数字图像与信号处理结课大作业

1、下图是一用于干涉原理进行测试的干涉场图像，要求判读条纹的间距，请给出图像处理的方案并说明每一步的作用及其对其它处理步骤可能产生的影响。

解：步骤与思路：○1.进行模糊处理，消除噪声○2.边缘检测，进行图像增强处理○3．二值化图像，再进行边缘检测，能够得到很清晰的边界。

○4.采用横向标号法，根据值为1像素在标号中的相邻位置可以确定间距I=imread('xz mjt.bmp');I1=medfilt2(I); %对图像中值滤波imshow(I1);[m,n]=size(I1);for i=1:mfor j=1:nif(I1(i,j)<100) %阈值为100I1(i,j)=255;elseI1(i,j)=0; %进行二值化endendendfigure;imshow(I1);Y1=zeros(1,25);y2=y1;c=y2;i=100;for j=1:1200if (I1(i,j)==255&&I1(i,j+1)==0)Y1=j+1;endif (I1(i,j)==0&&I1(i,j+1)==255)Y2=j;endendfor i=1:25c=Y2(i)-Y1(i)endc %找出每两个条纹之间的距离2. 现有8个待编码的符号m0,……,m7,它们的概率分别为0.11,0.02,0.08,0.04,0.39,0.05,0.06,0.25,利用哈夫曼编码求出这一组符号的编码并画出哈夫曼树。

3. 请以图像分割方法为主题，结合具体处理实例，采用期刊论文格式，撰写一篇小论文。

各种算子对图像进行边缘检测效果的研究图像分割是根据需要将图像划分为有意义的若干区域或部分的图像处理技术。

通过边缘检测在Matlab中实现方法，及用四叉数分解函数进行区域分割的方法，掌握了Matlab区域操作函数的使用和图像分析和理解的基本方法,并学到了'roberts','sobel','prewitt','canny','log'算子对图像进行边缘检测的不同效果。

《数字图像处理》期末大作业大作业题目及要求：一、题目：本门课程的考核以作品形式进行。

作品必须用Matlab完成。

并提交相关文档。

二、作品要求：1、用Matlab设计实现图形化界面，调用后台函数完成设计，函数可以调用Matlab工具箱中的函数，也可以自己编写函数。

设计完成后，点击GUI图形界面上的菜单或者按钮，进行必要的交互式操作后，最终能显示运行结果。

2、要求实现以下功能：每个功能的演示窗口标题必须体现完成该功能的小组成员的学号和姓名。

1）对于打开的图像可以显示其灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化。

2）实现灰度图像的对比度增强，要求实现线性变换和非线性变换（包括对数变换和指数变换）。

3）实现图像的缩放变换、旋转变换等。

4）图像加噪（用输入参数控制不同噪声），然后使用空域和频域进行滤波处理。

5）采用robert算子，prewitt算子，sobel算子，拉普拉斯算子对图像进行边缘提取。

6）读入两幅图像，一幅为背景图像，一幅为含有目标的图像，应用所学的知识提取出目标。

3、认真完成期末大作业报告的撰写，对各个算法的原理和实验结果务必进行仔细分析讨论。

报告采用A4纸打印并装订成册。

附录：报告模板《数字图像处理》期末大作业班级：计算机小组编号：第9组组长：王迪小组成员：吴佳达浙江万里学院计算机与信息学院2014年12月目录（自动生成）1 绘制灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化 (5)1.1 算法原理 (5)1.2 算法设计 (5)1.3 实验结果及对比分析 (5)2 灰度图像的对比度增强 (5)2.1 算法原理 (5)2.2 算法设计 (5)2.3 实验结果及分析 (5)3 图像的几何变换 (5)3.1 算法原理 (5)3.2 算法设计 (5)3.3 实验结果及分析 (5)4 图像加噪（用输入参数控制不同噪声），然后使用空域和频域进行滤波处理 (5)4.1 算法原理 (5)4.2 算法设计 (6)4.3 实验结果及分析 (6)5 采用robert，prewitt，sobel，拉普拉斯算子对图像进行边缘提取 (6)5.1 算法原理 (6)5.2 算法设计 (6)5.3 实验结果及分析 (6)6 读入两幅图像，一幅为背景图像，一幅为含有目标的图像，应用所学的知识提取出目标 (6)6.1 算法原理 (6)6.2 算法设计 (6)6.3 实验结果及分析 (6)7 小结（感受和体会） (6)1 绘制灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化1.1 算法原理图像增强是指按特定的需要突出一幅图像中的某些信息，同时，消弱或去除某些不需要的信息的处理方法。

《数字图像处理》期末大作业大作业题目及要求：一、题目：本门课程的考核以作品形式进行。

作品必须用Matlab完成。

并提交相关文档。

二、作品要求：1、用Matlab设计实现图形化界面，调用后台函数完成设计，函数可以调用Matlab工具箱中的函数，也可以自己编写函数。

设计完成后，点击GUI 图形界面上的菜单或者按钮，进行必要的交互式操作后，最终能显示运行结果。

2、要求实现以下功能：每个功能的演示窗口标题必须体现完成该功能的小组成员的学号（后三位）。

1）对于打开的图像可以显示其灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化和直方图匹配（规定化）。

2）实现灰度图像的对比度增强，要求实现线性变换和非线性变换（包括对数变换和指数变换）。

3）实现图像的缩放变换、旋转变换等。

4）图像加噪（用输入参数控制不同噪声），然后使用空域和频域进行滤波处理。

5）采用robert算子，prewitt算子，sobel算子，拉普拉斯算子对图像进行边缘提取。

6）读入两幅图像，一幅为背景图像，一幅为含有目标的图像，应用所学的知识提取出目标。

3、认真完成期末大作业报告的撰写，对各个算法的原理和实验结果务必进行仔细分析讨论。

报告采用A4纸打印并装订成册。

附录：报告模板《数字图像处理》期末大作业班级：小组编号：组长：小组成员：浙江万里学院计算机与信息学院2013年12月目录（自动生成）1 绘制灰度直方图，实现直方图均衡化和直方图匹配（规定化）1.1 算法原理1.2 算法设计1.3 实验结果及对比分析图1 ××××××图2 ××××××分析***********************************************2 灰度图像的对比度增强2.1 算法原理2.2 算法设计2.3 实验结果及分析3 图形的几何变换3.1 算法原理3.2 算法设计3.3 实验结果及分析4 图像加噪（用输入参数控制不同噪声），然后使用空域和频域进行滤波处理4.1 算法原理4.2 算法设计4.3 实验结果及分析5 采用robert，prewitt，sobel，拉普拉斯算子对图像进行边缘提取5.1 算法原理5.2 算法设计5.3 实验结果及分析6 读入两幅图像，一幅为背景图像，一幅为含有目标的图像，应用所学的知识提取出目标6.1 算法原理6.2 算法设计6.3 实验结果及分析7 小结（感受和体会）（英文版）Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthenparty laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Y ears, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulationsrepeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the FifthPlenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs DepartmentThe first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee PoliticalBureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revisionof the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Y an to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline andto implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists ona positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," atotal of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule >real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen yearsimplement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses.Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Y an Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline,exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility shouldbe depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effectiveconvergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for actsof mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Applicationof this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situationmade explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give。

数字图像处理实验报告实验选题：选题二组员：学号：班级：指导老师：实验日期：2019年5月22日一、实验目的及原理1.识别出芯片的引脚2.熟悉并掌握opencv的某些函数的功能和使用方法原理：通过滤波、形态学操作得到二值图，再在二值图中设置条件识别引脚部分。

二、实现方案对图片滤波、调节阈值做边缘检测过滤掉一部分图片中干扰元素；然后通过膨胀、腐蚀操作来减少引脚的空心部分；再通过findContours()函数找到引脚的边缘并得到轮廓的点集，设置特定的长宽比和矩形面积识别引脚部分。

三、实验结果四、源码#include<iostream>#include<cmath>#include"opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"#include"opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp"using namespace std;using namespace cv;int main(int argv, char **argc){//载入图片Mat srtImag = imread("2.jpg");Mat G_blur = srtImag.clone();//降噪blur(G_blur, G_blur, Size(5, 5));//imshow("降噪", G_blur);//Canny边缘检测Mat Canny_Imag = G_blur;Canny_Imag = Canny_Imag > 176;Canny(G_blur, Canny_Imag, 300, 50, 3);//imshow("边缘检测", Canny_Imag);//膨胀Mat element = getStructuringElement(MORPH_RECT, Size(10, 10));dilate(Canny_Imag, Canny_Imag, element);//imshow("膨胀", Canny_Imag);//腐蚀Mat element_1 = getStructuringElement(MORPH_RECT, Size(11, 11));erode(Canny_Imag, Canny_Imag, element_1);//imshow("腐蚀", Canny_Imag);//查找轮廓vector<vector<Point>>contours;vector<Vec4i>hierarchy;findContours(Canny_Imag, contours, hierarchy, RETR_CCOMP, CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE);vector<vector<Point>> contour_s(contours.size());//该数组共有contours.size()个轮廓的点集vector<Rect> Rec_s(contours.size());//逼近多边形的点集数组//获得每个轮廓点集的逼近多边形的点集for (size_t i = 0; i < contours.size(); i++) {approxPolyDP(Mat(contours[i]), contour_s[i], 3,false);//contour_s存储逼近多边形的点集Rec_s[i]= boundingRect(contour_s[i]); //Rec_s存储最小包围矩形的点集}//筛选合适长宽比的矩形并将其画出来Mat result_Imag = srtImag.clone();for (size_t j = 0; j < contours.size(); j++) {double as_ra;//长宽比as_ra = Rec_s[j].height / Rec_s[j].width;if (as_ra > 3.3 && as_ra < 9.3 && Rec_s[j].area() > 20) { rectangle(result_Imag, Rec_s[j], Scalar(0, 255, 255), 2, 7);}}imshow("result", result_Imag);waitKey(0);return 0;}五、总结经过这次实验，我熟悉了对blur()、Canny()、dilate()、erode()、findContours()、approxPolyDP()等函数的使用，了解了Rect类的构成等。

大作业指导书题目：数字图像处理院（系）：物联网工程学院专业: 计算机班级：计算机1401-1406指导老师：学号：姓名：设计时间： 2016-2017学年 1学期摘要 (3)一、简介 (3)二、斑点数据模型.参数估计与解释 (4)三、水平集框架 (5)1.能量泛函映射 (5)2.水平集传播模型 (6)3.随机评估方法 (7)四、实验结果 (8)五、总结 (11)基于水平集方法和G0模型的SAR图像分割Abstract（摘要）这篇文章提出了一种分割SAR图像的方法，探索利用SAR数据中的统计特性将图像分区域。

我们假设为SAR图像分割分配参数，并与水平集模型相结合。

分布属于G分布中的一种，处于数据建模的目的，它们已经成功的被用于振幅SAR图像中不同区域的建模。

这种统计数据模型是驱动能量泛函执行区域映射的基础，被引用到水平集传播数值方案中，将SAR 图像分为均匀、异构和极其异构区域。

此外，我们引入了一个基于随机距离和模型的评估过程，用于量化我们方法的鲁棒性和准确性。

实验结果表明，我们的算法对合成和真实SAR 数据都具有准确性。

+简介1、Induction（简介）合成孔径雷达系统是一种成像装置，采用相干照明比如激光和超声波，并会受到斑点噪声的影响。

在SAR图像处理过程中，返回的是斑点噪声和雷达切面建模在一起的结果。

这个积性模型（文献[1]）因包含大量的真实SAR数据，并且在获取过程中斑点噪声被建模为固有的一部分而被广泛应用。

因此，SAR图像应用区域边界和目标检测变得更加困难，可能需要斑点去除。

因此，斑点去除是必需的，有效的方法可以在文献[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]中找到。

对于SAR图像分割，水平集方法构成一类基于哈密顿-雅克比公式的重要算法。

水平集方法允许有效的分割标准公式，从文献[12]中讨论的传播函数项可以得到。

经典方法有着昂贵的计算成本，但现在的水平集的实现配置了有趣的低成本的替换。

研究生课程考试成绩单（试卷封面）任课教师签名：日期：注：1.以论文或大作业为考核方式的课程必须填此表，综合考试可不填。

“简要评语缺填无效。

2.任课教师填写后与试卷一起送院系研究生教务员处。

3.学位课总评成绩以百分制计分。

《图像处理与理解》大作业——陈林 1213631.绪论数字图像处理(Digital Image Processing)是通过计算机对图像进行去除噪声、增强、复原、分割、提取特征等处理的方法和技术。

它是指将图像信号转换成数字信号并利用计算机对其进行处理的过程。

随着计算机技术的不断发展，数字图像处理的理论得到不断的创新与完善，数字图像处理的实际应用的领域已经涉及到人类生活和工作的方方面面。

数字图像处理的常用方法主要有：图像变换，图像编码压缩，图像增强和复原，图像分割等等。

其中图像分割是数字图像处理中的关键技术之一。

[1]图像分割是将图像中有意义的特征部分提取出来，其有意义的特征有图像中的边缘、区域等，这是进一步进行图像识别、分析和理解的基础。

其中，边缘提取、区域分割技术尤为重要，这两种技术是图像处理中研究的热点之一。

1.1 图像边缘检测技术图像边缘检测技术是图像处理、图像分析和计算机视觉领域中经典的研究内容之一，是进行模式识别和信息提取的基本手段。

当前已有的图像边缘检测方法很多，但是每种方法都有其自身的局限性，在某些情况下仍不能检测到目标物体的最佳边缘，不能针对所有的图像检测，换言之，目前的边缘检测还未形成一种普遍适用的边缘检测方法。

因此边缘检测一直是图像处理与分析技术中的研究热点和焦点[1]。

随着科学的发展，其新理论、新方法不断涌现。

在图像边缘检测领域内，有微分方法、基于小波与分形理论的方法、基于形态学、基于模糊学、基于神经网络和基于遗传算法等多种检测手段。

它们都不是一种具有绝对优势的方法，有的方法边缘检测精度高，但抗噪声性能较差；有的方法解决了抗噪声性能差的问题，但检测精度又不够。

1. 图像处理与计算机图形学的区别与联系是什么？答：数字图像处理，是指有计算机及其它有关的数字技术，对图像施加某种运算和处理，从而达到某种预期的目的，而计算机图形学是研究采用计算机生成，处理和显示图形的一门科学。

两者区别：（1）研究对象不同，计算机图形学研究的研究对象是能在人的视觉系统中产生视觉印象的事物，包括自然景物，拍摄的图片，用数学方法描述的图形等，而数字图像处理研究对象是图像；（2）研究内容不同，计算机图像学研究内容为图像生成，透视，消阴等，而数字图像处理研究内容为图像处理，图像分割，图像透析等；（3）研究过程不同，计算机图像学是由数学公式生成仿真图形或图像，而数字图像处理是由原始图像处理出分析结果，计算机图形与图像处理是逆过程。

两者的联系：图像处理需图形学的交互手段，图形学需要图像处理合成图像，两者有重叠。

2. 图像数字化过程中的失真有那些原因？就在减少图像失真和减少图像的数据量两者之间如何取得平衡，谈谈个人的看法。

答：图像数字化过程中失真的原因主要来自三个方面：一．采样频率太低，即未满足采样定理而造成的失真；二．外部和内部噪声的影响，例如外部的电磁波、机械运动等；三．用有限个灰度值表示自然界无限连续的灰度值必然造成失真，为了减小失真必然增加采样点，即增加图像数据量。

在减少图像失真和减少图像的数据量两者之间取得平衡，要根据图像需求保留有用信息，如军事图像只需保留反应地形地貌及目标的信息，普通照片只需满足视觉要求即可。

3. 一幅模拟彩色图像经平板扫描仪扫描后获得一幅彩色数字图像，其分辨率为1024×768像素。

若采用RGB彩色空间，红、绿、蓝三基色的灰度等级为8比特，在无压缩的情况下，在计算机中存储该图像将占用多少比特的存储空间？当用Photoshop图像处理软件去掉图像的彩色信息，只留下灰度信息，灰度等级为4比特，在无压缩的情况下，存储该图像将占用多少字节的存储空间？答：（1）采用RGB彩色空间，红、绿、蓝三基色的灰度等级为8比特，在无压缩的情况下，占存储空间大小为：1024×768×8×3=18874268bit=2.25MB（2）去掉彩色信息，只留下灰度信息，灰度等级为4比特，在无压缩的情况下，所占的存储空间大小为：1024×768×4 =3145728bit=0.375MB4. 试设计一个程序实现nn 的中值滤波器，当模板中心移过图像中每个位置时，设计一种简便的中值更新方法。

1图像变换1.1实验背景在数字图像应用领域，图像需要进行分析、变换、压缩或者增强来提高图像的可处理性和视觉效果。

其中，图像变换是将图像从空间域变换到频率域，变换的目的是根据图像在变换域的某些性质对其进行处理，而这些性质在空间域难以获取，通常在频率域才能获取，在变换域处理完后再反变换到空间域，恢复图像。

图像变换可以减少图像的计算量，提高处理性能。

图像变换常用的有三种变换方法：傅里叶变换，沃尔什-哈达码变换，离散余弦变换。

此外，还有近年来兴起的小波变换。

其中应用最广泛最重要的是傅里叶变换。

它的变换核是复指数函数，转换域图像是原空间域图像的二维频谱，其直流项与原图像亮度的平均值成比例，高频项表征图像中边缘变化的强度和方向，快速傅里叶变换[3]是为了提高原傅里叶变换的运算速度孕育而生的。

本文重点分析傅里叶变换的原理以及它在数字图像中的应用效果。

1.2实验目的熟悉并掌握图像变换中的傅里叶变换原理，完成傅里叶变换的简单实例。

1.3实验原理1807年，傅里叶首先提出傅里叶级数的概念，即任一周期信号可以分解为复正弦信号的叠加。

在此基础上傅里叶在1822年提出傅里叶变换，它是数字图像中应用最重要最广泛的正交变换。

函数)(x f 的一维连续傅里叶变换和反变换由下式定义：dx ex f u F uxj ⎰∞∞--=π2)()( （1）du eu F x f uxj ⎰∞∞-=π2)()( （2）傅里叶变换的实部，虚部，振幅，能量和相位分别用下式表示： 实部 ⎰∞∞-=dx ux x f u R )2cos()()(π （3） 虚部 ⎰∞∞-=dx ux x f u I )2sin()()(π （4）振幅 []2122)()()(u I u R u F += （5） 能量 2)()(u F u E = （6）相位 )()(arctan )(u R u I u =φ （7）傅里叶变换很容易扩展到二维情况，它的定义式如（8）所示：⎰⎰∞∞-∞∞-+-=dxdy ey x f v u F vy ux j )(2),(),(π （8）同理得其傅里叶反变换、频率谱、相位谱和能量谱也可以从一维扩展到二维。

姓名： 学号：专业： 通信工程 科目：数字图像处理日期：2014年6月5日数字图像处理课程设计低通滤波器滤去灰度图片的椒盐噪声一、数字图像处理的简介数字图像处理(Digital Image Processing)是通过计算机对图像进行去除噪声、增强、复原、分割、提取特征等处理的方法和技术。

数字图像处理的产生和迅速发展主要受三个因素的影响：一是计算机的发展；二是数学的发展（特别是离散数学理论的创立和完善）；三是广泛的农牧业、林业、环境、军事、工业和医学等方面的应用需求的增长。

二、数字图像处理的发展概况1920年代的Bartlane 电缆图片传输系统(无计算机时代)1960年代的空间探测器发回的图像畸变校正系统(计算机技术引入到空间项目的开发当中)1970年代的计算机断层扫描图像重建技术三、题目要求设计一个低通滤波器，给一幅有椒盐噪声的灰度图像滤波。

按照题目的要求，简要介绍算法，并对算法进行分析。

用MATLAB 完成算法代码（不能利用MATLAB 自身的图像处理函数完成具体算法，读写和显示可以利用MATLAB 函数），注释要清晰。

给出代码运行的结果，并对结论进行总结。

四、关于图像强化和数字滤波器的基础知识1、频率域图像增强技术简介频率域图像增强时增强技术的重要组成部分，通过傅里叶变换，可以把空间域混叠的成分在频率域中分离出来，从而提取或滤去相应的图像成分。

这一过程中的核心基础即为傅里叶变换。

二维离散傅里叶变换定义为：N vy ux j N x N y e x f N v u F /)(2101)(1),(+--=-=∑∑=π，式中，1,,2,1,0;1,,2,1,0-=-=N v N u 。

二维离散傅里叶反变换：Nvy ux j N u N v ev u F Ny x f /)(2101),(1),(+-=-=∑∑=π，式中，1,,1,0,1,,1,0-=-=N y N x 。

2、频率域平滑滤波器图像空间域的线性领域卷积实际上是图像经过滤波器对信号频率成分的滤波，这种功能也可以再变换域实现，即把原始图像进行正变换，设计一个滤波器用点数操作的方法加工频谱数据，然后再进行反变换，即完成处理工作。

2014年上学期《数字图像处理》复习大作业及参考答案=====================================================一、选择题（共20题）1、采用幂次变换进行灰度变换时，当幂次取大于1时，该变换是针对如下哪一类图像进行增强。

（B）A 图像整体偏暗B 图像整体偏亮C图像细节淹没在暗背景中D图像同时存在过亮和过暗背景2、图像灰度方差说明了图像哪一个属性。

（B ）A 平均灰度B 图像对比度C 图像整体亮度D图像细节3、计算机显示器主要采用哪一种彩色模型（ A ）A、RGBB、CMY或CMYKC、HSID、HSV4、采用模板［-1 1］T主要检测（ A ）方向的边缘。

A.水平B.45?C.垂直5、下列算法中属于图象锐化处理的是：( C )A.低通滤波B.加权平均法C.高通滤波D. 中值滤波6、维纳滤波器通常用于（ C ）A、去噪B、减小图像动态范围C、复原图像D、平滑图像7、彩色图像增强时， C 处理可以采用RGB彩色模型。

A. 直方图均衡化B. 同态滤波C. 加权均值滤波D. 中值滤波8、__B__滤波器在对图像复原过程中需要计算噪声功率谱和图像功率谱。

A. 逆滤波B. 维纳滤波C. 约束最小二乘滤波D. 同态滤波9、高通滤波后的图像通常较暗，为改善这种情况，将高通滤波器的转移函数加上一常数量以便引入一些低频分量。

这样的滤波器叫B。

A. 巴特沃斯高通滤波器B. 高频提升滤波器C. 高频加强滤波器D. 理想高通滤波器10、图象与灰度直方图间的对应关系是 B __A.一一对应B.多对一C.一对多D.都不11、下列算法中属于图象锐化处理的是：CA.低通滤波B.加权平均法C.高通滤D. 中值滤波12、一幅256*256的图像，若灰度级数为16，则存储它所需的比特数是：( A )A、256KB、512KC、1M C、2M13、噪声有以下某一种特性（ D ）A、只含有高频分量B、其频率总覆盖整个频谱C、等宽的频率间隔内有相同的能量D、总有一定的随机性14. 利用直方图取单阈值方法进行图像分割时：（B）a.图像中应仅有一个目标b.图像直方图应有两个峰c.图像中目标和背景应一样大d. 图像中目标灰度应比背景大15. 在单变量变换增强中，最容易让人感到图像内容发生变化的是（ C ）A亮度增强觉B饱和度增强C色调增强D不一定哪种增强16、利用平滑滤波器可对图像进行低通滤波，消除噪声，但同时模糊了细节。

数字图像处理处理大作业实验报告数字图像处理处理大作业实验报告PB11210***上上签MyZenith.N_3104_EVER实验一题目：线性插值改变图像大小实验目的：1、使用MATLAB编程实现对图片大小的改变操作，使所给图片达到所要求的效果。

2、通过对MATLAB的编程加强对图像处理的认识，初步学习MATLAB在图像处理中的基本应用实验内容：在这一项目中，同学们需要实现基于双线性插值的图像缩放算法。

作业中需实现如下功能：(a) 能够利用鼠标从实验图像中任意选取测试区域，并单独显示。

(b) 使用双线性插值算法对测试区域进行缩放处理，输出如下结果，放大到原始分辨率的2倍，放大到原始分辨率的4倍，缩小到原始分辨率的1/2倍。

实验原理：图像某点的值由最邻近的四个点联立方程决定。

实验代码：1、在主函数中，使用switch函数分别调用子函数，并且之前选择需要放大或者缩小的倍数。

代码如下：2、 choice=('Yes');3、4、5、6、7、8、while (minus(choice,('Yes'))==0) clear;close;F=imread('monarch.bmp'); I=imcrop(F); BR=I(:,:,1); BG=I(:,:,2); BB=I(:,:,3); [rows,cols]=size(BR);K = sqrt(str2double(inputdlg('·?±???', 'INPUT scalefactor', 1, {'2'})));9、 width = K * rows;10、 height = K * cols;11、12、13、14、 widthScale = rows/width;15、 heightScale = cols/height;16、17、 for x = 1:width-2for y = 1:height-218、 X = x * widthScale;Y = y * heightScale;19、20、 if (X/double(uint16(X)) == 1.0) && (Y/double(uint16(Y)) == 1.0) 21、 dstBR(x,y) = BR(int16(X),int16(Y));dstBG(x,y) = BG(int16(X),int16(Y));22、 dstBB(x,y) = BB(int16(X),int16(Y)); 23、 else24、 a = double(uint16(X));25、 b = double(uint16(Y));26、27、28、29、30、BRx11 = double(BR(a,b)); BRx12 = double(BR(a,b+1)); BRx21 = double(BR(a+1,b)); BRx22 = double(BR(a+1,b+1));31、32、 BGx11 = double(BG(a,b));33、 BGx12 = double(BG(a,b+1));34、 BGx21 = double(BG(a+1,b));35、 BGx22 = double(BG(a+1,b+1));36、37、38、39、40、BBx11 = double(BB(a,b)); BBx12 = double(BB(a,b+1)); BBx21 = double(BB(a+1,b)); BBx22 = double(BB(a+1,b+1));41、42、 w1 = (b+1-Y) * (a+1-X); 43、 w2 = (Y-b) * (a+1-X);w3 = (b+1-Y) * (X-a);44、 w4 = (Y-b) * (X-a); 45、 dstBR(x,y) = uint8( BRx11 * w1 + BRx12 * w2 + BRx21* w3 + BRx22 * w4 );46、 dstBG(x,y) = uint8( BGx11 * w1 + BGx12 * w2 + BGx21* w3 + BGx22 * w4 );47、 dstBB(x,y) = uint8( BBx11 * w1 + BBx12 * w2 + BBx21* w3 + BBx22 * w4 );48、 end49、 end50、 end51、52、53、54、55、56、57、OUT(:,:,1)=dstBR; OUT(:,:,2)=dstBG; OUT(:,:,3)=dstBB;imshow(I); figure; imshow(OUT);58、59、60、61、62、options.Interpreter = 'tex'; options.Default = 'Cancel'; choice = questdlg('??·','????','Yes','No',options); end实验结果：1、选择缩放倍数：2、所选择的图像源文件如下：3、用鼠标标定所需要进行缩放的区域：4、程序正常运行后缩放效果：4倍放大5、程序正常运行后缩放效果：2倍放大6、程序正常运行后的缩放效果：缩小一倍实验二题目：高斯滤波及中值滤波处理人为添加的椒盐噪声和高斯噪声实验目的：1、对所给定的图像使用MATLAB添加高斯噪声和椒盐噪声；2、再用MATLAB程序实现中值滤波和高斯滤波；3、计算所得到结果图像的PSNR，对它们进行分析与比较，从而理解各种滤波方法的优点与特性。

西安邮电大学数字图像处理大作业学生姓名：专业名称：班级：图像增强一．引言图像作为一种有效的信息载体，是人类获取和交换信息的主要来源。

人类感知的外界信息80%以上是通过视觉得到的。

因此，图像处理的应用领域必然涉及到人类生活和工作的方方面面。

视觉是人类最重要的感知手段，图像又是视觉的基础。

早期图像处理的目的是改善图像质晕，它以人为对象，以改善人的视觉效果为目的。

图像处理中输入的是质量低的图像，输出的是改善质量后的图像。

常用的图像处理方法有图像增强、复原、编码、压缩等。

首次获得成功应用的是美国喷气推进实验室（JPL）。

他们对航天探测器徘徊者7号在1964年发回的几千张月球照片进行图像处理，如：几何校正、灰度变换、去除噪声，并考虑了太阳位和月球环境的影响，由计算机成功地绘出月球表面地图，获得了巨大的成功。

随后又对探测飞船发回的近十万张照片进行更为复杂的图像处理，获得月球的地形图、彩色图及全景镶嵌图，为人类登月创举奠定了坚实的基础，也推动了数字图像处理这门学科的诞生。

在以后的宇航空间技术探测研究中，数字图像处理技术都发挥巨大的作用[1]数字图像处理是利用计算机对图像进行去除噪声、增强、复原、分割、提取特征等相关理论、方法和技术的总称。

因为通常图像处理是用计算机和实时硬件实现的，因此也称之为计算机图像处理。

一般而言，数字图像处理的主要内容包括图像获取、图像复原、图像增强、图像分割、图像分析、图像重建、图像压缩编码等等。

20世纪20年代，图像处理首次应用于改善伦敦和纽约之间海底电缆发送的图片质量。

直到20世纪50年代数字计算机发展到一定水平后，数字图像处理才真正引起人们的兴趣。

二．国内外发展及现状从20世纪70年代中期开始，随着计算机技术和人工智能、思维科学研究的迅速发展，数字图像处理技术向更高、更深层次发展。

人们已开始研究如何用计算机系统解释图像，类似人类视觉系统理解外部世界，这被称为图像理解或计算机视觉。

计算机图像处理题目：图像分割的原理及方法学院：材料科学与工程学院班级：金属材料3班学号：11080822姓名：王兴旺数字图像处理技术是一个跨学科的领域。

随着计算机科学技术的不断发展，图像处理和分析逐渐形成了自己的科学体系，新的处理方法层出不穷，尽管其发展历史不长，但却引起各方面人士的广泛关注。

首先，视觉是人类最重要的感知手段，图像又是视觉的基础，因此，数字图像成为心理学、生理学、计算机科学等诸多领域内的学者们研究视觉感知的有效工具。

其次，图像处理在军事、遥感、气象等大型应用中有不断增长的需求。

图像分割就是把图像分成若干个特定的、具有独特性质的区域并提出感兴趣目标的技术和过程。

它是由图像处理到图像分析的关键步骤。

现有的图像分割方法主要分以下几类：基于阈值的分割方法、基于区域的分割方法、基于边缘的分割方法以及基于特定理论的分割方法等。

近年来，研究人员不断改进原有的图像分割方法并把其它学科的一些新理论和新方法用于图像分割，提出了不少新的分割方法。

基于阈值的分割方法灰度阈值分割[1]法是一种最常用的并行区域技术，它是图像分割中应用数量最多的一类。

阈值分割方法实际上是输入图像f到输出图像g的如下变换：其中，T为阈值，对于物体的图像元素g(i,j)=l，对于背景的图像元素g(i,j)=0。

由此可见，阈值分割算法的关键是确定阈值，如果能确定一个合适的阈值就可准确地将图像分割开来。

阈值确定后，将阈值与像素点的灰度值比较和像素分割可对各像素并行地进行，分割的结果直接给出图像区域。

阈值分割的优点是计算简单、运算效率较高、速度快。

在重视运算效率的应用场合(如用于硬件实现)，它得到了广泛应用。

人们发展了各种各样的阈值处理技术，包括全局阈值、自适应阈值、最佳阈值等等。

全局阈值是指整幅图像使用同一个阈值做分割处理，适用于背景和前景有明显对比的图像。

它是根据整幅图像确定的：T=T(f)。

但是这种方法只考虑像素本身的灰度值，一般不考虑空间特征，因而对噪声很敏感。

数字图像基础课程名称：数字图像基础学院：信息工程与自动化学院专业年级： 2010级计算机系班学号： 2010104052 学生姓名：指导教师：尚振宏日期： 2013-6-11目录目录 (1)1前言 (2)2图像分割的方法简介 (3)2.1迭代法 (3)2.2类间最大距离法 (3)2.3最大熵法 (4)2.4最大类内类间方差比法 (4)2.5局部阈值法 (5)2.6均匀性度量法 (6)3简单算法及其实现 (6)3.1最优阈值算法 (6)3.2 Canny算法 (8)4、试验对比 (10)4.1迭代法试验对比 (10)4.2类间最大距离法试验对比 (10)4.3最大熵法试验对比 (11)4.4最大类内类间方差比法试验对比 (11)4.5局部阈值法试验对比 (12)4.6均匀性度量法试验对比 (12)5、总结体会 (13)6、参考文献 (13)7、附录 (14)7.1迭代法代码 (14)7.2类间最大距离法代码 (14)7.3最大熵法代码 (15)7.4最大类内类间方差比法代码 (16)7.5局部阈值法代码 (18)7.6均匀性度量法代码 (18)1、前言图像分割是图像处理中的一项关键技术，自20世纪70年代起一直受到人们的高度重视，至今已提出上千种分割算法，但因尚无通用的分割理论，现提出的分割算法大都是针对具体问题的，并没有一种适合所有图像的通用分割算法。

另外，还没有制定出选择适用分割算法的标准，这给图像分割技术的应用带来许多实际问题。

最近几年又出现了许多新思路、新方法或改进算法。

总的来说，图像分割是图像识别和图像分析的基本前提步骤，图像分割的质量好坏直接影响后续图像处理的效果，甚至决定成败。

因此，图像分割在数字图像处理技术中占有非常重要的地位。

图像分割时指将一副图像分解为若干互不交叠的、有意义的、具有相同性质的区域。

好的图像分割应具备以下特征：⑴分割出来的各个区域对某种特性（例如灰度和纹理）而言具有相似性，区域内部是连通的且没有过多小孔。