2014年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题（二）1.The commodities you offered are _________ line with the business scope of our clients.A outsideB out ofC outD without2.As we are ________ of these goods, please expedite shipment after receiving our L/C.A in badly needB badly in needC urgent in needD in urgently need3.It will be appreciated ____ you could effect shipment in two equal lots by direct steamer ____you receive our L/C.A. when, whenB. if, as soon asC. when, whichD. will, soon4.We couldn't really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly________.A) investmentsB) requirementsC) arrangementsD) installments5. The designer has applied for a ________ for his new invention.A) tariffB) discountC) versionD) patent6. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget ________.A) dispositionB) discrepancyC) defect7．Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functions usually include ________ rules, holding events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.A) drawing onB) drawing inC) drawing upD) drawing down8. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost ________ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.A) restrictivelyB) radicallyC) inclusivelyD) exclusively9. In those days, executives expected to spend most of their lives in the same firm and, unless they were dismissed for ________, to retire at the age of 65.A) integrityB) denialC) incompetenceD) deduction10. Others viewed the finding with ________, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remains to be shown.A) optimismB) passionC) cautionD) deliberation11. The 1986 Challenger space-shuttle ________ was caused by unusually low temperatures immediately before the launch.A) expeditionB) controversyC) dismayD) disaster12. When supply exceeds demand for any product, prices are ________ to fall.A) timelyB) simultaneousC) subjectD) liable13. The music aroused an ________ feeling of homesickness in him.A) intentionalB) intermittentC) intenseD) intrinsic14. I bought an alarm clock with a(n) ________ dial, which can be seen clearly in the dark.A) supersonicC) audibleD) amplified15. The results are hardly ________; he cannot believe they are accurate.A) credibleB) contraryC) criticalD) crucial16. This new laser printer is ________ with all leading software.A) comparableB) competitiveC) compatibleD) cooperative17. The ball ________ two or three times before rolling down the slope.A) swayedB) bouncedC) hoppedD) darted18. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ________ it in a single nod, a gesture boys used then for O.K. when they were pleased.A) shruggedB) tuggedC) jerkedD) twisted19. Many types of rock are ________ from volcanoes as solid, fragmentary material.A) flungB) propelledC) ejectedD) injected20. With prices ________ so much, it is difficult for the school to plan a budget.A) vibratingB) fluctuatingC) flutteringD) swinging21. At the end of the nineteenth century, to prompt ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American, a rising interest in Native American customs, an increasing desire to understand Native American culture.A. run-onB. fragmentC. comma spliceD. correct22. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment23. In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity. As much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment24. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. Franz Boas. For example, described autobiograp hies as being ―of limited value, and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory,‖ while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged b y the investigator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment25. Since the late 1970’s, in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment26. However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve, while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment27. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implementcost-cutting and the more they lost their competitive edge.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment28. Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment29. She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it.A. comma spliceB. run-onC. correctD. fragment30. Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon and then they have to study at night so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.A. stringy sentenceB. run-onC. correctD. fragmentPassage1The number of women directors appointed to corporate boards in the United States has increased dramatically, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors, unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers (CEO’s) of large corporations. However, such women CEO’s are still rare. In additi on, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director over-commitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business who had the equivalent of CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in management, the chairs began to recruit women of high achievement outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government, education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards’ chairs seems quite reasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a company’s ability to be responsive to the concerns of the community and the environment can influence that company’s growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns. Although conditions have changed, it should be remembered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty years old. Women of that generation were often encouraged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career development of most of the outstandinglysuccessful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector.One organization of women directors is helping business become more responsive to the changing needs of society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population, and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are potential candidates for corporate boards.31. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the followingstatements about achievement of the ―ideal‖ mentioned in line 14?(A) It has only recently become a possibility.(B) It would be easier to meet if more CEO’s were women.(C) It is very close to being a reality for most corporate boards.(D) It might affect the quali ty of directors’ service to corporations.32. According to the passage, the pressure to appoint women to corporate boards differs from thepressure to employ women in the work force in which of the following ways?(A) Corporate boards are under less pressure because they have such a small number ofopenings.(B) Corporate boards have received less pressure from stockholders, consumers, and workerswithin companies to include women on their boards.(C) Corporate boards have received less pressure from the media and the public to includewomen on their boards.(D) Corporations are not subject to statutory penalty for failing to include women on theirboards.33. All of the following are examples of issues that the organization described in the lastparagraph would be likely to advise corporations on EXCEPT(A) long-term inflation(B) health and safety regulations(C) retirement and pension programs(D) how to develop new markets34. It can be inferred from the passage that, when seeking to appoint new members to acorpo ration’s board, the chair traditionally looked for candidates who(A) had legal and governmental experience(B) had experience dealing with community affairs(C) could work easily with other members of the board(D) were already involved in establishing policy for that corporation35. According to the passage, which of the following is true about women outside the businessworld who are currently serving on corporate boards?(A) Most do not serve on more than one board.(B) A large percentage will eventually work on the staff of corporations.(C) Most were already known to the chairs of the board to which they were appointed.(D) A larger percentage are from government and law than are from the nonprofit sector. Passage2In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon social-group resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owne r’s ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of ―primary‖ institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his or her behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger ―secondary‖ institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups.A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated, often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives, forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates.Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations are informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups, like Black Americans, found other means of financialsupport for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They, in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.36. Based on the information in the passage, it would be LEAST likely for which of the followingpersons to be part of a self-help network?(A) The entrepreneur’s childhood friend(B) The entrepreneur’s aunt(C) The entrepreneur’s religious leader(D) The entrepreneur’s banker37. Which of the following illustrates the working of a self-help support network, as suchnetworks are described in the passage?(A) A public high school offers courses in book-keeping and accounting as part of itsopen-enrollment adult education program.(B) The local government in a small city sets up a program that helps teen-agers find summerjobs.(C) A major commercial bank offers low-interest loans to experienced individuals who hopeto establish their own businesses.(D) A neighborhood-based fraternal organization develops a program of on-the-job trainingfor its members and their friends.38. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rotating credit associations?(A) They were developed exclusively by Chinese immigrants.(B) They accounted for a significant portion of the investment capital used by Chineseimmigrants in New York in the early twentieth century.(C) Third-generation members of an immigrant group who started businesses in the 1920’swould have been unlikely to rely on them.(D) They were frequently joint endeavors by members of two or three different ethnic groups.39. The passage best supports which of the following statements?(A) A minority entrepreneur who had no assistance from family members would not be ableto start a business.(B) Self-help networks have been effective in helping entrepreneurs primarily in the last 50years.(C) Minority groups have developed a range of alternatives to standard financing of businessventures.(D) The financial institutions founded by various ethnic groups owe their success to theirunique formal organization.40. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?(A) An argument is delineated, followed by a counter-argument.(B) An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.(C) A situation is described and its historical background is then outlined.(D) An example of a phenomenon is given and is then used as a basis for general conclusions. Passage3Obamacare’s Fatal FlawObamacare, officially known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is thehealth-insurance program enacted by US President Barack Obama and Congressional Democrats over the unanimous opposition of congressional Republicans. It was designed to cover those Americans without private or public health insurance – about 15% of the US population.Opponents of Obamacare have failed to stop it in the courts and, more recently, in Congress. The program was therefore formally launched on October 1. Although it has been hampered by a wide range of computer problems and other technical difficulties, the program is likely to be operating by sometime in 2014.The big question is whether it will function as intended and survive permanently. There is a serious risk that it will not.The potentially fatal flaw in Obamacare is the very same feature that appeals most to its supporters: the ability of even those with a serious preexisting health condition to buy insurance at the standard premium.That feature will encourage those who are not ill to become or remain uninsured until they have a potentially costly medical diagnosis. The resulting shift in enrollment away from low-cost healthypatients to those with predictably high costs will raise insurance companies’ cost per insured person, driving up the premiums that they must charge. ⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽41⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽With this in mind, Obamacare’s drafters made the purchase of insurance ―mandatory.‖ More specifically, employers with more than 50 employees will be required after 2014 to purchase an approved insurance policy for their ―full-time‖ employees. Individuals who do not receive insurance from their employers are required to purchase insurance on their own, with low-income buyers receiving a government subsidy.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽42⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. Employers can avoid the mandate by reducing an employee’s workweek to less than 30 hours (which the law defines as full-time employment). But even for full-time employees, firms can opt to pay a relatively small fine rather than provide insurance. That fine is $2,000 per employee, much less than the current average premium of $16,000 foremployer-provided family policies.Not providing insurance and paying the fine is a particularly attractive option for a firm if its employees have incomes that entitle them to the government subsidies (which are now available to anyone whose income is below four times the poverty level). Rather than incur the cost of the premium for an approved policy, a smart employer can pay the fine for not providing insurance and increase employees’ pay by enough so that they have more spendable cash after purchasing the subsidized insurance policy. Even after both payments, employers can be better off financially. News reports indicate that many employers are already taking such steps.But the biggest danger to Obamacare’s survival is that many individuals who do not receive insurance from their employer will choose not to insure themselves and will instead pay the fine of just 1% of income (rising permanently after 2015 to 2.5%). The preferred alternative for these individuals is to wait to buy insurance until they are ill and are facing large medical bills.That wait-to-insure strategy makes sense if the medical condition is a chronic disease like diabetes or a condition requiring surgery, like cancer or a hernia. In either case, the individual would be able to purchase insurance after he or she receives the diagnosis.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽43⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. In those cases, the individual would not have time to purchase the health insurance that the law allows. If they are not insured in advance, they will face major hospital bills that could cause serious financial hardship or even cause them not to receive needed care. Anyonecontemplating that prospect might choose to forego the wait-to-insure strategy and enroll immediately.But private insurance companies could solve that problem by creating a new type of ―emergency insurance‖ that would make enrolling now unnecessary and allow individuals to take advantage of the wait-to-insure option. Such insurance would cover the costs that a patient would incur after a medical event that left no time to purchase the policies offered in the Obamacare insurance exchanges. Emergency insurance might also cover the cost of care until the ―open enrollment‖ period for purchasing insurance at the end of each year (if political pressure does not lead to the repeal of that temporary barrier to insurance).This type of insurance is very different from existing high-deductible policies. Given the very limited scope and unpredictable nature of the conditions that it would cover, the premium for such a policy would be very low. ⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽44⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽. But the combination of emergency insurance and the wait-to-insure strategy would still be financially preferable for many individuals, and the number would grow as premiums are driven higher.Employers with a large number of full-time employees could encourage their existing insurance companies to create the emergency policies. They might even choose to self-insure the emergency risk for their employees.The ―wait-to-insure‖ option could cause the number of insured individuals to decline rapidly as premiums rise for those who remain insured. In this scenario, the unraveling of Obamacare could lead to renewed political pressure from the left for a European-style single-payer health-care system.But it might also provide an opportunity for a better plan: eliminate the current enormously expensive tax subsidy for employer-financed insurance and use the revenue savings to subsidize everyone to buy comprehensive private insurance policies with income-related copayments.⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽45⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽.A. But what about conditions like a heart attack or injuries sustained in an automobile accident?B. It would not satisfy the broad coverage requirements that Obamacare mandates, forcing individuals to pay the relatively small penalty for being uninsured and to incur the subsequent cost of buying a full policy if one is needed later.C. That restructuring of insurance would simultaneously protect individuals, increase labor mobility, and help to control health-care costs.D. But neither the employer mandate nor the personal requirement is likely to prove effective.E. As premiums rise, even more relatively healthy individuals will be encouraged to forego insurance until illness strikes, causing average costs and premiums to rise further.Passage 4 head listings (10 points)PART THREE WRITING (30 points)Keys:PART1 SECTION11-5 BBBDD 6-10 DCDCC 11-15 DDCBA 16-20 CBCCBSECTION221-25 BADDC 26-30 ABCBA21……… , a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American.22. ……fi eld observations, and they believed that the personal stories…….23. …….. preserve for posterity as much information as…….24……… information. Franz Boa s, for example, described………..26. ………. improv e, and while the……..27……………cost-cutting, the more they lost29. She continued teaching，although her heart was not in it.30. After attending classes all morning, working all afternoon, and studying at night, many students are exhausted by the weekend.Or: Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon. Then, they have to study at night. As a result, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.PART 231-35 DDDCC 36-40 DDBCB 41-45 EDABCParagraph i --------eParagraph ii-------dParagraph iii-------aParagraph iv-----fParagraph v------bParagraph vi--------cWriting。
