassurance to patients and their families, playing a crucial role in the healing process.3. **Patient Experience:**A hospital visit can be a daunting experience for many people, filled with anxiety and uncertainty. Hospitals strive to create a supportive environment to ease this stress. This includes providing clear communication about treatment plans, offering emotional support through counseling services, and ensuring that patients and their families are involved in decision-making processes. Patient rooms are often designed to be as comfortable as possible, with amenities that help create a more homely atmosphere.4. **Community Impact:**Hospitals serve not only individual patients but also the broader community. They conduct health screenings, vaccination drives, and educational programs on disease prevention. By participating in public health initiatives and research, hospitals contribute to improving overall community health and addressing pressing health issues. Many hospitals also engage in outreach programs to support underserved populations and provide care in areas with limited medical resources.5. **Challenges and Innovations:**Despite their vital role, hospitals face numerous challenges, including managing high patient volumes, addressing healthcare disparities, and adapting to ever-evolving medical technologies. Innovations in healthcare, such as telemedicine, electronic health records, and personalized medicine, are transforming hospital operations and patient care. These advancements aim to improve efficiency, enhance patient outcomes, and make healthcare more accessible.**Conclusion:**Hospitals are more than just buildings where medical care is provided; they are places of healing, hope, and community support. They embody the dedication and expertise ofhealthcare professionals who strive to improve lives and offer comfort during difficult times. As we continue to advance in medical science and technology, hospitals will remain at the forefront of delivering quality care and addressing the health needs of our society.-。

预防兽医学的一级学科英文回答：Preventive veterinary medicine is a discipline that focuses on preventing diseases and promoting the overall health and well-being of animals. As a veterinarian, myrole is to work proactively to identify potential health risks and implement measures to prevent them from occurring.One of the key aspects of preventive veterinarymedicine is vaccination. Vaccines are a crucial tool in preventing the spread of infectious diseases among animals. For example, in the case of dogs, vaccines against diseases such as rabies, distemper, and parvovirus are essential to protect their health. By ensuring that pets are up to date with their vaccinations, we can significantly reduce therisk of outbreaks and keep them healthy.Another important aspect of preventive veterinary medicine is regular health check-ups. Just like humans,animals can develop various health issues that may go unnoticed without proper examination. During check-ups, I conduct a thorough physical examination, including checking the animal's weight, temperature, heart rate, and overall condition. This helps me detect any underlying health problems early on, allowing for prompt treatment and prevention of further complications.Diet and nutrition also play a significant role in preventive veterinary medicine. Providing animals with a balanced and nutritious diet is essential for their overall health and well-being. For example, feeding a cat with adiet that meets its specific nutritional needs can help prevent obesity, diabetes, and other diet-related health issues. Additionally, I may recommend dietary supplementsto address specific nutritional deficiencies or support certain health conditions.Regular dental care is another important preventive measure in veterinary medicine. Dental problems, such as periodontal disease, can lead to serious health issues ifleft untreated. Regular teeth cleaning, dental examinations,and the use of dental chews or toys can help maintain good oral hygiene and prevent dental diseases in animals.Furthermore, preventive veterinary medicine alsoinvolves educating pet owners on responsible pet care. This includes providing information on proper nutrition, exercise, grooming, and parasite control. By empowering pet owners with knowledge and resources, we can ensure that animals receive the care they need to stay healthy and prevent diseases.中文回答：预防兽医学是一门专注于预防疾病并促进动物整体健康的学科。

When planning a trip,there are several key aspects to consider to ensure a smooth and enjoyable journey.Heres a detailed breakdown of the steps you can take to prepare for your travel in English:1.Research and Select Destination:Begin by researching potential destinations.Consider factors such as climate,culture,attractions,and safety.Make a list of places you are interested in visiting.2.Budget Planning:Determine your budget for the trip.This should include costs for transportation,accommodation,meals,activities,and souvenirs.Be realistic about what you can afford to ensure a stressfree trip.3.Choose the Right Time:Decide when you want to travel.Consider peak and offpeak seasons,school holidays,and local events that may affect prices and availability.4.Book Transportation:Once youve chosen your destination and dates,book your flights or other means of transportation as early as possible to get the best rates.Dont forget to check the luggage allowance and any travel restrictions.5.Accommodation:Research and book accommodation that suits your needs and budget. Consider the location in relation to the attractions you want to visit and the amenities offered.6.Visa and Travel Documents:Check if you need a visa to enter your destination country. Ensure your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your return date.7.Health Precautions:Visit a travel clinic to get any necessary vaccinations and medications for your destination.Check if you need any specific health insurance coverage.nguage and Culture:Learn some basic phrases in the local language and familiarize yourself with local customs and etiquette to better navigate and interact with locals.9.Itinerary Planning:Create a rough itinerary of the places you want to visit and activities you want to do.Be flexible with your plans to allow for spontaneous adventures.10.Packing:Make a packing list and ensure you have all the essentials,including travel documents,medications,appropriate clothing,and any special items needed for your activities.11.Emergency Contacts:Note down important contact numbers,such as the local embassy or consulate,emergency services,and travel insurance provider.12.Local Currency:Check the exchange rate and consider how much local currency you will need.Its often a good idea to have some cash on hand for small purchases or in case of emergencies.13.Stay Connected:Determine how you will stay connected while abroad.This could involve purchasing a local SIM card,using roaming services,or relying on WiFi.14.Travel Apps:Download useful travel apps for navigation,translation,currency conversion,and finding local attractions and restaurants.15.Check Weather and Climate:Keep an eye on the weather forecast for your destination and pack accordingly.16.Cultural Sensitivity:Be aware of cultural differences and respect local customs and traditions.17.Travel Insurance:Purchase comprehensive travel insurance to cover any unexpected events such as medical emergencies,trip cancellations,or lost luggage.18.Leave Your Itinerary with Loved Ones:Share your travel plans with family or friends so they know where you are and can check in on you if needed.19.Safety Measures:Be aware of safety tips for your destination,such as avoiding certain areas at night or being cautious with your belongings.20.Enjoy the Journey:Lastly,remember to enjoy the experience.Travel is about creating memories,so be open to new experiences and embrace the adventure.By following these steps,you can ensure that your travel preparation is thorough and that you are wellequipped for a successful trip.。