Pressure Oxidative Leaching of Complex Sulphide Concentrate

氨法一步沉淀法制备碱式碳酸锌结晶行为特征杨永斌;张鑫;李骞;姜涛;白国华【摘要】研究了锌氨配离子溶液一步法制备碱式碳酸锌晶体的结晶行为.以锌氨配离子溶液中[Zn2+]T的迁移轨迹为基础,研究不同工艺参数条件对制备碱式碳酸锌结晶率与晶体粒径的影响.试验结果表明,蒸氨开始10～50 min为前驱体碱式碳酸锌晶核形成期,反应温度越高结晶速率越快,体系中氨的含量越高晶核粒径越小.结晶50 min后,为晶核生长期,前驱体晶体粒径快速增大,温度越高晶体生长速率越快.在80℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、Zn2+浓度2.6 mol/L的条件下,蒸氨50 min制得碱式碳酸锌晶核平均粒径为180 nm.此外,采用匀速滴加碳酸氢铵溶液能减缓碱式碳酸锌晶体生长速率,晶核平均粒径小于120 nm.%An investigation was made on the crystallization behavior of basic zinc carbonate in the preparation using zinc-amino coordination ion solution by one-step precipitation method. The effects of different process conditions on crystallization rate and crystal grain size were studied based on the trajectory of [ Zn2 +] T in the zinc-amino coordination ion solution. The results showed that the crystal nuclei of basic zinc carbonate precursor formed during the early 10 ~ 50 min period in ammonia stilling process. The crystallization speed will become faster with the rise of temperature, while the size of crystal nucleus will become smaller with the increasing of the ammonia concentration. After 50-minute crystallization , the nuclei was in a growth stage. The crystal grain size of the precusor increased sharply. With a stirring speed at 400 r/min, Zn + content of 2. 6 mol/L and ammonia still time of 50 min, the average grain size of the crystal nuclei obtained was180 nm. In addition, adding ammonium bicarbonate solution at a uniform velocity could decrease the growth rate of the zinc carbonate crystals, with an average size less than 120 nm.【期刊名称】《矿冶工程》【年(卷),期】2013(033)002【总页数】4页(P101-104)【关键词】氨法;碱式碳酸锌;结晶行为【作者】杨永斌;张鑫;李骞;姜涛;白国华【作者单位】中南大学资源加工与生物工程学院,湖南长沙410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TF111随着氧化锌需求的持续增长和人们环境保护意识的增强，含锌烟尘等低品位氧化锌物料制备活性氧化锌的技术越来越受到重视。

DOI ：10.19965/ki.iwt.2023-0072第 44 卷第 1 期2024年 1 月Vol.44 No.1Jan.，2024工业水处理Industrial Water Treatment 全量化工艺处理垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液实例陈俊（武汉森泰环保股份有限公司，湖北武汉 430000）[ 摘要 ] 针对国内垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液可生化性低、无法采用生化进行有效处理、膜浓缩液长期回灌、渗滤液累积盐分越来越高得不到解决等问题，提出一种全量化处理组合工艺，即“软化预处理+高压碟管式反渗透（DTRO ）+特种分离膜+低温负压蒸发技术+三相固化技术”，适合盐分高、氨氮高、生化性低的终端渗滤液处理。

运行结果表明，清水回收率可达到90%~95%，固化后填埋物仅为5%~10%。

液相和固相处理系统优势互补，系统运行稳定，能耗较低，脱盐率达到99.5%以上；出水COD≤60 mg/L ，BOD 5≤20 mg/L ，氨氮≤8 mg/L ，总氮≤20 mg/L ，SS≤6 mg/L ，产水符合《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889—2008）表3规定的限值要求。

［关键词］ 后期及封场渗滤液；全量化工艺；特种分离膜；低温负压蒸发技术；三相固化技术［中图分类号］ X703 ［文献标识码］B ［文章编号］ 1005-829X （2024）01-0198-09A case of treatment of landfill leachate in late stage andclosure stage by full quantification processCHEN Jun（Wuhan Sentai Environmental Protection Co.， L td.， W uhan 430000，China ）Abstract ：In view of the low biodegradability of the leachate in the late stage of domestic landfills and closures ，it cannot be effectively treated by biochemistry. Furthermore ， the membrane concentrate is recharged for a long time ，and the increasingly accumulated salinity of the leachate cannot be solved. Aiming to these problems ，they proposed a combined process of full quantitative treatment ，namely “softening pretreatment ， DTRO ， special separation mem ⁃brane ， low temperature negative pressure evaporation technology and three -phase curing technology ”，which is suit⁃able for terminal leachate with high salinity ，high ammonia nitrogen and low biochemical properties. The operation results showed that the recovery rate of clean water can reach 90%-95%，and the landfill after solidification was only 5%-10%. The advantages of liquid and solid phase treatment systems complemented each other ，and the sys⁃tem run stably ，with low energy consumption. The desalination rate reached more than 99.5%，effluent COD≤60 mg/L ，BOD 5≤20 mg/L ，ammonia nitrogen≤8 mg/L ，total nitrogen≤20 mg/L ，SS≤6 mg/L. And the produced water met the limit requirements specified in Table 3 of the Standards for Pollution Control of Domestic Waste Landfills （GB 16889—2008）.Key words ：late stage and closure leachate ；full quantification process ；special separation membrane ；low tempera⁃ture negative pressure evaporation technology ；three -phase curing technology近年来，随着我国城市化程度的加快和居民生活消费水平的提高，我国城市生活垃圾的产生量增长迅速〔1〕。

控制电位氧化法铅阳极泥脱砷杨天足;王安;刘伟锋;张杜超;文剑锋;吴江华【摘要】采用压缩空气和双氧水作氧化剂,通过控制氧氧化钠体系中的电位来氧化浸出铅阳极泥中的砷.试验中考察电位、NaOH浓度、反应温度、反应时间和液固质量比对脱砷效果的影响,确定碱性浸出过程中预脱砷的最佳工艺条件:NaOH浓度为2 mol/L,温度为80℃,液固质量比为5∶1,通入0.2 MPa的压缩空气4h后用双氧水调节体系的电位至-180 mV,反应时间为2h.在此条件下,砷的浸出率可达98％以上.碱浸液经冷却过滤掉结晶砷酸钠后,返回浸出过程,砷的浸出率达98％以上,实现碱浸液的循环利用以及砷与其他金属的有效分离.%Arsenic was leached from lead anode slime with the oxidants including compressed air and hydrogen peroxide by potential control in sodium hydroxide system. The effects of potential, concentration of sodium hydroxide, reaction temperature, reaction time and solid/liquid ratio on arsenic removal were investigated and the optimum conditions of the arsenic removal in the alkaline leaching process were determined as follows: NaOH concentration of 2 mol/L, reaction temperature at 80 ℃, solid/liquid ratio of 5:1, 0.2 MPa compressed air into reaction system for 4 h, controlling the potential at -180 mV, and reaction time for 2 h. More than 98% of the amount arsenic is removed under these conditions. The alkaline leaching solution is returned to leaching process after the removal of crystal sodium arsenate by cooling and filtration, which achieves the recycling of alkaline solution and the effective separation of arsenic from other metals.【期刊名称】《中南大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(043)007【总页数】7页(P2482-2488)【关键词】铅阳极泥;氧化浸出;脱砷;电位控制【作者】杨天足;王安;刘伟锋;张杜超;文剑锋;吴江华【作者单位】中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TF04由于铅的需求量增加和炼铅技术的巨大进步，高砷铅精矿在铅冶炼过程中被大量采用，导致了后续电解工序产生的铅阳极泥含砷越来越高。

弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain 应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem 布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维Kolosoff-利法Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis 自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material 应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空Haigh-Westergaard 间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第8期·3066·化 工 进展铜冶炼渣资源化利用研究进展廖亚龙，叶朝，王祎洋，曹磊（昆明理工大学冶金与能源工程学院，云南 昆明 650093）摘要：火法冶炼废弃渣大量露天堆存，存在铜、铁等有价金属资源未能回收利用和重金属污染土壤及水体等环境问题。

本文综述了铜火法冶炼过程中产生的典型废弃渣的物相特征，以及渣中铜、铁等有价金属回收利用的研究现状。

分析和讨论了选矿分离、湿法提取、火法贫化、高温氧化、高温还原等工艺处理铜冶炼废渣、回收利用铜和铁的优势及存在的缺陷，展望研究趋势。

分析表明：缓冷-浮选、湿法提取都能有效回收利用高品位的冶炼铜渣，湿法酸浸中的加压浸出能抑制铁的浸出而具有应用优势；矿相资源化重构是有效利用低含量铜渣中铜和铁资源的有效方法；在熔融态炉渣中加入氧化钙改性重构后缓冷，再进行浮选和磁选，既能回收炉渣中的铜和铁，且浮选尾渣可以直接用于建材行业，更具备应用前景。

关键词：废物处理；反应工程；回收；冶炼渣中图分类号：TQ09 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2017）08–3066–08 DOI ：10. 16085/j. issn. 1000-6613. 2016-2366Resource utilization of copper smelter slag——a state-of-the-arts reviewLIAO Yalong ，YE Chao ，WANG Yiyang ，CAO Lei（Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering ，Kunming University of Science and Technology ，Kunming 650093，Yunnan ，China ）Abstract ：Large quantities of slag dumped in the open are contributing to the absence of recovery andutilization of valuable metals as well as potential environmental pollution to water and soil arisen by heavy metal contamination. The mineralogical characteristics and researches on recovering valuable metals from typical copper slag produced by pyrometallurgical process were summarized in the present work. The advantage and limitation of outstanding treatment methods which are presently performed to dispose of the slag for the recovery of iron and copper contained were analyzed and discussed ，such as mineral separation ，hydrometallurgical extraction ，pyrometallurgical impoverishment ，high temperature oxidation and high temperature reduction ，etc. The prospective trends were predicted. The analyzing results obtained showed that the slow cooling followed by flotation and hydrometallurgical extraction are high effective method for recycling of copper contained in the smelting slag with a high content copper. Especially the process of high pressure oxidative acid leaching has excellent application prospect as it can inhibit the leaching of iron. Mineral phase reconfiguration for utilizing resource is effective to recover copper and iron in the slag with low content of copper. The process that calcium oxide is added into the molten slag prior to modification and cooling slow followed by flotation and magnetic separation is prospective to be applied ，as the reason that copper and iron contained in the slag can be effectively recycled ，and that flotation tailings can be directly used in building materials industry. Key words ：waste treatment ；reaction engineering ；recovery ；metallurgical slag第一作者及联系人：廖亚龙（1966—）教授，博士，研究方向为天然产物材料提取与分离。

硫化锌氧压浸出过程的φ-pH图牟望重;张廷安;吕国志;古岩;豆志河【摘要】通过热力学计算,得到ZnS-H2O系各物质高温条件下的GΘ值、φΘ值或pHΘ值以及各反应对应的电位表达式,分别绘制出不同离子活度、不同氧分压条件下的φ-pH图.由φ-pH图可以看出,随着离子活度的增大,S与Zn2+稳定区逐渐增大,但构成稳定区各反应的pH值上下限范围逐渐减小;随着氧分压的增大,水的稳定区逐渐增大.对ZnS进行了氧压浸出实验研究,采用全谱直读等离子光谱仪(ICP)、XRD和XRF等方法对浸出液和浸出渣进行分析、表征.结果表明:当初始酸浓度为15%、氧分压为1.1 MPa、浸出温度为160 ℃、液固比为8:1、浸出时间为90 min、搅拌速度480 r/min时,锌的浸出率为98.86%,硫的转化率为81.33%.实际结果与根据φ-pH图理论计算结果吻合.【期刊名称】《中国有色金属学报》【年(卷),期】2010(020)008【总页数】9页(P1636-1644)【关键词】氧压浸出;ZnS-H2O 系;φ-pH 图;氧分压;离子活度【作者】牟望重;张廷安;吕国志;古岩;豆志河【作者单位】东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TF803.21锌冶金分为火法和湿法两种工艺，传统的湿法炼锌工艺是火法−湿法的联合过程。

第41卷第1期2021年2月冶金与材料M etallurgy and m aterialsYol.41 No.lFebruary2021钛中矿综合利用研究进展李斐然“2,邹敏2(1.西华大学材料科学与工程学院，四川成都610039;2.攀枝花学院钒钛学院，四川攀枝花617000)摘要:文章介绍了攀枝花地区钒钛磁铁矿的开发利情况，对钛屮矿综合利用发展趋势进行了展望。

结合钛 屮矿各元素含量的特点，参考转底炉煤基直接还原技术和亚熔盐分解技术提出了“碳还原一亚熔盐分解”联合 工艺提高钛中矿二氧化钛品位的新途径，该工艺可以显著提高二氧化钛的品位至钛精矿标准，满足作为钛白粉 生产原料要求,具有广阔的应用前景。

关键词:钛中矿;综合利jii;二氧化钛;转底炉；亚熔盐钥■钦磁铁矿是以铁、饥、钦儿素为主，并伴有其他有价金属的多元共生铁矿，综合利用价值很高。

我W攀 西地区钒钛磁铁矿储量丰富，探明储量146亿t，K中伴生钦资源8.02亿丨，占全国钛储量90%。

钒钛磁铁矿 在磁选选铁过程屮约有40%~60%的钛进人铁精矿屮，其余部分则进人尾矿。

攀枝花地区的钒钛磁铁矿选矿企业对磁选尾矿的平均钛囬收率只有19.77%,最低的 仅为3.8%,K:余的钛资源进入尾矿之中。

攀西地区少 数选矿企业利用选钛尾矿为原料进行再次选钛得到钛中矿，其1^02品位约为36%~38%，较钛精矿低约10%。

由于钛中矿Ti02含量达不到直接生产海绵钦、人造金 红石、钛白粉以及高钛渣的工业要求，其用于工业化生 产的经济性不高。

文章将对当前攀西地区钛中矿综合利用情况进行综述，并对以后钛屮矿综合利用的新途径提出一些建议。

1攀西地区钦中矿基本情况1.1攀西地区钛中矿的生产情况目前攀西地区钛中矿产量约为100万t/年，38品 位以上钛中矿价格在850〜900元/丨，46品位10钛精矿 价格在122(M330元/1，47品位20钛精矿价格在1300〜1350元/t，其市场价格比钛精矿低400〜500元/t。

高铁用英语怎么说高速铁路是指通过改造原有线路，使最高营运速率达到不小于每小时200公里的“高速新线”。

如今高铁是一种十分便利的交通工具，那么你知道高铁用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来高铁的英语说法，欢迎大家一起来学习。

high-speed rail英 [hai spi:d reil]美 [haɪ spid rel]土耳其高速铁路 High-speed rail in Turkey高速铁路技术 high speed railway technology高速铁路运输 high speed railway traffic1. The high-speed train service is planned to extend from Paris to Bordeaux.高铁拟从巴黎延伸至波尔多。

2. The bridge construction site at the side of Weishan Lake.图为京沪高铁微山湖畔架梁施工现场.3. Ministry of Railways who denied the rumors at a recent news conference.铁道部官员日前在新闻发布会上否认了京沪高铁将上市的传闻.4. At the cessation of NF 3 exposure, methemoglobin reverts back to hemoglobin.在NF3暴露停止后, 高铁血红蛋白转化回血红素.5. The Rail Link will enhance the sustainable development of Hong Kong.高铁将提升香港的可持续发展潜力.6. At a Fe content, such transforming peak can not be observed.磁阻效应在高铁含量时只能在低温观察到.7. The company has won the Beijing Shanghai High SpeedRailway contract.事实上,集团已刚成功投得部份[京沪高铁]的工程合约.8. Over - exposure to NF 3 via inhalation induces the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.过量吸入NF3会导致血色素转化成高铁血红蛋白.9. Invar alloy foil was electrodeposited from sulfate - chloride electrolyte containing composite stabilizer and additives.在含有复配稳定剂和添加剂的高铁硫酸盐氯化物电解液中,电沉积得到因瓦合金箔.10. The round - trip express fare is priced at about two - thirds of average factory worker's monthly wage.高铁往返的票价大约相当于这些工人月工资的三分之二.11. Trains in service in China are all based on imported French, German or Japanese technology.中国正在运行的高铁列车采用的都是从法国、德国或日本引进的技术.12. Also, get ready for a huge influx of HSR station designs in the coming years.此外, 需要为高铁站在未来几年大量涌出做好准备.13. Moreover , aeration in the reaction will improve the degradation rate of PCP - Na by ferrate.在高铁酸钾氧化降解五氯酚钠溶液的反应过程中发现通气能提高降解效率.14. The effects of different light on the stability of ferrate solution are studied.研究了不同种类的光照对高铁酸盐溶液稳定性的影响.15. The pressure oxidative leaching of copper slag with high iron and silicon content was studied systematically.对火法炼铅产高硅高铁含铜渣进行了氧压硫酸浸出过程研究.在中国一段新建的铁轨在暴雨中塌陷之后，其修建高铁的雄心受到新一轮的审视。

第45卷第5期包装工程2024年3月PACKAGING ENGINEERING·309·发泡聚乙烯最大加速度-静应力曲线快速获取方法研究宋卫生，薛阳（河南牧业经济学院，郑州450046）摘要：目的研究快速、准确预测最大加速度-静应力曲线的方法。

方法首先利用落锤冲击试验机获取了5个不同高度下，5种不同厚度的发泡聚乙烯的最大加速度-静应力曲线。

在此基础上，分析对比文中3种不同的改进拟合法与已有的动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的区别。

结果研究发现，当不区分高度的情况下，以最大加速度因子为函数值，以跌落高度、衬垫厚度、静应力为变量进行拟合时，其代表预测精度R2的平均为0.835，相比动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的0.299 6要高。

但曲线右侧的预测精度偏低。

引入以静应力为变量的多项式作为修正因子后，R2的平均值为0.934。

预测精度有所提高，右侧的预测偏差减小，但仍存在。

在区分高度的情况下，以带有修正因子的公式进行预测时，R2的平均值为0.984，曲线向右侧预测偏差逐渐增大的现象明显改善。

结论区分高度情况下，利用带修正因子的预测公式可以快速且较准确地预测最大加速度-静应力曲线，可以为冲击防护设计及相关软件的开发提供一定的帮助。

关键词：最大加速度-静应力曲线；应力能量法；预测精度；发泡聚乙烯；多项式拟合中图分类号：TB485.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3563(2024)05-0309-06DOI：10.19554/ki.1001-3563.2024.05.037Rapid Acquisition Method of Maximum Acceleration-Static Stress Curve forFoamed PolyethyleneSONG Weisheng, XUE Yang(Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to study a method that can predict the maximum acceleration-static stress curve quickly and accurately. Firstly, the maximum acceleration-static stress curves of foamed polyethylene of 5 different thickness at 5 different heights were obtained by a drop hammer impact testing machine. On this basis, the differences between the three different improved fitting methods proposed and the existing dynamic stress and dynamic energy polynomial fitting methods were analyzed and compared. It was found that when the maximum acceleration factor was used as a function value and the drop height, pad thickness, and static stress were used as variables for fitting without distinguishing heights, the average R2 value representing prediction accuracy was 0.835, which was much higher than the value of 0.299 6 got by the polynomial fitting method of dynamic stress and dynamic energy. However, the prediction accuracy on the right side of the curve was still low. After a polynomial with static stress as the variable was used as the correction factor, the average value of R2 was 0.934, indicating a significant improvement in prediction accuracy. The prediction deviation on the right side was reduced, but it still existed. When a formula with a correction factor was used for prediction while heights were distinguished, the average value of R2was 0.984, and the phenomenon of gradually increasing prediction deviation towards the right side of the curve was significantly improved. Under different heights, the use of prediction formulas with correction factors can quickly and accurately predict the maximum acceleration-static stress curve, which收稿日期：2023-11-08基金项目：河南省科技攻关项目（222102210267）；河南省高校重点科研项目（24B140004）·310·包装工程2024年3月can provide certain assistance for impact protection design and related software development.KEY WORDS: maximum acceleration-static stress curve; stress energy method; prediction accuracy; foamed polyethylene;polynomial fitting缓冲包装设计国家标准中[1]，冲击防护设计方法有缓冲系数-最大应力曲线法和最大加速度静应力曲线法。