Cure Reaction Kinetics of Low Pressure Sheet Molding Compound System Thickened by Crystalline Po

2004⁃10⁃26收到初稿,2004⁃12⁃03收到修改稿.联系人：孙康（E ⁃mail ：ksun@;Tel ：021⁃62932555）.*上海市纳米科技专项资助基金（0352nm081）资助项目酸酐固化环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料的等温固化动力学*杨超江学良孙康（上海交通大学金属基复合材料国家重点实验室，上海200030）摘要用等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了酸酐固化环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料的等温固化过程，考察了未处理的蒙脱土(MMT)和有机蒙脱土(OMMT)对环氧树脂固化动力学的影响.实验表明，环氧树脂的固化过程包含自催化机理，加入蒙脱土没有改变固化反应机理.用Kamal 方程对该体系的固化过程进行拟合，得到反应级数m 、n ，反应速率常数k 1、k 2，总反应级数(m+n )在2.4~3.0之间.MMT 的加入使环氧树脂体系的k 1、k 2有所降低，而OMMT 的加入对体系的k 1、k 2影响较为复杂，加入蒙脱土对环氧树脂固化体系的活化能影响较小.关键词：环氧树脂，甲基四氢苯酐，蒙脱土，固化动力学中图分类号：O643.2物理化学学报（Wuli Huaxue Xuebao ）Acta Phys.⁃Chim.Sin .熏2005,21(6):681~685环氧树脂具有较好的力学性能、介电性能和突出的粘结能力，作为基体、涂料、电绝缘材料、胶粘剂等得到了广泛应用，在热固性树脂中处于主导地位.环氧树脂/蒙脱土体系是现已制备出的一种性能良好的聚合物/层状硅酸盐纳米复合材料[1⁃2].环氧体系的固化过程对其性能有着非常重要的影响，因此研究其固化过程有着十分重要的实际意义.有关环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料固化动力学的研究大都采用Kissinger 方法和Flynn ⁃Wall ⁃Ozawa 方法[3⁃5]，但由于Kissinger 方法和Flynn ⁃Wall ⁃Ozawa 方法没有考虑环氧树脂固化反应机理，不能真实反映其固化过程.我们研究了未处理蒙脱土（MMT ）和有机蒙脱土（OMMT ）对环氧树脂（EP ）固化反应机理的影响，利用Kamal 模型计算了反应动力学参数和活化能.1实验部分1.1实验原料双酚⁃A 环氧树脂(EP),DER331,美国道化学公司，环氧当量175~210；甲基四氢苯酐(MeTHPA),LHY ⁃908,上海化学试剂公司，化学纯；2,4,6⁃三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚(DMP ⁃30),上海化学试剂公司，分析纯;有机改性蒙脱土（OMMT ），DK2⁃123h ，即用十二烷基三乙氧基季铵盐改性过的蒙脱土，浙江丰虹粘土化工有限公司；未处理的蒙脱土(MMT),NB900，浙江华特集团.1.2样品的制备将未处理的MMT 和OMMT 分别以适当的质量比与EP 混合，在80℃搅拌1h ，在所得混合物中加入90%的甲基四氢苯酐(相对环氧树脂的质量用量)和5%的2,4,6⁃三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚，混合均匀，制得所需体系.1.3等温固化反应样品的等温固化反应在美国TA 公司的Q10型差示扫描量热仪上测试，每次取样品5~10mg,气氛为氮气，流速为20mL ·min -1.在常温下将样品放入炉子，然后快速升温到指定温度，等温固化的温度范围为120~135℃.仪器记录的是单位质量样品的固化热焓随时间的变化关系.2结果与讨论环氧树脂的固化动力学有两种唯象模型，即n级反应模型和自催化模型，它们都是基于下式[6⁃9]：d α/d t =k (T )f (α)（1）式中α为反应基团的转化率，即固化度，可表示为：α=ΔH t /ΔH （2）ΔH t 是反应经过时间t 样品的固化焓变，ΔH 是样品完全固化时的焓变.式（1）中，d α/d t 为固化反应的速率，t 是反应时间；f (α)是已反应树脂量的函数，是由体系所决定的；k 是反应速率常数，其中d α/d t 可June681Ac ta Phys.⁃Chim.Sin.穴Wuli Huaxue Xuebao 雪熏2005Vol.21图2不同温度下等温固化反应的的d α/d t-t 曲线Fig.2Reaction rate (d α/d t )vs cure time (t )at different temperaturesa)EP;b)m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/3;c)m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3abc表示为：d α/d t =(1/ΔH )·(d H t /d t )（3）反应速率常数k ，由Arrhenius 方程式给出：k(T)=A exp(-E a /RT )（4）式中，A 是指前因子；E a 是活化能；R 是普适气体常数；T 是温度.Kamal 模型是用来拟合环氧树脂固化动力学的常用模型，具体如下：d α/d t =(k 1+k 2αm )(1-α)n （5）式中，k 1、k 2是反应速率常数，m 、n 是反应级数，m+n 为总反应级数.式（5）可写成如下形式：d α/d t =k 1(1-α)n +k 2αm (1-α)n （6）式（6）右边第一项是n 级反应模型，第二项是自催化反应模型，所以Kamal 模型是个包含n 级反应和自催化反应的复合模型，它描述的固化反应速率在t =0时不为零，这与n 级反应模型有明显的区别，其最大速率出现在t >0的某个时刻.图1、图2分别是不同温度下的等温固化α-t ,d α/d t-t 曲线.由图1可知，在各温度下所有组成在反应起始阶段固化度上升很快，在20min 内固化度都达到80%；对于同一组成的样品，随着固化温度的升高，达到相同固化度所需的时间明显减少.由图2可知，随着固化温度的升高，所有体系的固化速率都有明显的增加，并且固化起始阶段固化速率就具有一个较大的值，固化反应速率随固化时间的增加而增加，达到最大值后，逐渐减小到零.这表明环氧树脂和环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料的固化过程都含有自催化反应,蒙脱土的加入并没有改变环氧树脂体系的固化机理.图3是不同温度下等温固化反应速率d α/d t 与固化度α的实验数据和用Kamal 模型拟合的曲线.由图3可知，起始阶段体系固化反应速率随固化度的增加而增加，固化度在0.2~0.4之间，固化反应速率达到最大值，然后逐渐减小到零.这也进一步证实环氧树脂和环氧树脂/蒙脱土体系的固化过程含有自催化反应，这与高俊刚等人[10]所得的结论是一致的.对图3的实验数据用Kamal 模型进行非线性回归拟合，由图可知，该实验数据与Kamal 模型吻合得很好.由Kamal 模型拟合所得到的k 1、k 2以及m 、n 的值列于表1中，R 为曲线拟合的相关系数.由表1可知，在所研究的等温固化反应中，m 、图1不同温度下等温固化反应的α-t 曲线Fig.1Conversion (α)vs cure time (t )at different temperaturesa)EP;b)m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/3;c)m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3abc682No.6孙康等：酸酐固化环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料的等温固化动力学表1Kamal 模型的等温固化动力学参数Table 1The parameters of isothermal cure kinetics for Kamal modelSystem T /℃103k 1/s -1103k 2/s -1m n m+n R 125 1.42 5.78 1.34 1.41 2.750.999130 1.83 6.75 1.17 1.46 2.630.9991352.537.63 1.03 1.45 2.480.999m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/31200.96 3.75 1.37 1.34 2.710.999125 1.27 4.90 1.29 1.45 2.740.999130 1.63 5.88 1.12 1.45 2.570.9991352.25 6.83 1.02 1.47 2.490.999m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/5120 1.10 3.40 1.54 1.33 2.880.998125 1.37 4.58 1.37 1.44 2.810.999130 1.79 5.57 1.24 1.45 2.690.9991352.30 6.43 1.45 1.47 2.920.999m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/91200.85 2.58 1.30 1.12 2.420.997125 1.09 3.70 1.29 1.28 2.570.998130 1.31 4.61 1.10 1.37 2.470.9991351.75 5.550.99 1.432.420.999m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3120 1.05 3.87 1.28 1.33 2.610.999125 1.33 5.21 1.16 1.41 2.600.998130 1.81 6.76 1.12 1.50 2.620.9991352.499.43 1.11 1.62 2.730.998m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/5120 1.13 3.89 1.27 1.36 2.630.999125 1.54 5.16 1.19 1.43 2.620.996130 2.12 6.94 1.17 1.49 2.660.9991352.788.53 1.02 1.46 2.480.997m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/9120 1.09 3.33 1.13 1.32 2.450.999125 1.65 5.24 1.26 1.46 2.720.999130 1.907.26 1.18 1.49 2.670.9981352.737.740.991.482.470.998n 分别在1.0~1.6和1.3~1.6之间，m+n 在2.4~3.0之间，m+n 不随固化温度变化而变化.同一固化温度下，环氧树脂/未处理蒙脱土（EP/MMT ）体系的反应速率常数k 1、k 2比纯环氧树脂体系的k 1、k 2小，这可能是加入未处理蒙脱土（MMT ），使环氧树脂体系的粘度增加，导致环氧树脂分子与酸酐分子的接图3不同温度下等温固化反应d α/d t-α的实验数据和Kamal 模型拟合结果的比较Fig.3Comparison of experimental data for reaction rate (d α/d t )vs conversion (α)and Kamal modelcurves at different temperaturesa)EP;b)m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/3;c)m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3αabcαα683Ac ta Phys.⁃Chim.Sin.穴Wuli Huaxue Xuebao 雪熏2005Vol.21图4等温固化反应中ln k -1/T 的曲线Fig.4The curves of ln k vs 1/T of the isothermal curea)EP;b)m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/3;c)m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3触困难，从而阻碍了固化反应的进行，降低了k 1、k 2.有机蒙脱土（OMMT ）对环氧树脂体系固化反应的影响较为复杂，并且对k 1、k 2的影响也有不同.m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3体系的k 1比纯环氧树脂体系的k 1小，但m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/5和m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/9体系的k 1却比纯环氧树脂体系的k 1稍大.EP/OMMT 体系的k 2与纯环氧树脂的k 2相比，变化不大，这说明加入有机蒙脱土（OMMT ）主要影响体系k 1的大小，这种影响至少表现在两个方面：一是OMMT 作为一种填充物的加入，使体系的粘度增加，阻碍固化反应的进行；二是OMMT 里含有的季铵盐可促进环氧基团与酸酐之间的固化反应，这两方面的影响是相反的.当OMMT 的质量分数达到5%时，OMMT 中的季铵盐对固化反应的促进作用稍大于OMMT 对固化反应的阻碍作用，导致EP/OMMT 体系k 1比纯环氧树脂体系的k 1稍大.k 2表征着体系的自催化反应速率常数，因而加入OMMT 对其影响不大.反应速率常数k 1、k 2与温度有关，服从Arrhenius 方程式[8].图4是ln k ~1/T 的曲线，从图中可以得出相对应于k 1、k 2的活化能E a 1、E a 2,其结果列于表2中，R (E a 1)和R (E a 2)分别为线性拟合活化能E a 1和E a 2时的相关系数.活化能E a 1的大小标志着体系反应起始阶段的能垒大小，活化能E a 2表征体系自催化能力.由表2可知，除了m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/3体系外，其余体系的E a 1大于E a 2，说明反应起始阶段活化能较高，同时也说明该反应不服从n 级反应模型.EP/MMT 体系和EP/OMMT 体系的E a 1与纯环氧树脂体系的E a 1相比，变化不大，这表明加入蒙脱土对环氧树脂固化体系的活化能影响较小.值得注意的是，EP/OMMT 体系的E a 2大于纯环氧树脂和EP/MMT 体系的E a 2.这说明尽管EP/OMMT 体系的总的反应速率比较大，但EP/OMMT 体系的自催化反应部分的贡献率相对于其它的体系反而小，也就是说，OMMT 对环氧树脂固化反应的促进作用并没有促进自催化反应，相关原因有待于进一步研究.3结论(1)酸酐固化环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料的固化反应含自催化反应，整个过程都符合Kamal 模型.(2)蒙脱土的加入并不改变环氧树脂体系的固化机理，未处理蒙脱土（MMT ）的加入使体系固化速率有所降低，有机蒙脱土（OMMT ）的加入对体系固化速率的影响较为复杂，加入蒙脱土对环氧树脂表2不同体系的固化反应活化能、指前因子Table 2Activation energy and pre ⁃exponential factor for different systemsSystem E a1/kJ ·mol -1E a2/kJ ·mol -1ln(A 1/s -1)ln(A 2/s -1)R (E a1)R (E a2)EP80.2853.4117.6710.910.9990.973m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/381.3947.5917.929.0230.9960.989m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/571.1050.1214.919.7120.9970.985m (EP)/m (MMT)=100/970.5261.0914.4712.800.9920.988m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/377.2878.2116.7618.370.9970.996m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/580.6160.9117.8813.120.9990.978m (EP)/m (OMMT)=100/977.2976.4716.8617.780.9850.959a b c684No.6孙康等：酸酐固化环氧树脂/蒙脱土复合材料的等温固化动力学Received :October 26,2004鸦Revised :December 3熏2004.Correspondent :SUN,Kang(E ⁃mail ：ksun@;Tel ：+8621⁃62932555).*The Project Supported by Shanghai Nanotechnology Promotion Center (SNPC)（0352nm081)固化体系的活化能影响较小.References1Lu,J.K.;Ke,Y.C.;Qi,Z.N.;Yi,munication,2000,(2):18[吕建坤,柯毓才,漆宗能,益小苏.高分子通报(Gaofenzi Tongbao ),2000,(2):18]2Chen,P.;Wang,D.Z.;Epoxy resin and its application.Beijing:Chemical Industrial Press,2004[陈平,王德中.环氧树脂及其应用.北京：化学工业出版社，2004]3Shen,S.J.;Bao,S.P.;Zhai,H.B.;Xu,W.B.Chinese Journal of Appl.Chem.,2004,21(2):132[沈时骏,鲍素萍,翟红波,徐卫兵.应用化学(Yingyoug Huaxue 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(EP)/montmorillionite composites,with anhydride ascuring agent,was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),and the effects of original mont ⁃morillionite (MMT)and organic montmorillion (OMMT)on cure kinetics of epoxy resin were investigated.Anal ⁃ysis of DSC data indicated that curing process of the epoxy resin contains autocatalytic mechanism,the addition of the montmorillionite to the epoxy resin does not change the cure reaction mechanism.The curing process of the EP/montmorillionite composites was simulated by Kamal equation.Two reaction orders,m and n ,and two rate constants,k 1and k 2were obtained.The overall reaction order,m+n ,is in the range 2.4~3.0.The addition of the MMT to the epoxy resin decreases rate constants k 1and k 2,but the OMMT makes rate constants k 1and k 2compli ⁃cated.The cure activation energy of the epoxy resin varies slightly by the addition of montmorillionite.Keywords:Epoxy resin,Methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride,Montmorillionite,Cure kinetics685。

气固反应原理英文Gas-solid reactions are fundamental processes that play crucial roles in various fields, including chemistry, materials science, and environmental engineering. Understanding the principles governing these reactions is essential for designing efficient processes, developing advanced materials, and mitigating environmental pollution.At the heart of gas-solid reactions lies the interaction between gas-phase reactants and solid-phase materials. These interactions occur at the interface between the gas and solid phases and involve mass transfer, chemical reactions, and heat transfer processes. The principles governing gas-solid reactions can be elucidated by examining the mechanisms involved and the factors influencing reaction kinetics.One of the primary mechanisms governing gas-solid reactions is adsorption, where gas molecules adhere to the surface of solid materials. Adsorption can occur through physical or chemical interactions, depending on the nature of the gas and solid phases. Physical adsorption involves weak van der Waals forces and is reversible, whereas chemical adsorption involves stronger chemical bonds and is typically irreversible.Upon adsorption, gas molecules diffuse across the solid surface, interacting with active sites or defects on the solid material. These interactions lead to chemical reactions, where new chemical species are formed on the solid surface. The rate of gas-solid reactions is influenced by several factors, including the nature of the reactants, the surface area and porosity of the solid material, the temperature and pressure conditions, and the presence of catalysts or inhibitors.Temperature plays a critical role in gas-solid reactions by affecting both the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process. Increasing the temperature enhances the rate of reactions by providing more thermal energy to overcome activation barriers and facilitating the diffusion of reactant molecules on the solid surface. Moreover, changes in temperature can alter the equilibrium constants of chemical reactions, shifting the reaction towards the formation of desired products.Pressure also influences gas-solid reactions by affecting the partial pressure of reactant gases and the collision frequency between gas molecules and the solid surface. Higher pressures can enhance reaction rates by increasing the concentration of gas-phase reactants near the solid surface, promoting adsorption and reaction kinetics. However, excessively high pressures may lead to mass transfer limitations or changes in reaction mechanisms.The choice of solid material is another crucial factor in gas-solid reactions, as it determines the surface properties and catalytic activity of the system. Porous materials with high surface areas, such as zeolites, activated carbons, and metal oxides, are commonly used as catalysts or adsorbents in gas-solid reactions due to their large surface-to-volume ratios and tunable surface functionalities.Catalysts play a vital role in enhancing the efficiency and selectivity of gas-solid reactions by lowering the activation energy barriers and providing alternative reaction pathways. Catalysts can promote desired reactions, inhibit unwanted side reactions, and improve the stability and recyclability of solid materials. Moreover, catalysts can be tailored at the molecular level to optimize their performance for specific applications.In summary, gas-solid reactions involve complex processes of adsorption, diffusion, and chemical transformation at the interface between gas-phase reactants and solid materials. Understanding the principles governing these reactions is essential for optimizing reaction conditions, designing novel materials, and developing sustainable technologies for various industrial applications. By elucidating the mechanisms and factors influencing gas-solid reactions, researchers can pave the way for innovative solutions to pressing challenges in energy, environmental, and materials science.。

化学专业术语英语对照来源：发布时间：2011年4月7日爆炸界限explosionlimits霍根-华森图Hougen-WatsonChart德拜和法尔肯哈根效应DebyeandFalkenhageneffect德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’slimitingequation 德拜立方公式Debyecubicformula聚沉值coagulationvalue聚沉coagulation聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte精馏rectify键焓bondenthalpy触变thixotropy解离化学吸附dissociationchemicaladsorption简并度degeneracy感胶离子序lyotropicseries催化剂catalyst隔离法theisolationmethod隔离系统isolatedsystem道尔顿定律Daltonlaw道尔顿分压定律Daltonpartialpressurelaw超电势overpotential缔合化学吸附associationchemicaladsorption 等温等容位Helmholtzfreeenergy等温等压位Gibbsfreeenergy等温方程equationatconstanttemperature等焓线isenthalpicline等焓过程isenthalpicprocess等几率定理theoremofequalprobability焦耳定律Joule';slaw焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomsoneffect焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomsonexperiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomsoncoefficient焦耳Joule敞开系统opensystem菲克扩散第一定律Fick’sfirstlawofdiffusion 粗分散系统thickdispersesystem第三定律熵third-lawentropy第二类永动机perpetualmachineofthesecondkind 第一类永动机perpetualmachineofthefirstkind 盖斯定律Hesslaw盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussaclaw焓enthalpy混合熵entropyofmixing混合物mixture接触角contactangle接触电势contactpotential弹式量热计bombcalorimeter常见术语基态能级energylevelatgroundstate基希霍夫公式Kirchhoffformula基元反应elementaryreactions高会溶点upperconsolutepoint高分子溶液macromolecularsolution胶凝作用demulsification胶核colloidalnucleus胶束micelle胶冻brothjelly胶体粒子colloidalparticles胶体化学collochemistry胶体分散系统dispersionsystemofcolloid胶体colloid胶团micelle积分溶解热integrationheatofdissolution盎萨格电导理论Onsager’s theoryofconductance爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokesequation爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’slawofphotochemicalequivalence浸湿功immersionwettingwork浸湿immersionwetting格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’slaw根均方速率root-mean-squarespeed费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Diracstatistics绝热量热计adiabaticcalorimeter绝热指数adiabaticindex绝热过程adiabaticprocess绝对熵absoluteentropy绝对温标absolutetemperaturescale绝对反应速率理论absolutereactionratetheory结晶热heatofcrystallization结线tieline科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch’sLawofIndependentMigrationofIons 界面张力surfacetension界面interfaces玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einsteinstatistics玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmannentropytheorem玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmannconstant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmanndistribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmannformula独立子系统independentparticlesystem活度activity活化控制activationcontrol活化能activationenergy活化络合物理论activatedcomplextheory标准熵standardentropy标准摩尔燃烧焓standardmolarcombustionenthalpy标准摩尔熵standardmolarentropy标准摩尔焓函数standardmolarenthalpyfunction标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standardmolarGibbsfreeenergyfunction 标准摩尔生成焓standardmolarformationenthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standardmolarformationGibbsfunction标准摩尔反应熵standardmolarreactionentropy标准摩尔反应焓standardmolarreactionenthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standardGibbsfunctionofmolarreaction 标准氢电极standardhydrogenelectrode标准态standardstate标准状况standardcondition标准压力standardpressure标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential标准电动势standardelectromotiveforce标准平衡常数standardequilibriumconstant柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbslaw查理定律Charle’slaw挥发度volatility恒容摩尔热容molarheatcapacityatconstantvolume恒容热heatatconstantvolume恒沸混合物constantboilingmixture恒压摩尔热容molarheatcapacityatconstantpressure恒压热heatatconstantpressure恒外压constantexternalpressure封闭系统closedsystem复合反应compositereaction饱和蒸气压saturatedvaporpressure饱和蒸气saturatedvapor饱和液体saturatedliquids饱和吸附量saturatedextentofadsorption非基元反应non-elementaryreactions非依时计量学反应timeindependentstoichiometricreactions 非体积功non-volumework规定熵stipulatedentropy表面活性剂surfactants表面质量作用定律surfacemassactionlaw表面张力surfacetension表面吸附量surfaceexcess表面过程控制surfaceprocesscontrol表面surfaces表观摩尔质量apparentmolecularweight表观活化能apparentactivationenergy表观迁移数apparenttransferencenumber范德华常数vanderWaalsconstant范德华气体vanderWaalsgases范德华方程vanderWaalsequation范德华力vanderWaalsforce范特霍夫渗透压公式van’tH offequationofosmoticpressure 范特霍夫规则van’tHoffrule范特霍夫方程van’tHoffequation环境熵变entropychangeinenvironment环境environment波义尔温度Boyletemperature波义尔点Boylepoint波义尔定律Boylelaw法拉第常数faradayconstant法拉第定律Faraday’slaw泊Poise沸点升高elevationofboilingpoint沸点boilingpoint构型熵configurationalentropy定域子系统localizedparticlesystem定容摩尔热容molarheatcapacityunderconstantvolume 定容温度计ConstantvoIumethermometer定压摩尔热容molarheatcapacityunderconstantpressure 定压温度计constantpressurethermometer孤立系统isolatedsystem固溶胶solidsol固相线solidphaseline固态混合物solidsolution单链反应straightchainreactions单分子层吸附理论monomoleculelayeradsorption单分子反应unimolecularreaction附加压力excesspressure阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrheniusactivationenergy阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrheniusionizationtheory阿累尼乌斯方程Arrheniusequation阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro’number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadrolaw阿马格定律Amagatlaw沉降电势sedimentationpotential沉降平衡sedimentationequilibrium沉降sedimentation极限摩尔电导率limitingmolarconductivity极化作用polarization极化曲线polarizationcurves极化电极电势polarizationpotentialofelectrode杠杆规则leverrule低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric低共熔混合物eutecticmixture低共熔点eutecticpoint低会溶点lowerconsolutepoint亨利常数Henryconstant亨利定律Henrylaw过程process过渡状态理论transitionstatetheory过热液体overheatedliquid过饱和蒸气oversaturatedvapor过饱和溶液oversaturatedsolution过冷液体overcooledliquid过冷水super-cooledwater负极negativepole负吸附negativeadsorption安托万常数Antoineconstant安托万方程Antoineequation多方过程polytropicprocess多分子层吸附理论adsorptiontheoryofmulti-molecularlayers吉布斯函数判据Gibbsfunctioncriterion吉布斯函数Gibbsfunction吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhemequation吉布斯吸附公式Gibbsadsorptionformula吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotzequation 吉氏函数Gibbsfunction动力学控制kineticscontrol动力学方程kineticequations共轭溶液conjugatesolution共沸温度azeotropictemperature光谱熵spectrum entropy光敏反应photosensitizedreactions光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律thesecondlawofactinochemistry 光化学第一定律thefirstlawofactinochemistry 价数规则ruleofvalence产率yield亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtzfunctioncriterion 亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtzfunction亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtzfreeenergy亥氏函数Helmholtzfunction节流膨胀系数coefficientofthrottlingexpansion节流膨胀throttlingexpansion节流过程throttlingprocess艾林方程Eryingequation电解池electrolyticcell电量计coulometer电渗析electrodialysis电渗electroosmosis电流效率currentefficiency电泳electrophoresis电极种类typeofelectrodes电极电势electrodepotential电极反应reactionsontheelectrode电迁移率electromobility电迁移electromigration电池常数cellconstant电池电动势electromotiveforceofcells电池反应cellreaction电导率conductivity电导conductance电动势的温度系数temperaturecoefficientofelectromotiveforce 电动电势zetapotential电功electricwork电化学极化electrochemicalpolarization电化学electrochemistry甘汞电极calomelelectrode弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlichempiricalformulaofadsorption 布朗运动brownianmovement对称数symmetrynumber对应状态原理principleofcorrespondingstate对行反应reversiblereactions对比摩尔体积reducedmolevolume对比温度reducedtemperature对比体积reducedvolume对比压力reducedpressure卡诺循环Carnotcycle卡诺定理Carnottheorem半衰期halftimeperiod半电池halfcell功函workcontent功work计量系数stoichiometriccoefficient计量式stoichiometricequation比浓粘度reducedviscosity比表面吉布斯函数specificsurfaceGibbsfunction比表面功specificsurfacework开尔文公式Kelvinformula反渗透reverseosmosis反应速率常数constantofreactionrate反应速率rateofreaction反应热heatofreaction反应进度extentofreaction反应级数reactionorders反应分子数molecularity反电动势back化学热力学chemicalthermodynamics化学亲合势chemicalaffinity化学势判据chemicalpotentialcriterion化学势chemicalpotential化学吸附chemisorptions化学动力学chemicalkinetics化学反应进度extentofchemicalreaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometriccoefficientofchemicalreaction 化学反应计量式stoichiometricequationofchemicalreaction分解电压decompositionvoltage分散相dispersionphase分散系统dispersesystem分配定律distributionlaw分体积定律partialvolumelaw分体积partialvolume分压定律partialpressurelaw分压partialpressure分布数distributionnumbers分布distribution分子蒸馏moleculardistillation分子间力intermolecularforce分子反应力学mechanicsofmolecularreactions不可逆相变化irreversiblephasechange不可逆过程热力学thermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses 不可逆过程irreversibleprocess广度性质extensiveproperty广延量extensivequantity广延性质extensiveproperty几率因子stericfactor二级相变secondorderphasechange二级反应secondorderreaction丁达尔效应Dyndalleffectζ电势zetapotentialpVT性质pVTpropertyHLB法hydrophile-lipophilebalancemethodDLVO理论DLVOtheoryBET公式BETformula可能的电解质potentialelectrolyte可逆电池reversiblecell可逆过程reversibleprocess可逆过程方程reversibleprocessequation可逆体积功reversiblevolumework可逆相变reversiblephasechange克拉佩龙方程Clapeyronequation克劳修斯不等式Clausiusinequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyronequation控制步骤controlstep库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusioncontrolled拉普拉斯方程Laplace’sequation拉乌尔定律Raoultlaw兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism 兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuiradsorptionisothermformula 雷利公式Rayleighequation冷冻系数coefficientofrefrigeration冷却曲线coolingcurve离解热heatofdissociation离解压力dissociationpressure离域子系统non-localizedparticlesystems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standardmolarformationofion离子的电迁移率mobilityofions离子的迁移数transportnumberofions离子独立运动定律lawoftheindependentmigrationofions离子氛ionicatmosphere离子强度ionicstrength理想混合物perfectmixture理想气体idealgas理想气体的绝热指数adiabaticindexofidealgases理想气体的微观模型micro-modelofidealgas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermalequationofidealgaseousreactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabaticreversibleprocessequationofidealgase 理想气体状态方程stateequationofidealgas理想稀溶液idealdilutesolution理想液态混合物perfectliquidmixture粒子particles粒子的配分函数partitionfunctionofparticles连串反应consecutivereactions链的传递物chaincarrier链反应chainreactions量热熵calorimetricentropy量子统计quantumstatistics量子效率quantumyield临界参数criticalparameter临界常数criticalconstant临界点criticalpoint临界胶束浓度criticalmicelleconcentration临界摩尔体积criticalmolarvolume临界温度criticaltemperature临界压力criticalpressure临界状态criticalstate零级反应zeroorderreaction流动电势streamingpotential流动功flowwork笼罩效应cageeffect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randallruleoffugacity 露点dewpoint露点线dewpointline麦克斯韦关系式Maxwellrelations麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwelldistributionofspeeds麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistributionofenergy毛细管凝结condensationincapillary毛细现象capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数Michaelisconstant摩尔电导率molarconductivity摩尔反应焓molarreactionenthalpy摩尔混合熵moleentropyofmixing摩尔气体常数molargasconstant摩尔热容molarheatcapacity摩尔溶解焓moledissolutionenthalpy摩尔稀释焓moledilutionenthalpy内扩散控制internaldiffusionscontrol内能internalenergy内压力internalpressure能级energylevels能级分布energyleveldistribution能量均分原理principleoftheequipartitionofenergy 能斯特方程Nernstequation能斯特热定理Nernstheattheorem凝固点freezingpoint凝固点降低loweringoffreezingpoint凝固点曲线freezingpointcurve凝胶gelatin凝聚态condensedstate凝聚相condensedphase浓差超电势concentrationover-potential浓差极化concentrationpolarization浓差电池concentrationcells帕斯卡pascal泡点bubblepoint泡点线bubblepointline配分函数partitionfunction配分函数的析因子性质propertythatpartitionfunctiontobeexpressedasap roductoftheseparatepartitionfunctionsforeachkindofstate碰撞截面collisioncrosssection碰撞数thenumberofcollisions偏摩尔量partialmolequantities平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibriumconstantsforreactionsofidealgases 平动配分函数partitionfunctionoftranslation平衡分布equilibriumdistribution平衡态equilibriumstate平衡态近似法equilibriumstateapproximation平衡状态图equilibriumstatediagram平均活度meanactivity平均活度系统meanactivitycoefficient平均摩尔热容meanmolarheatcapacity平均质量摩尔浓度meanmassmolarity平均自由程meanfreepath平行反应parallelreactions破乳demulsification铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universalvanderWaalsequation其它功theotherwork气化热heatofvaporization气溶胶aerosol气体常数gasconstant气体分子运动论kinetictheoryofgases气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamentalequationofkinetictheoryofgases 气溶胶aerosol气相线vaporline迁移数transportnumber潜热latentheat强度量intensivequantity强度性质intensiveproperty亲液溶胶hydrophilicsol氢电极hydrogenelectrodes区域熔化zonemelting热heat热爆炸heatexplosion热泵heatpump热功当量mechanicalequivalentofheat热函heatcontent热化学thermochemistry热化学方程thermochemicalequation热机heatengine热机效率efficiencyofheatengine热力学thermodynamics热力学第二定律thesecondlawofthermodynamics热力学第三定律thethirdlawofthermodynamics热力学第一定律thefirstlawofthermodynamics热力学基本方程fundamentalequationofthermodynamics 热力学几率thermodynamicprobability热力学能thermodynamicenergy热力学特性函数characteristicthermodynamicfunction 热力学温标thermodynamicscaleoftemperature热力学温度thermodynamictemperature热熵thermalentropy热效应heateffect熔点曲线meltingpointcurve熔化热heatoffusion溶胶colloidalsol溶解焓dissolutionenthalpy溶液solution溶胀swelling乳化剂emulsifier乳状液emulsion润湿wetting润湿角wettingangle萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrodeequation 三相点triplepoint三相平衡线triple-phaseline熵entropy熵判据entropycriterion熵增原理principleofentropyincrease渗透压osmoticpressure渗析法dialyticprocess生成反应formationreaction升华热heatofsublimation实际气体realgas舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardyrule松驰力relaxationforce松驰时间timeofrelaxation速度常数reactionrateconstant速率方程rateequations速率控制步骤ratedeterminingstep塔费尔公式Tafelequation态－态反应state-statereactions唐南平衡Donnanequilibrium淌度mobility特鲁顿规则Troutonrule特性粘度intrinsicviscosity体积功volumework统计权重statisticalweight统计热力学statisticthermodynamics统计熵statisticentropy途径path途径函数pathfunction外扩散控制externaldiffusioncontrol完美晶体perfectcrystalline完全气体perfectgas微观状态microstate微态microstate韦斯顿标准电池Westonstandardbattery维恩效应Wieneffect维里方程virialequation维里系数virialcoefficient稳流过程steadyflowprocess稳态近似法stationarystateapproximation 无热溶液athermalsolution无限稀溶液solutionsinthelimitofextremedilution物理化学PhysicalChemistry物理吸附physisorptions吸附adsorption吸附等量线adsorptionisostere吸附等温线adsorptionisotherm吸附等压线adsorptionisobar吸附剂adsorbent吸附量extentofadsorption吸附热heatofadsorption吸附质adsorbate析出电势evolutionordepositionpotential析因子性质propertythatpartitionfunctiontobeexpressedasaproductof 稀溶液的依数性colligativepropertiesofdilutesolutions稀释焓dilutionenthalpy系统system系统点systempoint系统的环境environmentofsystem相phase相变phasechange相变焓enthalpyofphasechange相变化phasechange相变热heatofphasechange相点phasepoint相对挥发度relativevolatility相对粘度relativeviscosity相律phaserule相平衡热容heatcapacityinphaseequilibrium相图phasediagram相倚子系统systemofdependentparticles悬浮液suspension循环过程cyclicprocess压力商pressurequotient压缩因子compressibilityfactor压缩因子图diagramofcompressibilityfactor亚稳状态metastablestate盐桥saltbridge盐析saltingout阳极anode杨氏方程Young’sequation液体接界电势liquidjunctionpotential液相线liquidphaselines一级反应firstorderreaction一级相变firstorderphasechange依时计量学反应timedependentstoichiometricreactions逸度fugacity逸度系数coefficientoffugacity阴极cathode荧光fluorescence永动机perpetualmotionmachine永久气体Permanentgas有效能availableenergy原电池primarycell原盐效应salteffect增比粘度specificviscosity憎液溶胶lyophobicsol沾湿adhesionalwetting沾湿功theworkofadhesionalwetting真溶液truesolution真实电解质realelectrolyte真实气体realgas真实迁移数truetransferencenumber振动配分函数partitionfunctionofvibration振动特征温度characteristictemperatureofvibration 蒸气压下降depressionofvaporpressure正常沸点normalpoint正吸附positiveadsorption支链反应branchedchainreactions直链反应straightchainreactions指前因子pre-exponentialfactor质量作用定律massactionlaw制冷系数coefficientofrefrigeration中和热heatofneutralization轴功shaftwork转动配分函数partitionfunctionofrotation转动特征温度characteristictemperatureofvibration 转化率convertratio转化温度conversiontemperature状态state状态方程stateequation状态分布statedistribution状态函数statefunction准静态过程quasi-staticprocess准一级反应pseudofirstorderreaction自动催化作用auto-catalysis自由度degreeoffreedom自由度数numberofdegreeoffreedom自由焓freeenthalpy自由能freeenergy自由膨胀freeexpansion组分数componentnumber最低恒沸点lowerazeotropicpoint最高恒沸点upperazeotropicpoint最佳反应温度optimalreactiontemperature 最可几分布mostprobabledistribution最可几速率mostpropablespeed化学专业术语英语对照来源：发布时间：2011年4月7日爆炸界限explosionlimits霍根-华森图Hougen-WatsonChart德拜和法尔肯哈根效应DebyeandFalkenhageneffect德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’slimitingequation 德拜立方公式Debyecubicformula聚沉值coagulationvalue聚沉coagulation聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte精馏rectify键焓bondenthalpy触变thixotropy解离化学吸附dissociationchemicaladsorption简并度degeneracy感胶离子序lyotropicseries催化剂catalyst隔离法theisolationmethod隔离系统isolatedsystem道尔顿定律Daltonlaw道尔顿分压定律Daltonpartialpressurelaw超电势overpotential缔合化学吸附associationchemicaladsorption等温等容位Helmholtzfreeenergy等温等压位Gibbsfreeenergy等温方程equationatconstanttemperature等焓线isenthalpicline等焓过程isenthalpicprocess等几率定理theoremofequalprobability焦耳定律Joule';slaw焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomsoneffect焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomsonexperiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomsoncoefficient焦耳Joule敞开系统opensystem菲克扩散第一定律Fick’sfirstlawofdiff usion 粗分散系统thickdispersesystem第三定律熵third-lawentropy第二类永动机perpetualmachineofthesecondkind 第一类永动机perpetualmachineofthefirstkind 盖斯定律Hesslaw盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussaclaw焓enthalpy混合熵entropyofmixing混合物mixture接触角contactangle接触电势contactpotential弹式量热计bombcalorimeter常见术语基态能级energylevelatgroundstate基希霍夫公式Kirchhoffformula基元反应elementaryreactions高会溶点upperconsolutepoint高分子溶液macromolecularsolution胶凝作用demulsification胶核colloidalnucleus胶束micelle胶冻brothjelly胶体粒子colloidalparticles胶体化学collochemistry胶体分散系统dispersionsystemofcolloid胶体colloid胶团micelle积分溶解热integrationheatofdissolution盎萨格电导理论Onsager’stheoryofconductance爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokesequation爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’slawofphotochemicalequivalence 浸湿功immersionwettingwork浸湿immersionwetting格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’slaw根均方速率root-mean-squarespeed费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Diracstatistics绝热量热计adiabaticcalorimeter绝热指数adiabaticindex绝热过程adiabaticprocess绝对熵absoluteentropy绝对温标absolutetemperaturescale绝对反应速率理论absolutereactionratetheory结晶热heatofcrystallization结线tieline科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch’sLawofIndependentMigrationofIons 界面张力surfacetension界面interfaces玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einsteinstatistics玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmannentropytheorem玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmannconstant玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmanndistribution玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmannformula独立子系统independentparticlesystem活度activity活化控制activationcontrol活化能activationenergy活化络合物理论activatedcomplextheory标准熵standardentropy标准摩尔燃烧焓standardmolarcombustionenthalpy标准摩尔熵standardmolarentropy标准摩尔焓函数standardmolarenthalpyfunction标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standardmolarGibbsfreeenergyfunction 标准摩尔生成焓standardmolarformationenthalpy标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standardmolarformationGibbsfunction标准摩尔反应熵standardmolarreactionentropy标准摩尔反应焓standardmolarreactionenthalpy标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standardGibbsfunctionofmolarreaction 标准氢电极standardhydrogenelectrode标准态standardstate标准状况standardcondition标准压力standardpressure标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential标准电动势standardelectromotiveforce标准平衡常数standardequilibriumconstant柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbslaw查理定律Charle’slaw挥发度volatility恒容摩尔热容molarheatcapacityatconstantvolume恒容热heatatconstantvolume恒沸混合物constantboilingmixture恒压摩尔热容molarheatcapacityatconstantpressure恒压热heatatconstantpressure恒外压constantexternalpressure封闭系统closedsystem复合反应compositereaction饱和蒸气压saturatedvaporpressure饱和蒸气saturatedvapor饱和液体saturatedliquids饱和吸附量saturatedextentofadsorption非基元反应non-elementaryreactions非依时计量学反应timeindependentstoichiometricreactions 非体积功non-volumework规定熵stipulatedentropy表面活性剂surfactants表面质量作用定律surfacemassactionlaw表面张力surfacetension表面吸附量surfaceexcess表面过程控制surfaceprocesscontrol表面surfaces表观摩尔质量apparentmolecularweight表观活化能apparentactivationenergy表观迁移数apparenttransferencenumber范德华常数vanderWaalsconstant范德华气体vanderWaalsgases范德华方程vanderWaalsequation范德华力vanderWaalsforce范特霍夫渗透压公式van’tHoffequationofosmoticpressure 范特霍夫规则van’tHoffrule范特霍夫方程van’tHoffequation环境熵变entropychangeinenvironment环境environment波义尔温度Boyletemperature波义尔点Boylepoint波义尔定律Boylelaw法拉第常数faradayconstant法拉第定律Faraday’slaw泊Poise沸点升高elevationofboilingpoint沸点boilingpoint构型熵configurationalentropy定域子系统localizedparticlesystem定容摩尔热容molarheatcapacityunderconstantvolume定容温度计ConstantvoIumethermometer定压摩尔热容molarheatcapacityunderconstantpressure定压温度计constantpressurethermometer孤立系统isolatedsystem固溶胶solidsol固相线solidphaseline固态混合物solidsolution单链反应straightchainreactions单分子层吸附理论monomoleculelayeradsorption 单分子反应unimolecularreaction附加压力excesspressure阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrheniusactivationenergy阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrheniusionizationtheory 阿累尼乌斯方程Arrheniusequation阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro’number阿伏加德罗定律Avogadrolaw阿马格定律Amagatlaw沉降电势sedimentationpotential沉降平衡sedimentationequilibrium沉降sedimentation极限摩尔电导率limitingmolarconductivity极化作用polarization极化曲线polarizationcurves极化电极电势polarizationpotentialofelectrode杠杆规则leverrule低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric低共熔混合物eutecticmixture低共熔点eutecticpoint低会溶点lowerconsolutepoint亨利常数Henryconstant亨利定律Henrylaw过程process过渡状态理论transitionstatetheory过热液体overheatedliquid过饱和蒸气oversaturatedvapor过饱和溶液oversaturatedsolution过冷液体overcooledliquid过冷水super-cooledwater负极negativepole负吸附negativeadsorption安托万常数Antoineconstant安托万方程Antoineequation多方过程polytropicprocess多分子层吸附理论adsorptiontheoryofmulti-molecularlayers 吉布斯函数判据Gibbsfunctioncriterion吉布斯函数Gibbsfunction吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhemequation吉布斯吸附公式Gibbsadsorptionformula吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotzequation 吉氏函数Gibbsfunction动力学控制kineticscontrol动力学方程kineticequations共轭溶液conjugatesolution共沸温度azeotropictemperature光谱熵spectrum entropy光敏反应photosensitizedreactions光反应photoreaction光化学第二定律thesecondlawofactinochemistry 光化学第一定律thefirstlawofactinochemistry 价数规则ruleofvalence产率yield亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtzfunctioncriterion 亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtzfunction亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtzfreeenergy亥氏函数Helmholtzfunction节流膨胀系数coefficientofthrottlingexpansion 节流膨胀throttlingexpansion节流过程throttlingprocess艾林方程Eryingequation电解池electrolyticcell电量计coulometer电渗析electrodialysis电渗electroosmosis电流效率currentefficiency电泳electrophoresis电极种类typeofelectrodes电极电势electrodepotential电极反应reactionsontheelectrode电迁移率electromobility电迁移electromigration电池常数cellconstant电池电动势electromotiveforceofcells电池反应cellreaction电导率conductivity电导conductance电动势的温度系数temperaturecoefficientofelectromotiveforce 电动电势zetapotential电功electricwork电化学极化electrochemicalpolarization电化学electrochemistry甘汞电极calomelelectrode弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlichempiricalformulaofadsorption 布朗运动brownianmovement对称数symmetrynumber对应状态原理principleofcorrespondingstate对行反应reversiblereactions对比摩尔体积reducedmolevolume对比温度reducedtemperature对比体积reducedvolume对比压力reducedpressure卡诺循环Carnotcycle卡诺定理Carnottheorem半衰期halftimeperiod半电池halfcell功函workcontent功work计量系数stoichiometriccoefficient计量式stoichiometricequation比浓粘度reducedviscosity比表面吉布斯函数specificsurfaceGibbsfunction比表面功specificsurfacework开尔文公式Kelvinformula反渗透reverseosmosis反应速率常数constantofreactionrate反应速率rateofreaction反应热heatofreaction反应进度extentofreaction反应级数reactionorders反应分子数molecularity反电动势back化学热力学chemicalthermodynamics化学亲合势chemicalaffinity化学势判据chemicalpotentialcriterion化学势chemicalpotential化学吸附chemisorptions化学动力学chemicalkinetics化学反应进度extentofchemicalreaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometriccoefficientofchemicalreaction 化学反应计量式stoichiometricequationofchemicalreaction分解电压decompositionvoltage分散相dispersionphase分散系统dispersesystem分配定律distributionlaw分体积定律partialvolumelaw分体积partialvolume分压定律partialpressurelaw分压partialpressure分布数distributionnumbers分布distribution分子蒸馏moleculardistillation分子间力intermolecularforce分子反应力学mechanicsofmolecularreactions不可逆相变化irreversiblephasechange不可逆过程热力学thermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses 不可逆过程irreversibleprocess广度性质extensiveproperty广延量extensivequantity广延性质extensiveproperty几率因子stericfactor二级相变secondorderphasechange二级反应secondorderreaction丁达尔效应Dyndalleffectζ电势zetapotentialpVT性质pVTpropertyHLB法hydrophile-lipophilebalancemethodDLVO理论DLVOtheoryBET公式BETformula可能的电解质potentialelectrolyte可逆电池reversiblecell可逆过程reversibleprocess可逆过程方程reversibleprocessequation可逆体积功reversiblevolumework可逆相变reversiblephasechange克拉佩龙方程Clapeyronequation克劳修斯不等式Clausiusinequality克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyronequation控制步骤controlstep库仑计coulometer扩散控制diffusioncontrolled拉普拉斯方程Laplace’sequation拉乌尔定律Raoultlaw兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwoodmechanism 兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuiradsorptionisothermformula 雷利公式Rayleighequation冷冻系数coefficientofrefrigeration冷却曲线coolingcurve离解热heatofdissociation离解压力dissociationpressure离域子系统non-localizedparticlesystems离子的标准摩尔生成焓standardmolarformationofion离子的电迁移率mobilityofions离子的迁移数transportnumberofions离子独立运动定律lawoftheindependentmigrationofions离子氛ionicatmosphere离子强度ionicstrength理想混合物perfectmixture理想气体idealgas理想气体的绝热指数adiabaticindexofidealgases理想气体的微观模型micro-modelofidealgas理想气体反应的等温方程isothermalequationofidealgaseousreactions理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabaticreversibleprocessequationofidealgase 理想气体状态方程stateequationofidealgas理想稀溶液idealdilutesolution理想液态混合物perfectliquidmixture粒子particles粒子的配分函数partitionfunctionofparticles连串反应consecutivereactions链的传递物chaincarrier链反应chainreactions量热熵calorimetricentropy量子统计quantumstatistics量子效率quantumyield临界参数criticalparameter临界常数criticalconstant临界点criticalpoint临界胶束浓度criticalmicelleconcentration临界摩尔体积criticalmolarvolume临界温度criticaltemperature临界压力criticalpressure临界状态criticalstate零级反应zeroorderreaction流动电势streamingpotential流动功flowwork笼罩效应cageeffect路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randallruleoffugacity 露点dewpoint露点线dewpointline麦克斯韦关系式Maxwellrelations麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwelldistributionofspeeds麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistributionofenergy毛细管凝结condensationincapillary毛细现象capillary phenomena米凯利斯常数Michaelisconstant摩尔电导率molarconductivity摩尔反应焓molarreactionenthalpy摩尔混合熵moleentropyofmixing摩尔气体常数molargasconstant摩尔热容molarheatcapacity摩尔溶解焓moledissolutionenthalpy摩尔稀释焓moledilutionenthalpy内扩散控制internaldiffusionscontrol内能internalenergy内压力internalpressure能级energylevels能级分布energyleveldistribution能量均分原理principleoftheequipartitionofenergy 能斯特方程Nernstequation能斯特热定理Nernstheattheorem凝固点freezingpoint凝固点降低loweringoffreezingpoint凝固点曲线freezingpointcurve凝胶gelatin凝聚态condensedstate凝聚相condensedphase浓差超电势concentrationover-potential浓差极化concentrationpolarization浓差电池concentrationcells帕斯卡pascal泡点bubblepoint泡点线bubblepointline配分函数partitionfunction配分函数的析因子性质propertythatpartitionfunctiontobeexpressedasap roductoftheseparatepartitionfunctionsforeachkindofstate碰撞截面collisioncrosssection碰撞数thenumberofcollisions偏摩尔量partialmolequantities平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibriumconstantsforreactionsofidealgases 平动配分函数partitionfunctionoftranslation平衡分布equilibriumdistribution平衡态equilibriumstate平衡态近似法equilibriumstateapproximation平衡状态图equilibriumstatediagram平均活度meanactivity平均活度系统meanactivitycoefficient平均摩尔热容meanmolarheatcapacity平均质量摩尔浓度meanmassmolarity平均自由程meanfreepath平行反应parallelreactions破乳demulsification铺展spreading普遍化范德华方程universalvanderWaalsequation。

!易国斌，崔英德，康正，余林，郭建维，邓志城，廖列文（广东工业大学轻工化工学院，广东广州510006）摘要：研究了!-丁内酯与乙醇胺在改性Y 型分子筛上气相反应合成!-羟乙基吡咯烷酮（N H P）的情况，考察了分子筛组成、反应温度等对催化性能的影响。

结果表明，CuREY 具有较高的活性与稳定性，合适的反应温度为260—280 C 。

采用最小二乘法研究了反应的表观动力学，得到双曲线速率方程，计算了相关动力学参数，用Arr hen i us公式计算了近似的反应活化能与!-丁内酯、乙醇胺的吸附活化能分别为49. 28、-29. 84、-21. 53 k J/ mo i，表明活性物种之间的反应为决速步骤。

回归相关系数表明，双曲线动力学方程与反应能较好地吻合。

关键词：Y 型分子筛；!-丁内酯；!-羟乙基吡咯烷酮；动力学中图分类号：0 643 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-9954（2006）05-0028-05S t ud i es on gas phase a m i n a t i o n r e ac t i o n of!-bu t y r o l ac t o n e and i t s k i n e t i c sYI Gu o-b i n，CU I Y i n g-d e，K ANG Zh e n g，YU Lin，GUO J i a n-w e i，DENG Zh i-c h e n g，L I AO Li e-w e n（F a cu i t y of Ch e m i c a i E n g i n ee r i n g and L i g h t I ndu s tr y，Gu a n g d o n g Un i v e r s i t y of T e chn o i og y，Guangzhou 510006，Guangdong P r o v i nc e，Ch i n a）Ab s t r ac t：G as phase r ea c t i o n of !-bu t y r o i a c t o n e and e t h a n o i a m i n e to produc e !-hy d r o xy e t hy i py rr o ii d o n e（NHP）on m o d i f i e d Y Z eo ii t es w as s t ud i e d.I n f i u e nc es of some factors such as c a t a i y s t c o mp os i t i o n and r ea c t i o n temperature on c a t a i y t i c p r o p e rt i es were d i s c u ss e d.The r es u i t s show that CuREY has c o mp a r a t i v e i y h i g h c a t a i y t i c a c t i v i t y，s t a b iii t y，and o p t i m a i r ea c t i o n temperature i s 260-280 C . Apparent k i n e t i c s of the r ea c t i o n w as i nv es t i ga t e d w i t h i eas t-s gu a r es method and hy p e r b o ii c rate e gu a t i o n was represented. K i n e t i c parameters w e r e c a i c u i a t e d. A c t i v a t i o n energy for the r ea c t i o n of the a d s o r p t i v e m o i e c u i es，a d s o r p t i o n a c t i v a t i o n energy o f !-bu t y r o i a c t o n e and e t h a n o i a m i n e c a i c u i a t e d through the Arr h e n i u s e gu a t i o n are a pp r o x i m a t e i y49. 28，- 29. 84 and - 21. 53 k J/ m o i r es p e c t i v e i y，wh i ch i nd i c a t es that the r ea c t i o n of a d s o r p t i v e m o i e c u i es i s r a t e-d e t e r m i n i n g step. The c o rr e i a t i o n c oe ff i c i e n t shows that o b t a i n e d hy p e r b o ii c k i n e t i c e gu a t i o n i s f i tt i n g w e ii w i t h the r ea c t i o n.K e y w o r d s：Y-z eo ii t e；!-bu t y r o i a c t o n e；!-hy d r o xy i py rr o ii d o n e；k i n e t i c s含0 杂环化合物的取代反应是一类重要反应，由此可以合成许多中间体。

临界反应英语Critical ReactionIn chemistry, a critical reaction is a term used to describe a reaction that occurs only under specific conditions. These conditions may include temperature, pressure, concentrations of reactants, or the presence of catalysts. The critical reaction is the point at which the reaction rate changes significantly due to a change in one of these critical factors. Understanding critical reactions is essential for predicting and controlling chemical processes.One common example of a critical reaction is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. This reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, but when a catalyst, such as manganese dioxide, is added, the reaction speeds up dramatically. The critical factor in this reaction is the presence of the catalyst, which lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Without the catalyst, the reaction may not occur at all or may proceed at an extremely slow rate.Another example of a critical reaction is the oxidation of iron. Under normal conditions, iron does not react with oxygen in the air. However, if the iron is heated to high temperatures, a criticalreaction occurs, leading to the formation of iron oxide, also known as rust. The critical factor in this reaction is the temperature, as it determines the energy required for the reaction to take place.Understanding critical reactions is crucial in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and materials science. By controlling the critical factors in a reaction, chemists can optimize reaction conditions to maximize the efficiency of a process, reduce waste, and improve product quality. Additionally, studying critical reactions can lead to the development of new catalysts and processes that can revolutionize the way chemicals are produced and used in various applications.In conclusion, critical reactions play a vital role in chemistry by determining the conditions under which a reaction occurs. By understanding and controlling critical factors, chemists can manipulate reactions to achieve desired outcomes and improve the efficiency of chemical processes. As technology advances, the study of critical reactions will continue to be essential in developing new materials, drugs, and technologies that shape our world.。

耐高温双马来酰亚胺树脂的固化反应动力学和TTT图李伟东;张金栋;李韶亮;刘刚;钟翔屿;包建文【摘要】采用动态DSC法对耐高温双马来酰亚胺树脂的固化反应动力学进行研究,根据Kissinger方程和Crane方程,拟合得到树脂的固化动力学参数,并建立树脂的唯象模型.此外,采用恒温DSC法,根据DiBenedetto方程,建立树脂的玻璃化转变温度与固化度之间的函数关系.采用凝胶盘法,获得树脂在不同温度下的凝胶时间,建立凝胶时间和凝胶温度之间的函数关系,最终得到树脂的TTT图.结果表明:根据TTT 图确定合适的加压时机,可以有效排除夹杂于预浸料层内层间的气体,从而制备内部质量完好的复合材料.【期刊名称】《材料工程》【年(卷),期】2016(044)009【总页数】8页(P44-51)【关键词】双马来酰亚胺树脂;固化反应动力学;TTT图;工艺优化【作者】李伟东;张金栋;李韶亮;刘刚;钟翔屿;包建文【作者单位】中航复合材料有限责任公司,北京101300;核工业理化工程研究院,天津300180;空军驻北京地区军事代表室,北京101300;中航复合材料有限责任公司,北京101300;中航复合材料有限责任公司,北京101300;中航复合材料有限责任公司,北京101300【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TB332双马来酰亚胺树脂(Bismaleimide, BMI)具有优良的综合力学性能、耐热性、耐湿热性、耐辐射性以及易于成型加工等特点，以其为基体的先进复合材料已广泛应用于航空、航天等领域，应用部位包括主承力结构及次承力结构，如机翼蒙皮、尾翼、垂尾以及飞机机身结构等[1]。

先进飞行器飞行高度、飞行速率的不断攀升，对先进复合材料耐热性能的要求也愈发迫切。

复合材料的耐热性主要取决于基体树脂的耐热性能，目前一般双马来酰亚胺树脂的长期使用温度大约在150℃，而耐温级别更高的聚酰亚胺树脂的长期使用温度一般在300℃以上[2]，但聚酰亚胺树脂基复合材料成型加工工艺较复杂，且单体价格较为昂贵，树脂成本较高；因此，通过对双马来酰亚胺树脂体系的配方、配制工艺以及固化工艺进行优化设计，使其满足250℃长期使用的耐热性要求，进而填补目前常用双马来酰亚胺树脂与聚酰亚胺树脂之间的使用温度空白十分必要。

化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收unconverted reactant未转化的反应物chemical reactortransfer of heat,evaporation,crystallization结晶drying干燥screening筛选，浮选chemical reaction化学反应cracking of petroleum石油裂解catalyst催化剂，reaction zone反应区conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用，成本，基建投资yield 产率，收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料，原料product 产物，产品percent conversion百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoline汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物，不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏-energy saving 节约能量energy efficiency 能量效率heat-sensitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 制药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性，气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收；absorption：吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品，特种化学品batch间歇的；continuous：连续的micro-reactor 微型反应器hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis 光气合成.commercial proportions 商业规模replication 复制sensor 传感器，探头separation of solids 固体分离suspension 悬浮液porous medium 多孔介质filtration 过滤medium 介质filter 过滤器trap 收集，捕集Buchner funnel 布氏漏斗Vacuum 真空conical funnel 锥形漏斗filter paper 滤纸area 面积filter cake 滤饼factor 因数，因子，系数，比例viscosity 黏度density 密度corrosive property 腐蚀性particle size 颗粒尺寸shape 形状size distribution 粒度分布packing characteristics填充性质concentration 浓度filtrate 滤液feed liquor 进料液pretreatment 预处理latent heat 潜热resistance 阻力surface layer 表面层-filtering medium 过滤介质drop in pressure 压降filtering surface 过滤表面filter cake 滤饼cake filtration 饼层过滤deep bed filtration 深层过滤depth 深度law 定律net flow 净流量conduction 传导convection 对流radiation 辐射temperature gradient 温度梯度metallic solid 金属固体thermal conduction 热传导motion of unbound electrons 自由电子的运动electrical conductivity 导电性thermal conductivity 导热性poor conductor of electricity 不良导电体transport of momentum 动量传递the random motion of molecules 分子无规则运动brick wall 墙壁furnace 火炉，燃烧器metal wall of a tube 金属管壁macroscopic particle 宏观的粒子control volume 控制体enthalpy 焓macroscopic phenomenon 宏观现象forces of friction 摩擦力fluid mechanics 流体力学flux（通量，流通量）of enthalpy 焓通量eddy 尾流，涡流turbulent flow 湍流natural and forced convection 自然对流和强制对流buoyancy force 浮力temperature gradient 温度梯度electromagnetic wave 电磁波fused quartz 熔化的石英reflect 反射，inflection:折射matte无光泽的，无光的temperature level 温度高低inter-phase mass transfer界相际间质量传递-rate of diffusion扩散速率acetone 丙酮dissolve 溶解ammonia 氨ammonia-air mixture 氨气-水混合物physical process 物理过程oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物nitric acid 硝酸carbon dioxide 二氧化碳sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠actualrate of absorption 实际吸收速率two-film theory 双膜理论concentration difference 浓度差in the vicinity of 在…附近，靠近..,大约…，在…左右molecular diffusion 分子扩散laminar sub-layer 层流底层resistance 阻力，阻止boundary layer 边界层Fick’s Law费克定律is proportional to 与…成比例concentration gradient 浓度梯度plate tower 板式塔installation 装置feed 进料bottom 底部，塔底solvent 溶剂top 顶部，塔顶partial vaporization 部分汽化boiling point 沸点equimolecular counter-diffusion 等分子反向扩散ideal system 理想系统ratio of A to B A与B的比值with the result that：由于的缘故，鉴于的结果tray 塔板packed tower 填料塔bubble-cap tower 泡罩塔spray chamber 喷淋室maintenance expense 维修费foundation 基础tower shell 塔体packing material 填料pump 泵blower 风机accessory heater 附属加热器-cooler 冷却器heat exchanger 换热器solvent-recovery system 溶剂回收系统operating cost 操作费用power 动力circulating gas 循环气labor 劳动力steam蒸汽regenerate再生cooling water 冷却水solvent make-up 补充溶剂optimum 最优的unabsorbed component未吸收组分purity纯度volatility挥发性vapor pressure蒸汽压liquid mixture 液体混合物condense凝缩，冷凝binary distillation双组分精馏multi-component distillation多组分精馏stage-type distillation column级板式精馏塔mount 安装，固定conduit导流管）,downcomer 降液管gravity重力weir溢流堰vapor-liquid contacting device汽液接触装置valve tray浮阀塔板reboiler再沸器vaporization汽化condensate冷凝液，凝缩液overhead vapor塔顶汽体condenser冷凝器ifeed tray进料板base塔底，基础bottoms product塔底产品condensation冷凝stripping section汽提段,提馏段distillate section精馏段total condense全凝器distillate product塔顶馏出产品reflux回流thermodynamic equilibrium 热力学平衡solution溶液-fractional crystallization分步结晶solubility，溶解度，溶解性soluble可溶解的solvent溶剂employ采纳，利用miscible可混合的，可溶的，可搅拌的mechanical separation 机械分离）liquid-liquid extraction 液液萃取aromatic 芳香烃的paraffin石蜡，链烷烃lubricating oil润滑油decompose分解，离解，还原，腐烂penicillin青霉素streptomycin（链霉素）precipitation沉淀，沉析ethyl alcohol乙醇)extract萃取液heat requirement热负荷solute溶质extract phase萃取相baffle-plate折流挡板，缓冲挡板settling tank沉降槽centrifuge离心.离心机，离心分离emulsifying agent乳化剂density difference密度差raffinate萃余液extract 萃取液drying of Solids 固体干燥process material过程物料(相对最终产品而言的）organic有机的，有机物的benzene苯humidity湿度moisture content湿含量drying rate干燥速率critical moisture content临界湿湿含量falling-rate降速concave （凸的，凸面）or convex（凹的，凹面）approximate to：接近，趋近straight line：直线constant-rate drying period恒速干燥阶段convection drying对流干燥drying gas干燥气体falling-rate period降速干燥阶段mean value平均值-vacuum drying真空干燥discolor变色，脱色sublime升华freeze drying冷冻干燥adiabatic绝热的，不传热的pressure gradientperpendicular to：与----垂直counter-current逆流per unit area单位面积water-cooling tower水冷塔sensible heat（sensible heat：显热）water droplet水珠，水滴quantitative relation定量关系thermal diffusion热扩散at right angles to 与…成直角，与…垂直by virtue of 由于，根据，凭借于molecular transfer分子传递balance 抵消，平衡drag forces曳力a function of …的函数of the same order具有同一数量级eddy diffusion涡流扩散is almost inversely proportional to 几乎与…成反比Reynolds number雷诺准数fully developed turbulent flow充分发展湍流coefficient系数In principle从原理而言exothermic（放热的，endothermic吸热的,adiabatic绝热的）triple bond三健，三价nitrogen oxides氮氧化物compound化合物conversion转化，转化率protein蛋白质compress压缩reaction yield反应产率reaction speed反应速度one-pass（单程） reactorenergy input能量输入maximum最大的near toequilibrium接近平衡output产出，输出，产量fertilizer化肥urea尿素ammonium nitrate硝酸铵-ammonium phosphate磷酸铵ammonium sulfate硫酸铵diammonium hydrogen phosphate磷酸二氢铵ash纯碱pyridine砒啶polymers聚合物nylon尼龙acrylics丙烯酸树脂via经，由，通过，借助于hydrogen cyanide氰化氢nitric acid硝酸bulk explosive集装炸药crude oil原油natural gas天然气bitumen沥青fossil fuel化石燃料seepage渗出物asphalt沥青oil drilling采油gasoline汽油paint涂料plastic塑料synthetic rubber合成橡胶fiber纤维soap肥皂cleansing agent清洗剂wax石蜡explosive炸药oil shale油页岩deposit沉积物aquatic plant 水生植物sedimentary rock沉积岩sandstone砂岩siltstone泥岩tar sand沥青石chain-shaped链状的methane甲烷paraffin石蜡，烷烃ring-shaped（环状的）hydrocarbonnaphthene环烷烃naphtha石脑油tarry柏油的，焦油的，焦油状的asphaltene沥青油impurity杂质-pollutant 污染物combustion燃烧capillarity毛细现象，毛细管力viscous resistance粘性阻力barrel桶(国际原油计量单位)tanker油轮kerosene煤油heavy gas oil重瓦斯油reforming重整cracking裂化octane number of gasoline汽油辛烷值branched-chain（带支链的）materials science材料科学mechanical, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic, and optical behavior. （机械性能、热学性能、化学性能、电学性能、磁性能、光学性能）Amalgam 汞齐，水银；混合物，交叉solid state physics固体物理学metallurgy 冶金学，冶金术magnet 磁铁，有吸引力的人或物insulation 绝缘catalytic cracking 催化裂化structural steels 结构钢computer microchip 计算机芯片Aerospace 航空Telecommunication 电信information processing 信息处理nuclear power 核能energy conversion 能量转化internal structure 内部结构defect structure 结构缺陷crystal flaw 晶体瑕疵vacant atomic site 原子空位dislocation 错位precipitate 沉淀物semiconductor 半导体mechanical disturbance 机械扰动ductility 延展性brittleness 脆性spinning electrons 旋转电子amorphous 非定型的，非晶型的，非结晶的，玻璃状的；无一定目的的，乱七八糟chemical process safety 化工过程安全exotic chemistry 奇异化学-hydrodynamic model水力学模型two-phase flow两相流dispersion model分散模型toxic有毒的release释放，排放probability of failure失效概率accident prevention事故预防hard hat 安全帽safety shoe防护鞋rules and regulations 规章制度loss prevention损失预防hazard identification 危害辩识，technical evaluation技术评估safety management support安全管理基础知识safety experience安全经验technical competence技术能力safety knowledge安全知识design engineer设计师cost engineer造价师process engineering过程工程plant layout工厂布局general service facilities公用工程plant location工厂选址close teamwork紧密的团队协作specialized group专业组storage仓库waste disposal废物处理terminology术语，词汇accountant会计师，会计，出纳final-proposal决议tangible return有形回报Empirical model 经验模型process control（过程控制）first-principles基本原理，基本规则regression model回归模型.operating condition操作条件nonlinear-equation-solving technique非线性方程求解技术process-simulation software packages过程模拟软件包least-squares-regression最小二乘法statistical technique 统计技术intensity强度，程度phenomenological model 现象模型model identification模式识别-neural network神经网络a priori：先验的，既定的，不根据经验的，由原因推出结果的，演绎的，直觉的process data historian：过程数据历史编撰师qualitative定性的quantitative precision定量的精确high-fidelity高保真的computationally intensive计算量大的mathematical expressionsteady-state model稳态模型bioengineering生物工程artificial人工的hearing aid助听器artificial limb假肢supportive or substitute organ辅助或替代器官biosynthesis生物合成life scientist生命科学家agricultural engineer农艺师fermentation发酵civil engineer土木工程师sanitation卫生physiologists生理学criteria 指标human medicine人体医学medical electronics医疗电子medical instrumentation医疗器械blood-flow dynamics血液流动动力学prosthetics假肢器官学biomechanics生物力学surgeon外科医生replacement organ器官移植physiologist生理学家counterpart对应物，配对物psychology心理学self-taught自学barrier障碍物medical engineering医学工程，医疗工程health care保健diagnostic application of computers计算机诊断agricultural engineering农业工程biological production生物制品生产bionics（仿生学）human-factors engineering人类与环境工程environmental health engineering环境健康工程environmentally benign processing环境友好加工commodity or specialty通用商品或特殊化学品styrene苯乙烯ibuprofen异丁苯丙酸the Chemical Manufacturers Association化工生产协会as a whole整体而言emission释放物，排放物voluntary自愿的，无偿的，义务的；有意的，随意的；民办的in the absence of无---存在deactivate失活bulk chemical 大宗化工产品Fine chemical 精细化工Pharmaceutical制药segment段，片，区间，部门，部分；弓形，圆缺；分割，切断tonnage吨位，吨数，吨产量inorganic salt无机盐hydroquinone 对苯二酚demonstrate论证，证明，证实；说明，表明，显示forefront最前线，最前沿Lewis acid不可再生的路易斯酸anhydrous无水的phaseout消除HF alkylation氰氟酸烷基化catalytic oxidation催化氧化governmental regulation政府规定pharmaceutical intermediate药物中间体stereoselective立体选择性的ketone酮functional group官能团detrimental有害的chlorofluorocarbon二氯二氟化碳，氟里昂carbon tetrachloride四氯化碳straightforward简单明了的coordinating ligand配合体，向心配合体kilogram千克thermal stability热稳定性devastate破坏，蹂躏outline描绘，勾勒membrane technology膜技术production line生产线dairy牛奶water purification水净化lifetime寿命membrane module膜组件durability 耐久性，寿命，使用期限，强度chemical additive添加剂end-of-pipe solution 最终方案closed system封闭系统substitute取代，替代technical challenge技术挑战，技术困难wastewater treatment污水处理fouling污垢，发泡surface treatment表面处理applied Chemistry应用化学nomenclature of chemical compound化学化合物的命名法descriptive 描述性的prefix前缀alkane烷烃family族carbon skeleton碳骨架chain链Latin or Greek stem 拉丁或者希腊词根suffix后缀constitute取代物，取代基homologous series同系物branched chain支链烷烃parent母链，主链derivative衍生物substituent取代基locant位次，位标replicating prefix重复前缀词Gas and Liquid Chromatography气相色谱与液相色谱analytical chemistry分析化学moving gas stream移动的气流heats of solution and vaporization溶解热和汽化热activity coefficient活度系数counteract抵消milliliter毫升essential oil香精油test mixture测试混合物sample样品helium氦argon氩carrier载体injection注射stationary nonvolatile phase静止的不挥发相detector检测器fraction collector馏分收集器columnar liquid chromatography柱状液相色谱仪retention volume保留体积retention times保留时间high-performance高性能mobile phase移动相high-efficiency高效的analyte分析物plane chromatography薄层色谱capillary action毛细管作用assay分析化验fluorescence 荧光色，荧光retardation factor保留因子，延迟因子。

反应动力学英语Reaction Kinetics: The Fundamental Principles of Chemical TransformationsChemical reactions are the heart of the natural world, driving the processes that sustain life and shape our environment. At the core of these transformations lies the field of reaction kinetics, a branch of chemistry that delves into the intricate details of how and why chemical reactions occur. Understanding the principles of reaction kinetics is crucial for a wide range of applications, from the development of new pharmaceuticals to the optimization of industrial processes.At its most fundamental level, reaction kinetics explores the rates at which chemical reactions take place. This involves the study of the factors that influence the speed of a reaction, such as temperature, pressure, and the concentrations of the reactants. By understanding these factors, scientists and engineers can manipulate the conditions of a reaction to achieve desired outcomes, whether it's maximizing the yield of a valuable product or minimizing the formation of unwanted byproducts.One of the key concepts in reaction kinetics is the rate law, which describes the relationship between the concentrations of the reactants and the rate of the reaction. The rate law is typically expressed as a mathematical equation, with the rate constant and the reaction order as the primary variables. The rate constant reflects the inherent reactivity of the substances involved, while the reaction order indicates how the rate of the reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are altered.Another important aspect of reaction kinetics is the concept of the activation energy, which is the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur. Reactions with higher activation energies tend to be slower and less favorable, while those with lower activation energies are more likely to occur spontaneously. Understanding the factors that influence activation energy, such as the molecular structure of the reactants and the presence of catalysts, is crucial for designing efficient and cost-effective chemical processes.The study of reaction kinetics also encompasses the mechanisms by which chemical reactions take place. These mechanisms can be quite complex, involving a series of elementary steps that collectively result in the overall transformation. By elucidating the mechanism of a reaction, scientists can gain valuable insights into the fundamental nature of the chemical process, which can then be used to developmore effective strategies for controlling and optimizing the reaction.One of the key applications of reaction kinetics is in the field of chemical engineering, where it plays a crucial role in the design and optimization of chemical processes. By understanding the kinetics of a reaction, engineers can determine the optimal operating conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and residence time, to maximize the yield and efficiency of the process. This knowledge is particularly important in the production of fuels, pharmaceuticals, and other high-value chemicals, where even small improvements in reaction kinetics can have a significant impact on the bottom line.Another important application of reaction kinetics is in the field of environmental chemistry, where it is used to understand and predict the fate of pollutants in the environment. By studying the kinetics of reactions involving environmental contaminants, scientists can develop strategies for their removal or remediation, as well as predict the long-term impacts of these substances on ecosystems and human health.In the realm of biological chemistry, reaction kinetics plays a crucial role in understanding the complex biochemical processes that sustain life. From the enzymatic reactions that drive metabolic pathways to the signaling cascades that regulate cellular function, the principles of reaction kinetics are essential for unraveling theintricate mechanisms that underlie the living world.As the scientific community continues to push the boundaries of our understanding of the natural world, the field of reaction kinetics will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role. By unlocking the secrets of how and why chemical reactions occur, we can unlock the keys to a more sustainable, efficient, and innovative future, one that harnesses the power of chemistry to address the pressing challenges of our time.。

化学及化工专业英语词汇(R)化学及化工专业英语词汇(R)化学及化工专业英语词汇(R)r acid r 酸racemate 外消旋化合物racemic acid 外消旋酸racemic compound 外消旋化合物racemic mixture 外消旋混合物racemic modification 外消旋体racemism 外消旋性racemization 外消旋rad 拉德radiance temperature 发光温度radiant energy 辐射能radiant flux 辐射流radiant heat 辐射热radiant ray intercepted glass 辐射线防御玻璃radiation 辐射radiation chemical reaction 辐射化学反应radiation chemistry 辐射线化学radiation cure 辐射硫化radiation damage 辐照损伤radiation equilibrium 辐射平衡radiation hazard 放射危害radiation intensity 辐射强度radiation law 辐射律radiation loss 辐射损失radiation polymerization 辐照聚合radiation protection 辐射防护radiation pyrometer 辐射高温计radiation shield 辐射屏蔽radiation temperature 辐射温度radiationless transition 无辐射跃迁radiative recombination 辐射复合radiative transfer 辐射传热radiator 散热器暖气片radical 基radical polymerization 游离基聚合radical scavenger 游离基清除剂radio frequency heating 高频加热radioactinium 射锕radioactivation analysis 放射化分析radioactive contamination 放射性污染radioactive decay 放射性衰变radioactive deposit 放射性沉积物radioactive disintegration 放射性衰变radioactive element 放射性元素radioactive equilibrium 放射平衡radioactive indicator 放射指示剂radioactive isotope 放射性同位素radioactive paint 放射性油漆radioactive substance 放射性物质radioactive tracer 放射指示剂radioactive transformation 放射性转换radioactive waste 放射性废物radioactivity 放射能力radiobiology 放射生物学radiocarbon 放射性碳radiochemical analysis 放射化学分析radiochemistry 放射化学radiochromatogram 辐射色层分离谱radiochromometer 放射比色计radiocolloid 放射性胶体radioelectrochemistry 放射电化学radioelement 放射性元素radiogram 射线照相radiograph 射线照相radiography 射线照相术radioisotope 放射性同位素radiolysis 辐照分解radiometer 辐射计radiometric analysis 射量分析radiometric titration 放射滴定radionuclide 放射性核素radiosensitivity 放射敏感性radiothorium 射钍radiotracer 放射指示剂radiovulcanization 辐射硫化radium 镭radium bromide 溴化镭radium carbonate 碳酸镭radium chloride 氯化镭radium emanation 镭射气radium sulfate 硫酸镭radius ratio 半径比radon 氡raffinase 棉子糖酶raffinate 提余液raffinose 棉子糖rag opening 再生毛rag paper 粗纸rag pulp 破布纸浆raman effect 喇曼效应raman spectrum 喇曼光谱ramie 苎麻rancidity 酸败random variable 随机变数raney nickel catalyst 兰尼镍催化剂range 范围range of explosion 爆炸范围raoult's law 喇乌耳定律rapeseed oil 菜油rapid analysis 快速分析rapid cure adhesives 速定胶粘剂rapid developer 快速显影剂rapid flow method 快哩rapid hardening cement 快硬水泥rare earth elements 稀土元素rare gas 稀有气体rare metal 稀有金属rarefaction 稀薄化rarefaction of air 空气稀薄化raschig ring 腊希格环rate constant 速度常数rate constant of reaction 反应速度常数rate current 反应电流rate determining step 速率控制步骤rate of adsorption 吸附速度rate of combustion 燃烧速率rate of cooling 冷却速率rate of cure 硫化速率rate of diffusion 扩散速度rate of gasification 气化率rate of polymerization 聚合速率rate of reaction 反应速度rate of residual expansion 残余膨胀率ratio meter 比率计rational analysis 示构分析rational curve 特性曲线rattler 滚筒rauwolfine 阿吗灵raw coal 原煤raw data 原始数据raw material 原料raw rubber 生橡胶raw silk 生丝raw silk dyeing 生丝染色raw sugar 粗糖raw vegetable oil 生植物油ray 光线rayon 人造纤维rayon fiber 人造丝纤维rayon pulp 人造丝浆reactance 电抗reactant 反应物reaction 反应reaction accelerator 反应加速剂reaction chain 反应连锁reaction chamber 反应室reaction current 反应电流reaction intermediate 反应中间体reaction isochore 反应等容线reaction isotherm 反应等温线reaction kinetics 反应动力学reaction mechanism 反应机构reaction mixture 反应混合物reaction of higher order 高级反应reaction of second order 二级反应reaction product 反应产物reaction promotor 反应促进剂reaction tower 反应塔reaction velocity constant 反应速度常数reaction vessel 反应器reaction zone 反应带reactivation 再活化reactive dye 活性染料reactive vessel 反应器reactivity 反应性reactor 反应器反应堆reactor core 反应堆芯readily avaiable fertilizer 速效肥料ready mixed paint 低漆reagent 试剂reagent bottle 试剂瓶real gas 实在气体real time computation 实时计算realgar 雄黄rearrangement 换位reaumur scale 列氏温标reboiler 再沸器receptor 接受体reciprocal lattice 倒易晶格reciprocal proportion 反比例reciprocal reaction 可逆反应reciprocation pump 往复泵reciprocity law 互反则recirculation 再循环reclaimed gypsum 再生石膏reclaimed oil 再生油reclaimed rubber 再生胶recoil energy 反冲能recombination 再结合recombination at surface 表面再结合recombination coefficient 复合系数recooler 二次冷却器recorder 记录仪recording hygrometer 湿度计recording manometer 自记压力计recording thermometer 自记温度计recovered wool 再生毛recovery 回收recovery installation 回收设备recovery of solvent 溶剂的回收recrystallization 再结晶rectangular coordinate 直角坐标rectification 精馏rectifier 整流rectifier tube 整淋recycle mixing 循环混合recycle ratio 循环比recycle stock 再循环物料red antimony 红锑矿red copper ore 赤铜矿red glass 红玉玻璃red heat 赤热red iron ore 赤铁矿red iron oxide 红氧化铁red lead 红铅red mercuric oxide 氧化汞red mud 红泥red nitric acid 红色硝酸red phosphorus 红磷red precipitate 氧化汞red prussiate 铁氰化钾red shift 红移redistillation 再蒸馏redox 氧化还原redox activated emulsion polymerization 氧化还原活化乳液聚合redox catalyst 氧化还原催化剂redox indicator 氧化还原指示剂redox polymerization 氧化还原聚合redox potential 氧化还原电势redox potentiometry 氧化还原电位滴定redox reaction 氧化还原反应redox system 氧化还原系统redox titration 氧化还原滴定redruthite 辉铜矿reduced equation of state 对比状态方程reduced iron 还原铁reduced mass 约化质量reduced pressure distillation 真空蒸馏reducer 还原剂reducing agent 还原剂reducing flame 还原焰reducing roasting 还原焙烧reducing sugar 还原糖reducing valve 减压阀reductant 还原剂reductase 还原酶reduction 还原reduction potential 还原电势reduction zone 还原区reductometry 还原滴定reductor 脱氧剂reference electrode 对照电极reference fuel 参考燃料reference material 参考材料reference solution 参考溶液refined oil 精制油refinery 炼油厂;炼糖厂refinery gas 炼油厂气体refining 精制refining mill 精磨机reflectance 反射系数reflection 反射reflection factor 反射系数reflector 反射器反射镜reflux 回流反流reflux condenser 回龄凝器reflux ratio 回寥reformate 重整油reformatsky reaction 雷福尔马茨基反应reformed gas 重整气reforming 改造refraction 折射refractive index 折射率refractometer 折射计refractories 耐火材料refractoriness 耐火度refractory 耐火的refractory alloy 耐热合金refractory brick 耐火砖refractory cement 耐火水泥refractory clay 耐火粘土refractory hard metal 耐火硬金属refrigerant 冷冻剂refrigerating capacity 致冷能力refrigerating industry 冷却工业refrigeration 冷却refrigeration condenser 制冷凝汽器refrigeration cycle 冷却循环regenerant 再生剂regenerated cellulose 再生纤维素regenerated fiber 再生纤维regeneration 再生regenerative furnace 回热炉regenerative pump 再生涡轮泵regenerator 回热器regular polymer 规则聚合物regular solution 正规溶液regulator 第器reheating 再热reimer tiemann reaction 雷默带曼反应reinecke's salt 赖纳克盐reinforced plastics 增强塑料reinforcement 增强reinforcing agent 增强剂reinforcing filler 增强填料reinforcing pigment 加强颜料relative aperture 相对孔径relative error 相对误差relative humidity 相对湿度relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差relative velocity 相对速度relative viscosity 相对粘度relative volatility 相对挥发度relativity 相对性relaxation 松弛relaxation modulus 松弛模量relaxation oscillation 松弛振荡relaxation phenomena 松弛现象relaxation time 松弛时间release agent 脱离剂relief valve 安全阀remelting 再熔remote control 遥控rennet 凝乳酶rennet casein 酶凝酪素rennin 凝乳酶repairing 修理repellent 驱避剂repetition 重复replacement 置换replacement titration 置换滴定reppe reaction 瑞普反应reprecipitation 再沉representation of group 群表现reproducibility 再现性reproduction 再生resacetophenone 二羟基苯乙酮reserpine 利血平reserve cellulose 贮藏纤维素reserve material 储藏物residence time 停留时间residual affinity 剩余亲合势residual air 残余空气residual chlorine 残留氯residual clay 残余土residual current 剩余电流residual energy 剩余能residual error 残差residual gas 残余气体residual hardness 剩余硬度residual nitrogen 剩余氯residual oil 残油residual rays 剩余射线residual resistance 剩余电阻residual sulphur 残留硫residue 残留物resin 尸resin acid 尸酸resin emulsion 尸乳液resin finishing 尸整理resin oil 尸油resin regeneration 尸再生resin varnish 尸漆resinate 尸酸盐resinification 尸化resinoid 热固性粘合剂resinous lustre 尸光泽resist printing 防染印花resistance 电阻resistance heating 电阻加热resistance pyrometer 电阻高温表resistance thermometer 电阻温度计resistivity 电阻率resite c 级尸resitol b 阶尸resol 甲阶酚醛尸resolution 溶解resolving power 分辨本领resonance 共振resonance absorption 共振吸收resonance energy 共振能resonance hybrid 共振杂化resonance line 共振线resonance potential 共振势resonance radiation 共振辐射resorcin 雷琐辛resorcin brown 间苯二酚棕resorcin resin 间苯二酚尸resorcinol 雷琐辛resorcylic acid 二羟基苯酸resorption 再吸收respirator 人工呼吸器面罩respiratory enzyme 呼吸酶respiratory pigment 呼吸色素respiratory poison 呼吸毒rest energy 静止能量rest mass 静止质量restriction enzyme 限制性内切酶retardant paint 防火油漆retardation 减速retardation phenomenon 延滞现象retardation time 滞后时间retarded elasticity 延迟弹性retarded ignition 延迟点火retarder 阻滞剂retarding agent 阻滞剂retention time 保留时间retention volume 保留容积retentivity 顽磁性reticular structure 网状结构retinene 视黄醛retinol 瑞叮醇retort 曲颈甑retort carbon 气碳retrogradation 降解retropinacol rearrangement 反频哪酮重排retting 发酵精炼;浸解reutilization 再用reverberatory furnace 反射炉reversal 反转reversal development 反转现象reversal effect 反转效应reversal process 反转成象法reverse current 逆电流reverse reaction 逆反应reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶reversibility 可逆性reversible cell 可逆电池reversible change 可逆变化reversible colloid 可逆胶质reversible electrode 可逆电极reversible engine 可逆机reversible gel 可逆凝胶reversible process 可逆过程reversible reaction 可逆反应reversible wave 可逆波reversion 硫化还原revivification 复活revolution counter 转数表revolvig tubular kiln 管式转炉revolving furnace 旋转炉revolving screen 旋转筛reynolds number 雷诺数rhamnetin 鼠李亭rhamnose 鼠李糖rhenate 铼酸盐rhenium 铼rhenium compound 铼化合物rhenium dioxide 二氧化铼rheology 龄学rheometer 龄仪rheopexy 震凝rheostat 变阻器rhodamine 若丹明rhodan 硫氰酸氨苯酯rhodan value 硫氰值rhodanate 硫氰酸盐rhodanine 绕丹宁rhodanizing 镀铑rhodanometry 硫氰酸盐滴定法rhodate 铑酸盐rhodinol 玫红醇rhodium 铑rhodium chloride 氯化铑rhodium dioxide 二氧化铑rhodium hydroxide 氢氧化铑rhodium nitrate 硝酸铑rhodochrosite 菱锰矿rhodonite 蔷薇辉石rhodopsin 视玫红质rhombic sulfur 斜方硫rhombic system 正交晶系rhombohedron 菱形体ribbed funnel 线沟漏斗ribitol 阿东醇riboflavin 核黄素ribonuclease 核糖核酸酶ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸ribose 核糖rice oil 米糠油rice starch 米淀粉rich gas 富煤气ricin 蓖麻毒ricinic acid 蓖麻醇酸ricinoleate 蓖麻酸盐rider 游码rigid body 刚体rigid foam 硬质泡沫塑料rigid plastics 硬质塑料rigid polyvinyl chloride 硬聚氯乙烯rigidity 刚性ring 环ring analysis 环分析ring burner 环焰灯ring cleavage reaction 开环反应ring closure 环化ring compound 环状化合物ring current 环形电流ring formation 成环ring isomerism 环异构ring kiln 环形窑ring opening 开环ring opening polymerization 开环聚合rinmann's green 林曼绿ripening 成熟ripening degree 成熟度rivanol 利凡诺river gold 砂金road octane number 路线辛烷值road oil 铺路沥青roaster 焙烧炉roasting 焙烧roasting furnace 焙烧炉roasting kiln 燃烧炉robot 机扑rochelle salt 罗谢尔盐rock candy 冰糖rock crystall 石英rock phosphate 磷酸岩rock salt 岩盐rock wool 石棉rocket propulsion 火箭推进rockwell hardness 罗氏硬度rockwell hardness tester 洛氏硬度试验机rod mill 棒磨机rod sulfur 棒状硫磺rodenticide 杀鼠剂roentgen 伦琴roentgen equivalent man 人体伦琴当量roll 辊子roll crusher 滚碎机roll mill 滚碎机roller mill 滚碎机rolling 轧制roman cement 罗马水泥rongalite 雕白粉roofing tile 屋瓦room temperature 室温room temperature curing method 室温固化法room temperature setting adhesive 室温固化粘合剂root's blower 罗茨式鼓风机rosaniline 蔷薇苯胺rosaniline chlorhydrate 蔷薇苯胺化盐酸rosaniline sulfate 蔷薇苯胺化硫酸rose crucible 罗斯坩埚rose oil 蔷薇油rose water 玫瑰香水rosemary oil 迷迭香油rosenmund reduction 罗森蒙得还原rosin 松香rosin ester 酯屎rosin oil 松香油rosin pitch 松香沥青rosin sizing 上松香胶rosin soap 松香皂rosin spirit 松香精rosin varnish 松香清漆rosolic acid 玫红酸rotamer 旋转异构体rotameter 转子临计rotary crusher 旋转压碎机rotary dryer 旋转干燥器rotary filter 旋转滤器rotary kiln 旋转窑rotary pump 旋转泵rotated dropping mercury electrode 旋转滴汞电极rotating crystal method 旋转晶体法rotating system of coordinates 转动坐标系rotation axis 旋转轴rotation group 旋转群rotation spectrum 转动光谱rotation vibration spectrum 转动振动谱rotational energy 转动能rotational isomer 旋转异构体rotational isomerism 旋光异构rotational level 转动能级rotational quantum number 转动量子数rotational viscometer 旋转粘度计rotenone 鱼藤酮roughness 粗糙度round flask 圆底烧瓶rubber 橡胶rubber cement 橡胶胶水rubber composition 橡胶配合物rubber compound 橡胶配合物rubber dispersion 橡胶分散液rubber dough 橡胶胶水rubber fabric 胶布rubber gum 屎脂rubber industry 橡胶工业rubber insulation 橡胶绝缘rubber isomer 橡胶异构体rubber latex 胶乳rubber like elasticity 似橡胶弹性rubber lining 橡皮衬里rubber resin 橡胶尸rubber solvent 橡胶溶剂rubber sponge 海绵橡胶rubber stopper 橡皮塞rubber substitute 油膏rubber thread 橡胶线rubber tube 橡皮管rubbing 磨损rubbing oil 摩擦用油rubeanic acid 红氨酸rubidium 铷rubine number 红玉数ruby 红玉ruff degradation 鲁弗降解rufol 绛醇rupture 破裂rust 锈rust inhibitor 抗腐蚀添加剂rust proof paint 防锈涂料rut preventives 抗腐蚀添加剂ruthenic chloride 四氯化钌ruthenium 钌ruthenium chloride 氯化钌ruthenium compound 钌化合物ruthenium dichloride 二氯化钌ruthenium tetrachloride 四氯化钌rutile 金红石rutin 芸香苷化学及化工专业英语词汇(R) 相关内容:。

超低温反应动力学研究英文回答：Studying the kinetics of reactions at ultra-low temperatures is a fascinating field of research. The unique conditions at such low temperatures can lead to interesting and unexpected reaction pathways. One example of a reaction that has been extensively studied at ultra-low temperatures is the reaction between atomic hydrogen and molecular oxygen to form water.At ultra-low temperatures, the reaction between atomic hydrogen and molecular oxygen is extremely slow due to the low kinetic energy of the reactants. However, by using techniques such as cryogenic cooling and laser-induced chemistry, researchers have been able to study the reaction kinetics in detail. These techniques allow the reactants to be trapped and manipulated at temperatures as low as a few Kelvin.One of the main challenges in studying reactions at ultra-low temperatures is the lack of thermal energy available for the reaction to proceed. In order to overcome this, researchers often use external stimuli such as lasers to provide the necessary energy for the reaction to occur. By carefully controlling the laser parameters, researchers can selectively excite specific vibrational or rotational states of the reactants, promoting the reaction to occur even at ultra-low temperatures.Another interesting aspect of studying reactions at ultra-low temperatures is the role of quantum effects. At such low temperatures, the reactants behave more like particles with wave-like properties, and quantum tunneling becomes a significant factor in determining the reaction rate. Quantum tunneling allows particles to pass through energy barriers that would be impossible to overcome classically. This phenomenon can lead to unexpected reaction pathways and can greatly influence the reaction kinetics at ultra-low temperatures.中文回答：研究超低温下的反应动力学是一个令人着迷的研究领域。

第4期2020年10月纤维复合材料FIBER COMPOSITESNo.439Oct.,2020胶黏剂及复合材料树脂固化活化能的简易求解乔海涛（中国航发北京航空材料研究院.北京100095）摘要介绍了航空航天应用中典型热固性材料的固化反应动力学。

通过动态差示扫描量热（DSC）分析数据并依据峰值温度（T）依赖于升温速率（0）的变化，得到了一个更为合理的线性方程：Tp=T1+\Tln。

此关系式可以用于解释表观活化能大小的变化规律。

选取了一些典型的热固性树脂及胶黏剂为主的材料的反应动力学研究以证明上述关系式。

关键词胶黏剂；热固性树脂；固化反应动力学；航空航天应用A Simple Solution to Determine the Cure Activation Energy of A dhesivesand Composite ResinsQIAO Haitao(AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials.Beijing100095)ABSTRACT Cure reaction kinetics of typical thennosetting materials in aerospace applications are introduced.From data of dynamic differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)experiments,and based on changes of the peak temperatures(T)with different heating rate0),a linear equation,Tp=Tl+tsT In,has been obtained more reasonably.The above equation can be used to explain some laws of higher or lower of apparent activation energies(Ea).A number of kinetic investigations of typical thermosetting resins and adhesives in aerospace applications are chosen to support the above equations.KEYWORDS adhesive;thermosetting resin;cure reaction kinetics;aerospace application1引言结构胶黏剂和复合材料在航空航天领域有广泛的应用。

淬冷水上水压力英文Pressure on the Water Surface During QuenchingThe process of quenching, where a hot metal object is rapidly cooled by immersion in a liquid, is a critical step in many manufacturing and heat treatment processes. The pressure exerted on the surface of the quenching liquid is a crucial factor that can significantly impact the efficiency and effectiveness of the quenching operation. In this essay, we will explore the various aspects of the pressure on the water surface during the quenching process and its implications.One of the primary factors that contribute to the pressure on the water surface during quenching is the rapid displacement of the liquid by the hot metal object. As the hot metal is submerged, it pushes the surrounding liquid outwards, creating a localized increase in pressure. This pressure spike is often referred to as the "water hammer" effect, and it can be quite significant, reaching levels up to several hundred times the atmospheric pressure.The magnitude of the water hammer pressure is influenced by several parameters, including the size and shape of the metal object, the speed at which it is submerged, and the properties of thequenching liquid. Larger and more irregularly shaped objects tend to generate higher water hammer pressures due to the more abrupt displacement of the liquid. Similarly, faster submersion rates can lead to more pronounced pressure spikes.The properties of the quenching liquid also play a crucial role in determining the water hammer pressure. Liquids with higher density and lower compressibility, such as water, tend to experience more pronounced pressure increases compared to more compressible liquids like oils or polymer solutions.In addition to the water hammer effect, the rapid cooling of the metal object during quenching can also contribute to the pressure on the water surface. As the hot metal is submerged, it begins to cool rapidly, causing the surrounding liquid to vaporize and form a steam layer at the metal-liquid interface. This steam layer acts as a barrier, reducing the direct contact between the metal and the liquid, and creating a localized increase in pressure.The pressure generated by the steam layer is known as the "vapor pressure" and is influenced by factors such as the temperature of the metal, the properties of the quenching liquid, and the rate of heat transfer. Liquids with higher boiling points, such as oils or polymer solutions, tend to generate lower vapor pressures compared to water, which has a relatively low boiling point.The combined effects of the water hammer pressure and the vapor pressure can lead to complex pressure dynamics at the water surface during the quenching process. These pressure fluctuations can have significant implications for the efficiency and effectiveness of the quenching operation.For instance, the high pressures generated during quenching can cause distortion or even cracking in the metal object, particularly if the object has complex shapes or is made of materials with low ductility. Additionally, the pressure fluctuations can lead to the formation of vapor bubbles, which can disrupt the heat transfer and result in uneven cooling of the metal.To mitigate the adverse effects of the pressure on the water surface during quenching, various strategies have been developed. One common approach is to use quenching media with different properties, such as polymer solutions or oils, which can reduce the water hammer and vapor pressure effects. Another approach is to control the submersion speed and the geometry of the metal object to minimize the pressure spikes.In some cases, specialized quenching equipment, such as agitated or pressurized quenching tanks, may be employed to actively manage the pressure dynamics and ensure more uniform and controlledcooling of the metal objects.In conclusion, the pressure on the water surface during the quenching process is a complex and crucial factor that must be carefully considered in various manufacturing and heat treatment applications. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, the influential parameters, and the potential implications of these pressure dynamics is essential for optimizing the quenching process and ensuring the production of high-quality, defect-free metal components.。