英语语法知识自我检查

冠词
课前练习
（1）As we have finished the first chapter, now we will read__.
A) second B)second chapter C)the second chapter
（2）__honesty is the best policy.
A)不填B)The C) A
不定冠词
a/an，可视为one（一个）的弱化形式，表述数量，或泛指任何一个
a book 一本书
an apple 一个苹果
A fox cannot hide its tail.（任何一个）狐狸的尾巴总会露出来的。

零冠词
当某一名词是复数、专有名词或没有固定形状（抽象名词、物质名词），前面不适合加a/an，应把该位置空下来，形成“零冠词”。

Books are my best friends.
Lu Xun is a great Chinese writer.
Honesty is the best policy. 诚实是最好的策略
Water is precious.
定冠词
the，可视为that或those的弱化形式；that/those有明确的指示功能；the也同样如此。

如果对于某个名词有明指或暗示的情况，前面要加the。

This is the book that I want.这就是我想要的那本书。

Open the door please.请把（那扇）门打开。

定冠词 VS不定冠词
I need a book to read on my trip.我在旅途中需要读一本书（什么书都行）。

I have finished the book that you lent me.我已经读完了你借给我的那本书。

Do you mind if I open the window.你介意我开一下（这扇）窗户吗？
Do you mind if I open a window?你介意我开个窗户吗？
定冠词 VS 零冠词
History is my favorite subject.历史是我最喜爱的科目。

The history of China is my favorite subject.中国史是我最喜欢的科目。

China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家
This is not the China 50 years ago. 这不是50年前的那个中国了。

零冠词 VS 不定冠词
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 情人眼里出西施
（beauty 在此意为“美丽”，是抽象名词）
She is a beauty. 她是个美人
Experience is the best teacher. 经验是最好的老师。

an unusual experience一次非同寻常的经历
句子成分
主语
表示句子主要说明的人或事物（动作的发出者），通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词
充当。

Walking is a good form of exercise.(动名词——抽象概念)
To teach the three kids is my job this afternoon.(不定式——具体动作)
谓语
描述主语发出的动作，可以有不同的时态；“主谓结构”当中，谓语通常是不及物动词。

（不带宾语，单独构成完整含义）
The empire fell.
I apologize.
A problem arises.
宾语
表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词后面，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词充当。

I watched a movie yesterday.(名词)
They helped me.(代词)
It began to rain.(不定式)
I enjoy playing games.(动名词)
表语
位于系动词（比如be）之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。

可以由形容词、名词、不定式、动名词、介词短语充当。

He is a teacher.(名词)
He became angry.(形容词)
His job is to clean the window.(不定式——具体动作)
His job is cleaning the window.(动名词——抽象概念)
He is at work.(介词短语)
直接宾语/间接宾语
如果一个谓语动词后面跟了两个宾语，该动词的直接对象是直接宾语；间接对象是间接宾语。

My father bought me a bicycle.(a bicycle 是bought的直接对象；me不是bought的直接对象)
系动词
不能表示一个具体的动作，而是连接主体和其状态的特殊动词。

You look beautiful.
The music sounds good.
宾语补足语（宾补）
跟在宾语后面描述宾语用的，表示其“性质和状态”；可以由不定式、名词、形容词、分词、介词短语等来充当。

He painted the house green.(形容词)
He got things done.(过去分词)
I saw a squirrel climbing up a tree.(动名词)
We asked her to sing a song.(不定式)
They elected Trump president.(名词)
I found Tom in the garden.(介词短语)
简单句的五种基本句型
主语+谓语
She arrived.
主语+谓语+宾语
She likes English.
主语+系动词+表语
She is happy.
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
She lent me a book.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（宾补）
We must keep it a secret.
词汇
并列句和常用连词
课前练习：
It is not easy to change habits, __ with a strong will, everything is possible.
A. and
B. but
C. or
D. so
连词的定义
连词是连接单词、短语或句子的虚词。

大多数有含义，如：and（和），but（但是），or （选择）。

连词的分类：并列连词、从属连词（引导名词性从句和状语从句）
1.并列连词（并列句的五种类型）
a)表递进、并列或顺承
and：He had a lot of money and he spent it freely. (连接句子)
not only…but also…：He is not only rich but also kind.(连形容词)
both…and…：Both Tom and Mike are interested in reading.（连名词）
b)表转折
but：The car is very old but it runs fast.(连句子)
yet: Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. (连句子)
c)表选择
or：Hurry up，or you will be late.
either…or…：Either you or I am right.
d)表因果
so: The shops were closed, so I didn’t get any milk.
for: It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over. (because是从属连词)
e)表对比
while：The boys are active while the girls are quite.(whereas)
2.从属连词：引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）和状
语从句的连词（引导定语从句的叫关系代词或关系副词，见后面章节）
a)引导名词性从句的从属连词
that, which, whether, who, whom, whose, when, where, why等。

That the earth goes around the sun is a truth.(引导主语从句，也可以转化成形式
主语it) 地球绕着太阳转是一个真理。

She said that she would not be late for tomorrow’s meeting.(引导宾语从句)她说
明天的会她不会迟到。

That is why I love you.(引导表语从句)那就是我爱你的原因
I had a dream that one day I could start up my own business. (引导同位语从句)
我有一个梦想，有一天我也可以创业
b)引导状语从句的从属连词
状语从句各有各的引导词，有的引导词又可以引导不同种类的状语从句。

Don’t get excited when you talk. (时间) 讲话的时候不要太激动
Please stay where you are. (地点) 请待在原地
I have to go home, because it is too late. (原因)
If you have any question, please feel free to ask me. (条件)
如果你有任何问题，请随便问我。

I switched off my smartphones so that I can focus on my work. (结果)
He continued to teach though he was ill. (让步)
This car runs faster than that car does.(比较)
Do as Romans do.(方式) 入乡随俗
3.while作并列连词：而、然而（表对比、对照）
while作从属连词：虽然；当···时候
I am working on my homework while my mom is cooking in the kitchen.（并列连词，
而）
我在做作业，我妈妈在厨房做饭
When the scores are announced, some students are happy while others are sad.（并列连词，表对比，对照）
当分数公布的时候，一些学生很开心，另外的却很难过。

While I hate WeChat, I still can’t live and work without it.（从属连词，虽然）
虽然我讨厌微信，我生活和工作却离不开它。

◆课后作业
It was middle of the night__my father woke me up and told me to watch the football
game with him.
A.that
B.as
C. which
D. when
解析：填空里应该填什么连词呢？连词分并列连词和从属连词，从属连词就是
可以引导从句的，引导名词性从句（名词性从句在主句中充当成分，宾语，主
语，表语，同位语）和状语从句（修饰主句中的某个动词，表时间、地点、原
因、条件、让步等等）。

看句中my father woke me up and···是不是从句？首
先看是不是名词性从句，可以看出主句结构完整，It was middle of the night.主
系表结构完整。

不需要另外的内容去充当句子中的某个成分，所以不是名词性
从句。

那是不是状语从句呢？主句中的动词是be动词was，was不可能被一
些状语从句去修饰，因此既不是名词性从句也不是状语从句，所以空里面一定
不是填从属连词，所以是并列连词。

同时，my father woke me up and···是表
示时间的，因此这里应该填上表示时间的并列连词。

从四个选项中找表示时间
的并列连词，所以是when. when既可以作为引导时间状语从句的从属连词，
也可表示当···时候的一个并列连词。

名词和名词词组
名词的分类
普通名词
可数名词
●个体名词：表示个别人或事物的名称
table，lawyer，cat，sister
●集体名词：表示一群人或许多东西的总称
people（人们），class(班级)，army（军队），family（家庭）
不可数名词
物质名词：表示物质或材料的总称
water，sunshine，snow，hair
抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、情感等抽象状态的名词
hope，health，love，weather
专有名词：用来专门指代某人、物、地点、机构、组织，首字母一般要大写the Changjiang River, the Great Wall, Maria, WHO (World Health Organization)名词的数（单数和复数）
名词数量超过1时，名词的形式应该发生变化，复数的形式分以下情况讨论
1.一般情况：构成方法，加-s
读音：清辅音后/s/；浊辅音和元音后读/z/
例：map-maps, bag-bags, car-cars
2.以s ,ss, x, ch, sh等结尾：构成方法，加-es
读音：-es读/iz/
例：bus-buses, class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes
3.以-f或-fe结尾：构成方法，多数将-f或-fe变v加-es
读音：-ves读/vz/
例：leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, life-lives, knife-knives
4.以元音字母+y结尾或以y结尾的专有名词：直接加-s
读音：-s读/z/
例：Mary-Marys(有两个叫Mary的), monkey-monkeys, holiday-holidays
5.以辅音字母+y结尾的非专有名词：变y为i加-es
读音：-s读/z/
例：city-cities, baby-babies, countries, ladies
6.以辅音字母+o结尾的名词：加es
例：hero - heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
7.以元音字母+o结尾的名词：加-s
读音：-s读/z/
例：bamboo - bamboos, radio-radios, zoo-zoos
8.一些不可数名词也加s时
●表示不同种类的
food（食物）—foods on the shelf（货架上不同的食物）
freedom（自由）—3 freedoms （3种不同的自由）
●加s变成另外的意思
work（工作）—works（著作）water（水）—waters（水域）
wood（木材）—woods（森林）glass（玻璃）—glasses（眼镜）
9.抽象名词的具体化（加量词）
beauty（美）—a beauty（美好的事物或人）
honor（荣誉）—an honor（光荣的事物）pleasure—a pleasure（让人愉悦的事
物）success—a success（一个成功的事情）
failure—a failure（一次失败的经历）
并不是每一个抽象名词前面都可以加a进行具体化
名词的所有格
1.定义：“所有格”表示一种“所有关系”，名词的所有格修饰另一个名词，做定语。

2.两种形式
◆名词+’s (一般有生命)
A snail’s shell
A person’s dignity
◆介词of+名词（一般无生命）
the window of the room
the bottom of the sea
◆某些无生命体的所有格也是直接+’s
today’s newspaper (时间) an hour’s walk (时间) China’s economy（国家，城市）the ship’s deck（交通方式）the plane’s engine（交通方式）
the government’s policy（组织、机构）the company’s brand(组织、机构)
the sun’s rays （天体）the moon’s surface（天体）
a mile’s distance（度量衡） a million dollars’ deal（度量衡）
◆有连字符的已经转化为形容词的度量衡，不加’s
a two-week training a 10-dollar breakfast
3.不以s结尾的名词：名词直接＋’s，表示“…的”
the boy’s mother
the student’s book
his father’s company
4.以s结尾的单词（包括复数），后面直接加撇’即可
Dickens’ novels
my brothers’ room
two hours’ walk
5.不规则复数后面直接加’s
men’s room
women’s clothes
children’s palace
6.有时为避免重复，可以单独使用“名词+’s”来表示名词
My views are quite different from my father’s.
My camera is the same as Jeff’s.
名词词组（名词结构）
结构：限定词+前置定语+核心名词+后置定语（距离名词越近，越接近名词所表示的范围）
a question 一个问题 a difficult question 一个难题
a very difficult question 一个非常难的问题(副词very 修饰adj difficult)
a very difficult English question 一个非常难的英语问题
a very difficult English question asked by him 一个他问的非常难的英语问题
前置定语：形容词
后置定语：副词、介词短语、从句、分词
The boy is my brother.
The cute boy is my brother. 前置定语cute
The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother. 后置定语in blue jeans（介词词组）
The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother. 后置定语wearing blue jeans（现在分词）The cute boy who is wearing blue jeans is my brother. 后置定语who引导的定语从句
动词
实义动词
有实在意义并能独立作句中谓语的动词: I love you.
1.及物（须带宾语）：动词后面带宾语才能构成完整的意思
Raise your hand if you have any questions.不能把your hand去掉，否则意思不完整
Wash clothes 同上
Drink water
People fear death.(主谓宾结构，vt+宾语death)
2.不及物（不带宾语）：动词后面不带宾语，动词本身即可构成完整的意思
People die.(vi, 死本身可以构成完整含义，这里用一般现在时，表示客观现象)
Look！看！（look自己就可以构成完整的意思）
Please listen.
She arrived.
有些不及物动词后面可以加宾语，但是必须用介词，例如
Look at me！
Listen to me.
She arrived at the airport.
3.既是及物又是不及物（不同场合，不同用法）
I read every day. read 是vi，不带宾语，后面every day是时间状语，表示这个人
可能有阅读习惯，每天都读东西（读书，报纸，杂志等）
I read a book every day.我每天都会读一本书。

read 是vt，后面带宾语a book。

I walk there. walk是vi，表示走路，我步行去那里。

I walk a dog every day. walk是vt，表示遛动物，陪同…走路
I am studying.(vi)
I am studying English.(vt)
4.延续动词和瞬间动词
延续动词：可以持续的行为
瞬间动词：瞬间完成的行为
My father owns a company.(延续) 拥有一家公司，延续性，表示一种状态
My father runs a company.(延续) 经营，延续性，长期的，描述一种状态
My father registered a company.（瞬间）注册，瞬间就可以完成，不是长期的持续下
去的行为。

They have been married for three years.（延续）他们已经结婚三年了，处于婚姻的
状态，be是延续性动词。

They got married three years ago.（瞬间）一小段时间就可以完成，三年前某个时间
点即可以完成
They married three years ago.（瞬间），同上，marry本身是一个瞬间动词。

连系动词（系动词）
系动词——加上表语才能构成完整的意思，不是一个具体的动作，而是连接主体和其状态的特殊动词。

起到联系的作用，联系主语和表语，表语是补充和说明主语的性质和状态的词汇，可以是名词，不定式，不定式，形容词等等。

You look beautiful.
The music sounds good.
I am a teacher. am 连接主语I和表语a teacher
He looks young.
Her face turned red.
The soup tastes great.
◆系动词的再识别
有些动词既是实义动词又是系动词，此时很难区分。

系动词就像月老，给主语
和表语牵线。

先判断主语和表语，再把中间的动词的性质夹逼出来。

She is a good swimmer.
That book looks interesting. interesting说明That book的性质和状态
I feel so sorry.
Medicine tastes bitter but it cures diseases.
She became angry.
Man will grow old.
She proves very honest.系动词，honest说明主语she的性质和状态
On hearing the news, she went pale. went作系动词，pale说明she的性质和状
态
使役动词
☐课前练习
请确定划线部分成分
I’ll have my bike repaired this afternoon.
Whenever I feel sad, she always makes me happy.
Please leave the lights on.
定义：英语中使役动词是表示使、令、让等意义的不完全及物动词，主要有这些动词：make、let、have、keep等。

用法1：使役动词+受词+原形不定词（动词原形）
1、He made me laugh.
2、I let him go.
上述两个句子在被动语态中，to 要出现从这里开始
1、I was made to laugh.
2、He was let to go.
用法2：使役动词+受词+其他形式做补语
1、The atmosphere made me nervous.（形容词）
2、She kept me waiting for two hours.（形容词）
助动词
本身无词义，但可以构成时态、加强语气、否定句、疑问句等。

更多是语法含义，自己不带任何词义。

I am reading a book. am是助动词，不是系动词，并不是所有的be动词都是系动词。

am和reading共同构成一个进行时态。

She is sleeping.主谓结构，is sleeping是谓语，is是助动词，在句中构成现在进行时态，sleep是实义动词
I will do it. will是助动词，表示将来时态，和动词do构成将来时态。

I do forget. do加强语气，我确实忘了。

I didn’t do that. didn’t是助动词，表示否定的概念，后面跟动词原型do，构成否定句
Do you love me? Do提到句首，构成疑问句，
情态动词（modal verb）
与动词原形连用，构成复合谓语，本身有词义，不同于助动词，表“推测、可能、判断、意愿”等，常见的情态动词有can，could，may，might，must，will，would，shall，should He may lose his way. (推测)，与lose一起构成复合谓语
Anyone can make mistake.(可能性)任何人都可能犯错误，与make一起构成复合谓语可能性程度排序：must> can> could> may> might
She must be at home now.(表示一种判断)
I will/would never do that again.（表示一种意愿）
Will you marry me?(表意愿，情态动词也可以构成疑问句)
◆should
Life here should be easy，’should’ here is used to talk about probability and expectation.
情态动词should在这个句子中用来表示一种推测，指可能性。

表示说话者推测丛林里的生活应该不难。

Should的用法有两种：
1、It can express that a situation is likely in the present.它可以表示目前可能出现
这种情况。

She should be at home by now. Give her a call.她现在应该在家里，给她打个电话。

2、It can also express that a situation is likely in the future（prediction）.它可以预
测未来会出现某种情况。

My package should be arrive this week.
思考should 和will都表示可能的时候的区别
Life here should be easy. 表示说话者的一种推测的可能性，并不是完全肯定。

Life here will be easy.表示说话者非常肯定的一种可能性，比should的确定性要高。

小结
◆实义动词和系动词是主要动词，助动词和情态动词是附属型动词，一定要配合
实义动词才能使用。

◆实意动词和系动词的区分方法
在一个句子中，先不去判断动词是实意动词还是系动词，因为有时候看不出来。

可以先定位表语，如果后面的词是表语，反推前面的词就是系动词，而不是实
意动词。

The leaves turn red.(red是表语，因为red说明主语leaves的状态，反推turn是
系动词)
I turned a page.(page 并不是I的性质特征，page是turn的动作承受方，因此
是宾语)
He died young.(young说明主语He的性质和状态，说明young是主语，died是
系动词)
形容词
形容词定义
形容词是修饰名词、表示人或物的性质、状态、特征的词。

a black umbrella 一把黑色的伞
an impressive advertisement 一个令人印象深刻的广告
a hard-working student 一个勤奋的学生
an exciting game 一个激动人心的游戏
形容词的构成
1.本身即为形容词
red /glad /nice
2.加后缀形成的形容词
+y: wind- windy; fun-funny
+al: nation-national; education-educational
+able: comfort-comfortable; admire-admirable
+en: wood-wooden; gold-golden
+ish: fool-foolish; self-selfish
+ive: impress-impressive; expense-expensive
+ful: beauty-beautiful; power-powerful
+ous: fame-famous; danger-dangerous
+ly: friend-friendly; lovely
3.复合形容词
副词词干+现在分词/过去分词：
hard-working; well-educated;
名词词干+现在分词/过去分词：
time-consuming; man-made;
名词词干+形容词：
world-famous; duty-free
形容词词干+名词+ed;
kind-hearted; cold-blooded; absent-minded
形容词词干+现在分词：
easy-going
4.分词转化而成的形容词
现在分词：令人…的
过去分词：感到…的
annoying: 令人生气的（Mosquitos are annoying.）
annoyed: 感到生气的（I am annoyed.）
exciting: 令人兴奋的（an exciting game）
excited: 感到兴奋的（I feel excited.）
形容词的功能
1.作定语
Professor White gave us an interesting lecture.
2.作表语
What he said is true.
3.作补足语
The matter made us tried.
I found the book very interesting.
4.作状语
Hungry and tired, I had to stop and take a rest.（原因）
She was lying in bed, awake. (伴随) 她醒着躺在床上
形容词的位置
1.置于名词前，叫“前置定语”
a black swan
a nice car
如果碰到多重形容词，根据“限定、外形、年龄、新旧、颜色、国籍、材质”这样的顺序
the little white wooden house
the first beautiful white Chinese stone bridge
2.置于名词后，叫“后置定语”
一些表语形容词，只能作表语或者后置定语
alive, alike, afraid, awake, alone, asleep, worth等
The baby asleep might be awake very soon.
You alone cannot succeed.
3.形容词置于不定代词之后
something interesting
someone strong
4.形容词后面如果带有介词短语，一定要后置
This is a place worthy of a visit.
I don’t like this teacher strict with his students.
the+形容词，变成名词
the old 老人
the rich 富人
the unknown 未知的事
the young 年轻人
the wrong and the right错误的事和正确的事
The unknown has to be explored.
★指出句子中的形容词，且判定其在句子中所作的成分
We arrived home very late, safe and sound.(safe and sound在句中作伴随状语，late不是形容词，是副词，修饰arrive)
形容词的比较级和最高级
★判断句子对错
She looks more younger than I.
(more 不可以修饰比较级，但可以用much来加强比较级)
Beijing’s weather is colder than Shanghai.(比较对象错误，Shanghai’s)
形容词三种存在形式：原级、比较级、最高级
1.规则变化
1)直接变化词尾，加-er，-est；
strong-stronger-strongest
2)字母e结尾，把e去掉，再加后缀：
late-later-latest
3)以一个辅音字母结尾，双写该辅音字母：
hot-hotter-hottest
4)辅音+y结尾，把y变成i：
ugly-uglier-ugliest
5)元音+y结尾，y不变：
gray-grayer-grayest
6)双/多音节，前面加more或most：
enthusiastic-more enthusiastic-most enthusiastic
规则变化的特殊情况
1)少数双音节形容词既可加后缀，也可以加more，most：
cleverer/more clever-cleverest/most clever
simpler/more simple-simplest/most simple
2)劣等比较形容词原型前加less，least：
important-less important-least important
3)有些形容词没有比较级（自身就表达了一种极致的情况）：
right, wrong, final, impossible, perfect
4)复合形容词：
well-known, better-known, best-known
2.不规则变化
1)good-better-best
2)bad-worse-worst
3)much/many-more-most
4)far-farther-farthest
比较级的句型用法
1.原级比较：as…as…
Today is as warm as yesterday.今天和昨天一样暖和
Today is not as/so warm as yesterday.
He gave me as valuable advice as you did.
as 后面跟形容词+名词
他给我的建议和你给的一样有价值
Miss Green is not as/so strict a teacher as Mr. White.
2.比较级
当一方超过或少于另一方时，用“比较级+than”；否定式“less than”
He made fewer mistakes than I (did).
John gets better grades than Bob (does).
We should help those who are less fortunate than us.
3.最高级
表示三者或三者以上程度最高
句式：the +形容词最高级（+名词）+表示范围的短语或从句
The theater is the oldest in London. 这个剧院是伦敦最古老的。

This is the oldest theater in London. 这是伦敦最古老的剧院
比较级句型常见问题
1)比较对象出问题
中国的人口比日本的人口多
China’s population is larger than Japan. ×
China’s population is larger than Japan’s. √
2)比较的范围出问题
中国比亚洲其他国家都大
China is larger than any country in Asia. ×
China is larger than any other country in Asia. √
China is larger than any country in Africa. √
比较结构中的省略比较对象的现象
—What do you think of this film?
—I have never seen a better one. (后面省略than this film)
Are you feeling better today? (暗含跟yesterday比)
Be more careful next time.(暗含跟this time比)
She hoped to get a better job. (暗含跟the present job比)
特殊的比较结构
1.比较级+and+比较级：越来越
My English is getting better and better.我的英语变得越来越好了。

2.the+比较级，the +比较级，越…, 越…
The older you get, the wiser you will become.你年纪越长，就会变得越有智慧
3.no +比较级+than：前后一样（同级比较）
His English is no more than mine.他的英语不比我的好
4.more …than…:与其说…不如说…
He is more an artist than a philosopher.
与其说他是一个哲学家，不如说他是一个艺术家。

比较级和最高级
1.比较级+than any other…
Rose is taller than any other girl in her class.
罗斯比她们班里其他女生都高。

2.否定词+比较级
I have never heard a funnier joke than this one.我从没听过比这更好笑的笑话。

作业：
It is just_ _among countries to host the Olympics as to win an Olympic medal.
A so fierce a competition
B as fierce a competition
C such a fierce competition
D too fierce a competition
副词
课前练习
Henry was away from for quite a bit and__saw his family.
A frequently
B seldom
C always
D usually
副词的定义
副词是句子中表行为或状态的词，修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语、乃至全句。

副词通常表达时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

It is raining heavily.
The place is very beautiful.
We should study very hard.
His IQ is far [above the average level].
Luckily, he won the game.
副词的构成方式
1.与形容词相同（意思不一定相同）
fast(快的；快地)
enough（足够的；足够地）
early（早的；早早地）
long(长的；长时间地)
straight（直的；直接地）
hard(硬的；努力地)
2.形容词+ly
quick-quickly(直接+ly)
simple-simply（去掉结尾e）
easy-easily（把y变i）
full-fully（ll结尾直接加y）
basic-basically（ic结尾，加ally）
副词的语法功能（通常作状语）
They welcomed us warmly.(修饰动词)
Many people still live a very poor life. (修饰形容词)
They will be here pretty soon.(修饰副词)
My seat is exactly in the middle of the classroom. (修饰介词短语)
Hopefully, we’ll meet again on Thursday. (修饰整个句子)
副词表达的情况
时间：recently, ago, today, soon, lately, then.
地点：here, there, downstairs, outdoors
方式：happily, directly, clearly, nicely,
程度：much, enough, almost, very, so, quite
频度：often, always, sometimes, usually, seldom
疑问：when, where, how, why
评论性：luckily, honestly, ironically, generally
副词在句中的位置
1)时间、地点副词通常在句尾。

如果同时出现，先地点后时间。

时间副词也可以在句
首。

We had a meeting here yesterday.
Yesterday we had a meeting here.
2)频度副词放在实义动词前，情态动词、助动词、系动词之后。

I will always love you.
He doesn’t often study.
3)修饰全句的副词，若放句中要用逗号隔开，放句首不一定加逗号。

Nothing, indeed, is more important than health.
Fortunately, he escaped from the disaster.
4)评论性副词放句首，后用逗号。

Honestly, he is unfit for the job.
Frankly, I don’t have much confidence this time.
副词修饰名词/代词，加强语气
有些副词可以修饰名词/代词，加强语气
We held quite a party last weekend.
Even a child won’t believe those words.
Nearly everyone supports him.
副词的比较级和最高级
well-better-best
much-more-most
little-less-least
用法跟形容词一致
The kind of language appeared as early as the Stone Age.
I can run faster than he.
The more we know each other, the better we understand each other.
一些副词置于句首的倒装
never, seldom, rarely, little等否定副词置于句首的倒装
Never have I seen such a beautiful woman.
作业
Next to biology, I like physics__.
A.better
B. best
B.the better D. very well
代词
课前练习：
Who is at the door？
__is the deliverer.
1.it B. He C. That D. The man
代词的定义
代词是指代人或事的词，主要替代名词以及起名词作用的短语、不定式、动名词、从句或句子，以避免重复。

Learning English is hard, but it can become easy if you adopt a right method.
代词的分类
人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词
1.人称代词
a)类别
单数：I，you，he，she，it
宾格：me，you，him，her，it
复数：we，you，they
宾格：us，you，them
b)语法功能
He would drown his sadness in wine. (主语，主格)
I bought a gift for him. (宾语，宾格)
We, us three, will finish the task together. (同位语，宾格)
2.物主代词
表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的所有格形式
I -my
we-our
you-your
he-his
she-her
they-their
it-its
This is my seat.(形容词性物主代词)
This is not my dictionary. Mine has been lent to Lucy.(名词性物主代词)
3.反身代词
用于动作的发出者把动作施加到动作的发出者本人时。

I-myself
you-yourself
it-itself
they-themselves
The little boy can dress himself now.(作宾语)
The girl in the picture is myself.(作表语)
I myself made the mistake.(作同位语)
4.指示代词
用来指代或标记人或事物的代词。

this（这个）that（那个）these（这些）those（那些）
That was too hard for me. (作主语)
This house is for rent.(作定语)
What I want to stress is this. (作表语)
I start to doubt that. (作宾语)
5.不定代词
不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人的代词。

something，one，some，other等。

One cannot live without money. (主语)
I need something to cheer me up.(宾语)
Some say love is vulnerable while others say love is strong.
6.疑问代词
表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词，主要有：who（主格），whom（宾格），whose（所有格），which，what等。

Who did this?（主格）
Whom/Who do you like better, Mike or Jack?(口语中who可替代whom)
With whom did you discuss this question?(with后面一定要用宾格)
Whose side are you on?(谁的，作形容词性所有格)
Helen has taken her bag. Whose is this? (作名词性所有格)
it 的用法
it是第三人称单数主格或宾格，可充当主语、宾语、表语。

it指代内容丰富，具体如下：1)指上文提到的事物、群体、想法等等。