Lesson OneFace to Face with Hurricane CamilleI. Las Vegas. Las Vegas city is the seat of Clark County in South Nevada. In 1970 it had a population of 125,787 people. Revenue from hotels, gambling, entertainment and other tourist-oriented industries forms the backbone of Las Vegas's economy, Its nightclubs and casinos are world famous. The city is also the mercial hub of a ranching and mining area. In the 19th century Las Vegas was a watering place for travelers to South California. In 1.855-1857 the Mormons maintained a fort there, and in 1864 Fort Baker was built by the U. S. army. In 1867, Las Vegas was detached from the Arizona territory and joined to Nevada. <from The New Columbia Encyclopedia > Ⅱ. 1. He didn' t think his family was in any real danger, His former house had been demolished by Hurricane Betsy for it only stood a few feet above sea level. His present house was 23 feet above sea level and 250 yards away from the sea. He thought they would be safe here as in any place else. Besides, he had talked the matter over with his father and mother and consulted his longtime friend, Charles Hill, before making his decision to stay and face the hurricane.2. Magna Products is the name of the firm owned by John Koshak. It designed and developed educational toys and supplies.3. Charlie thought they were in real trouble because salty water was sea water. It showed the sea had reached the house and they were in real trouble for they might be washed into the sea by the tidal wave. 4. At this Critical moment when grandmother Koshak thought they might die at any moment, she told her husband the dearest and the most precious thing she could think of. This would help to encourage each other and enable them to face death with greater serenity.5.John Koshak felt a crushing guilt because it was he who made the final decision to stay and face the hurricane. Now it seemed they might all die in the hurricane.6.Grandmother Koshak asked the children to sing because she thought this would lessen tension and boost the morale of everyone.7.Janis knew that John was trying his best to fort and encourage her for he too felt there was a possibility of their dying in the storm.Ⅲ.1.This piece of narration is organized as follows. .introduction, development, climax, and conclusion. The first 6 paragraphs are introductory paragraphs, giving the time, place, and background of the conflict-man versus hurricanes. These paragraphs also introduce the characters in the story.2. The writer focuses chiefly on action but he also clearly and sympathetically delineates the characters in the story.3. John Koshak, Jr. , is the protagonist in the story.4. Man and hurricanes make up the conflict.5. The writer builds up and sustains the suspense in the story by describing in detail and vividly the incidents showing how the Koshaks and their friends struggled against each onslaught of the hurricane.6. The writer gives order and logical movement to the sequence of happenings by describing a series of actions in the order of their occurrence.7. The story reaches its climax in paragraph 27.8. I would have ended the story at the end of Paragraph 27,because the hurricane passed, the main characters survived, and the story could e to a natural end.9. Yes, it is. Because the writer states his theme or the purpose behind his story in the reflection of Grandmother Koshak: "We lost practically all our possessions, but the family came through it. When I think of that, I realize we lost nothing important. Ⅳ.1. We' re 23 feet above sea level.2. The house has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever caused any damage to it.3. We can make the necessary preparations and survive the hurricane without much damage.4. Water got into the generator and put it out. It stopped producing electricity, so the lights also went out.5. Everybody go out through the back door and run to the cars.6. The electrical systems in the car had been put out by water.7. As John watched the water inch its way up the steps, he felt a strong sense of guilt because he blamed himself for endangering the whole family by deciding not to flee inland.8. <>h God,please help us to get through this storm safely.9. Grandmother Koshak sang a few words alone and then her voice gradually grew dimmer and stopped.10. Janis displayed rather late the exhaustion brought about by the nervous tension caused by the hurricane.Ⅴ.See the translation of the text.Ⅵ.1. main: a principal pipe or line in a distributing system for water, gas, electricity, etc.2.sit out: stay until the end of3 e by;<American English> pay a visit 4.blow in：burst open by the storm.5.douse:put out<a light,fire,generator.etc.>quickly by pouring water over it6.kill：<American English>to cause<an engine-etc．>to stop 7．swath：the space covered with one cut of a scythe;a long strip 0r track 0f any kind 8．bar：a measure in music；the notes between two vertical lines 0n a music sheet9．1ean—to：a shed or other small outbuilding with a sloping roof．the upper end of which rests against the wall of another building 1 0．Seabee：a member of the construction battalions of the Civil Engineer Corps of the U．S．Navy,that build harbor facilities,airfields,etc．Seabee stands for CB, short for Construction Battalion．Ⅶ．1．destroy一词最为常见,主要强调破坏的力度之大和彻底,一般不带感情或修辞色彩. demolish和raze通常用于巨大物体,如大型建筑物等.demolish常用引申义,指任何复合体的被毁,如demolish a theory with a few incisive ments.意即"用几句锋利的评语推翻某种理论".而raze几乎无一例外地用于指建筑物的被毁.annihilate在这些词中所表示的损坏程度最为强烈,字面意思是"化为乌有",但实际上往往用于指对人或物的严重损伤.如说annihilate an enemy force,是指使敌军遭到重创,不仅没有还手之力.而且没有招架之功.如说annihilate one’s opponent in a debate,是指彻底驳倒对手.2.decay常指某物自然而然地逐渐衰败腐化.如：His teeth have begun to decay．<他的牙齿开始老化变坏.> rot指有机物质,如蔬菜等因菌毒感染而腐败变质,如：rotting apples<烂了的苹果>.spoil用于非正式文体,常指食物变质.如：Fish spoils quickly in summer.<鱼在夏天极易变质.>molder用于指物体缓慢、逐步地腐朽.如：Old buildings molder away．<老房子渐渐腐烂了.>disintegrate意指把某物从整体变为碎片或一个个部分.如：rocks disintegrated by frost and rain<被霜和雨蚀裂成碎块的岩石>.depose指将物质分解为其构成成分.如：Water call be depose<be deposed>into hydrogen and oxygen．<水可分解成氧和氧.>该词还可用来替代rot,使语气略显委婉.Ⅷ.1. television = tele + vision, a bining form "tele-" plus a noun "vision". Further examples, telegram, telephone, telescope, telegraph, telemunication, telecast, etc. 2. northwestward = north + west + ward or northwest + ward. "-ward" is a suffix meaning "in a <specific> direction or course". Further examples :eastward. westward. backward, upward, inward, outward, seaward, home-ward. etc. 3. motel = motorist + hotel, a blend word formed by bining parts of other words. Further examples: smog = smoke + fog. smaze = smoke + haze, brunch = breakfast + lunch, moped = motor + pedal, galumph = gallop = triumph, etc. 4. bathtub=bath + tub, a pound word formed by bining two nouns. Further examples: bathrobe, bathroom. bedroom, roommate, butterfly, dragonfly, foot ball. housekeeper, etc. 5. returnees=return + ees, a verb plus a noun forming suffix "-ee" designating a person in specified condition. Further examples: employee, refugee, retiree, examinee, escapee, nominee, interviewee, divorcee. IX. 1. "lash" as in ""'Camille lashed northwestward across tile gulf of Mexico". A vivid way to say "strike with great force".2. "pummel" as in "It was certain to pummel Gulfport..."Because the 'word is originally applied to human beings, meaning "beat repeatedly with the fists".3. "whip" as in "Wind and rain now whipped the house". Because it is more vivid than "fall heavily on".4. "kill" as in "the electrical systems had been killed by water". Because it leaves a deeper impression on the readers than "stop" does.5. "inch one' s way" as in "Water inched its way up the steps …" It makes the readers also see clearly that wate r was rising little by little.6. "bother" as in "no hurricane has ever bothered it". It virtually means "do damage to" here.7."lap" as in "John watched the water lap at the steps…", meaning "extend beyond some limit" or, in fact, "rise slowly".8. "skim" as in "the hurricane ... lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air", which gives the readers a deep impression of how strong the wind was.9. "seize" as in "It seized a 600,000-gallon Gulfport oil tank 1and dumped it 3ymiles away". It seemed as if the hurricane had a very strong and large hand.10. "crack" and "snap" as in "Telephone poles and 20-inch thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them", providing the readers with a vivid picture of winds blowing violently.X. Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. <paring the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire> 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. <paring the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train> Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. <paring the house in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea> 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. <Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.> Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. <The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.> 2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. <The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.>. Ⅺ.Elliptical and short simple sentences generally increase the tempo and speed of the actions being described. Hence in a dramatic narration they serve to heighten tension and help create a sense of danger and urgency. For examples see the text, paragraphs 10-18 and 21-26.Ⅻ. The topic sentence of paragraph 1 is "John Koshak, Jr. ,knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad. " This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr. , knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad．The last sentence introduces some other characters in he story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story—why John KoshakJr．,decided not to abandon his home．ⅩⅢ．在给出答案之前,首先将该题中的几个语法术语解释一下.The sentence fragment：片断句.一个合乎语法的完整句子必须具有主语和谓语这两种基本成分.从结构上来说,它应该是可以独立运用的语言单位.片断句是指像短语、从句、同位语以与其他诸如此类不能够独立使用的语言单位.写作时若错误地使用标点符号．将这类不能独立使用的语法结构当成句子分列出来,那便叫做片断句,练习中的第1、第3和第4句就是这样的非完整句,即片断句.The run—on sentence:误用逗号连接句.该断句的地方没有正确地使用标点符号断句,而将两个或两个以上结构上各自独立完整而又互不从属的句子融合在一起成为一个不合语法、结构松散的句子称融合句.如果两个完整的句子中间只用逗号隔开而被错误地并成一个句子,这种句子便叫误用逗号连接句,练习中的第2句即是.The dangling modifier：垂悬修饰语.由非谓语动词<分词、动名词、不定式>组成的短语若使用不当,与其所修饰的成分没有实质上的联系,这种结构便叫垂悬修饰语.垂悬修饰语并非语法上的错误,只是修辞上的毛病,但仍应避免使用这样的结构,尤其是不要使用那些会产生歧义、引起误解的垂悬修饰语.练习中的第5、6、7、8句均含垂悬修饰语.The illogical or faulty parallelism：误用平行句法.误用平行句法指用平行结构来表达并非平行的思想内容.这是应该避免的修辞上的毛病.不能将which或who引导的从句用and 与主句相联.关联连词<both…and,either…or等>只能用于联接句中起同一语法作用的平行成分.练习中的第9、10、11、12句都是误用平行结构的例句.The shift in point of view：角度转换.不必要的甚至错误的角度转换是应该避免的.若非必须如此.一般不由主动语态转换成被动语态.人称与单复数也不应随便转换.练习中的第13、14、15句都是角度转换的例子.练习中的错句可改正如下：The basketball game was canceled because half of the players were in bed with flu．These snakes are dangerous.However,mostsnakes are quite harmless．3．Looking out toward the horizon,she Saw only the old cabin in which Mary was born,a single cottonwood that had escaped the drought and the apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie．4．We knew that although the documents have been stolen they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent．5．Last year,after I had graduated from high school．my father put me to work in his office．6．To appreciate the poem,one must read it aloud．7．1 missed that film because l had to stay home to help my mother wash clothes last Sunday．8．Driving across the state,one saw many beautiful lakes．9．Unselfish people are not only happier but also more successful．1O．I finally realized that my daydreaming was not making me beautiful and slender or bringing me friends．11．He is a man of wide experience and also of great popularity among the farmers．12．I am interested in electronics,which is a new field and which offers interesting opportunities 10 one who knows science．13．We carefully swept the room and dusted the furniture and the shelves.14．If one’s mouth is dry,one should eat a lump of sugar or chew gum．15．You must make yourself interesting to the group that listens23 to you and is constantly trying to detect your mistakesⅪV. Omitted.XV.Gale Kills PeopleFour people got killed when a gale swept across several parts of South England and Wales yesterday. A school boy of ten was struck by flying debris and lost his life when the roof of a prefabricated classroom was blown off and the walls caved in. The boy was one of seventy children being led to safety. When the teacher saw the roof beginning to lift, he asked his pupils to follow him to a safe place. Unfortunately, the boy was killed. Another two children were taken to hospital with slight injury. A woman, aged 81, was killed when a chimney, dislodged by a strong wind, fell through the roof of her home. Another woman, a resident on the first floor of a building, was also killed outright by the falling masonry. Some residents were taken to hospital and the rest evacuated. A driver met his death near a filling station when his car ran into a tree that had fallen across the road.Lesson Two MarrakechⅠ . Marrakech: in west central Morocco, at the Northern foot of the high Atlas, 130 miles south of Casablanca, the chief seaport. The city renowned for leather goods, is one of the principal mercial centers of Morocco. It was founded in 1062 and was the capital of Morocco from then until 1147 and again from 1550 to 1660. It was captured by the French in 1912, when its modern growth began. It has extremely hot summers but mild winters. Yearly rainfall is 9 inches and limited to winter months. The city was formerly also called Morocco. Morocco: Located in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Morocco is the farthest west of all the Arab countries. Rabat is the capital. The estimated population in 1973 was 15,600,000. About 2000 B.C. it was settled by Berber tribes, who have formed the basis of the population ever since. The Arabs invaded Morocco in the 7thcentury, bringing with them Islam. From the end of the 17thcentury until the early 19th century Morocco was almost entirely free from foreign influence. But in 1912, a Franco- Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones. It gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional monarchy in 1957. Morocco is a member of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, and the Organization of African Unity. Moroccans are mainly farmers <70%>who try to grow their own food. They often use camels, donkeys and mules to pull their plows. In the south a few tribesmen still, wander from place to place in the desert. Ⅱ.1. Here are five things he describes to show poverty- <a> the burial of the poor inhabitants <b>an Arab Navvy, an employee of the municipality, begging for a piece of bread <c>the miserable lives of the Jews in the ghettoes~ <d>cultivation of the poor soil; <e> the old women carrying fire wood.2. See paragraphs 1 and 2.3. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating thepeople in the colonies as animals instead of as human be rags. 4. Medieval ghettoes were probably like the Jewish quarters in Marrakech--overcrowded, thousands of people living in a narrow street, houses pletely windowless, and the whole area dirty and unhygienic. 5. If Hitler were here, all the Jews would have been massacred. 6. Those who work with their hands are partly invisible. It’s only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts. The people are not treated as human beings, and it is on this fact that all colonial empires are in reality founded. 7. See paragraph 18. 8. The old woman was surprised because someone was taking notice of her and treating her as a human being. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden. 9, Every white man thought. "How much longer can we go on kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?" They knew they could not go on fooling these black people any longer. Some day they would rise up in revolt and free themselves.Ⅲ. 1. Yes, it is. In this essay Orwell denounces the evils of colonialism or imperialism by mercilessly exposing the poverty, misery and degradation of the native people in the colonies. 2. He manages to show that he is outraged at the spectacle of misery, first, through the appropriate use of words second, through the clever choice of the scenes he describes; third, through the tone in which he describes these scenes and finally, by contrasting the indignation at the cruel handling of the donkey with the unconcern towards the fate of the human beings. 3. Because that shows the cruel treatment the donkeys receive evokes a greater feeling of sympathy in the breasts of the white masters than the miserable fate of the people. This contrast have on the reader an effect that the people are not considered nor treated as human beings. 4. Paragraphs 4-7 could as well e after 8-15 as before. Other groups of paragraphs could be rearranged. This indicates that the whole passage is made up of various independent examples or illustrations of the people's poverty and suffering. The central theme--all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact--gives unity and cohesion to the whole essay. 5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an "evil thing". 6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea "all colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact", the fact that the people are not considered or treated as human beings.IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up. 2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals <by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings>. 3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name. 4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. 8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings. 9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas <for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting>．10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the munity,that.she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．12．People with brown skinsare almost invisible．13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?. 15．Every white man,the onlookers,the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers,had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice 2．navvy：abbreviation of "navigator",a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,,roads,etc．3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend,curve,or twist out of shape 5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality,very inferior 7．mummified：thin and withered,looking like a mummy 8．reach—me—down：<British colloquialism>second—hand or ready—made clothing 9．charger：a horse ridden in battle or on paradeⅦ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音,并伴以流泪.weep更具体,强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹. 2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状,具体表现为喜怒无常,时哭时笑,行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱<如酒醉发烧时>,具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语,指狂暴不能自制. hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱,表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以与不自觉地模拟眼瞎、耳聋等.用于引申义时,mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度,成为癖好,如a mania for drinking<嗜酒>；delirium 指极度兴奋,如a delirium of joy<狂喜>；hysteria 指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发,如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．<她又是笑又是哭,感情难以控制.>. 3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光.Ⅷ．1．burying—ground<verbal noun in—ing + noun>：drinking cup, hiding place,diving board,waiting room,freezing point, carving knife,writing desk,typing paper,swimming suit 2．gravestone<noun +noun>：oilwell,silkworm,shirt—sleeves,girl—friend,gaslight,bloodstain,frogman,win—dow—pane 3．mid—air<adjective +noun>：half—brother,black—market, half—pay.darkroom,madman,double—talk,hothouse, handy man 4．orercrowding<adverb +verbal noun in—ing>：dry-cleaning,overeating,oversleeping,deep—freezing, underpricing, underrating,down—grading,up—dating 5．nine—tenths<adj．from a cardinal number +noun,from an44ordinal number> : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninthIX. 1. "thread" as in "The little crowd of mourners...threaded their way across the market… ", indicating that the market was so crowded that the crowd could hardly pass through. 2. "rise", "sweat", "starve", and "sink" as in "They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard"-", giving a deep impression of how these people live a short and miserable life. 3. "sidle" as in "An Arab navvy working on the path nearby lowered his heavy hoe and sidled slowly towards us", showing clearly how a shy man walked carefully. 4. "grope" as in "Even a blind man .'. heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand", presenting a clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette. 5. "mummify" as in "All of them are mummified with age and the sun "--", a forceful word indicating what a miserable state those women are in.6. "hobble" as in"'" the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood "'", indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying. 7. "tip" as in """ its master tips it into theditch """, showing how casually a master deals with his dead dog which has served him devotedly.8. "stow" as in "I tore off a piece and he stowed it gratefully in some secret place under his rags", designating how much the poor navvy treasured that piece of bread.Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island. 2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming. 3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government. 4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were ing in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened. 6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit. 7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge. 8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office. 9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach. 10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.Ⅺ.1."Life on the farm is an eternal battle against nature" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity. It is a bad piece of writing. The writer of this paragraph has pletely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an "eternal battle", life in this paragraph be-es a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. "There are three reasons why I like Japanese food" is the topic sentence. This paragraph lacks unity because the writer introduces facts and ideas irrelevant to the topic stated in his opening sentence, e. g. "However, most Japanese love rice. One of my Japanese friends has at least two bowls of rice at every meal. " and "Also, from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food. Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, e, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shakeⅩⅢ. Omitted. ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old ShanghaiAt the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the ponent of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there was no more difference inside than outside. How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.Lesson Three Pub Talk and the King’s EnglishⅠ . 1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle <1795-1881>, English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career.。
