G20 Experts to Meet on Food Security Solutions

G20首尔峰会领导人宣言英文版全文THE G20 SEOUL SUMMITLEADERS’ DECLARATIONNOVEMBER 11 – 12, 20101. We, the Leaders of the G20, are united in our conviction that by working together we can secure a more prosperous future for the citizens of all countries.2. When we first gathered in November 2008 to address the most severe world recession our generation has ever confronted, we pledged to support and stabilize the global economy, and at the same time, to lay the foundation for reform, to ensure the world would never face such upheaval again.3. Over the past four Summits, we have worked with unprecedented cooperation to break the dramatic fall in the global economy to establish the basis for recovery and renewed growth.4. The concrete steps we have taken will help ensure we are better prepared to prevent and, if necessary, to withstand future crises. We pledge to continue our coordinated efforts and act together to generate strong, sustainable and balanced growth.5. We recognize the importance of addressing the concerns of the most vulnerable. To this end, we are determined to put jobs at the heart of the recovery, to provide social protection, decent work and also to ensure accelerated growth in low income countries (LICs).6. Our relentless and cooperative efforts over the last two years have delivered strong results. However, we must stay vigilant.7. Risks remain. Some of us are experiencing strong growth, while others face high levels of unemployment and sluggish recovery. Uneven growth and widening imbalances are fueling the temptation to diverge from global solutions into uncoordinated actions. However, uncoordinated policy actions will only lead to worse outcomes for all.8. Since 2008, a common view of the challenges of the world economy, the necessary responses and our determination to resist protectionism has enabled us to both address the root causes of the crisis and safeguard the recovery. We are agreed today to develop our common view to meet these new challenges and a path to strong, sustainable and balanced growth beyond the crisis.9. Today, the Seoul Summit delivers:·the Seoul Action Plan composed of comprehensive, cooperative and country-specific policy actions to move closer to our shared objective. The Plan includes our commitment to:- undertake macroeconomic policies, including fiscal consolidation where necessary, to ensure ongoing recovery and sustainable growth and enhance the stability of financial markets, in particular moving toward more market-determined exchange rate systems, enhancing exchange rate flexibility to reflect underlying economic fundamentals, and refraining from competitive devaluation of currencies. Advanced economies, including those with reserve currencies, will be vigilant against excess volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates. These actions will help mitigate the risk of excessive volatility in capital flows facing some emerging countries;- implement a range of structural reforms that boost and sustain global demand, foster job creation, and increase the potential for growth; and- enhance the Mutual Assessment Process (MAP) to promote external sustainability. We will strengthen multilateral cooperation to promote external sustainability and pursue the full range of policies conducive to reducing excessive imbalances and maintaining current account imbalances at sustainable levels. Persistently large imbalances, assessed against indicative guidelines to be agreed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, warrant an assessment of their nature and the root causes of impediments to adjustment as part of the MAP, recognizing the need to take into account national or regional circumstances, including large commodity producers. These indicative guidelines composed of a range of indicators would serve as a mechanism to facilitate timely identification of large imbalances that require preventive and corrective actions to be taken. To support our efforts toward meeting these commitments, we c all on our Framework Working Group, with technical support from the IMF and other international organizations, to develop these indicative guidelines, with progress to be discussed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in the first half of 2011; and, in Gyeongju, our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors called on the IMF to provide an assessment as part of the MAP on the progress toward external sustainability and the consistency of fiscal, monetary, financial sector, structural, exchange rate and other policies. In light of this, the first such assessment, to be based on the above mentioned indicative guidelines, will be initiated and undertaken in due course under the French Presidency.· a modernized IMF that better reflects the changes in the world economy through greater representation of dynamic emerging markets and developing countries. These comprehensive quota and governance reforms, as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will enhance the IMF’s legitimacy, credibilit y and effectiveness, making it an even stronger institution for promoting global financial stability and growth.·instruments to strengthen global financial safety nets, which help countries cope with financial volatility by providing them with practical tools to overcome sudden reversals of international capital flows.·core elements of a new financial regulatory framework, including bank capital and liquidity standards, as well as measures to better regulate and effectively resolve systemically important financial institutions, complemented by more effective oversight and supervision. This new framework, complemented by other achievements as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will ensure a more resilient financial system by reining in the past excesses of the financial sector and better serving the needs of our economies.·the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth that sets out our commitment to work in partnership with other developing countries, and LICs in particular, to help them build the capacity to achieve and maximize their growth potential, thereby contributing to global rebalancing. The Seoul Consensus complements our commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and focuses on concrete measures as summarized in our Multi-Year Action Plan on Development to make a tangible and significant difference in people’s lives, including in particular through the development of infrastructure in developing countries.·the Financial Inclusion Action Plan, the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion and a flexible SME Finance Framework, all of which will significantly contribute to improving access to financial services and expanding opportunities for poor households and small and medium enterprises.·our strong commitment to direct our negotiators to engage in across-the-board negotiations to promptly bring the Doha Development Round to a successful, ambitious, comprehensive, and balanced conclusion consistent with the mandate of the Doha Development Round and built on the progress already achieved. We recognize that 2011 is a critical window of opportunity, albeit narrow, and that engagement among our representatives must intensify and expand. We now need to complete the end game. Once such an outcome is reached, we commit to seek ratification, where necessary, in our respective systems. We are also committed to resisting all forms of protectionist measures.10. We will continue to monitor and assess ongoing implementation of the commitments made today and in the past in a transparent and objective way. We hold ourselves accountable. What we promise, we will deliver.11. Building on our achievements to date, we have agreed to work further on macro-prudential policy frameworks; better reflect the perspective of emerging market economies in financial regulatory reforms; strengthen regulation and oversight of shadow banking; further work on regulation and supervision of commodity derivatives markets; improve market integrityand efficiency; enhance consumer protection; pursue all outstanding governance reform issues at the IMF and World Bank; and build a more stable and resilient international monetary system, including by further strengthening global financial safety nets. We will also expand our MAP based on the indicative guidelines to be agreed.12. To promote resilience, job creation and mitigate risks for development, we will prioritize action under the Seoul Consensus on addressing critical bottlenecks, including infrastructure deficits, food market volatility, and exclusion from financial services.13. To provide broader, forward-looking leadership in the post-crisis economy, we will also continue our work to prevent and tackle corruption through our Anti-Corruption Action Plan; rationalize and phase-out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies; mitigate excessive fossil fuel price volatility; safeguard the global marine environment; and combat the challenges of global climate change.14. We reaffirm our resolute commitment to fight climate change, as reflected in the Leaders' Seoul Summit Document. We appreciate President Felipe Calderón’s briefing on the status of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations, as well as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s briefing on the report of the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing submitted to the UN Secretary-General. We will spare no effort to reach a balanced and successful outcome in Cancun.15. We welcome the Fourth UN LDC Summit in Turkey and the Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Korea, both to be held in 2011.16. Recognizing the importance of private sector-led growth and job creation, we welcome the Seoul G20 Business Summit and look forward to continuing the G20 Business Summit in upcoming Summits.17. The actions agreed today will help to further strengthen the global economy, accelerate job creation, ensure more stable financial markets, narrow the development gap and promote broadly shared growth beyond crisis.18. We look forward to our next meeting in 2011 in France, and subsequent meeting in 2012 in Mexico.19. We thank Korea for its G20 Presidency and for hosting the successful Seoul Summit.20. The Seoul Summit Document, which we have agreed,follows。

1. We, the Leaders of the G20, met in Cannes on 3-4 November 2011.2. Since our last meeting, global recovery has weakened, particularly in advanced countries, leaving unemployment at unacceptable levels. In this context, tensions in the financial markets have increased due mostly to sovereign risks in Europe; there are also clear signs of a slowing in growth in the emerging markets. Commodity price swings have put growth at risk. Global imbalances persist.3. Today, we reaffirm our commitment to work together and we have taken decisions to reinvigorate economic growth, create jobs, ensure financial stability, promote social inclusion and make globalization serve the needs of the people.A global strategy for growth and jobs4. To address the immediate challenges faced by the global economy, we commit to coordinate our actions and policies. Each of us will play their part.5. We have agreed on an Action plan for Growth and Jobs to address short term vulnerabilities and strengthen medium-term foundations for growth.Advanced economies commit to adopt policies to build confidence and support growth and implement clear, credible and specific measures to achieve fiscal consolidation. We welcome the decisions by European Leaders on October 26th, 2011 to restore debt sustainability in Greece, strengthen European banks, build firewalls to avoid contagion, and lay the foundations for robust economic governance reform in the Euro area and call for their swift implementation. We support the measures presented by Italy in the Euro Summit and the agreed detailed assessment and monitoring by the European Commission. In this context, we welcome Italy's decision to invite the IMF to carry out a public verification of its policy implementation on a quarterly basis.Taking into account national circumstances, countries where public finances remain strong commit to let automatic stabilizers work and take discretionary measures to support domestic demand should economic conditions materially worsen. Countries with large current account surpluses commit to reforms to increase domestic demand, coupled with greater exchange rate flexibility.We all commit to further structural reforms to raise output in our countries.Monetary policies will maintain price stability over the medium term and continue to support economic recovery.6. We are determined to strengthen the social dimension of globalization. We firmly believe that employment and social inclusion must be at the heart of our actions and policies to restore growth and confidence. We therefore decide to set up a G20 task force which will work as a priority on youth employment. We recognize the importance of social protection floors in each of our countries, adapted to national situations. We encourage the ILO to continue promoting ratification and implementation of the eight core Conventions ensuring fundamental principles and rights at work.7. Convinced of the essential role of social dialogue, we welcome the outcomes of the B20 and L20 and their joint statement.Towards a more stable and resilient International Monetary System8. We have made progress in reforming the international monetary system to make it more representative, stable and resilient. We have agreed on actions and principles that will help reap the benefits from financial integration and increase the resilience against volatile capital flows. This includes coherent conclusions to guide us in the management of capital flows, common principles for cooperation between the IMF and Regional Financial Arrangements, and an action plan for local currency bond markets. We agree that the SDR basket composition should continue to reflect the role of currencies in the global trading and financial system. The SDR composition assessment should be based on existing criteria, and we ask the IMF to further clarify them. To adjust to currencies' changing role and characteristics over time, the composition of the SDR basket will be reviewed in 2015, or earlier, as currencies meet the existing criteria to enter the basket. We are also committed to further progress towards a more integrated, even-handed and effective IMF surveillance and to better identify and address spill-over effects. While continuing with our efforts to strengthen surveillance, we recognize the need for better integration of bilateral and multilateral surveillance, and we look forward to IMF proposals for a new integrated decision on surveillance early next year, and for increased ownership and traction.9. We affirm our commitment to move more rapidly toward moremarket-determined exchange rate systems and enhance exchange rate flexibility to reflect underlying economic fundamentals, avoid persistent exchange rate misalignments and refrain from competitive devaluation of currencies. We are determined to act on our commitments to exchange rate reform articulated in our Action plan for Growth and Jobsto address short term vulnerabilities and restoring financial stability and strengthen the medium-term foundations for growth. Our actions will help address the challenges created by developments in global liquidity and capital flows volatility, thus facilitating further progress on exchange rate reforms and reducing excessive accumulation of reserves.10. We agreed to continue our efforts to further strengthen global financial safety nets and we support the IMF in putting forward the new Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL) to provide on a case by case basis increased and more flexible short-term liquidity to countries with strong policies and fundamentals facing exogenous shocks. We also support the IMF in putting forward a single facility to fulfil the emergency assistance needs of its members. We call on the IMF to expeditiously discuss and finalize both proposals.11. We welcome the euro area's comprehensive plan and urge rapid elaboration and implementation, including of country reforms. We welcome the euro area's determination to bring its full resources and entire institutional capacity to bear in restoring confidence and financial stability, and in ensuring the proper functioning of money and financial markets.We will ensure the IMF continues to have resources to play its systemic role to the benefit of its whole membership, building on the substantial resources we have already mobilized since London in 2009. We stand ready to ensure additional resources could be mobilised in a timely manner and ask our finance ministers by their next meeting to work on deploying a range of various options including bilateral contributions to the IMF, SDRs, and voluntary contributions to an IMF special structure such as an administered account. We will expeditiously implement in full the 2010 quota and governance reform of the IMF.Reforming the financial sector and enhancing market integrity12. In Washington in 2008, we committed to ensure that all financial markets, products and participants are regulated or subject to oversight, as appropriate. We will implement our commitments and pursue the reform of the financial system.13. We have agreed on comprehensive measures so that no financial firm can be deemed "too big to fail" and to protect taxpayers from bearing the costs of resolution. The FSB publishes today an initial list of Global systemically important financial institutions (G-SIFIs). G-SIFIs will be submitted to strengthened supervision, a new international standard forresolution regimes as well as, from 2016, additional capital requirements. We are prepared to identify systemically important non-bank financial entities.14. We have decided to develop the regulation and oversight of shadow banking. We will develop further our regulation on market integrity and efficiency, including addressing the risks posed by high frequency trading and dark liquidity. We have tasked IOSCO to assess the functioning of Credit Default Swaps markets. We have agreed on principles to protect financial services consumers.15. We will not allow a return to pre-crisis behaviours in the financial sector and we will strictly monitor the implementation of our commitments regarding banks, OTC markets and compensation practices.16. Building on its achievements, we have agreed to reform the FSB to improve its capacity to coordinate and monitor our financial regulation agenda. This reform includes giving it legal personality and greater financial autonomy. We thank Mr Mario Draghi for the work done and we welcome the appointment of Mr Mark Carney, Governor of the Central Bank of Canada as Chairman of the FSB, and of Mr. Philipp Hildebrand, Chairman of the Swiss National Bank as Vice-Chairman.17. We urge all jurisdictions to adhere to the international standards in the tax, prudential and AML/CFT areas. We stand ready to use our existing countermeasures if needed. In the tax area, we welcome the progress made and we urge all the jurisdictions to take the necessary actions to tackle the deficiencies identified in the course of the reviews by the Global Forum, in particular the 11 jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum whose framework has failed to qualify. We underline the importance of comprehensive tax information exchange and encourage work in the Global Forum to define the means to improve it. We welcome the commitment made by all of us to sign the Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters and strongly encourage other jurisdictions to join this Convention.Addressing commodity price volatility and promoting agriculture18. As part of our financial regulation agenda, we endorse the IOSCO recommendations to improve regulation and supervision of commodity derivatives markets. We agree that market regulators should be granted effective intervention powers to prevent market abuses. In particular, market regulators should have and use formal position management powers,among other powers of intervention, including the power to set ex-ante position limits, as appropriate.19. Promoting agricultural production is key to feed the world population. To that end, we decide to act in the framework of the Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture agreed by our Ministers of Agriculture in June 2011. In particular, we decide to invest in and support research and development of agriculture productivity. We have launched the "Agricultural Market Information System" (AMIS) to reinforce transparency on agricultural products' markets. To improve food security, we commit to develop appropriate risk-management instruments and humanitarian emergency tools. We decide that food purchased fornon-commercial humanitarian purposes by the World Food Program will not be subject to export restrictions or extraordinary taxes. We welcome the creation of a "Rapid Response Forum", to improve the international community's capacity to coordinate policies and develop common responses in time of market crises.Improving energy markets and pursuing the Fight against Climate Change20. We are determined to enhance the functioning and transparency of energy markets. We commit to improve the timeliness, completeness and reliability of the JODI-oil database and to work on the JODI-gas database along the same principles. We call for continued dialogue annually between producers and consumers on short medium and long-term outlook and forecasts for oil, gas and coal. We ask relevant organizations to make recommendations on the functioning and oversight of price reporting agencies. We reaffirm our commitment to rationalise and phase-out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption, while providing targeted support for the poorest.21. We are committed to the success of the upcoming Durban Conference on Climate Change and support South Africa as the incoming President of the Conference. We call for the implementation of the Cancun agreements and further progress in all areas of negotiation, including the operationalization of the Green Climate Fund, as part of a balanced outcome in Durban. We discussed the IFIs report on climate finance and asked our Finance Ministers to continue work in this field, taking into account the objectives, provisions and principles of the UNFCCC.Avoiding protectionism and strengthening the multilateraltrading system22. At this critical time for the global economy, it is important to underscore the merits of the multilateral trading system as a way to avoid protectionism and not turn inward. We reaffirm our standstill commitments until the end of 2013, as agreed in Toronto, commit to roll back any new protectionist measure that may have risen, including new export restrictions and WTO-inconsistent measures to stimulate exports and ask the WTO, OECD and UNCTAD to continue monitoring the situation and to report publicly on a semi-annual basis.23. We stand by the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) mandate. However, it is clear that we will not complete the DDA if we continue to conduct negotiations as we have in the past. We recognize the progress achieved so far. To contribute to confidence, we need to pursue in 2012 fresh, credible approaches to furthering negotiations, including the issues of concern for Least Developed Countries and, where they can bear fruit, the remaining elements of the DDA mandate. We direct our Ministers to work on such approaches at the upcoming Ministerial meeting in Geneva and also to engage into discussions on challenges and opportunities to the multilateral trading system in a globalised economy and to report back by the Mexico Summit.24. Furthermore, as a contribution to a more effective, rules-based trading system, we support a strengthening of the WTO, which should play a more active role in improving transparency on trade relations and policies and enhancing the functioning of the dispute settlement mechanism.Addressing the challenges of development25. Recognizing that economic shocks affect disproportionately the most vulnerable, we commit to ensure a more inclusive and resilient growth.26. The humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa underscores the urgent need to strengthen emergency and long-term responses to food insecurity. We support the concrete initiatives mentioned in the Cannes final Declaration, with a view to foster investments in agriculture and mitigate the impact of price volatility, in particular in low income countries and to the benefit of smallholders. We welcome the initiative of the Economic Community of Western African States (ECOWAS) to set up a targeted regionalemergency humanitarian food reserve system, as a pilot project, and the "ASEAN+3" emergency rice reserve initiative.27. Recognizing that the lack of Infrastructure dramatically hampers the growth potential in many developing countries, particularly in Africa, we support recommendations of the High Level Panel and the MDBs and highlight eleven exemplary infrastructure projects and call on the MDBs, working with countries involved, to pursue the implementation of such projects that meet the HLP criteria.28. In order to meet the Millennium Development Goals, we stress the pivotal role of ODA. Aid commitments made by developed countries should be met. Emerging countries will engage or continue to extend their level of support to other developing countries. We also agree that, over time, new sources of funding need to be found to address development needs and climate change. We discussed a set of options for innovative financing highlighted by Mr Bill Gates. Some of us have implemented or are prepared to explore some of these options. We acknowledge the initiatives in some of our countries to tax the financial sector for various purposes, including a financial transaction tax, inter alia to support development.Intensifying our Fight against Corruption29. We have made significant progress in implementing the Action Plan on combating corruption, promoting market integrity and supporting a clean business environment. We underline the need for swift implementation of a strong international legislative framework, the adoption of national measures to prevent and combat corruption and foreign bribery, the strengthening of international cooperation in fighting corruption and the development of joint initiatives between the public and the private sector.Reforming global governance for the 21st century30. We welcome the report of UK Prime Minister David Cameron on global governance. We agree that the G20 should remain an informal group. We decide to formalise the Troika. We will pursue consistent and effective engagement with non-members, including the UN and we welcome their contributions to our work.31. We reaffirm that the G20's founding spirit of bringing together the major economies on an equal footing to catalyze action is fundamental and therefore agree to put our collective political will behind our economicand financial agenda, and the reform and more effective working of relevant international institutions. We support reforms to be implemented within the FAO and the FSB We have committed to strengthen our multilateral trade framework. We call on international organisations, especially the UN, WTO, the ILO, the WB, the IMF and the OECD, to enhance their dialogue and cooperation, including on the social impact of economic policies, and to intensify their coordination.On December 1st. 2011, Mexico will start chairing the G20. We will convene in Los Cabos, Baja California, in June 2012, under the Chairmanship of Mexico. Russia will chair the G20 in 2013, Australia in 2014 and Turkey in 2015. We have also agreed, as part of our reforms to the G20, that after 2015, annual presidencies of the G20 will be chosen from rotating regional groups, starting with the Asian grouping comprising of China, Indonesia, Japan and Korea.32. We thank France for its G20 Presidency and for hosting the successful Cannes Summit.。

杭州g20峰会英文作文英文：As a resident of Hangzhou, I was very excited when the city was chosen to host the G20 Summit. It was a great opportunity for Hangzhou to showcase its beauty and development to the world. The city was buzzing with preparations, and everyone was looking forward to the event.During the summit, I had the chance to interact with people from different countries and backgrounds. It was a great experience to exchange ideas and learn aboutdifferent cultures. I remember having a conversation with a delegate from the United States about the impact of technology on the global economy. It was fascinating tohear his perspective and share my own thoughts on the matter.The G20 Summit also brought about some inconveniences, such as road closures and increased security measures.However, the overall benefits far outweighed the temporary disruptions. The city received a lot of positive attention, and many visitors were impressed by Hangzhou's hospitality and modern infrastructure.中文：作为杭州的一名居民，我非常兴奋当这座城市被选为举办G20峰会的地点。

二十国集团反腐败追逃追赃高级原则和2017—2018年反腐败行动计划来源：中央纪委监察部网站(/xwtt/201609/t20160930_87466.html 发布时间：2016-09-30 10:509月5日，二十国集团领导人杭州峰会一致通过《二十国集团反腐败追逃追赃高级原则》、《二十国集团2017－2018年反腐败行动计划》等重要反腐败成果，受到国内外广泛关注，引起很大反响。

现全文发布上述两项成果文件（中英文）。

二十国集团反腐败追逃追赃高级原则腐败破坏政府公信力和法治，阻碍经济增长和发展。

二十国集团（G20）认为，对这种行为进行预防和打击，才能实现G20建设创新、活力、互通互联和包容的全球经济的目标，加强合作是达成以上目标的重要一步。

依据《联合国反腐败公约》精神，沿袭《G20拒绝避风港原则》，《G20刑事司法协助高级原则》，G20资产返还相关原则，以及其他G20领导人峰会成果文件所提出的加强反腐败国际执法合作的倡议，G20成员国承诺率先垂范，通过以下核心原则。

执行以下原则时，G20成员国必须认识到打击腐败必须遵守国际法律，尊重人权和法治，尊重各国主权、国际承诺和法律体系。

G20成员国不能依此在其他国家的领土内进行活动。

一、零容忍：态度原则1. 注意到外逃腐败人员和资产造成的危害，各国应视情采取措施拒绝成为腐败人员与腐败资产的避风港。

原则2. 认识到加强国际执法合作和刑事司法协助的重要性，认为加强合作能够促进反腐败追逃追赃合作的效率和效力。

二、零漏洞：制度原则3. 承诺采取有效举措，拒绝成为腐败人员避风港，前提是这些腐败人员的行为在企图逃往或已经逃往的国家是犯罪行为。

鼓励所有国家在遵守有关国际承诺的同时，加大对移民程序和政策的审核力度，避免被滥用而成为腐败人员和资金的避风港。

原则4. 鼓励负责侦查、调查和起诉腐败犯罪、追回腐败资产和国际合作的相关部门建立国内反腐败协调机制。

原则5. 认识到《联合国反腐败公约》框架下的国际合作必须遵守各国法律，并在适当情况下遵守民事和行政程序。

LEADERS’ STATEMENTTHE PITTSBURGH SUMMITSEPTEMBER 24 – 25 2009PREAMBLE1.We meet in the midst of a critical transition from crisis to recovery to turn the page onan era of irresponsibility and to adopt a set of policies, regulations and reforms tomeet the needs of the 21st century global economy.2.When we last gathered in April, we confronted the greatest challenge to the worldeconomy in our generation.3.Global output was contracting at pace not seen since the 1930s. Trade wasplummeting. Jobs were disappearing rapidly. Our people worried that the world was on the edge of a depression.4.At that time, our countries agreed to do everything necessary to ensure recovery, torepair our financial systems and to maintain the global flow of capital.5.It worked.6.Our forceful response helped stop the dangerous, sharp decline in global activity andstabilize financial markets. Industrial output is now rising in nearly all oureconomies. International trade is starting to recover. Our financial institutions are raising needed capital, financial markets are showing a willingness to invest and lend, and confidence has improved.7.Today, we reviewed the progress we have made since the London Summit in April.Our national commitments to restore growth resulted in the largest and mostcoordinated fiscal and monetary stimulus ever undertaken. We acted together toincrease dramatically the resources necessary to stop the crisis from spreading around the world. We took steps to fix the broken regulatory system and started toimplement sweeping reforms to reduce the risk that financial excesses will againdestabilize the global economy.8. A sense of normalcy should not lead to complacency.9.The process of recovery and repair remains incomplete. In many countries,unemployment remains unacceptably high. The conditions for a recovery of private demand are not yet fully in place. We cannot rest until the global economy isrestored to full health, and hard-working families the world over can find decent jobs.10.We pledge today to sustain our strong policy response until a durable recovery issecured. We will act to ensure that when growth returns, jobs do too. We will avoidany premature withdrawal of stimulus. At the same time, we will prepare our exit strategies and, when the time is right, withdraw our extraordinary policy support in a cooperative and coordinated way, maintaining our commitment to fiscalresponsibility.11.Even as the work of recovery continues, we pledge to adopt the policies needed to laythe foundation for strong, sustained and balanced growth in the 21st century. We recognize that we have to act forcefully to overcome the legacy of the recent, severe global economic crisis and to help people cope with the consequences of this crisis.We want growth without cycles of boom and bust and markets that fosterresponsibility not recklessness.12.Today we agreed:13.To launch a framework that lays out the policies and the way we act together togenerate strong, sustainable and balanced global growth. We need a durablerecovery that creates the good jobs our people need.14.We need to shift from public to private sources of demand, establish a pattern ofgrowth across countries that is more sustainable and balanced, and reducedevelopment imbalances. We pledge to avoid destabilizing booms and busts inasset and credit prices and adopt macroeconomic policies, consistent with pricestability, that promote adequate and balanced global demand. We will also make decisive progress on structural reforms that foster private demand and strengthen long-run growth potential.15.Our Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth is a compact thatcommits us to work together to assess how our policies fit together, to evaluatewhether they are collectively consistent with more sustainable and balancedgrowth, and to act as necessary to meet our common objectives.16.To make sure our regulatory system for banks and other financial firms reins in theexcesses that led to the crisis. Where reckless behavior and a lack of responsibility led to crisis, we will not allow a return to banking as usual.17.We committed to act together to raise capital standards, to implement stronginternational compensation standards aimed at ending practices that lead toexcessive risk-taking, to improve the over-the-counter derivatives market and tocreate more powerful tools to hold large global firms to account for the risks they take. Standards for large global financial firms should be commensurate with the cost of their failure. For all these reforms, we have set for ourselves strict andprecise timetables.18.To reform the global architecture to meet the needs of the 21st century. After thiscrisis, critical players need to be at the table and fully vested in our institutions toallow us to cooperate to lay the foundation for strong, sustainable and balancedgrowth.19.We designated the G-20 to be the premier forum for our international economiccooperation. We established the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to include major emerging economies and welcome its efforts to coordinate and monitor progressin strengthening financial regulation.20.We are committed to a shift in International Monetary Fund (IMF) quota share todynamic emerging markets and developing countries of at least 5% from over-represented countries to under-represented countries using the current quotaformula as the basis to work from. Today we have delivered on our promise tocontribute over $500 billion to a renewed and expanded IMF New Arrangementsto Borrow (NAB).21.We stressed the importance of adopting a dynamic formula at the World Bankwhich primarily reflects countries’ evolving economic weight and the WorldBank’s development mission, and that generates an increase of at least 3% ofvoting power for developing and transition countries, to the benefit of under-represented countries. While recognizing that over-represented countries willmake a contribution, it will be important to protect the voting power of thesmallest poor countries. We called on the World Bank to play a leading role inresponding to problems whose nature requires globally coordinated action, suchas climate change and food security, and agreed that the World Bank and theregional development banks should have sufficient resources to address thesechallenges and fulfill their mandates.22.To take new steps to increase access to food, fuel and finance among the world’spoorest while clamping down on illicit outflows. Steps to reduce the development gap can be a potent driver of global growth.23.Over four billion people remain undereducated, ill-equipped with capital andtechnology, and insufficiently integrated into the global economy. We need towork together to make the policy and institutional changes needed to acceleratethe convergence of living standards and productivity in developing and emergingeconomies to the levels of the advanced economies. To start, we call on theWorld Bank to develop a new trust fund to support the new Food SecurityInitiative for low-income countries announced last summer. We will increase, ona voluntary basis, funding for programs to bring clean affordable energy to thepoorest, such as the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program.24.To phase out and rationalize over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidieswhile providing targeted support for the poorest. Inefficient fossil fuel subsidiesencourage wasteful consumption, reduce our energy security, impede investment in clean energy sources and undermine efforts to deal with the threat of climate change.25.We call on our Energy and Finance Ministers to report to us their implementationstrategies and timeline for acting to meet this critical commitment at our nextmeeting.26.We will promote energy market transparency and market stability as part of ourbroader effort to avoid excessive volatility.27.To maintain our openness and move toward greener, more sustainable growth.28.We will fight protectionism. We are committed to bringing the Doha Round to asuccessful conclusion in 2010.29.We will spare no effort to reach agreement in Copenhagen through the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations.30.We warmly welcome the report by the Chair of the London Summit commissioned atour last meeting and published today.31.Finally, we agreed to meet in Canada in June 2010 and in Korea in November 2010.We expect to meet annually thereafter and will meet in France in 2011.* * *1.We assessed the progress we have made together in addressing the global crisis andagreed to maintain our steps to support economic activity until recovery is assured.We further committed to additional steps to ensure strong, sustainable, and balanced growth, to build a stronger international financial system, to reduce development imbalances, and to modernize our architecture for international economiccooperation.A Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth2.The growth of the global economy and the success of our coordinated effort torespond to the recent crisis have increased the case for more sustained and systematic international cooperation. In the short-run, we must continue to implement ourstimulus programs to support economic activity until recovery clearly has taken hold.We also need to develop a transparent and credible process for withdrawing ourextraordinary fiscal, monetary and financial sector support, to be implemented when recovery becomes fully secured. We task our Finance Ministers, working with input from the IMF and FSB, at their November meeting to continue developingcooperative and coordinated exit strategies recognizing that the scale, timing, and sequencing of this process will vary across countries or regions and across the type of policy measures. Credible exit strategies should be designed and communicatedclearly to anchor expectations and reinforce confidence.3.The IMF estimates that world growth will resume this year and rise by nearly 3% bythe end of 2010. Subsequently, our objective is to return the world to high,sustainable, and balanced growth, while maintaining our commitment to fiscalresponsibility and sustainability, with reforms to increase our growth potential and capacity to generate jobs and policies designed to avoid both the re-creation of asset bubbles and the re-emergence of unsustainable global financial flows. We commit to put in place the necessary policy measures to achieve these outcomes.4.We will need to work together as we manage the transition to a more balanced patternof global growth. The crisis and our initial policy responses have already produced significant shifts in the pattern and level of growth across countries. Many countries have already taken important steps to expand domestic demand, bolstering global activity and reducing imbalances. In some countries, the rise in private saving now underway will, in time, need to be augmented by a rise in public saving. Ensuring a strong recovery will necessitate adjustments across different parts of the globaleconomy, while requiring macroeconomic policies that promote adequate andbalanced global demand as well as decisive progress on structural reforms that foster private domestic demand, narrow the global development gap, and strengthen long-run growth potential. The IMF estimates that only with such adjustments andrealignments, will global growth reach a strong, sustainable, and balanced pattern.While governments have started moving in the right direction, a shared understanding and deepened dialogue will help build a more stable, lasting, and sustainable pattern of growth. Raising living standards in the emerging markets and developingcountries is also a critical element in achieving sustainable growth in the globaleconomy.5.Today we are launching a Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth.To put in place this framework, we commit to develop a process whereby we set out our objectives, put forward policies to achieve these objectives, and together assess our progress. We will ask the IMF to help us with its analysis of how our respective national or regional policy frameworks fit together. We will ask the World Bank to advise us on progress in promoting development and poverty reduction as part of the rebalancing of global growth. We will work together to ensure that our fiscal,monetary, trade, and structural policies are collectively consistent with moresustainable and balanced trajectories of growth. We will undertake macro prudential and regulatory policies to help prevent credit and asset price cycles from becoming forces of destabilization. As we commit to implement a new, sustainable growth model, we should encourage work on measurement methods so as to better take into account the social and environmental dimensions of economic development.6.We call on our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to launch the newFramework by November by initiating a cooperative process of mutual assessment of our policy frameworks and the implications of those frameworks for the pattern and sustainability of global growth. We believe that regular consultations, strengthened cooperation on macroeconomic policies, the exchange of experiences on structural policies, and ongoing assessment will promote the adoption of sound policies and secure a healthy global economy. Our compact is that:•G-20 members will agree on shared policy objectives. These objectives should be updated as conditions evolve.•G-20 members will set out our medium-term policy frameworks and will work together to assess the collective implications of our national policy frameworksfor the level and pattern of global growth and to identify potential risks tofinancial stability.•G-20 Leaders will consider, based on the results of the mutual assessment, and agree any actions to meet our common objectives.7.This process will only be successful if it is supported by candid, even-handed, andbalanced analysis of our policies. We ask the IMF to assist our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in this process of mutual assessment by developing aforward-looking analysis of whether policies pursued by individual G-20 countries are collectively consistent with more sustainable and balanced trajectories for the global economy, and to report regularly to both the G-20 and the InternationalMonetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), building on the IMF’s existing bilateral and multilateral surveillance analysis, on global economic developments, patterns of growth and suggested policy adjustments. Our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors will elaborate this process at their November meeting and we will review the results of the first mutual assessment at our next summit.8.These policies will help us to meet our responsibility to the community of nations tobuild a more resilient international financial system and to reduce developmentimbalances.9.Building on Chancellor Merkel’s proposed Charter, on which we will continue towork, we adopted today Core Values for Sustainable Economic Activity, which will include those of propriety, integrity, and transparency, and which will underpin the Framework.Strengthening the International Financial Regulatory System10.Major failures of regulation and supervision, plus reckless and irresponsible risktaking by banks and other financial institutions, created dangerous financial fragilities that contributed significantly to the current crisis. A return to the excessive risktaking prevalent in some countries before the crisis is not an option.11.Since the onset of the global crisis, we have developed and begun implementingsweeping reforms to tackle the root causes of the crisis and transform the system for global financial regulation. Substantial progress has been made in strengtheningprudential oversight, improving risk management, strengthening transparency,promoting market integrity, establishing supervisory colleges, and reinforcinginternational cooperation. We have enhanced and expanded the scope of regulation and oversight, with tougher regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives,securitization markets, credit rating agencies, and hedge funds. We endorse theinstitutional strengthening of the FSB through its Charter, following its establishment in London, and welcome its reports to Leaders and Ministers. The FSB’s ongoing efforts to monitor progress will be essential to the full and consistent implementation of needed reforms. We call on the FSB to report on progress to the G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in advance of the next Leaders summit.12.Yet our work is not done. Far more needs to be done to protect consumers,depositors, and investors against abusive market practices, promote high qualitystandards, and help ensure the world does not face a crisis of the scope we have seen.We are committed to take action at the national and international level to raisestandards together so that our national authorities implement global standardsconsistently in a way that ensures a level playing field and avoids fragmentation of markets, protectionism, and regulatory arbitrage. Our efforts to deal with impaired assets and to encourage the raising of additional capital must continue, where needed.We commit to conduct robust, transparent stress tests as needed. We call on banks to retain a greater proportion of current profits to build capital, where needed, to support lending. Securitization sponsors or originators should retain a part of the risk of the underlying assets, thus encouraging them to act prudently. It is important to ensure an adequate balance between macroprudential and microprudential regulation tocontrol risks, and to develop the tools necessary to monitor and assess the buildup of macroprudential risks in the financial system. In addition, we have agreed to improve13.As we encourage the resumption of lending to households and businesses, we musttake care not to spur a return of the practices that led to the crisis. The steps we are taking here, when fully implemented, will result in a fundamentally stronger financial system than existed prior to the crisis. If we all act together, financial institutions will have stricter rules for risk-taking, governance that aligns compensation with long-term performance, and greater transparency in their operations. All firms whosefailure could pose a risk to financial stability must be subject to consistent,consolidated supervision and regulation with high standards. Our reform is multi-faceted but at its core must be stronger capital standards, complemented by clearincentives to mitigate excessive risk-taking practices. Capital allows banks towithstand those losses that inevitably will come. It, together with more powerful tools for governments to wind down firms that fail, helps us hold firms accountable for the risks that they take. Building on their Declaration on Further Steps toStrengthen the International Financial System, we call on our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to reach agreement on an international framework of reform in the following critical areas:•Building high quality capital and mitigating pro-cyclicality: We commit to developing by end-2010 internationally agreed rules to improve both the quantity and quality of bank capital and to discourage excessive leverage. These rules will be phased in as financial conditions improve and economic recovery is assured,with the aim of implementation by end-2012. The national implementation ofhigher level and better quality capital requirements, counter-cyclical capitalbuffers, higher capital requirements for risky products and off-balance sheetactivities, as elements of the Basel II Capital Framework, together withstrengthened liquidity risk requirements and forward-looking provisioning, willreduce incentives for banks to take excessive risks and create a financial systembetter prepared to withstand adverse shocks. We welcome the key measuresrecently agreed by the oversight body of the Basel Committee to strengthen thesupervision and regulation of the banking sector. We support the introduction ofa leverage ratio as a supplementary measure to the Basel II risk-based frameworkwith a view to migrating to a Pillar 1 treatment based on appropriate review andcalibration. To ensure comparability, the details of the leverage ratio will beharmonized internationally, fully adjusting for differences in accounting. Allmajor G-20 financial centers commit to have adopted the Basel II CapitalFramework by 2011.•Reforming compensation practices to support financial stability: Excessive compensation in the financial sector has both reflected and encouraged excessive risk taking. Reforming compensation policies and practices is an essential part of our effort to increase financial stability. We fully endorse the implementationstandards of the FSB aimed at aligning compensation with long-term valuecreation, not excessive risk-taking, including by (i) avoiding multi-yearguaranteed bonuses; (ii) requiring a significant portion of variable compensationto be deferred, tied to performance and subject to appropriate clawback and to be vested in the form of stock or stock-like instruments, as long as these createincentives aligned with long-term value creation and the time horizon of risk; (iii) ensuring that compensation for senior executives and other employees having amaterial impact on the firm’s risk exposure align with performance and risk; (iv)making firms’ compensation policies and structures transparent throughdisclosure requirements; (v) limiting variable compensation as a percentage oftotal net revenues when it is inconsistent with the maintenance of a sound capitalbase; and (vi) ensuring that compensation committees overseeing compensationpolicies are able to act independently. Supervisors should have the responsibility to review firms’ compensation policies and structures with institutional andsystemic risk in mind and, if necessary to offset additional risks, apply corrective measures, such as higher capital requirements, to those firms that fail toimplement sound compensation policies and practices. Supervisors should havethe ability to modify compensation structures in the case of firms that fail orrequire extraordinary public intervention. We call on firms to implement thesesound compensation practices immediately. We task the FSB to monitor theimplementation of FSB standards and propose additional measures as required by March 2010.•Improving over-the-counter derivatives markets: All standardized OTC derivative contracts should be traded on exchanges or electronic tradingplatforms, where appropriate, and cleared through central counterparties by end-2012 at the latest. OTC derivative contracts should be reported to traderepositories. Non-centrally cleared contracts should be subject to higher capitalrequirements. We ask the FSB and its relevant members to assess regularlyimplementation and whether it is sufficient to improve transparency in thederivatives markets, mitigate systemic risk, and protect against market abuse.•Addressing cross-border resolutions and systemically important financial institutions by end-2010: Systemically important financial firms should developinternationally-consistent firm-specific contingency and resolution plans. Ourauthorities should establish crisis management groups for the major cross-borderfirms and a legal framework for crisis intervention as well as improve information sharing in times of stress. We should develop resolution tools and frameworks for the effective resolution of financial groups to help mitigate the disruption offinancial institution failures and reduce moral hazard in the future. Our prudential standards for systemically important institutions should be commensurate with the costs of their failure. The FSB should propose by the end of October 2010possible measures including more intensive supervision and specific additionalcapital, liquidity, and other prudential requirements.14.We call on our international accounting bodies to redouble their efforts to achieve asingle set of high quality, global accounting standards within the context of theirindependent standard setting process, and complete their convergence project by June2011. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) institutionalframework should further enhance the involvement of various stakeholders.15.Our commitment to fight non-cooperative jurisdictions (NCJs) has producedimpressive results. We are committed to maintain the momentum in dealing with tax havens, money laundering, proceeds of corruption, terrorist financing, and prudential standards. We welcome the expansion of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information, including the participation of developing countries, and welcome the agreement to deliver an effective program of peer review. The main focus of the Forum’s work will be to improve tax transparency and exchange ofinformation so that countries can fully enforce their tax laws to protect their tax base.We stand ready to use countermeasures against tax havens from March 2010. We welcome the progress made by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing and call upon the FATF to issue a public list of high risk jurisdictions by February 2010. We call on the FSB to report progress to address NCJs with regards to international cooperation and information exchange in November 2009 and to initiate a peer review process by February 2010.16.We task the IMF to prepare a report for our next meeting with regard to the range ofoptions countries have adopted or are considering as to how the financial sector could make a fair and substantial contribution toward paying for any burdens associated with government interventions to repair the banking system.Modernizing our Global Institutions to Reflect Today’s Global Economy17.Modernizing the international financial institutions and global developmentarchitecture is essential to our efforts to promote global financial stability, fostersustainable development, and lift the lives of the poorest. We warmly welcomePrime Minister Brown’s report on his review of the responsiveness and adaptability of the international financial institutions (IFIs) and ask our Finance Ministers toconsider its conclusions.Reforming the Mandate, Mission and Governance of the IMF18.Our commitment to increase the funds available to the IMF allowed it to stem thespread of the crisis to emerging markets and developing countries. This commitment and the innovative steps the IMF has taken to create the facilities needed for itsresources to be used efficiently and flexibly have reduced global risks. Capital again is flowing to emerging economies.19.We have delivered on our promise to treble the resources available to the IMF. Weare contributing over $500 billion to a renewed and expanded IMF NewArrangements to Borrow (NAB). The IMF has made Special Drawing Rights (SDR) allocations of $283 billion in total, more than $100 billion of which will supplement emerging market and developing countries’ existing reserve assets. Resources from the agreed sale of IMF gold, consistent with the IMF’s new income model, and funds。

二十国集团领导人杭州峰会公报（中英对照）1.我们，二十国集团领导人，于2016年9月4日至5日在中国杭州相聚。

1. We, the Leaders of the G20, met in Hangzhou, China on 4-5 September 2016.2.我们相聚在全球经济继续复苏、部分经济体抗风险能力加强、增长新动能开始出现的时刻。

但经济增长仍弱于预期。

金融市场潜在动荡、大宗商品价格波动、贸易和投资低迷、一些国家生产力及就业增长缓慢等下行风险犹存。

地缘政治走向、难民增加以及恐怖主义冲突等挑战导致全球经济前景复杂化。

2. We met at a time when the global economic recovery is progressing, resilience is improved in some economies and new sources for growth are emerging. But growth is still weaker than desirable. Downside risks remain due to potential volatility in the financial markets, fluctuations of commodity prices, sluggish trade and investment, and slow productivity and employment growth in some countries. Challenges originating from geopolitical developments, increased refugee flows as well as terrorism and conflicts also complicate the global economic outlook.3.我们相聚在世界经济版图持续变化和全球增长动力大转型的重要时刻。

翻译资格考试高级口译练习题：G20杭州峰会欢迎宴会致辞G20杭州峰会欢迎宴会致辞Dear Colleagues,Distinguished Guests,Ladies and Gentlemen,Dear Friends,尊敬的各位同事、各位来宾、女士们、先生们、朋友们：Good evening!大家晚上好!On this much-anticipated night, we are gathered here by the West Lake on the occasion of the 11th G20 Summit. Let me extend, on behalf of the Government and people of China and my wife, and also in my own name, warmest welcome to all distinguished guests.这是一个让人期待的夜晚，在二十国集团领导人第十一次峰会召开之际，我们相聚西子湖畔。

我谨代表中国政府和人民、代表我夫人，并以我个人名义，对各位贵宾的到来表示热烈的欢迎。

Known as Paradise on Earth, Hangzhou boasts[1] enchanting landscape and rich cultural heritage. The Top Ten Scenic Spots of the West Lake each have their own unique charm, whether viewed up close or from a distance. Connecting them are the age-old and elegant bridges. The bridges are the very inspiration for the logo of this Summit.免费获取私人定制留学方案杭州素有人间天堂美誉，湖光山色、人文美景俯拾皆是，西湖十景或近观、或远眺，引人无限遐思，流连忘返。