财务管理(001) (7)

第一章总则第一条为加强中小学财务管理，规范财务行为，提高资金使用效益，保障学校教育事业健康发展，根据《中华人民共和国预算法》、《中华人民共和国会计法》等相关法律法规，结合中小学实际情况，制定本制度。

第二条本制度适用于我国境内所有中小学，包括公立和民办中小学。

第三条中小学内控财务管理制度应遵循以下原则：（一）合法性原则：遵守国家法律法规，严格执行财务政策。

（二）真实性原则：财务数据真实、准确、完整。

（三）完整性原则：全面反映学校财务状况和经营成果。

（四）及时性原则：及时反映学校财务状况和经营成果。

（五）安全性原则：确保资金安全，防范财务风险。

（六）效益性原则：提高资金使用效益，合理配置资源。

第二章组织机构与职责第四条中小学应设立财务管理部门，负责学校财务工作的组织实施。

第五条财务管理部门的主要职责：（一）贯彻执行国家有关财务管理的法律法规和政策。

（二）制定学校财务管理制度，并组织实施。

（三）负责学校财务预算的编制、执行和监督。

（四）负责学校资金的管理和使用，确保资金安全。

（五）负责学校财务报告的编制和报送。

（六）负责学校财务审计工作。

（七）负责学校财务档案的管理。

第六条学校其他部门应积极配合财务管理部门的工作，共同做好财务管理工作。

第三章预算管理第七条学校财务预算应按照国家规定编制，包括年度预算和季度预算。

第八条年度预算的编制程序：（一）财务管理部门根据学校发展规划、事业发展规划和年度工作计划，提出预算编制建议。

（二）学校领导审核、批准预算编制建议。

（三）财务管理部门根据批准的预算编制建议，编制年度预算。

（四）学校领导审核、批准年度预算。

第九条季度预算的编制程序：（一）财务管理部门根据年度预算和季度工作计划，提出季度预算编制建议。

（二）学校领导审核、批准季度预算编制建议。

（三）财务管理部门根据批准的季度预算编制建议，编制季度预算。

（四）学校领导审核、批准季度预算。

第十条预算执行过程中，如遇特殊情况，需调整预算的，应按程序报批。

新形势下企业财务管理的变化及对策The pony was revised in January 2021新形势下我国企业财务管理的变化及对策随着中国加入世贸组织，我国企业财务管理发生了深刻的变化，如何应对这些变化是我们企业当前急需解决的问题。

一、入世后，财务管理环境的变迁对财务管理的影响（一）金融市场变化的影响第一，金融市场规模的扩大，资金供给的增加和金融工具的不断创新，为我国企业筹资，投资和规避风险提供了多种可供选择的组合方式。

第二，金融创新丰富了金融工具品种，拓展了金融服务范围，但同时也派生出利率风险、汇率风险、表外风险等等新的风险，使金融风险进一步加大，规避风险将成为入世后企业财务管理最重要课题之一。

第三，国内外金融市场竞争的加剧，促使我国金融机构建立现代企业制度的步伐进一步规范，必将处于公平竞争的地位，只能凭借其良好的经济效益、看好的市场前景与持续高速的增长而获得资金，况且企业筹资有时还要受到各种保护性契约条款的限制。

因此，对于企业尤其是一直享受“特保儿”待遇的国有企业来说，筹资将更加艰辛，筹资的成本与风险将会更大。

第四，加入WTO后金融市场的变化，使我国企业无论在“真实资产”方面还是“金融资产”方面都将面临许多新的投资机会。

同时也应该看到，为了增强产品在国际国内市场上的竞争能力，我国企业尤其是一些资本和技术密集型企业就应该将其投资建立在高新技术产业基础之上，但与之相伴的投资风险将会较大；另外市场竞争日益激烈又将使报酬率趋于平均化，企业要获得较高的投资报酬就必须努力降低投资成本和风险损失。

企业投资的这些新变化，要求我们进一步提高企业投资决策的及时性、合理性和科学性。

（二）经济结构变化的影响入世将进一步推动我国经济结构的调整，其表现主要有两个方面：一是贸易结构的调整。

加入wto后，我国产品可在wto的100多个成员国（地区）中享受多边的、无条件的、稳定的最惠国待遇，这无疑将使我国企业跨国经营活动更加频繁而复杂，经营管理的全球化将迫使企业包括财务战略在内的所有战略做出重大调整，促使我国企业必须对财务战略重新做出选择。

Chapter 01Introduction to Corporate Finance Multiple Choice Questions1. The person generally directly responsible for overseeing the tax management, cost accounting, financial accounting, and information system functions is the:A. treasurer.B. director.C. controller.D. chairman of the board.E. chief executive officer.2. The person generally directly responsible for overseeing the cash and credit functions, financial planning, and capital expenditures is the:A. treasurer.B. director.C. controller.D. chairman of the board.E. chief operations officer.3. The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term investments is called:A. working capital management.B. financial depreciation.C. agency cost analysis.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.4. The mixture of debt and equity used by a firm to finance its operations is called:A. working capital management.B. financial depreciation.C. cost analysis.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.5. The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities is called:A. working capital management.B. debt management.C. equity management.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.6. A business owned by a single individual is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. limited liability company.7. A business formed by two or more individuals who each have unlimited liability for business debts is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. limited liability company.8. The division of profits and losses among the members of a partnership is formalized in the:A. indemnity clause.B. indenture contract.C. statement of purpose.D. partnership agreement.E. group charter.9. A business created as a distinct legal entity composed of one or more individuals or entities is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. unlimited liability company.10. The corporate document that sets forth the business purpose of a firm is the:A. indenture contract.B. state tax agreement.C. corporate bylaws.D. debt charter.E. articles of incorporation.11. The rules by which corporations govern themselves are called:A. indenture provisions.B. indemnity provisions.C. charter agreements.D. bylaws.E. articles of incorporation.12. A business entity operated and taxed like a partnership, but with limited liability for the owners, is called a:A. limited liability company.B. general partnership.C. limited proprietorship.D. sole proprietorship.E. corporation.13. The primary goal of financial management is to:A. maximize current dividends per share of the existing stock.B. maximize the current value per share of the existing stock.C. avoid financial distress.D. minimize operational costs and maximize firm efficiency.E. maintain steady growth in both sales and net earnings.14. A conflict of interest between the stockholders and management of a firm is called:A. stockholders' liability.B. corporate breakdown.C. the agency problem.D. corporate activism.E. legal liability.15. Agency costs refer to:A. the total dividends paid to stockholders over the lifetime of a firm.B. the costs that result from default and bankruptcy of a firm.C. corporate income subject to double taxation.D. the costs of any conflicts of interest between stockholders and management.E. the total interest paid to creditors over the lifetime of the firm.16. A stakeholder is:A. any person or entity that owns shares of stock of a corporation.B. any person or entity that has voting rights based on stock ownership of a corporation.C. a person who initially started a firm and currently has management control over the cash flows of the firm due to his/her current ownership of company stock.D. a creditor to whom the firm currently owes money and who consequently has a claim on the cash flows of the firm.E. any person or entity other than a stockholder or creditor who potentially has a claim on the cash flows of the firm.17. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to:A. protect financial managers from investors.B. not have any effect on foreign companies.C. reduce corporate revenues.D. protect investors from corporate abuses.E. decrease audit costs for U.S. firms.18. The treasurer and the controller of a corporation generally report to the:A. board of directors.B. chairman of the board.C. chief executive officer.D. president.E. chief financial officer.19. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the organizational structure of a corporation?A. The vice president of finance reports to the chairman of the board.B. The chief executive officer reports to the board of directors.C. The controller reports to the president.D. The treasurer reports to the chief executive officer.E. The chief operations officer reports to the vice president of production.20. Which one of the following is a capital budgeting decision?A. determining how much debt should be borrowed from a particular lenderB. deciding whether or not to open a new storeC. deciding when to repay a long-term debtD. determining how much inventory to keep on handE. determining how much money should be kept in the checking account21. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted in:A. 1952.B. 1967.C. 1998.D. 2002.E. 2006.22. Since the implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley, the cost of going public in the United States has:A. increased.B. decreased.C. remained about the same.D. been erratic, but over time has decreased.E. It is impossible to tell since Sarbanes-Oxley compliance does not involve direct cost to the firm.23. Working capital management includes decisions concerning which of the following?I. accounts payableII. long-term debtIII. accounts receivableIV. inventoryA. I and II onlyB. I and III onlyC. II and IV onlyD. I, II, and III onlyE. I, III, and IV only24. Working capital management:A. ensures that sufficient equipment is available to produce the amount of product desired on a daily basis.B. ensures that long-term debt is acquired at the lowest possible cost.C. ensures that dividends are paid to all stockholders on an annual basis.D. balances the amount of company debt to the amount of available equity.E. is concerned with the upper portion of the balance sheet.25. Which one of the following statements concerning a sole proprietorship is correct?A. A sole proprietorship is the least common form of business ownership.B. The profits of a sole proprietorship are taxed twice.C. The owners of a sole proprietorship share profits as established by the partnership agreement.D. The owner of a sole proprietorship may be forced to sell his/her personal assets to pay company debts.E. A sole proprietorship is often structured as a limited liability company.26. Which one of the following statements concerning a sole proprietorship is correct?A. The life of the firm is limited to the life span of the owner.B. The owner can generally raise large sums of capital quite easily.C. The ownership of the firm is easy to transfer to another individual.D. The company must pay separate taxes from those paid by the owner.E. The legal costs to form a sole proprietorship are quite substantial.27. Which one of the following best describes the primary advantage of being a limited partner rather than a general partner?A. entitlement to a larger portion of the partnership's incomeB. ability to manage the day-to-day affairs of the businessC. no potential financial lossD. greater management responsibilityE. liability for firm debts limited to the capital invested28. A general partner:A. has less legal liability than a limited partner.B. has more management responsibility than a limited partner.C. faces double taxation whereas a limited partner does not.D. cannot lose more than the amount of his/her equity investment.E. is the term applied only to corporations which invest in partnerships.29. A partnership:A. is taxed the same as a corporation.B. agreement defines whether the business income will be taxed like a partnership or a corporation.C. terminates at the death of any general partner.D. has less of an ability to raise capital than a proprietorship.E. allows for easy transfer of interest from one general partner to another.30. Which of the following are disadvantages of a partnership?I. limited life of the firmII. personal liability for firm debtIII. greater ability to raise capital than a sole proprietorshipIV. lack of ability to transfer partnership interestA. I and II onlyB. III and IV onlyC. II and III onlyD. I, II, and IV onlyE. I, III, and IV only31. Which of the following are advantages of the corporate form of business ownership?I. limited liability for firm debtII. double taxationIII. ability to raise capitalIV. unlimited firm lifeA. I and II onlyB. III and IV onlyC. I, II, and III onlyD. II, III, and IV onlyE. I, III, and IV only32. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning corporations?A. The largest firms are usually corporations.B. The majority of firms are corporations.C. The stockholders are usually the managers of a corporation.D. The ability of a corporation to raise capital is quite limited.E. The income of a corporation is taxed as personal income of the stockholders.33. Which one of the following statements is correct?A. Both partnerships and corporations incur double taxation.B. Both sole proprietorships and partnerships are taxed in a similar fashion.C. Partnerships are the most complicated type of business to form.D. Both partnerships and corporations have limited liability for general partners and shareholders.E. All types of business formations have limited lives.34. The articles of incorporation:A. can be used to remove company management.B. are amended annually by the company stockholders.C. set forth the number of shares of stock that can be issued.D. set forth the rules by which the corporation regulates its existence.E. can set forth the conditions under which the firm can avoid double taxation.35. The bylaws:A. establish the name of the corporation.B. are rules which apply only to limited liability companies.C. set forth the purpose of the firm.D. mandate the procedure for electing corporate directors.E. set forth the procedure by which the stockholders elect the senior managers of the firm.36. The owners of a limited liability company prefer:A. being taxed like a corporation.B. having liability exposure similar to that of a sole proprietor.C. being taxed personally on all business income.D. having liability exposure similar to that of a general partner.E. being taxed like a corporation with liability like a partnership.37. Which one of the following business types is best suited to raising large amounts of capital?A. sole proprietorshipB. limited liability companyC. corporationD. general partnershipE. limited partnership38. Which type of business organization has all the respective rights and privileges of a legal person?A. sole proprietorshipB. general partnershipC. limited partnershipD. corporationE. limited liability company39. Financial managers should strive to maximize the current value per share of the existing stock because:A. doing so guarantees the company will grow in size at the maximum possible rate.B. doing so increases the salaries of all the employees.C. the current stockholders are the owners of the corporation.D. doing so means the firm is growing in size faster than its competitors.E. the managers often receive shares of stock as part of their compensation.40. The decisions made by financial managers should all be ones which increase the:A. size of the firm.B. growth rate of the firm.C. marketability of the managers.D. market value of the existing owners' equity.E. financial distress of the firm.41. Which one of the following actions by a financial manager creates an agency problem?A. refusing to borrow money when doing so will create losses for the firmB. refusing to lower selling prices if doing so will reduce the net profitsC. agreeing to expand the company at the expense of stockholders' valueD. agreeing to pay bonuses based on the book value of the company stockE. increasing current costs in order to increase the market value of the stockholders' equity42. Which of the following help convince managers to work in the best interest of the stockholders?I. compensation based on the value of the stockII. stock option plansIII. threat of a proxy fightIV. threat of conversion to a partnershipA. I and II onlyB. II and III onlyC. I, II and III onlyD. I and III onlyE. I, II, III, and IV43. Which form of business structure faces the greatest agency problems?A. sole proprietorshipB. general partnershipC. limited partnershipD. corporationE. limited liability company44. A proxy fight occurs when:A. the board solicits renewal of current members.B. a group solicits proxies to replace the board of directors.C. a competitor offers to sell their ownership in the firm.D. the firm files for bankruptcy.E. the firm is declared insolvent.45. Which one of the following parties is considered a stakeholder of a firm?A. employeeB. short-term creditorC. long-term creditorD. preferred stockholderE. common stockholder46. Which of the following are key requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?I. Officers of the corporation must review and sign annual reports.II. Officers of the corporation must now own more than 5% of the firm's stock. III. Annual reports must list deficiencies in internal controlsIV. Annual reports must be filed with the SEC within 30 days of year end.A. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and III onlyD. II and III onlyE. II and IV only47. Insider trading is:A. legal.B. illegal.C. impossible to have in our efficient market.D. discouraged, but legal.E. list only the securities of the largest firms.48. Sole proprietorships are predominantly started because:A. they are easily and cheaply setup.B. the proprietorship life is limited to the business owner's life.C. all business taxes are paid as individual tax.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.49. Managers are encouraged to act in shareholders' interests by:A. shareholder election of a board of directors who select management.B. the threat of a takeover by another firm.C. compensation contracts that tie compensation to corporate success.D. Both A and B.E. All of the above.50. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 focuses on:A. all stock transactions.B. sales of existing securities.C. issuance of new securities.D. insider trading.E. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance.51. The basic regulatory framework in the United States was provided by:A. the Securities Act of 1933.B. the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.C. the monetary system.D. A and B.E. All of the above.52. The Securities Act of 1933 focuses on:A. all stock transactions.B. sales of existing securities.C. issuance of new securities.D. insider trading.E. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance.53. In a limited partnership:A. each limited partner's liability is limited to his net worth.B. each limited partner's liability is limited to the amount he put into the partnership.C. each limited partner's liability is limited to his annual salary.D. there is no limitation on liability; only a limitation on what the partner can earn.E. None of the above.54. Accounting profits and cash flows are:A. generally the same since they reflect current laws and accounting standards.B. generally the same since accounting profits reflect when the cash flows are received.C. generally not the same since GAAP allows for revenue recognition separate from the receipt of cash flows.D. generally not the same because cash inflows occur before revenue recognition.E. Both c and d.Essay Questions55. List and briefly describe the three basic questions addressed by a financial manager.56. What advantages does the corporate form of organization have over sole proprietorships or partnerships?57. If the corporate form of business organization has so many advantages over the sole proprietorship, why is it so common for small businesses to initially be formed as sole proprietorships?58. What should be the goal of the financial manager of a corporation? Why?59. Do you think agency problems arise in sole proprietorships and/or partnerships?60. Assume for a moment that the stockholders in a corporation have unlimited liability for corporate debts. If so, what impact would this have on the functioning of primary and secondary markets for common stock?61. Suppose you own 100 shares of IBM stock which you intend to sell today. Since you will sell it in the secondary market, IBM will receive no direct cash flows as a consequence of your sale. Why, then, should IBM's management care about the price you get for your shares?62. One thing lenders sometimes require when loaning money to a small corporation is an assignment of the common stock as collateral on the loan. Then, if the business fails to repay its loan, the ownership of the stock certificates can be transferred directly to the lender. Why might a lender want such an assignment? What advantage of the corporate form of organization comes into play here?63. Why might a corporation wish to list its shares on a national exchange such as the NYSE as opposed to a regional exchange or NASDAQ?Chapter 01 Introduction to Corporate Finance Answer KeyMultiple Choice Questions1. The person generally directly responsible for overseeing the tax management, cost accounting, financial accounting, and information system functions is the:A. treasurer.B. director.C. controller.D. chairman of the board.E. chief executive officer.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CONTROLLERType: DEFINITIONS2. The person generally directly responsible for overseeing the cash and credit functions, financial planning, and capital expenditures is the:A. treasurer.B. director.C. controller.D. chairman of the board.E. chief operations officer.Difficulty level: Easy Topic: TREASURER Type: DEFINITIONS3. The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term investments is called:A. working capital management.B. financial depreciation.C. agency cost analysis.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CAPITAL BUDGETINGType: DEFINITIONS4. The mixture of debt and equity used by a firm to finance its operations is called:A. working capital management.B. financial depreciation.C. cost analysis.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CAPITAL STRUCTUREType: DEFINITIONS5. The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities is called:A. working capital management.B. debt management.C. equity management.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTType: DEFINITIONS6. A business owned by a single individual is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. limited liability company.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPType: DEFINITIONS7. A business formed by two or more individuals who each have unlimited liability for business debts is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. limited liability company.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: GENERAL PARTNERSHIPType: DEFINITIONS8. The division of profits and losses among the members of a partnership is formalized in the:A. indemnity clause.B. indenture contract.C. statement of purpose.D. partnership agreement.E. group charter.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTType: DEFINITIONS9. A business created as a distinct legal entity composed of one or more individuals or entities is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. unlimited liability company.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CORPORATIONType: DEFINITIONS10. The corporate document that sets forth the business purpose of a firm is the:A. indenture contract.B. state tax agreement.C. corporate bylaws.D. debt charter.E. articles of incorporation.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: ARTICLES OF INCORPORATIONType: DEFINITIONS11. The rules by which corporations govern themselves are called:A. indenture provisions.B. indemnity provisions.C. charter agreements.D. bylaws.E. articles of incorporation.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: BYLAWSType: DEFINITIONS12. A business entity operated and taxed like a partnership, but with limited liability for the owners, is called a:A. limited liability company.B. general partnership.C. limited proprietorship.D. sole proprietorship.E. corporation.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANYType: DEFINITIONS13. The primary goal of financial management is to:A. maximize current dividends per share of the existing stock.B. maximize the current value per share of the existing stock.C. avoid financial distress.D. minimize operational costs and maximize firm efficiency.E. maintain steady growth in both sales and net earnings.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT GOALType: DEFINITIONS14. A conflict of interest between the stockholders and management of a firm is called:A. stockholders' liability.B. corporate breakdown.C. the agency problem.D. corporate activism.E. legal liability.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: AGENCY PROBLEMType: DEFINITIONS15. Agency costs refer to:A. the total dividends paid to stockholders over the lifetime of a firm.B. the costs that result from default and bankruptcy of a firm.C. corporate income subject to double taxation.D. the costs of any conflicts of interest between stockholders and management.E. the total interest paid to creditors over the lifetime of the firm.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: AGENCY COSTSType: DEFINITIONS16. A stakeholder is:A. any person or entity that owns shares of stock of a corporation.B. any person or entity that has voting rights based on stock ownership of a corporation.C. a person who initially started a firm and currently has management control over the cash flows of the firm due to his/her current ownership of company stock.D. a creditor to whom the firm currently owes money and who consequently has a claim on the cash flows of the firm.E. any person or entity other than a stockholder or creditor who potentially has a claim on the cash flows of the firm.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: STAKEHOLDERSType: DEFINITIONS17. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to:A. protect financial managers from investors.B. not have any effect on foreign companies.C. reduce corporate revenues.D. protect investors from corporate abuses.E. decrease audit costs for U.S. firms.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SARBANES OXLEYType: CONCEPTS18. The treasurer and the controller of a corporation generally report to the:A. board of directors.B. chairman of the board.C. chief executive officer.D. president.E. chief financial officer.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREType: CONCEPTS19. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the organizational structure of a corporation?A. The vice president of finance reports to the chairman of the board.B. The chief executive officer reports to the board of directors.C. The controller reports to the president.D. The treasurer reports to the chief executive officer.E. The chief operations officer reports to the vice president of production.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREType: CONCEPTS20. Which one of the following is a capital budgeting decision?A. determining how much debt should be borrowed from a particular lenderB. deciding whether or not to open a new storeC. deciding when to repay a long-term debtD. determining how much inventory to keep on handE. determining how much money should be kept in the checking account Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CAPITAL BUDGETINGType: CONCEPTS21. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted in:A. 1952.B. 1967.C. 1998.D. 2002.E. 2006.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: SARBANES OXLEYType: CONCEPTS22. Since the implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley, the cost of going public in the United States has:A. increased.B. decreased.C. remained about the same.D. been erratic, but over time has decreased.E. It is impossible to tell since Sarbanes-Oxley compliance does not involve direct cost to the firm.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: SARBANES-OXLEYType: CONCEPTS23. Working capital management includes decisions concerning which of the following?I. accounts payableII. long-term debtIII. accounts receivableIV. inventoryA. I and II onlyB. I and III onlyC. II and IV onlyD. I, II, and III onlyE. I, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS24. Working capital management:A. ensures that sufficient equipment is available to produce the amount of product desired on a daily basis.B. ensures that long-term debt is acquired at the lowest possible cost.C. ensures that dividends are paid to all stockholders on an annual basis.D. balances the amount of company debt to the amount of available equity.E. is concerned with the upper portion of the balance sheet.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS25. Which one of the following statements concerning a sole proprietorship is correct?A. A sole proprietorship is the least common form of business ownership.B. The profits of a sole proprietorship are taxed twice.C. The owners of a sole proprietorship share profits as established by the partnership agreement.D. The owner of a sole proprietorship may be forced to sell his/her personal assets to pay company debts.E. A sole proprietorship is often structured as a limited liability company.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPType: CONCEPTS26. Which one of the following statements concerning a sole proprietorship is correct?A. The life of the firm is limited to the life span of the owner.B. The owner can generally raise large sums of capital quite easily.C. The ownership of the firm is easy to transfer to another individual.D. The company must pay separate taxes from those paid by the owner.E. The legal costs to form a sole proprietorship are quite substantial.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPType: CONCEPTS。

财务管理手册目录第一章财务机构的设置及人员配备 CH一FI一OP 一001第二章资金业务的控制 CH一FI一OP 一002第三章采购业务的控制 CH一FI一OP 一003第四章工资业务的控制 CH一Fl一OP 一004第五章固定资产业务的控制 CH一FI一OP 一O05第六章销售业务的控制 CH一FI一OP 一006第七章费用与利润的控制 CH一FI一OP 一007第八章商品核算的控制 CH一FI一OP 一008第九章应付账款的控制 CH一FI一OP 一O09第十章存货管理 CH一FI一OP 一O10第十一章会计账务作业管理 CH一FI一OP 一O11第十二章财务经营分析 CH一FI一OP 一O12第十三章财务诊断 CH一FI一OP 一O131、 0目的:为明确财务机构的设置及人员配备,提供多种选择。

2、 0适用范围:公司总部适用。

3、 0相关文件:(无)4、 0名词解释:(无)5、 0职责:(无)6、 0作业程序包括以会计机构为中心的财务管理机构、与会计机构并行的财务管理机构、集团企业财务机构调协三种程序可供选择。

6·1以会计机构为中心的财务管理机构6·1·1特点:会计核算与财务管理职能不分开,以会计活动为中心来划分内部职责。

内部设有存货、长期资产、结算、出纳、成本、报表等部门。

6·1·2适用范围:中、小型企业。

6·1·3以会计机构为中心的财务管理机构图示:6·2与会计机构并行的财务管理机构6·2·1特点:会计核算与财务管理职能分开,财务部门专司筹资、投资、利润分配、组织资金动作之职,就是以财务活动为中心来划分的内部职责。

一般内部设有规划部、经营部、信贷部三个等部门。

6·2·2适用范围:大、中型企业。

6·2·3与以会计机构并行的财务管理机构图示:6·3集团企业的财务机构设置6·3·1特点6·3·1·1设置与大中型企业相似的职能机构。

财务部管理手册（最新）财务部管理手册财务部管理手册第 1 页目录目录第1章财务部职能和组织结构。

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财务管理制度总则为加强财务管理，根据国家有关法律、法规，结合公司具体情况，制定本制度。

财务管理工作必须在加强宏观控制和微观搞活的基础上，严格执行财经纪律，以提高经济效益、壮大企业经济实力为宗旨，财务管理工作要贯彻“勤俭办企业”的方针，勤俭节约、精打细算、在企业经营中制止铺张浪费和一切不必要的开支，降低消耗，增加积累。

财务机构与会计人员一、董事会下设财务中心，负责公司全面财务工作。

二、项目部下设项目财务部，主管项目财务会计工作。

定期向财务总监汇报工作。

项目部下设以下三个岗位：a、会计主管1、负责审核费用报销、原始凭证的合法性、正规性；2、审核已签订合同的执行情况，严格按照合同条款执行；3、审核账目，现金盘点表，银行余额调节表，督促出纳人员现金日清月结；4、审核报表的内容及数据的真实性、合法性；5、监督每天制单，审核凭证；6、关注公司全面财务工作；7、对外联系工商、税务、银行等；8、对内岗位设置，人员分工，划分权限职责；9、审核内部管理会计报表内容及数据的真实性、合法性；10、做好财务分析，对每月的收入、费用、工程款支付、税金的交纳要全面掌握；11、对内其它部门协调。

b、会计1、审核凭证及会计科目的设置；2、账目登记，审核账目及会计科目的真实性、及时性、合理性;3、按总公司财务部要求编制内部报表，保证真实性、及时性；4、编制临时所需各种表格，做到及时、准确；5、编制纳税报表，按时完税；6、管理档案，做到档案完整，交接清晰；7、收据、发票实行登记领用制度，统一管理，按票号发放、收回。

c、出纳1、报销票据，认真仔细整理原始票据，做到手续齐全，流程正确、完全；2、及时制单，正确使用会计科目；3、编制现金盘点表，银行余额调节表，做到日清月结，账账相符，账实相符；4、编制定额费用月报表;5、编制资金周报；6、严格按照审批权限的规定付款，做到手续齐全、完整、真实；7、负责有价证券的管理。

三、出纳员不得兼管会计档案保管和债权债务账目的登记工作。

精算师考试考试科目1.中国精算师(寿险)资格考试准精算师部分考试科目：科目编号科目名称考试时间备注001数学基础Ⅰ3必考002数学基础Ⅱ3必考003复利数学2必考004寿险精算数学4必考005风险理论2必考006生命表基础3必考007寿险精算实务3必考008非寿险精算数学与实务3必考009综合经济基础3必考精算师部分考试科目：科目编号科目名称考试时间备注011保险公司财务管理3必考012保险法及相关法规3必考013个人寿险与年金精算实务3必考014社会保障3选考015资产负债管理3选考016高级非寿险精算实务3选考017团体保险3选考018意外伤害和健康保险3选考019高级投资学3选考020养老金计划精算实务3选考021精算职业后续教育(PD)必修2.中国精算师(非寿险)资格考试准精算师部分考试科目：科目编号科目名称考试时间备注001数学基础Ⅰ3必考002数学基础Ⅱ3必考003复利数学2必考004寿险精算数学4必考05G非寿险精算数学3必考06G非寿险原理与实务3必考07G非寿险定价3必考08G非寿险责任准备金评估3必考009综合经济基础3必考精算师部分考试科目：非寿险精算理论与实务、保险法及相关法律(012G)法规共两个科目。

注：课程01、02、03、04、09与寿险精算师考试的科目相同，后面标注"G"的为单独针对非寿险方向的考试科目。

考试题型01数学基础Ⅰ考试时间：3小时考试题型：客观判断题(单项选择题)02数学基础Ⅱ考试时间：3小时考试题型：客观判断题(单项选择题)03复利数学考试时间：2小时考试题型：客观判断题(单项选择题)04寿险精算数学考试时间：4小时考试题型：客观判断题(单项选择题)05风险理论考试时间：2小时考试题型：客观判断题(单项选择题)06生命表基础考试时间：3小时考试题型：客观判断题(单项选择题)07寿险精算实务考试时间：3小时考试题型：客观判断题和主观问答题08非寿险精算数学与实务考试时间：3小时考试题型：客观题(单项选择题52%，多项选择题18%)及综合解答题(30%)。

财务管控的三种具体模式The document was finally revised on 2021集团管控的三种具体模式2011-06-10?10:43 来源：牛津管理评论打印|收藏|?字号分享到：.根据总部的集、分权程度不同，可以把总部对下属企业的管控模式而划分成“操作管理型”、“战略管理型”和“财务管理型”三种管控模式。

这三种模式各具特点：1.操作管理型：总部通过总部职能管理部门对下属企业的日常经营运作进行管理。

为了保证战略的实施和目标的达成，集团的各种职能管理非常深入。

总部保留的核心职能包括财务控制/战略、营销/销售、新业务开发、人力资源等。

如人事管理不仅负责全集团的人事制度政策的制定，而且负责管理各下属公司二级管理团队及业务骨干人员的选拔、任免。

在实行这种管控模式的集团中，各下属企业业务的相关性要很高。

为了保证总部能够正确决策并能应付解决各种问题，总部的职能人员的人数会很多，规模会很庞大。

2.战略管理型：集团总部负责集团的财务、资产运营和集团整体的战略规划，各下属企业(或事业部)同时也要制定自己的业务战略规划，并提出达成规划目标所需投入的资源预算。

总部负责审批下属企业的计划并给予有附加价值的建议，批准其预算，再交由下属企业执行。

在实行这种管控模式的集团中，各下属企业业务的相关性也要求很高。

为了保证下属企业目标的实现以及集团整体利益的最大化，集团总部的规模并不大，但主要集中在进行综合平衡、提高集团综合效益上做工作。

如平衡各企业间的资源需求、协调各下属企业之间的矛盾、推行“无边界企业文化”，高级主管的培育、品牌管理、最佳典范经验的分享等等。

这种模式可以形象地表述为“上有头脑，下也有头脑”。

运用这种管控模式的典型公司有英国石油、壳牌石油、飞利浦等。

目前世界上大多数集团公司都采用或正在转向这种管控模式。

3.财务管理型：集团总部只负责集团的财务和资产运营、集团的财务规划、投资决策和实施监控，以及对外部企业的收购、兼并工作。