Pressure Oxidative Leaching of Complex Sulphide Concentrate

氨法一步沉淀法制备碱式碳酸锌结晶行为特征杨永斌;张鑫;李骞;姜涛;白国华【摘要】研究了锌氨配离子溶液一步法制备碱式碳酸锌晶体的结晶行为.以锌氨配离子溶液中[Zn2+]T的迁移轨迹为基础,研究不同工艺参数条件对制备碱式碳酸锌结晶率与晶体粒径的影响.试验结果表明,蒸氨开始10～50 min为前驱体碱式碳酸锌晶核形成期,反应温度越高结晶速率越快,体系中氨的含量越高晶核粒径越小.结晶50 min后,为晶核生长期,前驱体晶体粒径快速增大,温度越高晶体生长速率越快.在80℃、搅拌速度400 r/min、Zn2+浓度2.6 mol/L的条件下,蒸氨50 min制得碱式碳酸锌晶核平均粒径为180 nm.此外,采用匀速滴加碳酸氢铵溶液能减缓碱式碳酸锌晶体生长速率,晶核平均粒径小于120 nm.%An investigation was made on the crystallization behavior of basic zinc carbonate in the preparation using zinc-amino coordination ion solution by one-step precipitation method. The effects of different process conditions on crystallization rate and crystal grain size were studied based on the trajectory of [ Zn2 +] T in the zinc-amino coordination ion solution. The results showed that the crystal nuclei of basic zinc carbonate precursor formed during the early 10 ~ 50 min period in ammonia stilling process. The crystallization speed will become faster with the rise of temperature, while the size of crystal nucleus will become smaller with the increasing of the ammonia concentration. After 50-minute crystallization , the nuclei was in a growth stage. The crystal grain size of the precusor increased sharply. With a stirring speed at 400 r/min, Zn + content of 2. 6 mol/L and ammonia still time of 50 min, the average grain size of the crystal nuclei obtained was180 nm. In addition, adding ammonium bicarbonate solution at a uniform velocity could decrease the growth rate of the zinc carbonate crystals, with an average size less than 120 nm.【期刊名称】《矿冶工程》【年(卷),期】2013(033)002【总页数】4页(P101-104)【关键词】氨法;碱式碳酸锌;结晶行为【作者】杨永斌;张鑫;李骞;姜涛;白国华【作者单位】中南大学资源加工与生物工程学院,湖南长沙410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TF111随着氧化锌需求的持续增长和人们环境保护意识的增强，含锌烟尘等低品位氧化锌物料制备活性氧化锌的技术越来越受到重视。

DOI ：10.19965/ki.iwt.2023-0072第 44 卷第 1 期2024年 1 月Vol.44 No.1Jan.，2024工业水处理Industrial Water Treatment 全量化工艺处理垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液实例陈俊（武汉森泰环保股份有限公司，湖北武汉 430000）[ 摘要 ] 针对国内垃圾填埋场后期及封场渗滤液可生化性低、无法采用生化进行有效处理、膜浓缩液长期回灌、渗滤液累积盐分越来越高得不到解决等问题，提出一种全量化处理组合工艺，即“软化预处理+高压碟管式反渗透（DTRO ）+特种分离膜+低温负压蒸发技术+三相固化技术”，适合盐分高、氨氮高、生化性低的终端渗滤液处理。

运行结果表明，清水回收率可达到90%~95%，固化后填埋物仅为5%~10%。

液相和固相处理系统优势互补，系统运行稳定，能耗较低，脱盐率达到99.5%以上；出水COD≤60 mg/L ，BOD 5≤20 mg/L ，氨氮≤8 mg/L ，总氮≤20 mg/L ，SS≤6 mg/L ，产水符合《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》（GB 16889—2008）表3规定的限值要求。

［关键词］ 后期及封场渗滤液；全量化工艺；特种分离膜；低温负压蒸发技术；三相固化技术［中图分类号］ X703 ［文献标识码］B ［文章编号］ 1005-829X （2024）01-0198-09A case of treatment of landfill leachate in late stage andclosure stage by full quantification processCHEN Jun（Wuhan Sentai Environmental Protection Co.， L td.， W uhan 430000，China ）Abstract ：In view of the low biodegradability of the leachate in the late stage of domestic landfills and closures ，it cannot be effectively treated by biochemistry. Furthermore ， the membrane concentrate is recharged for a long time ，and the increasingly accumulated salinity of the leachate cannot be solved. Aiming to these problems ，they proposed a combined process of full quantitative treatment ，namely “softening pretreatment ， DTRO ， special separation mem ⁃brane ， low temperature negative pressure evaporation technology and three -phase curing technology ”，which is suit⁃able for terminal leachate with high salinity ，high ammonia nitrogen and low biochemical properties. The operation results showed that the recovery rate of clean water can reach 90%-95%，and the landfill after solidification was only 5%-10%. The advantages of liquid and solid phase treatment systems complemented each other ，and the sys⁃tem run stably ，with low energy consumption. The desalination rate reached more than 99.5%，effluent COD≤60 mg/L ，BOD 5≤20 mg/L ，ammonia nitrogen≤8 mg/L ，total nitrogen≤20 mg/L ，SS≤6 mg/L. And the produced water met the limit requirements specified in Table 3 of the Standards for Pollution Control of Domestic Waste Landfills （GB 16889—2008）.Key words ：late stage and closure leachate ；full quantification process ；special separation membrane ；low tempera⁃ture negative pressure evaporation technology ；three -phase curing technology近年来，随着我国城市化程度的加快和居民生活消费水平的提高，我国城市生活垃圾的产生量增长迅速〔1〕。

控制电位氧化法铅阳极泥脱砷杨天足;王安;刘伟锋;张杜超;文剑锋;吴江华【摘要】采用压缩空气和双氧水作氧化剂,通过控制氧氧化钠体系中的电位来氧化浸出铅阳极泥中的砷.试验中考察电位、NaOH浓度、反应温度、反应时间和液固质量比对脱砷效果的影响,确定碱性浸出过程中预脱砷的最佳工艺条件:NaOH浓度为2 mol/L,温度为80℃,液固质量比为5∶1,通入0.2 MPa的压缩空气4h后用双氧水调节体系的电位至-180 mV,反应时间为2h.在此条件下,砷的浸出率可达98％以上.碱浸液经冷却过滤掉结晶砷酸钠后,返回浸出过程,砷的浸出率达98％以上,实现碱浸液的循环利用以及砷与其他金属的有效分离.%Arsenic was leached from lead anode slime with the oxidants including compressed air and hydrogen peroxide by potential control in sodium hydroxide system. The effects of potential, concentration of sodium hydroxide, reaction temperature, reaction time and solid/liquid ratio on arsenic removal were investigated and the optimum conditions of the arsenic removal in the alkaline leaching process were determined as follows: NaOH concentration of 2 mol/L, reaction temperature at 80 ℃, solid/liquid ratio of 5:1, 0.2 MPa compressed air into reaction system for 4 h, controlling the potential at -180 mV, and reaction time for 2 h. More than 98% of the amount arsenic is removed under these conditions. The alkaline leaching solution is returned to leaching process after the removal of crystal sodium arsenate by cooling and filtration, which achieves the recycling of alkaline solution and the effective separation of arsenic from other metals.【期刊名称】《中南大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(043)007【总页数】7页(P2482-2488)【关键词】铅阳极泥;氧化浸出;脱砷;电位控制【作者】杨天足;王安;刘伟锋;张杜超;文剑锋;吴江华【作者单位】中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083;中南大学冶金科学与工程学院,湖南长沙,410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TF04由于铅的需求量增加和炼铅技术的巨大进步，高砷铅精矿在铅冶炼过程中被大量采用，导致了后续电解工序产生的铅阳极泥含砷越来越高。

弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state ofstrain 应变协调方程equation of straincompatibility 拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk 楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem 布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维Kolosoff-利法Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis 板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforcedPlate 中厚板Plate of moderate thickness 弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell [圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell 锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method 松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation 量纲分析Dimensional analysis 自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism 回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem 率相关理论rate dependent theorem 载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity 应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment 累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain 永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plasticMaterial 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material 材料稳定性stability of material 应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain 应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain 应力球张量spherical tensor of stress 路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening 塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bendingMoment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending 弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface 弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plasticMaterial 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy 屈服Yield 屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential 能量吸收装置energy absorbing device 能量耗散率energy absorbing device 塑性动力学dynamic plasticity 塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling 塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response 塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissibleField 静力容许场statically admissibleField 流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge 塑性增量理论incremental theory ofPlasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion 普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation 特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空Haigh-Westergaard 间stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocityEquation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method 力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method 单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix 单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material 纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite 层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate 层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid 膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion 达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fractureMechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture 脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture 准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture 穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture 裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA 裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement,COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle,CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularityField裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation 止裂crack arrest 止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing 撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR场Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenField 守恒积分conservation integral 有效应力张量effective stress tensor 应变能密度strain energy density 能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ 延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature 剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection 双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRA 损伤力学damage mechanics 损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics 细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics 累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue 低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture 疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength 疲劳辉纹fatigue striations 疲劳阈值fatigue threshold 交变载荷alternating load 交变应力alternating stress 应力幅值stress amplitude 应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect 循环硬化cyclic hardening 循环软化cyclic softening 环境效应environmental effect 裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crackPropagation裂纹萌生crack initiation 循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stressAnalysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift 应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity 机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain 横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity 焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique 补偿技术compensation technique 基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage 温度自补偿应变计self-temperaturecompensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strainGage 集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage 光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equalDisplacement 暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication 干涉条纹interference fringe 等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference 热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity 光弹性贴片法photoelastic coatingMethod光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwichMethod动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity 空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringentEffect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity 应力冻结效应stress freezing effect 应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringentEffect 脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope 实时全息干涉法real-time holographicinterfero - metry 网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity 全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry 全息云纹法holographic moire technique 全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry [叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method 脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics 加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限[单]元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple 修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple 约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method 有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element 强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement 广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable 节点node, nodal point [单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable 杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element 梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element 一维元one-dimensional element 三维元three-dimensional element 轴对称元axisymmetric element 板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element 四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element 亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics 刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force 节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix 阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffnessMatrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width 波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix 割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix 模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique 超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第8期·3066·化 工 进展铜冶炼渣资源化利用研究进展廖亚龙，叶朝，王祎洋，曹磊（昆明理工大学冶金与能源工程学院，云南 昆明 650093）摘要：火法冶炼废弃渣大量露天堆存，存在铜、铁等有价金属资源未能回收利用和重金属污染土壤及水体等环境问题。

本文综述了铜火法冶炼过程中产生的典型废弃渣的物相特征，以及渣中铜、铁等有价金属回收利用的研究现状。

分析和讨论了选矿分离、湿法提取、火法贫化、高温氧化、高温还原等工艺处理铜冶炼废渣、回收利用铜和铁的优势及存在的缺陷，展望研究趋势。

分析表明：缓冷-浮选、湿法提取都能有效回收利用高品位的冶炼铜渣，湿法酸浸中的加压浸出能抑制铁的浸出而具有应用优势；矿相资源化重构是有效利用低含量铜渣中铜和铁资源的有效方法；在熔融态炉渣中加入氧化钙改性重构后缓冷，再进行浮选和磁选，既能回收炉渣中的铜和铁，且浮选尾渣可以直接用于建材行业，更具备应用前景。

关键词：废物处理；反应工程；回收；冶炼渣中图分类号：TQ09 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2017）08–3066–08 DOI ：10. 16085/j. issn. 1000-6613. 2016-2366Resource utilization of copper smelter slag——a state-of-the-arts reviewLIAO Yalong ，YE Chao ，WANG Yiyang ，CAO Lei（Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering ，Kunming University of Science and Technology ，Kunming 650093，Yunnan ，China ）Abstract ：Large quantities of slag dumped in the open are contributing to the absence of recovery andutilization of valuable metals as well as potential environmental pollution to water and soil arisen by heavy metal contamination. The mineralogical characteristics and researches on recovering valuable metals from typical copper slag produced by pyrometallurgical process were summarized in the present work. The advantage and limitation of outstanding treatment methods which are presently performed to dispose of the slag for the recovery of iron and copper contained were analyzed and discussed ，such as mineral separation ，hydrometallurgical extraction ，pyrometallurgical impoverishment ，high temperature oxidation and high temperature reduction ，etc. The prospective trends were predicted. The analyzing results obtained showed that the slow cooling followed by flotation and hydrometallurgical extraction are high effective method for recycling of copper contained in the smelting slag with a high content copper. Especially the process of high pressure oxidative acid leaching has excellent application prospect as it can inhibit the leaching of iron. Mineral phase reconfiguration for utilizing resource is effective to recover copper and iron in the slag with low content of copper. The process that calcium oxide is added into the molten slag prior to modification and cooling slow followed by flotation and magnetic separation is prospective to be applied ，as the reason that copper and iron contained in the slag can be effectively recycled ，and that flotation tailings can be directly used in building materials industry. Key words ：waste treatment ；reaction engineering ；recovery ；metallurgical slag第一作者及联系人：廖亚龙（1966—）教授，博士，研究方向为天然产物材料提取与分离。

硫化锌氧压浸出过程的φ-pH图牟望重;张廷安;吕国志;古岩;豆志河【摘要】通过热力学计算,得到ZnS-H2O系各物质高温条件下的GΘ值、φΘ值或pHΘ值以及各反应对应的电位表达式,分别绘制出不同离子活度、不同氧分压条件下的φ-pH图.由φ-pH图可以看出,随着离子活度的增大,S与Zn2+稳定区逐渐增大,但构成稳定区各反应的pH值上下限范围逐渐减小;随着氧分压的增大,水的稳定区逐渐增大.对ZnS进行了氧压浸出实验研究,采用全谱直读等离子光谱仪(ICP)、XRD和XRF等方法对浸出液和浸出渣进行分析、表征.结果表明:当初始酸浓度为15%、氧分压为1.1 MPa、浸出温度为160 ℃、液固比为8:1、浸出时间为90 min、搅拌速度480 r/min时,锌的浸出率为98.86%,硫的转化率为81.33%.实际结果与根据φ-pH图理论计算结果吻合.【期刊名称】《中国有色金属学报》【年(卷),期】2010(020)008【总页数】9页(P1636-1644)【关键词】氧压浸出;ZnS-H2O 系;φ-pH 图;氧分压;离子活度【作者】牟望重;张廷安;吕国志;古岩;豆志河【作者单位】东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819;东北大学,材料与冶金学院,沈阳,110819;东北大学,多金属共生矿生态化利用教育部重点实验室,沈阳,110819【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TF803.21锌冶金分为火法和湿法两种工艺，传统的湿法炼锌工艺是火法−湿法的联合过程。

第41卷第1期2021年2月冶金与材料M etallurgy and m aterialsYol.41 No.lFebruary2021钛中矿综合利用研究进展李斐然“2,邹敏2(1.西华大学材料科学与工程学院，四川成都610039;2.攀枝花学院钒钛学院，四川攀枝花617000)摘要:文章介绍了攀枝花地区钒钛磁铁矿的开发利情况，对钛屮矿综合利用发展趋势进行了展望。

结合钛 屮矿各元素含量的特点，参考转底炉煤基直接还原技术和亚熔盐分解技术提出了“碳还原一亚熔盐分解”联合 工艺提高钛中矿二氧化钛品位的新途径，该工艺可以显著提高二氧化钛的品位至钛精矿标准，满足作为钛白粉 生产原料要求,具有广阔的应用前景。

关键词:钛中矿;综合利jii;二氧化钛;转底炉；亚熔盐钥■钦磁铁矿是以铁、饥、钦儿素为主，并伴有其他有价金属的多元共生铁矿，综合利用价值很高。

我W攀 西地区钒钛磁铁矿储量丰富，探明储量146亿t，K中伴生钦资源8.02亿丨，占全国钛储量90%。

钒钛磁铁矿 在磁选选铁过程屮约有40%~60%的钛进人铁精矿屮，其余部分则进人尾矿。

攀枝花地区的钒钛磁铁矿选矿企业对磁选尾矿的平均钛囬收率只有19.77%,最低的 仅为3.8%,K:余的钛资源进入尾矿之中。

攀西地区少 数选矿企业利用选钛尾矿为原料进行再次选钛得到钛中矿，其1^02品位约为36%~38%，较钛精矿低约10%。

由于钛中矿Ti02含量达不到直接生产海绵钦、人造金 红石、钛白粉以及高钛渣的工业要求，其用于工业化生 产的经济性不高。

文章将对当前攀西地区钛中矿综合利用情况进行综述，并对以后钛屮矿综合利用的新途径提出一些建议。

1攀西地区钦中矿基本情况1.1攀西地区钛中矿的生产情况目前攀西地区钛中矿产量约为100万t/年，38品 位以上钛中矿价格在850〜900元/丨，46品位10钛精矿 价格在122(M330元/1，47品位20钛精矿价格在1300〜1350元/t，其市场价格比钛精矿低400〜500元/t。

高铁用英语怎么说高速铁路是指通过改造原有线路，使最高营运速率达到不小于每小时200公里的“高速新线”。

如今高铁是一种十分便利的交通工具，那么你知道高铁用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来高铁的英语说法，欢迎大家一起来学习。

high-speed rail英 [hai spi:d reil]美 [haɪ spid rel]土耳其高速铁路 High-speed rail in Turkey高速铁路技术 high speed railway technology高速铁路运输 high speed railway traffic1. The high-speed train service is planned to extend from Paris to Bordeaux.高铁拟从巴黎延伸至波尔多。

2. The bridge construction site at the side of Weishan Lake.图为京沪高铁微山湖畔架梁施工现场.3. Ministry of Railways who denied the rumors at a recent news conference.铁道部官员日前在新闻发布会上否认了京沪高铁将上市的传闻.4. At the cessation of NF 3 exposure, methemoglobin reverts back to hemoglobin.在NF3暴露停止后, 高铁血红蛋白转化回血红素.5. The Rail Link will enhance the sustainable development of Hong Kong.高铁将提升香港的可持续发展潜力.6. At a Fe content, such transforming peak can not be observed.磁阻效应在高铁含量时只能在低温观察到.7. The company has won the Beijing Shanghai High SpeedRailway contract.事实上,集团已刚成功投得部份[京沪高铁]的工程合约.8. Over - exposure to NF 3 via inhalation induces the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.过量吸入NF3会导致血色素转化成高铁血红蛋白.9. Invar alloy foil was electrodeposited from sulfate - chloride electrolyte containing composite stabilizer and additives.在含有复配稳定剂和添加剂的高铁硫酸盐氯化物电解液中,电沉积得到因瓦合金箔.10. The round - trip express fare is priced at about two - thirds of average factory worker's monthly wage.高铁往返的票价大约相当于这些工人月工资的三分之二.11. Trains in service in China are all based on imported French, German or Japanese technology.中国正在运行的高铁列车采用的都是从法国、德国或日本引进的技术.12. Also, get ready for a huge influx of HSR station designs in the coming years.此外, 需要为高铁站在未来几年大量涌出做好准备.13. Moreover , aeration in the reaction will improve the degradation rate of PCP - Na by ferrate.在高铁酸钾氧化降解五氯酚钠溶液的反应过程中发现通气能提高降解效率.14. The effects of different light on the stability of ferrate solution are studied.研究了不同种类的光照对高铁酸盐溶液稳定性的影响.15. The pressure oxidative leaching of copper slag with high iron and silicon content was studied systematically.对火法炼铅产高硅高铁含铜渣进行了氧压硫酸浸出过程研究.在中国一段新建的铁轨在暴雨中塌陷之后，其修建高铁的雄心受到新一轮的审视。

第45卷第5期包装工程2024年3月PACKAGING ENGINEERING·309·发泡聚乙烯最大加速度-静应力曲线快速获取方法研究宋卫生，薛阳（河南牧业经济学院，郑州450046）摘要：目的研究快速、准确预测最大加速度-静应力曲线的方法。

方法首先利用落锤冲击试验机获取了5个不同高度下，5种不同厚度的发泡聚乙烯的最大加速度-静应力曲线。

在此基础上，分析对比文中3种不同的改进拟合法与已有的动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的区别。

结果研究发现，当不区分高度的情况下，以最大加速度因子为函数值，以跌落高度、衬垫厚度、静应力为变量进行拟合时，其代表预测精度R2的平均为0.835，相比动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的0.299 6要高。

但曲线右侧的预测精度偏低。

引入以静应力为变量的多项式作为修正因子后，R2的平均值为0.934。

预测精度有所提高，右侧的预测偏差减小，但仍存在。

在区分高度的情况下，以带有修正因子的公式进行预测时，R2的平均值为0.984，曲线向右侧预测偏差逐渐增大的现象明显改善。

结论区分高度情况下，利用带修正因子的预测公式可以快速且较准确地预测最大加速度-静应力曲线，可以为冲击防护设计及相关软件的开发提供一定的帮助。

关键词：最大加速度-静应力曲线；应力能量法；预测精度；发泡聚乙烯；多项式拟合中图分类号：TB485.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3563(2024)05-0309-06DOI：10.19554/ki.1001-3563.2024.05.037Rapid Acquisition Method of Maximum Acceleration-Static Stress Curve forFoamed PolyethyleneSONG Weisheng, XUE Yang(Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China)ABSTRACT: The work aims to study a method that can predict the maximum acceleration-static stress curve quickly and accurately. Firstly, the maximum acceleration-static stress curves of foamed polyethylene of 5 different thickness at 5 different heights were obtained by a drop hammer impact testing machine. On this basis, the differences between the three different improved fitting methods proposed and the existing dynamic stress and dynamic energy polynomial fitting methods were analyzed and compared. It was found that when the maximum acceleration factor was used as a function value and the drop height, pad thickness, and static stress were used as variables for fitting without distinguishing heights, the average R2 value representing prediction accuracy was 0.835, which was much higher than the value of 0.299 6 got by the polynomial fitting method of dynamic stress and dynamic energy. However, the prediction accuracy on the right side of the curve was still low. After a polynomial with static stress as the variable was used as the correction factor, the average value of R2 was 0.934, indicating a significant improvement in prediction accuracy. The prediction deviation on the right side was reduced, but it still existed. When a formula with a correction factor was used for prediction while heights were distinguished, the average value of R2was 0.984, and the phenomenon of gradually increasing prediction deviation towards the right side of the curve was significantly improved. Under different heights, the use of prediction formulas with correction factors can quickly and accurately predict the maximum acceleration-static stress curve, which收稿日期：2023-11-08基金项目：河南省科技攻关项目（222102210267）；河南省高校重点科研项目（24B140004）·310·包装工程2024年3月can provide certain assistance for impact protection design and related software development.KEY WORDS: maximum acceleration-static stress curve; stress energy method; prediction accuracy; foamed polyethylene;polynomial fitting缓冲包装设计国家标准中[1]，冲击防护设计方法有缓冲系数-最大应力曲线法和最大加速度静应力曲线法。

第 54 卷第 2 期2023 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.2Feb. 2023废铝电解质浸出液的冰晶石诱导结晶除氟工艺研究韩泽勋，罗丽琼，吴勇聪，蒿鹏程，谭璇，吕晓军(中南大学 冶金与环境学院，湖南 长沙，410083)摘要：针对当前工艺回收废铝电解质浸出液中有价元素存在须要先除氟且有价元素资源利用率低等问题，提出采用诱导结晶法生产冰晶石，回收浸出液中氟、铝等有价元素。

研究结果表明：通过调节pH ，可实现浸出液中沉淀产物的调控，pH<5时，浸出液中得到AlF 2OH ；pH 在5~8范围内，得到Na 3AlF 6和AlF 2OH 共沉淀；pH>8时，得到Na 3AlF 6和Al(OH)3共沉淀。

除氟最佳工艺条件为：pH=9，碱液中NaOH 质量浓度160 g/L ，加碱速度1 mL/min ，反应温度50 ℃；此时，溶液中残余氟质量浓度为59.32 mg/L ，氟回收率为98.91%，沉淀含水率达54.92%。

加入冰晶石晶种可诱导溶质在晶体表面生长，改善产物及除氟性能；在晶种添加量为4 g/L ，陈化时间为2 h 条件下，沉淀含水率降低至29.59%，过滤系数提高到30.24×10−4 cm/s ，平均体积粒度增加到105.89 μm ，溶液中氟含量降低至48.20 mg/L ，氟的总回收率增加到99.11%。

采用活性氧化铝对晶种诱导结晶除氟后溶液深度吸附除氟，剩余氟质量浓度为9.0 mg/L ，全流程总氟回收率为99.83%。

关键词：废铝电解质；含氟浸出液；冰晶石；氧化铝吸附；诱导结晶；除氟中图分类号：TF09 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）02-0595-12Cryolite-induced crystallization defluorination process of spentaluminium electrolyte leaching solutionHAN Zexun, LUO Liqiong, WU Yongchong, HAO Pengcheng, TAN Xuan, LÜ　Xiaojun(School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China)Abstract: The current recycling process of spent aluminium electrolytes leachate has problems such as the need to prior defluorination and the low resources utilization rate of valuable element. The induced crystallization method was proposed to produce cryolite and recover the various valuable elements such as fluorine and aluminum from the leachate. The results indicate that the precipitation products style in the leachate can be controlled by adjusting pH of the solution. When the pH is less than 5, AlF 2OH is obtained. The co-precipitation of Na 3AlF 6 and AlF 2OH is obtained with the pH range of 5 to 8. When pH is more than 8, the co-precipitation products are Na 3AlF 6 and收稿日期： 2022 −09 −30； 修回日期： 2022 −12 −07基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51674302) (Project(51674302) supported by the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China)通信作者：吕晓军，博士，教授，从事高温熔盐电化学及铝冶金固废资源化研究；E-mail ：*****************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.02.019引用格式： 韩泽勋, 罗丽琼, 吴勇聪, 等. 废铝电解质浸出液的冰晶石诱导结晶除氟工艺研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(2): 595−606.Citation: HAN Zexun, LUO Liqiong, WU Yongchong, et al. Cryolite-induced crystallization defluorination process of spent aluminium electrolyte leaching solution[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(2): 595−606.第 54 卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)Al(OH)3. The optimum process conditions for fluoride removal are pH=9, NaOH concentration of 160 g/L, alkali addition rate of 1 mL/min and reaction temperature of 50 ℃. Under the optimum conditions, the residual fluoride concentration in the solution is 59.32 mg/L, and the recovery rate of fluorine is 98.91%, and the precipitation moisture content is as high as 54.92%. Adding cryolite seed crystals can induce the growth of solutes on the crystal surface and improve the performance of product and fluorine removal. When the seed crystal addition amount is4 g/L and the aging time is 2 h, the moisture content of precipitation reduces to 29.59% and filtration coefficientincreases to 30.24×10−4 cm/s. The average volume particle size increases to 105.89 μm, and the fluorine content in solution decreases to 48.20 mg/L. The total recovery rate of fluorine increases to 98.91%. Using activated alumina to deeply purify fluorine by adsorption after induced crystallization, the remaining fluoride concentration is 9.0 mg/L and the total recovery rate of fluorine is 99.83%.Key words: spent aluminium electrolyte; fluorine-containing leachate; recycling; cryolite; alumina adsorption;induced crystallization电解铝生产过程中会产生大量废铝电解质，其来源主要包括3个方面：一是生产中为稳定电解质高度而捞出的过剩电解质；二是打捞炭渣分离得到的废电解质；三是大修渣、残阳极等部分夹带的电解质。

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS 2017年第36卷第12期·4486·化 工 进展三元复合氧化物的制备及应用研究进展程璐，所艳华，张微，汪颖军（东北石油大学化学化工学院，黑龙江 大庆 163318）摘要：随着在诸多领域对复合氧化物性能要求的不断提高，研究开发出高性能的三元复合氧化物逐渐进入科研者的视线，其成果对新型材料的合成与应用具有十分重要的意义。

本文介绍了固相法、溶胶-凝胶法、共沉淀法3种常用制备三元复合氧化物的方法以及影响其性能的因素，主要是温度、摩尔比、pH 。

其后综述了近年来三元复合氧化物在催化、环保、新能源领域的应用研究进展，并对其发展前景作出了展望。

分析表明，在三元复合氧化物体系中，每种元素对材料有着不同的贡献，使复合材料更大限度地发挥其性能，其活性和稳定性均优于二元复合氧化物。

最后指出针对特殊性能探索合成思路是研究三元复合氧化物的重点，为合成技术走向工业化生产奠定基础。

关键词：复合材料；制备；催化作用；影响因素中图分类号：O611.4 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000–6613（2017）12–4486–07 DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2017-0555Recent progress in preparation and application of ternary compositeoxideCHENG Lu ，SUO Yanhua ，ZHANG Wei ，WANG Yingjun（College of Chemical Engineering ，Northeast University of Petroleum ，Daqing 163318，Heilongjiang ，China ）Abstract ：With the increasing requirements of performance of composite oxides ，developing high-performance ternary composite oxides has attracted attentions of researchers in many fields ．The synthesis and application of these new materials is of great significance ．This paper introduces three commonly used preparation methods of the ternary composite oxides ：solid phase method ，sol-gel method ，coprecipitation method as well as the effect of reaction temperature ，mole ratio and pH on their performance ．The research progress of ternary composite oxides in the field of catalysis ，environmental protection and new energy in recent years are reviewed ，and the development prospect are also discussed ．Analysis shows that each element in the ternary composite oxide system has different contributions to the materials giving rise to maximize composite materials properties ，and higher activity and stability than those of binary complex oxides ．Finally ，we figure out the research focus of ternary composite oxides is to explore synthetic methods for special performance ，which lays a good foundation for the future industrial application ．Key words ：composites ；preparation ；catalysis ；influence factor近年来，随着氧化物合成技术的不断发展，已有大量研究表明复合氧化物的活性要优于单一氧化物[1-2]。

英文回答：The production of copper sulfate from copper sulfide ore involves a series of carefully structured procedures. Initially, the copper sulfide ore is subjected to crushing and grinding, resulting in a fine powder. Subsequently, this powdered ore isbined with water and sulfuric acid within a designated set of tanks. The resulting slurry is then subjected to a process of heating and pressurization with the introduction of oxygen gas. This facilitates the oxidation of the copper sulfide, ultimately leading to the formation of copper sulfate. This meticulous high-pressure oxidative leaching method enables the efficient conversion of copper sulfide to copper sulfate, all the while minimizing the requirement for excessively high temperatures and energy consumption.从硫化铜矿石中生产硫酸铜涉及一系列精心安排的程序。

最初，硫化铜矿石被压碎和磨碎，形成细粉末。

第51卷第12期2020年12月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.51No.12Dec.2020锌氧压酸浸渣赋存特性与浸出毒性评价陈永明1,2，代杰1,2，胡方园1,2，李云1,2，常聪1,2，向长柳1,2，何静1,2(1.中南大学冶金与环境学院，湖南长沙，410083；2.中南大学难冶有色金属资源高效利用国家工程实验室，湖南长沙，410083)摘要：锌氧压酸浸渣属于冶炼危废，其安全处置已成为制约锌系统稳定生产的重要因素。

为揭示其安全利用的关键技术难题与瓶颈，采用粒度分析仪、X 射线荧光分析仪(XRF)、电感耦合原子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)、高频红外碳硫仪、X 射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、矿物解离分析仪(MLA)、扫描电镜−能谱(SEM-EDS)连用技术、X 射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)以及傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析研究2种典型锌精矿氧压酸浸渣的粒度分布、化学组成、形貌特征和表面元素化学价态以及分子键结构等矿物学特性。

采用热分析仪(TG −DSC)和毒性浸出程序(TCLP)分别考察锌氧压酸浸渣的着火性能和短期环境活性等安全属性。

研究结果表明：氧压酸浸渣1多呈球块状，平均粒径为22μm ，主要物相为单质硫、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、石膏和石英等，其中单质硫质量分数最高，达52%；氧压酸浸渣2外形不规则，平均粒径为86μm ，主要物相为单质硫、纤铁矾、硫酸铁、闪锌矿和石膏等，其中单质硫质量分数为33%。

锌氧压酸浸渣热稳定性较差，酸浸渣1的着火温度为214~291°C ，酸浸渣2的着火温度为213~240°C ；锌氧压酸浸中锌和镉元素在弱酸性条件下不稳定，酸浸渣1中锌和镉的浸出量分别超标6.45和2.55倍，酸浸渣2中锌和镉的浸出量分别超标4.37和4.80倍。

油酸钠作用下异极矿的浮选行为及作用机理刘诚;冯其明;张国范【摘要】通过纯矿物试验研究油酸钠为捕收剂体系中异极矿的浮选行为.结果表明:当油酸钠用量为3×10-4mol/L、pH值为4-8和11时,异极矿浮选回收率均在80％左右.Zeta电位及红外光谱测试结果表明:油酸钠在异极矿表面主要发生化学吸附,同时也可能存在物理吸附.根据油酸钠溶液和锌离子水解组分含量化学计算,当pH值为4～8时,油酸钠溶液的优势组分为RCOO-和(RCOO)22-;而异极矿表面锌离子主要以Zn2+和少量ZnOH+形式存在.结合异极矿在油酸钠捕收剂体系中的浮选行为,油酸钠在异极矿表面的相互作用原理是异极矿表面Zn2+和羟基络合物Zn(OH)+成为浮选的活性质点,能与油酸钠作用形成油酸盐,从而使异极矿疏水上浮;RCOOH(ap)分子和离子-分子缔合物RCOOH·RCOO-的物理吸附也可能存在;而在pH为11时矿物可浮性较好,可能是油酸根离子与矿物表面的形成Zn(OH)2发生离子交换.【期刊名称】《中国有色金属学报》【年(卷),期】2016(026)004【总页数】6页(P878-883)【关键词】异极矿;油酸钠;浮选【作者】刘诚;冯其明;张国范【作者单位】中南大学资源与生物工程学院,长沙410083;中南大学资源与生物工程学院,长沙410083;中南大学资源与生物工程学院,长沙410083【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TD91锌做为一种重要有色金属广泛应用于镀锌、锌电池和汽车等行业［1−2］，消费量仅次于铁铝铜消费量。

锌矿常和铅矿伴生共存，而获得锌精矿产品最传统的工艺是通过浮选方式［3］。

近年随着硫化锌矿物的日益枯竭，异极矿的回收日益受到重视，目前异极矿的提取主要是采取湿法冶金的方法［4−5］。

异极矿属于硅酸盐矿物，极易泥化，分选困难。

因此，很少有关异极矿浮选的文献报导［6］。

在浮选过程中，捕收剂在固−液界面的吸附与浮选的关系一直受到矿物加工研究者的关注，油酸钠属于脂肪酸盐，常作为阴离子捕收剂被广泛应用于氧化矿和硅酸盐矿物的浮选中［7］，如钛铁矿［8］、萤石［9］、赤铁矿［10］、一水硬铝石等［11］。

DOI:10.13444/ki.zgzyykzz.2020.11.014基金项目：1国家重大科学仪器设备开发专项资助项目（2013YQ490859）2温州市科技计划项目（Y20160147）作者单位：1成都中医药大学，成都6100752温州医科大学附属眼视光医院，温州325027通讯作者：段俊国，E-mail ：duanjg@青光眼是一组由病理性眼内压升高或者视神经血流灌注压降低等多种因素引起的视神经退行性疾病，是导致不可逆性致盲性眼病的第二大病因[1]。

目前全球有超过6000万的青光眼视神经损害患者，其中有840万人因此失明。

预计到2020年，全球的青光眼患者会增加至7600万人，并导致1120万人失明[2]。

越来越多的研究[3]表明，氧化应激损伤与青光眼密切相关，氧化应激反应增强、活性氧（reactive oxygenspecies ，ROS ）产生增多在青光眼的发生发展中发挥了重要的作用。

ROS 可以通过损伤小梁网、视乳头及视网膜而导致眼压升高、引起组织氧化应激反应，最终导致视网膜神经节细胞（retinal ganglial cells ，RGCs ）凋亡[4]。

同时，大量实验研究[5]已经证实，抗氧化应激天然药物对于青光眼视神经损伤具有较好的保护作用。

现就氧化应激在青光眼发病中的作用及抗氧化损伤天然药物防治青光眼的研究进展综述如下。

1氧化应激及其标记物氧化应激是指机体内氧自由基的产生与清除失衡，导致氧自由基在细胞内蓄积引发蛋白质、脂质、DNA 等大分子被氧化损伤，从而造成细胞、组织损伤的状态[3]。

ROS 是造成氧化应激的主要原因，生理状态下，ROS 的浓度很低，是参与细胞信号转导的重要物质，可调节机体免疫炎症因子的产生[4,6]；而抗氧化物则发挥保护作用，维持促氧化系统与抗氧化系统处于相互协调的平衡状态。

当促氧化物大量产生或抗氧化物不足时，则会导致氧化应激反应出现。

过量的ROS 一方面可以攻击蛋白质、脂质、DNA 等生物大分子，造成细胞死亡或组织结构改变；另一方面可攻击线粒体，造成线粒体功能紊乱而损伤细胞[6]。

解读！揭秘氧化性压力在癌症发生、进展和转移过程中的关键作用近日，一篇发表在国际杂志Cancer Cell上题为“Oxidative Stress in Cancer”的研究报告中，来自邓迪大学等机构的科学家们通过研究揭示了氧化性压力在癌症中的作用。

与抗氧化剂相比，氧化性压力（oxidative stress）被定义为活性氧（ROS）的相对过剩，其与神经变性疾病、心血管疾病、糖尿病和其它多种疾病发生直接相关，这些关联强调了必须在活性氧和抗氧化剂的响度丰度之间保持动态平衡，而这种动态平衡对机体健康至关重要，细胞拥有复杂的生化机制和遗传机制来维持这种平衡，而这种平衡一旦打破就会引发潜在的病理性后果。

根据不同的浓度，活性氧会以一种明显矛盾的方式来影响癌症的进展，要么开启/刺激肿瘤的形成并支持癌细胞的转化和增殖，要么促进细胞死亡；为了适应高水平的活性氧，肿瘤细胞就需要修饰其基于硫的代谢过程、NADPH的产生以及抗氧化转录因子的活性；在癌症开始发生的过程中，遗传改变会通过激活抗氧化转录因子或通过磷酸戊糖途径（PPP途径）来增加NADPH的水平从而使细胞在较高水平的ROS下存活，在癌症进展和转移阶段，肿瘤细胞则会通过以多种方式增加NADPH的方式适应氧化性压力，这些方式包括激活AMPK、PPP、还原性的谷氨酰胺和叶酸的代谢等。

图片来源：John D. Hayes. Cancer Cell 38, August 10, 2020doi:10.1016/ell.2020.06.001在整个肿瘤发生过程中，癌细胞在起始阶段、基质脱离阶段、循环过程及治疗后疾病复发时都必须承受氧化性压力，肿瘤细胞会通过多种适应性的策略来缓解这种情况，而每一种策略都会确保ROS的水平被限制在一个动态范围内，从而就能在避免细胞死亡的同时还允许其增殖。

在癌症发生期间，肿瘤出现前的细胞通常会经历高水平和持续性的致癌ROS的负担，因此其不得不上调抗氧化剂的防御机制，其通常会导致NRF-2调节的抗氧化基因的过表达，同时也参与到了癌基因引导的PKM2的磷酸化过程中去，PKM2的磷酸化作用会通过转移葡萄糖代谢通路从而增加NADPH的产生。

基础化学常用英语词生物柴油专用词1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts i. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. Voltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analysis 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analysis 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation 偏差187. precision 精密度188. relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）190. confidence level 置信水平191. confidence interval 置信区间192. significant test 显著性检验193. significant figure 有效数字194. standard solution 标准溶液195. titration 滴定196. stoichiometric point 化学计量点197. end point 滴定终点198. titration error 滴定误差199. primary standard 基准物质200. amount of substance 物质的量201. standardization 标定202. chemical reaction 化学反应203. concentration 浓度204. chemical equilibrium 化学平衡205. titer 滴定度206. general equation for a chemical reaction 化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant 解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid 乙酸212. hydronium ion 水合氢离子213. electrolyte 电解质214. ion-product constant of water 水的离子积215. ionization 电离216. proton condition 质子平衡217. zero level 零水准218. buffer solution 缓冲溶液219. methyl orange 甲基橙220. acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂221. phenolphthalein 酚酞222. coordination compound 配位化合物223. center ion 中心离子224. cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数225. alpha coefficient 酸效应系数226. overall stability constant 总稳定常数227. ligand 配位体228. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸229. side reaction coefficient 副反应系数230. coordination atom 配位原子231. coordination number 配位数232. lone pair electron 孤对电子233. chelate compound 螯合物234. metal indicator 金属指示剂235. chelating agent 螯合剂236. masking 掩蔽237. demasking 解蔽238. electron 电子239. catalysis 催化240. oxidation 氧化241. catalyst 催化剂242. reduction 还原243. catalytic reaction 催化反应244. reaction rate 反应速率245. electrode potential 电极电势246. activation energy 反应的活化能247. redox couple 氧化还原电对248. potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾249. iodimetry 碘量法250. potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾251. cerimetry 铈量法252. redox indicator 氧化还原指示253. oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）254. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) 255. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)256. precipitation 沉淀反应257. argentimetry 银量法258. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡259. aging 陈化260. postprecipitation 继沉淀261. coprecipitation 共沉淀262. ignition 灼烧263. fitration 过滤264. decantation 倾泻法265. chemical factor 化学因数266. spectrophotometry 分光光度法267. colorimetry 比色分析268. transmittance 透光率269. absorptivity 吸光率270. calibration curve 校正曲线271. standard curve 标准曲线272. monochromator 单色器273. source 光源274. wavelength dispersion 色散275. absorption cell 吸收池276. detector 检测系统277. bathochromic shift 红移278. Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数279. hypochromic shift 紫移280. acetylene 乙炔281. ethylene 乙烯282. acetylating agent 乙酰化剂283. acetic acid 乙酸284. adiethyl ether 乙醚285. ethyl alcohol 乙醇286. acetaldehtde 乙醛287. β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物288. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应289. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应290. open chain compound 开链族化合物291. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论292. chiral molecule 手性分子293. tautomerism 互变异构现象294. reaction mechanism 反应历程295. chemical shift 化学位移296. Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转n297. Enantiomorph 对映体298. addition rea ction 加成反应299. dextro- 右旋300. levo- 左旋301. stereochemistry 立体化学302. stereo isomer 立体异构体303. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂304. covalent bond 共价键305. conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃306. conjugated double bond 共轭双键307. conjugated system 共轭体系308. conjugated effect 共轭效应309. isomer 同分异构体310. isomerism 同分异构现象311. organic chemistry 有机化学312. hybridization 杂化313. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道314. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物315. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应t316. valence bond theory 价键理论317. sequence rule 次序规则318. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基319. Huckel rule 休克尔规则320. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验321. infrared spectrum 红外光谱322. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应323. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃324. haloform reaction 卤仿反应325. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法e326. Newman projection 纽曼投影式327. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物328. aromatic character 芳香性r329. Claisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应330. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排331. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应332. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原333. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应334. positional isomers 位置异构体335. unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应336. unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应337. benzene 苯338. functional grou 官能团p339. configuration 构型340. conformation 构象341. confomational isome 构象异构体342. electrophilic addition 亲电加成343. electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂344. nucleophilic addition 亲核加成345. nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂346. nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应347. active intermediate 活性中间体348. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则349. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构350. inductive effect 诱导效应 t351. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂352. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用353. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物354. elimination reaction 消除反应355. Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂356. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振357. alkene 烯烃358. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子359. leaving group 离去基团360. optical activity 旋光性361. boat confomation 船型构象362. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应363. Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式364. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式365. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应366. Ketone 酮367. carboxylic acid 羧酸368. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物369. hydroboration 硼氢化反应370. bond oength 键长371. bond energy 键能372. bond angle 键角373. carbohydrate 碳水化合物374. carbocation 碳正离子375. carbanion 碳负离子376. alcohol 醇377. Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则378. Aldehyde 醛379. Ether 醚380. Polymer 聚合物物理方面的，数学不是说那个比较好，我就不找了吧。