You look at that rivergently flowing by.You notice the leavesrustling发出沙沙的声音with the wind.You hear the birds.You hear the tree frogs.ln the distance, you hear a cow.You feel the grass.The mud gives a little bit on the river bank.lt's quiet. lt's peaceful.And all of a sudden,it's a gear shift inside you.And it's like taking a deep breath and going,"Oh, yeah, l forgot about this."This is the first picture of the Earth from space that any of us ever saw.It was taken on Christmas Eve, 1968during the ApoIIo 8 Mission....within relatively comfortable boundaries.But we are fiIIing up that thin shell of atmosphere with poIIution.Ladies and gentlemen, Mr. Al Gore.I am AI Gore.I used to be the next president of the United States Of America.I don't find that particularly funny.l've been trying to tell this story for a long time,and l feel as if l've failed to get the message across.l was in politics for a long time and l'm proud of my service.You gotta be kidding me. This is a national disaster.Get every doggone Greyhound bus line in the country,and get their...moving to New Orleans.That's them thinking small, man,and this is a major, major, major deal.What do you need right now?There are good people,who are in politics in both partieswho hold this at arm's lengthbecause if they acknowledge it and recognize it,then the moral imperative必要的事,必须完成的事to make big changes is inescapable. ...unless you fix the biggest damn crisis in the history of this country....scouted out landing spots and they Lost radio contactwhen they went around the dark side of the moon.And there was inevitably some suspense悬念.Then when they came back in radio contact,they Looked up and they snapped拍快照this picture, and it became known as Earth Rise.And that one picture exploded in the consciousness of humankind. 激发了人类的自省It leads to dramatic戏剧性的changes.Within 18 months of this picture, the modern environmental movement had begun.The next picture was taken on the Last of the ApoIIo missions,ApoIIo 1 7.This one was taken on December 11 , 1972,and it is the most commonly published photograph in all of history.And it's the onIy picture of the Earth from space that we havewhere the sun was directIy behind the spacecraftso that the Earth is fuIIy Iit up and not partIy in darkness.The next image I'm gonna show you has aImost never been seen.It was taken by a spacecraft caIIed The Galileo that went out to expIore the soIar system.And as it was Ieaving Earth's gravity, it turned its cameras aroundand took a time Lapse picture of one day's worth of rotation旋转, here compressed into压缩成24 seconds.Isn't that beautifuI? This image is a magical image in a way在某种程度上. It was made by a friend of mine, Tom Van Sant.He took 3,000 separate satellite picturestaken over a three-year period, digitally stitched together数字技术拼接而成. And he chose images that wouId give a cIoud-free viewof every square inch of the Earth's surface.AII of the Land masses accurateIy portrayed绘制.When that's aII spread out, it becomes an iconic标志性的image.I show this because I wanna teII you a story about two teachers I had.One that I didn't Iike that much, the other who is a reaI hero to me.I had a grade schooI teacher who taught geographyby puIIing a map of the worId down in front of the bIackboard.I had a cIassmate in the sixth grade who raised his handand he pointed to the outline轮廓of the east coast of South Americaand he pointed to the west coast of Africaand he asked, ''Did they ever fit together?''And the teacher said,''Of course not. That's the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard.''That student went on to进入become a drug addict吸毒成瘾者and a ne'er-do-weII.The teacher went on to become science advisor in the current administration 政府,内阁.But, you know, the teacher was actuaIIy reflectingthe conclusion of the scientific establishment of that time.Continents are so big, obviousIy they don't move.But, actually, as we now know, they did move.They moved apart from one another.But at one time they did, in fact, fit together.But that assumption was a probIem.It refIected the well-known wisdomthat what gets us into troubIe is not what we don't know,it's what we know for sure that just ain't so.This is actuaIIy an important point, beIieve it or not,because there is another such assumptionthat a Iot of peopIe have in their minds right now about gIobaI warmingthat just ain't so.The assumption is something Iike this. The Earth is so bigwe can't possibIy have any Iasting harmfuI impacton the Earth's environment.And maybe that was true at one time, but it's not anymore.And one of the reasons it's not true anymoreis that the most vuInerabIe part of the Earth's ecological systemis the atmosphere.Vulnerable because it's so thin.My friend, the Late已故的CarI Sagan, used to say,''If you had a big gIobe with a coat of varnish漆on it,''the thickness of that varnish reIative to that gIobe''is pretty much the same''as the thickness of the Earth's atmosphere''compared to the Earth itseIf.''And it's thin enoughthat we are capabIe of changing its composition构成成分.That brings up the basic science of gIobaI warming.And I'm not gonna spend a Iot of time on this because you know it weII.The sun's radiation comes in in the form of Light wavesand that heats up the Earth.And then some of the radiation that is absorbed and warms the Earthis reradiated back into spacein the form of infrared radiation红外线.And some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped困住by this Iayer of atmosphere and heId inside the atmosphere.And that's a good thing because it keeps the temperature of the Earthwithin certain boundaries,keeps it relatively constant恒定的and Livable.But the probIem is this thin Iayer of atmosphere is being thickenedby aII of the gIobaI warming poIIution that's being put up there.And what that does is it thickens this Iayer of atmosphere,more of the outgoing infrared is trapped.And so the atmosphere heats up worldwide. That's gIobaI warming.Now, that's the traditionaI expIanation.Here's what I think is a better expIanation.You're probabIy wondering why your ice cream went away.WeII, Susie, the culprit犯过错者isn't foreigners.It's gIobaI warming.#NAME?Meet Mr. Sunbeam.He comes all the way from the sun to visit Earth.HeIIo, Earth. Just popping in to brighten your day.And now I'II be on my way.Not so fast, Sunbeam.We're greenhouse gases. You ain't going nowhere.Oh, God, it hurts.Pretty soon, Earth is chock-full of Sunbeams.Their rotting腐烂的corpses heating our atmosphere.How do we get rid of the greenhouse grasses?FortunateIy, our handsomest poIiticianscame up with a cheap, Last-minute way to combat对抗gIobaI warming. Ever since 2063,we simply drop a giant ice cube立方体into the ocean every now and then不时.Just Iike Daddy puts in his drink every morning.And then he gets mad.Of course, since the greenhouse gases are still building up,it takes more and more ice each time.Thus, soIving the probIem once and for all一劳永逸的.-But... -Once and for aII!This is the image that started mein my interest in this issue.And I saw it when I was a coIIege studentbecause I had a professor named Roger ReveIIewho was the first person to propose measuring测量carbon dioxide二氧化碳in the Earth's atmosphere.He saw where the story was goingafter the first few chapters.After the first few years of data,he intuited what it meantfor what was yet to come.They designed the experiment in 1957.He hired Charles David Keelingwho was very faithful and precisein making these measurements for decades.They started sending these weather balloons up every dayand they chose the middle of the Pacificbecause it was the area that was most remote.And he was a very hard-nosed scientist.He really emphasized the hard data.lt was a wonderful time for mebecause, like a lot of young people,l came into contact with intellectual ferment,ideas that l'd never consideredin my wildest dreams before.And he showed our classthe results of his measurements after only a few years.lt was startling to me.Now he was startledand made it clear to our classwhat he felt the significance of it was.And l just soaked it up like a sponge.He drew the connectionsbetween the larger changes in our civilizationand this pattern that was now visiblein the atmosphere of the entire planet.And then he projected into the future where this was headedunless we made some adjustments.And it was just as clear as day.After the first seven, eight, nine years,you couId see the pattern that was deveIoping.But I asked a question.Why is it that it goes up and down once each year?And he expIained that if you Iook at the Iand mass of the Earth,very IittIe of it is south of the equator.The vast majority of it is north of the equator,and most of the vegetation is north of the equator.And so, when the Northern Hemisphere is tiIted toward the sun,as it is in our spring and summer,the Ieaves come out and they breathe in carbon dioxide,and the amount in the atmosphere goes down.But when the Northern Hemisphere is tiIted away from the sun,as it is in our faII and winter,the Ieaves faII and exhaIe carbon dioxide,and the amount in the atmosphere goes back up again.And so, it's as if the entire Earthonce each year breathes in and out.So we started measuring carbon dioxide in 1958.And you can seethat by the middIe '60s, when he showed my cIass this image,it was aIready cIear that it was going up.I respected him and Iearned from him so much, I foIIowed this.And when I went to the Congress in the middIe 1970s,I heIped to organize the first hearings on gIobaI warmingand asked my professor to come and be the Ieadoff witness.And I thought that wouId have such a big impact,we'd be on the way to soIving this probIem, but it didn't work that way. But I kept having hearings. And in 1984 I went to the Senateand reaIIy dug deepIy into this issuewith science roundtabIes and the Iike.I wrote a book about it, ran for President in 1988,partIy to try to gain some visibiIity for that issue.And in 1992 went to the White House. We passed a version of a carbon tax and some other measures to try to address this.Went to Kyoto in 1997 to heIp get a treatythat's so controversiaI, in the US at Ieast.In 2000,my opponent pIedged to reguIate CO2 and then...That was not a pIedge that was kept.But the point of this isaII this time you can seewhat I have seen aII these years.It just keeps going up. It is reIentIess.And now we're beginning to see the impact in the reaI worId.This is Mount KiIimanjaro more than 30 years agoand more recentIy.And a friend of mine just came back from KiIimanjarowith a picture he took a coupIe of months ago.Another friend, Lonnie Thompson, studies gIaciers.Here's Lonnie with a Iast sIiver of one of the once mighty gIaciers. Within the decade there wiII be no more snows of KiIimanjaro.This is happening in GIacier NationaI Park.I cIimbed to the top of this in 1998 with one of my daughters. Within 15 years, this wiII be the park formerIy known as GIacier. Here is what's been happening year by year to the CoIumbia GIacier. It just retreats every singIe year.And it's a shame 'cause these gIaciers are so beautifuI.But those who go up to see them,here's what they're seeing every day, now.In the HimaIayas there's a particuIar probIembecause 40% of aII the peopIe in the worIdget their drinking water from rivers and spring systemsthat are fed more than haIf by the meIt watercoming off the gIaciers.And within this next haIf century those 40% of the peopIe on Earth are gonna face a very serious shortagebecause of this meIting.ItaIy, the ItaIian AIps.Same sight today.An oId postcard from SwitzerIand.Throughout the AIps, we're seeing the same story.It's aIso true in South America.This is Peru 15 years ago.And the same gIacier today.This is Argentina 20 years ago. Same gIacier today.Seventy-five years ago in Patagonia on the tip of South America. This vast expanse of ice is now gone.There's a message in this.There's a message in this.It is worIdwide.And the ice has stories to teII us.My friend, Lonnie Thompson, digs core driIIs in the ice.They dig downand they bring the core driIIs back up and they Iook at the iceand they study it.When the snow faIIs, it traps IittIe bubbIes of atmosphereand they can go in and measurehow much CO2 was in the atmosphere the year that that snow feII. What's even more interesting, I think, isthey can measure the different isotopes of oxygenand figure out a very precise thermometerand teII you what the temperature wasthe year that that bubbIe was trapped in the snow as it feII.When I was in Antarctica, I saw cores Iike this.And a guy Iooked at it. He said,''Right here is where the US Congress passed the CIean Air Act.'' And I couIdn't beIieve it.But you can see the difference with the naked eye.Just a coupIe of years after that Iaw was passed,it's very cIearIy distinguishabIe.They can count back year by yearthe same way a forester reads tree rings.And you can see each annuaI Iayer from the meIting and re-freezing, so they can go back in a Iot of these mountain gIaciers 1 ,000 years. And they constructed a thermometer of the temperature.The bIue is coId and the red is warm.Now, I show this for a coupIe of reasons.Number one, the so-caIIed skeptics wiII sometimes say,''Oh, this whoIe thing, this is a cycIicaI phenomenon.''There was a medievaI warming period, after aII.''WeII, yeah, there was. There it is, right there.There are two others.But compared to what's going on now,there's just no comparison.So if you Iook at 1 ,000 years' worth of temperatureand compare it to 1 ,000 years of CO2,you can see how cIoseIy they fit together.Now, 1 ,000 years of CO2 in the mountain gIaciers,that's one thing.But in Antarctica, they can go back 650,000 years.This incidentaIIy is the first timeanybody outside of a smaII group of scientists has seen this image. This is the present day era,and that's the Iast ice age.Then it goes up. We're going back in time now 650,000 years. That's the period of warming between the Iast two ice ages.That's the second and third ice age back.Fourth, fifth, sixthand seventh ice age back.Now, an important point.In aII of this time, 650,000 years,the CO2 IeveI has never gone above300 parts per miIIion.Now, as I said, they can aIso measure temperature.Here's what the temperature has been on our Earth.Now, one thing that kind of jumps out at you is...WeII, Iet me put it this way. If my cIassmate from the sixth grade that taIked about Africa and South America were here,he wouId say, ''Did they ever fit together?''''Most ridicuIous thing I've ever heard.''But they did, of course.And the reIationship is actuaIIy very compIicated.But there is one reIationship that is far more powerfuIthan aII the others and it is this.When there is more carbon dioxide, the temperature gets warmer because it traps more heat from the sun inside.In the parts of the United States that contain the modern citiesof CIeveIand, Detroit, New York, in the northern tier,this is the difference between a nice dayand having a miIe of ice over your head.Keep that in mind when you Iook at this fact.Carbon dioxide,having never gone above 300 parts per miIIion,here is where CO2 is now.Way above where it's ever beenas far back as this record wiII measure.Now, if you'II bear with me, I wanna reaIIy emphasize this point.The crew herehas tried to teach me how to use this contraption here.So, if I don't kiII myseIf, I'II...It's aIready right here.Look how far above the naturaI cycIe this is,and we've done that.But, Iadies and gentIemen, in the next 50 years,reaIIy, in Iess than 50 years,it's gonna continue to go up.When some of these chiIdren who are here are my age,here is what it's going to be in Iess than 50 years.You've heard of off the charts.Within Iess than 50 years, it'II be here.There's not a singIe fact or date or numberthat's been used to make this up that's in any controversy.The so-caIIed skeptics Iook at this and they say,''So? That seems perfectIy okay.''''So? That seems perfectIy okay.''WeII,again, if on the temperature side,if this much on the coId side is a miIe of ice over our heads,what wouId that much on the warm side be?UItimateIy this is reaIIy not a poIiticaI issueso much as a moraI issue.If we aIIow that to happen,it is deepIy unethicaI.l had such faith in our democratic system,our self-government.l actually thought and believedthat the story would be compelling enough to cause a real sea changein the way the Congress reacted to that issue.l thought they would be startled, too.And they weren't.The struggles,the victories that aren't really victories, the defeats that aren't really defeats. They can serve to magnify the significanceof some trivial step forward,exaggerate the seeming importanceof some massive setback.April 3, 1989.My son pulled loose from my handand chased his friend across the street.He was six years old.The machine was breathing for him.We were possibly going to lose him.He finally took a breath.We stayed in the hospital for a month.lt was almost as ifyou could look at that calendar and just go...And everything just flew off.Seemed trivial, insignificant.He was so brave. He was such...He was such a brave guy.lt just turned my whole world upside downand then shook it until everything fell out.My way of being in the world, it just changed everything for me. How should l spend my time on this Earth?l really dug in,trying to learn about it much more deeply.l went to Antarctica.Went to the South Pole, the North Pole, the Amazon.Went to places where scientists could help me understandparts of the issue thatl didn't really understand in depth.The possibility of losing what was most precious to me.l gained an abilitythat maybe l didn't have before.But when l felt it,l felt that we could really lose it,that what we take for granted might not be here for our children. These are actuaI measurements of atmospheric temperatures since our CiviI War.In any given year, it might Iook Iike it's going down,but the overaII trend is extremeIy cIear.And in recent years,it's uninterrupted and it is intensifying.In fact, if you Iook at the 10 hottest years ever measuredin this atmospheric record,they've aII occurred in the Iast 1 4 years.And the hottest of aII was 2005.We have aIready seen some of the heat wavesthat are simiIar to what scientists are sayingare gonna be a Iot more common.CoupIe of years ago in Europe they had that massive heat wavethat kiIIed 35,000 peopIe.India didn't get as much attention,but the same year the temperature there wentto 122 degrees Fahrenheit.This past summer in the American West,there were a lot of cities that broke all-time records for high temperatures and number of consecutive days with a 100-degree temperature or more. Two hundred cities and towns in the west set all-time records.And in the east there were a lot of cities that did the same thing. IncIuding, incidentaIIy, New OrIeans.So the temperature increases are taking pIace aII over the worId, incIuding in the oceans.This is the naturaI range of variabiIity for temperature in the oceans.You know, peopIe say, ''Oh, it's just naturaI.''It goes up and down, so don't worry about it.''This is the range that wouId be expected over the Iast 60 years,but the scientists who speciaIize in gIobaI warming have computer modeIs that Iong ago predicted this range of temperature increase.Now I'm gonna show you, recentIy reIeased,the actuaI ocean temperatures.And, of course, when the oceans get warmer, that causes stronger storms. We have seen in the Iast coupIe of yearsa Iot of big hurricanes.Hurricane Jeanne and Frances and Ivan were among them.And the same year that we had that string of big hurricanes,we aIso set an aII-time record for tornadoes in the United States.Japan again didn't get as much attention in our news media,but they set an aII-time record for typhoons.Previous record was seven.Here are aII 10 of the ones they had in 2004.The science textbooks have had to be rewrittenbecause they say that it's impossibIe to have a hurricane in the South AtIantic. But the same year the first one ever hit BraziI.Summer of 2005 has been one for the books.The first one was EmiIy that socked into Yucatán.Then Hurricane Dennis came aIong and it did a Iot of damage,incIuding to the oiI industry.This is the Iargest oiI pIatform in the worId after Dennis went through.This one was driven into the bridge at MobiIe.And then, of course, came Katrina.It's worth remembering that when it hit FIorida, it was a Category One.But it kiIIed a Iot of peopIe and caused biIIions of doIIars' worth of damage. And then what happened?Before it hit New OrIeans,it went over warmer waters.As the water temperature increases,the wind veIocity increasesand the moisture content increases.And you'II see Hurricane Katrina form over FIorida.And then as it comes into the guIf over that warm water,it picks up that energy and gets stronger and stronger and stronger.Look at that hurricane's eye.And, of course, the consequences were so horrendous,there are no words to describe it.Yeah, we're getting reports and calls that are just breaking my heart.From people saying, "l've been in my attic. l can't take it anymore."The water is up to my neck. l don't think l can hold out."And that's happening as we speak.We told everybody the importance of the 1 7th Street Canal issue.We said, "Please, please, take care of this."We don't care what you do. Figure it out."Something new for America.But how in God's name could that happen here?There had been warnings that hurricanes wouId get stronger.There were warnings that this hurricane,days before it hit, wouId breach the Ievees,wouId cause the kind of damage that it uItimateIy did cause.And one question we as a peopIe need to decideis how we react when we hear warningsfrom the Ieading scientists in the worId.There was another storm in the 1930s of a different kind.A horribIe, unprecedented storm in continentaI Europe,and Winston ChurchiII warned the peopIe of EngIandthat it was different from anything that had ever happened beforeand they had to get ready for it.And a Iot of peopIe did not want to beIieve it.And he got reaI impatient with aII the dithering.And he said this,Making mistakes in generations and centuries pastwould have consequences that we could overcome.We don't have that luxury anymore.We didn't ask for it,but here it is.Al Gore is the winner of the national popular vote.But the state of Florida, whomever wins there wins the White House. We call Florida, in the Al Gore column...Bulletin: Florida pulled back into the undecided column.George Bush is the president elect of the United States. He is... Florida goes Bush. The presidency is Bush. That's it.And at 2:1 8 this morning, we project...All right, we're officially saying that Florida is too close to call.While l strongly disagree with the court's decision,l accept it.l accept the finality of this outcome....do solemnly swear...l, George Walker Bush, do solemnly swear......that l will faithfully execute the Office of President...Well, that was a hard blow, but...What do you do? You...You make the best of it.lt brought into clear focusthe mission that l had been pursuingfor all these years, andl started giving the slide show again.One often unnoticed effect of global warmingis it causes more precipitation,but more of it coming in one-time big storm events.Because the evaporation off the oceans puts aII the moisture up there,when storm conditions trigger the downpour, more of it faIIs down. The insurance industry has actuaIIy noticed this.Their recovered Iosses are going up.You see the damage from these severe weather events?And 2005 is not even on this yet.When it does, it'II be off that chart.Europe has just had a year very simiIar to the one we've had where they say nature's been going crazy.AII kinds of unusuaI catastrophes,Iike a nature hike through the Book of ReveIations.FIooding in Asia.Mumbai, India this past JuIy.Thirty-seven inches of rain in 24 hours.By far, the Iargest downpourthat any city in India has ever received.Lot of fIooding in China, aIso.GIobaI warming, paradoxicaIIy, causes not onIy more fIooding, but aIso more drought.This neighboring province right next doorhad a severe drought at the same time these areas were fIooding. One of the reasons for this has to do with the factthat gIobaI warming not onIy increases precipitation worIdwide, but it aIso reIocates the precipitation.And focus most of aII on this part of Africajust on the edge of the Sahara.UnbeIievabIe tragedies have been unfoIding there,and there are a Iot of reasons for it.But Darfur and Niger are among those tragedies.And one of the factors that has been compounding themis the Iack of rainfaII and the increasing drought.This is Lake Chad, once one of the Iargest Iakes in the worId.It has dried up over the Iast few decades to aImost nothing, vastIy compIicating the other probIems that they aIso have.The second reasonwhy this is a paradox.GIobaI warming creates more evaporation off the oceansto seed the cIouds,but it sucks moisture out of the soiI.SoiI evaporation increases dramaticaIIywith higher temperatures.And that has consequences for us in the United States, as weII.So this is the Carthage exit.When I was 1 4 years oId, I totaIed the famiIy carright there.Went off that shouIder, turned it over.And see this BIack Angus buII?We raised BIack Angus.My father was named Breeder of the Month.He grew up on a farm.All through his career in the Senatehe continued to come back here and raise cattle.Learning it from your dad on the land,that's really something special.My childhood upbringing was a little unusual in the sense thatl spent eight months of each year in Washington DCin a small little hotel apartment.And then the other four months were spent here on this big, beautiful farm. l had a dog here.l had a pony here.l could shoot my rifle here.l could go swimming in the river here.Go out and lay down in the grass.As a kid, it took me a whileto learn the difference between fun and work.The places where people live were chosenbecause of the climate patternthat has been pretty much the same on Earthsince the end of the last ice age 1 1,000 years ago.Here, on this farm, the patterns are changing.And it seems gradual in the course of a human lifetimebut in the course of time, as defined by this river,it's happening very, very quickly.Two canaries in the coal mine.First one is in the Arctic.This, of course, is the Arctic Ocean, the fIoating ice cap.GreenIand, on its side there.I say canary in the coaI minebecause the Arctic is one of the two regions of the worIdthat is experiencing faster impactsfrom gIobaI warming.This is the Iargest ice sheIf in the Arctic,。
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