Design and Analysis of Arc Springs used in Dual Mass Flywheel VITSMBS

Build Accessible Web Apps By Kitty Hurley and Jessica McCallWeb accessibility techniques remove the barriers in web apps that can prevent people from fully experiencing content and supports the inclusion of individuals with disabilities.Creating fully accessible web solutions can be a complex pro-cess because the way individuals interact with the web can vary greatly. However, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) (https://rebrand.ly/9xb6c1w) is a guide for improving accessibility on the web. WCAG is an internationally recognized coding standard that was developed to meet the varying needs of individuals, organizations, and government agencies when imple-menting web accessibility. Its success criterion provides standards for developers of web and mobile content when publishing web content or apps.Building Accessibility into Web MapsThe accessible components in ArcGIS Maps SD K for JavaScript (JavaScript Maps SD K) and Calcite D esign System demonstrate Esri’s commitment to accessibility. These components provide the building blocks to design an accessible UI. This article in-cludes some ways accessible and inclusive apps can be built with JavaScript Maps SDK and Calcite.Improve Color ContrastColor contrast is key for individuals who have low vision, macular degeneration due to age, color vision deficiency (color blindness), or other vision-related impairments.Being aware of the contrast of colors or specific combinations of colors is a key aspect when creating an accessible web app. WCAG Success Criterion 1.4.3: Contrast (Minimum) aims for a 4.5 to 1 ratio when visually presenting text and images.Color contrast can be enhanced with Calcite’s web components to support WCAG Success Criterion 1.4.3: Contrast (Minimum), or level AA. [WCAG has thre e levels of conformance: A is minimum, AA is midrange and widely accessible, and AAA is the most optimal accessibility rating.] You can also add support for WCAG Success Criterion 1.4.6: Contrast (Enhanced), or level AAA, by updating the CSS variable of calcite-ui-danger. It provides a contrast ratio greater than 7 to 1, when the background color is white or #FFF. Using High-Contrast ModeHigh-contrast modes increase the contrast of elements, making it easier to read text and distinguish individual elements. When these modes are enabled for an operating system (OS), colors are forced, visual elements are simplified, and browser-specific values are selected from a set of system colors that ensures consistent contrast. High-contrast mode supports individuals who have low vision or who are unable to distinguish shapes or details in objects. Add Contrast to MapsThere are several ways you can improve the contrast of maps to showcase solutions to a wider audience while supporting the suc-cess criterion. One method is to toggle between high-contrast basemaps. Switch between high-contrast light and dark basemaps using the BasemapToggle widget. To do this, add high-contrast basemaps as objects, as shown in Listing 1.Next, set the map’s basemap property to the light basemap, as shown in Listing 2. Then add the BasemapToggle widget with the nextBasemap set to the dark basemap, as shown in Listing 3.You can also toggle the JavaScript Maps SDK theme for addition-al contrast on the controls. For instance, when the high-contrast/arcuserDeveloper’s Sectionlight basemap is active, the JavaScript Maps SDK theme is dark, as shown in Listing 4.Customize Graphics by Basemap ThemeTo style graphics added to the map with an appropriate color con-trast ratio for the basemap, first obtain the basemap background color using getBasemapBackground and getBasemapColor and use that value.Use reactiveUtils to watch when the basemap’s background theme color changes from light to dark, or vice versa. An AbortController signal can be used to communicate, or abort a request in the document object model (D OM) when the view is no longer updating. Once the view has finished updating, use getBackgroundColorTheme to update the graphic’s symbol color, based on the light or dark value. See Listing 5.Navigating through ContentFocus attributes are important to accessibility because they help show people where they are on the screen and provide context for navigating through the screen as well as supporting better keyboard navigation. Setting focus attributes to underline, high-light, or place a shape around an active element ensures users can navigate sequentially through content when using a keyboard to meet WCAG Success Criterion 2.4.3: Focus Order. When using the open method for a pop-up, employ the shouldFocus option to shift focus to the pop-up when it is opened, as shown in Listing 6. Search Widget FocusShift focus between the search widget and the search results pop-up with reactiveUtils. Upon closing the results pop-up, focus will shift back to the search widget so users can navigate sequen-tially while searching the map’s content.When the pop-up is visible, set focus to the pop-up from the search widget using the search-complete event. First, create a promise with the reactiveUtils whenOnce() method and an AbortController signal when the pop-up is visible. Once visible, shift focus to the pop-up. A second promise waits for the pop-up to no longer be visible so that the focus will be set back to the search widget, as shown in Listing 6. AnimationsPeople who suffer from disorders of the vestibular system (which affects balance) or who have suffered traumatic brain injury can experience headaches, nausea, seizures, or other symptoms that are triggered by animations. Those users may consider choosing OS and browser settings to reduce animations and other inter-active elements. WCAG Success Criterion 2.3.3: Animation from âUse high-contrast basemaps to aid map readers with low vision. áListing 435/arcuserInteraction recommends allowing users to disable interactions unless animation is essential for conveying information.Calcite minimizes animation when system animations are turned off or reduced. When animations are enabled, animations are ex-ecuted in Calcite’s loader component.With JavaScript Maps SD K, animation on the map can be re-duced when animations are not shown or reduced with prefers-reduced-motion. When animations are enabled, some of the map’s functions—such as zooming to a feature—include basemap tile animations. When animations are turned off or reduced, a function can be added to reduce map animations. Add the goToOverride function to the pop-up’s goTo method, as shown in Listing 7. Explore FurtherThis article summarizes Building Accessible Web Apps with ArcGIS Maps SD K for JavaScript and Calcite D esign System, a session presented at the 2023 Esri D eveloper Summit in Palm Springs, California.The code and full demonstrations are available on GitHub (ht tps:///kellyhutchins/DevSummit2023-A11y). Subscribe to the Accessibility Community (/t5/ accessibility/ct-p/accessibility) on Esri Community.Some Final ThoughtsEsri supports the successful implementation of accessible map-ping apps. Accessibility should not be an afterthought. It is more efficient for developers and designers to include accessibility rather than reworking published apps. Accessibility should be a part of the development process throughout the app design and development workflow so that anyone can access web maps. About the AuthorsKitty Hurley is passionate about web map accessibility and bring-ing the web and maps to wider audiences. She is a senior product engineer with Calcite Design System at Esri. Outside work, Hurley enjoys exploring Minnesota’s wilderness and wants to visit every major league baseball stadium in America.Jessica McCall, the senior accessibility project manager for the Esri accessibility team, manages strategic planning and project management activities. Along with members of her team, she gathers and supports customer requirements for accessibility. Prior to joining Esri, she worked for a consulting firm as a project and operations manager supporting utility data migration anddata integration projects between GIS and CAD-based software.áListing 6/arcuser。

托福听力tpo68 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture1原文Professor: OK, let’s look at two specific ancient cultures of the arctic, both of which lived on the far northern edge of the continent, the Dorset and the Thule. The Dorset culture began around eight hundred BC and ranged to cross most of arctic Canada. The Thule, well, they lived in the same area, but about twelve hundred years later. Both groups left some beautiful art behind, really are best evidence that these folks even existed. And although these two cultures lived in the same region, each group approached their art in very different ways.Alright, so the Dorset culture. Archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of Dorset sculptures mostly carve from ivory or bone and sometimes stone. They were mostly small sculptures of animal or human figures. And our best guess is that they were probably used mainly for religious purposes. The main subject of Dorset animal sculptures is the polar bear. Some of these polar bears are represented in naturalistic or realistic ways, but usually, their abstracted or stylized that is to say less realistic. Here is a typical polar bear sculpture. It's carved from ivory, we call these artifacts flying or floating polar bears, because, because they look like the polar bears doing just that flying or floating. Notice the distinctive markings, they seem to mark out the skeleton or joints of the bear.While polar bears were favorite subject, the Dorset created sculptures of other animals too, like seals and caribou which were represented in a more realistic fashion. We speculate that if the Dorset feared or respected a particular animal, they were more likely to present it in a stylized way, like with the polar bear, which, of course, is a large dangerous predator, maybe, it was a way of dealing with their fear. We also have Dorset’s sculptures whose meaning is more allusive. I'm talking about horns with many human faces carved into them. What's remarkable about these sculptures is the variety of facial types in expressions that appear on the single horn. If only the people represented on these artifacts could answer our questions, it tells us whetherthey are ancestors or residents of villager or what.Okay, let's switch to Thule art, which differs from Dorset art in, in some important ways. Interestingly, Thule artwork wasn't generally influenced by the earlier Dorset culture. It seems it would’ve grown out of a separate tradition that originated in Alaska. Thule artwork was most likely used to decorate common objects such as tools with attractive designs, we can't be entirely sure about this. However, we've tried to interpret the symbolic designs into the art. But of course, it's impossible to confirm the accuracy of such interpretations. What we do know is that the Thule people made extensive use of engravings, they drove the small holes and carve lines into various materials. These engravings, engraved patterns, rather, are found on the diverse group of artifacts, things ranging from weapons to jewelry to cones and boxes. Here's some examples. It's hard to see, but most of these objects do have engravings on them. Thule art was more of a graphic art. Uh, more like drawing. Many of their designs are geometric and abstract. Others containing engravings of human and animal figures.For instance, the long skinny object, among left, has a face at the top. We’ve also found the tool handle with hunting and camp scenes carved into it. As far as Thule’s sculpture goes, there is only a few small objects in wooden dowels like the one in the bottom right-hand corner. These have either no facial features or very rudimentary ones, less detailed, less individualized than the faces of Dorset’s sculpture.One scholar has argued that this difference resulted from the nature of Thule’s society which was built around group hunting expeditions on the ocean. This hunting approach required a great deal of cooperation which may have led to a kind of an overall uniformity in their art. And emphasis on commonality rather than individuality, which probably explains why there’re human figures like the faces or had standardized faces that all look similar. The most famous of the few Thule sculptures are the ones of birds in creatures that are part bird and part woman. While the sculpture is probably had some symbolic purpose, patterns of holes were drilled into them too. So, in general compared with artwork of the Dorset, Thule artprobably had a more decorative or utilitarian function.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To examine the extent to which Thule and Dorset art influenced the artwork of other arctic culturesB. To examine how Thule and Dorset designs changed over timeC. To compare and contrast artwork from two ancient arctic culturesD. To discuss how the natural world is shown in the artwork of two ancient arctic cultures2.What does the professor imply about “flying”or “floating”polar-bear sculptures?[Click on 2 answers.]A. They may have helped the Dorset people cope with their fear of a dangerous animal.B. Art historians consider them to be of little religious importance to the Dorset people.C. The Dorset people created them to demonstrate respect for polar bears.D. They were designed to take advantage of the natural shape of the ivory.3.According to the professor, what can be inferred about Dorset society based on its artwork?A. It placed more emphasis on religious beliefs than Thule society did.B. It relied on hunting large animals to a greater extent than Thule society did.C. It placed an emphasis on the production of jewelry.D. It was structured to support long ocean expeditions.4.According to the professor, what appears to be the main reason that the Thule engraved holes and lines into their artifacts?A. To honor their Alaskan ancestorsB. To illustrate the layout of their campgroundsC. To add realism to their sculpturesD. To add decoration to their sculptures5.Why does the professor mention Thule group-hunting expeditions?A. To explain why the Thule had plenty of time to produce detailed artworkB. To draw a connection between cooperation in finding food and uniformity in artC. To compare Thule hunting practices with Dorset hunting practicesD. To suggest that the majority of Thule sculptures were probably lost at sea6.Why does the professor saythis:If only the people represented on these artifacts could answer our questionsA. To suggest that the students interview descendants of Dorset peopleB. To propose a topic that the students could write aboutC. To ask students who they think the faces representD. To indicate that there is still a lot of missing information答案C AC AD B D译文教授:好的，让我们来看一下北极的两种特定的古代文化，它们都生活在大陆的最北端，Dorset文化和Thule文化。

Product feature detail Geometry interfaces Femap offers seamless geometry access to an extensive range of major CAD systems,including:•ACIS import (CAD geometry is converted to a Parasolid ®software format on import)and export •Autocad DXF import •Catia v4and v5model file import •NX ®I-deas ®software import (access to IDI files generated by I-deas 9.2,v10,v11and beyond supported through I-deas Parasolid export)and universal file export through 9.0•IGES import and export of Parasolid geometry to the IGES format •NX software import for Unigraphics v11-v18and Parasolid geometry exported from all NX versions •Parasolid import and export –Femap is a native Parasolid application,and Parasolid geometry is accessed through the same Parasolid modeling kernel that any Parasolid-based CAD program uses providing full direct access to your geometry •Pro/Engineer import of model files •Solid Edge ®software import –provides direct access to Parasolid geometry in solid and sheet metal part files including assemblies •STEP import and export –AP203and AP214Class II,III,IV ,V and VI entities •Stereolithography import and export •Teamcenter ®Visualization software export –JT ™format including mesh and results data •VRML export through 2.0/97World-class finite element analysis (FEA)solution for the Windows desktopBenefitsSignificantly speed up the design process by bringing simulation closer to design and reducing time-to-marketReduce the need for costly proto-types and testing,saving time and moneyPerform failure analysis that im-proves product performance and reliability,reducing costly recallsEvaluate and optimize designs to minimize material use,investigate use of alternative materials and perform trade-off studies to evaluate differing designsStandalone engineering analysis environment that can exchange data with any CAD system and simulate using all major commercial solversFeaturesCAD-independent and can import CAD data from just about any sourceSolver-independent,supporting all of the major commercial solversScalable solution offering a range of capabilities up to specialized high-end analysis functionalityWindows-based intuitive Windows interface that is easy to use and quick to masterCost effective solution offering the best functionality-to-cost ratio in the industry SummaryFemap ®software is an advanced engineering analysis environment for simulation of complex engineering ing Femapengineers can simulate the performance of their products virtually to determine their performance and behavior,reducing the need for testing and prototypes.fact sheetSiemens PLM Software /plm/femapVelocity Seriescan be saved with resultsreports.API script available to format,annotate the myriad capabilities that collectivelyoutput formatsContactSiemens PLM SoftwareAmericas8008072200Europe44(0)1202243455Asia-Pacific852********/plm©2008Siemens Product Lifecycle Management Software Inc.All rights reserved.Siemens and the Siemens logo are registered trademarks of Siemens AG.T eam-center,NX,Solid Edge,T ecnomatix,Parasolid,Femap,I-deas,JT,Velocity Series and Geolus are trademarks or registered trademarks of Siemens Product Lifecycle Management Software Inc.or its subsidiaries in the United States and in other countries.All other logos,trademarks,registered trademarks or service marks usedherein are the property of their respective holders.3/08。

西北林学院学报2008,23(5):205~208Journal o f No rthw est F or est ry U niversit y基于GIS软件的平面园林规划设计实现)以奇台蜃海公园园林规划设计为例刘巍,陈蜀江*,耿庆龙(新疆师范大学地理科学与旅游学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830054)摘要:利用GIS软件辅助园林规划平面设计能够更好的宏观把握规划设计过程,大量的减少前期勘察工作量,提高勘察精度,同时也提高了规划设计的合理度。

以奇台蜃海公园规划设计为实例,具体介绍了怎样基于GIS软件实现奇台蜃海公园园林规划的平面设计。

最终成功的规划和设计出了园林的平面总图,实现了含有地理意义的平面园林规划设计。

关键词:GIS软件;平面园林规划设计;实现中图分类号:S731.3文献标识码:A文章编号:1001-7461(2008)05-0205-04GIS Softw are Aided Design of Landscape Planning)))A Case Study of Qitai M irage ParkLIU Wei,C HEN Shu-jiang*,GENG Qing-long(Colg e of Ge og rap hic Sc ienc e and Tourism,X inj iang Normal Univ er sity,Ur umqi,X inj iang830054,China)Abstract:By using GIS-based softw are,the desig n pro cess of g arden planning can be co mprehensively con-tro lled,the w or klo ad o f preliminary investigation can be r em ar kably reduced,and the accuracy of inspec-tion and ratio nality o f the design can be enhanced.Taking the Qitai M irage Park as an example,a GIS-based softw are aided design m ethod w as specifically introduced.An ov er all planer graph o f the g arden w as successfully abtained by the method to fulfill a landscape planning w ith the sig nificance of g eography. Key words:GIS softw are;graphic garden pro gram and desig n;fulfillm ent园林规划设计包含园林绿地规划和园林绿地设计2个含义。

SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS Distortions due to a bar being bent about either major axis of section shall be measured with the bar against a flat checking surface so as to make contact with this surface near both bar ends. Gaps between the bar and the checking surface shall not exceed 4.0 mm/1 m of bar length out of contact with the checking surface when this bar length is greater than 1 m. Also, a gap between the bar and a straight edge 1 m long applied along any portion of the surface or edge of the bar, shall not exceed 4.0 mm.It is recommended that all leaf spring bars which have been cold straightened be identified by the steel mill so that the spring manufacturer can use them selectively.The bars which are generally provided in alloy steel shall be specified and rolled as in T able 2:TABLE 2—SPECIFIED WIDTHS AND THICKNESSES OF ALLOY STEEL BARS, mm Widths Widths Thicknesses Thicknesses Thicknesses Thicknesses Thicknesses Thicknesses40.0 75.0 5.007.1010.0014.0020.0028.0045.0 90.0 5.307.5010.6015.0021.2030.0050.0100.0 5.608.0011.2016.0022.4031.5056.0125.0 6.008.5011.8017.0023.6033.5063.0150.0 6.309.0012.5018.0025.0035.506.709.5013.2019.0026.5037.504.Surface Decarburization—Surface decarburization may reduce the fatigue durability of the springs; therefore,it is important that surface decarburization be at a minimum.Hot rolled steel bars as received from the mills have some decarb, at least of the minimum Type 3 (see SAE J419), where more than 50% of the base carbon content remains at the surface (that is, some partial, but not more than 50% loss of carbon).If decarb is of Type 2, where 50% or less of the base carbon content remains at the surface (that is, appreciable partial, but not total loss of carbon), the decarb normally does not exceed a depth of 0.25 mm for steels of thicknesses 5.00 to 12.50 mm, nor a depth of 0.50 mm for steels of thicknesses over 12.50 to 37.50 mm.With sections over 25.00 mm in thickness, some of the hot rolled steel bars may have decarb of Type 1, in which virtually carbon-free ferrite (that is, total loss of carbon) exists for a measurable distance below the surface.The depth of decarb varies from mill to mill, from rolling to rolling, and from bar to bar. The extent to which the depth and type of the decarb can be acceptable will be subject to agreement between the steel producer and the spring manufacturer.The edges of the bars are somewhat higher in decarb than the flat surfaces; decarb on both the edges and the flat surfaces usually has greater depth with increased bar thickness.After forging and non-atmospheric controlled heat treating, the spring leaves will have greater decarb. Scaling of the steel in this processing reduces the thickness of the leaf. While some of the surface decarb is removed with the scale, the final depth of decarb is usually greater than it was in the steel bars as received from the mills.5.Definitions, Dimensions, and Tolerances5.1Leaf Spring—A spring of full elliptic, semi-elliptic, or quarter-elliptic shape with one or more leaves. The term"multi-leaf" has generally applied to springs of constant width and with stepped leaves, each of constant thickness except where leaf ends may be tapered in thickness. More recently, the term has been extended to include an assembly of stacked "single" leaves, each of which is characterized by tapering either in width or in thickness, or by a combination of both. Examples of multi-leaf springs are shown in Figures 1 to 6. Figure 7 shows a single leaf spring.The leaves of a multi-leaf spring are usually held together with a center bolt and prevented from lateral shifting by alignment clips. Prior to assembly, the leaves are formed (cambered) and heat-treated by heating, quenching, and tempering to the required hardness. Quench dies or fixtures are used to maintain the required camber within tolerances.5.2Datum Line—Reference line used with many of the subsequently defined terms. In Figure 1 (where thesprings are shown inverted as in a machine for load and rate checking), it is shown as the line X-X. On springs with eyes, the datum line passes through the centers of the eyes. On other springs, it passes through the points where the load is applied near the ends of the spring. These points must be indicated on the drawing.When load and rate are checked, the spring ends shall be free to move in the direction of the datum line.5.3Seat Angle Base Line (see Figure 1)—Reference line drawn through the terminal points of the active springlength at each eye, taken along the tension surface of the main leaf. On springs without eyes, the seat angle base line is coincident with the datum line.5.4Loaded Length—Distance between spring eye centers when the spring is deflected to the specified loadposition. On springs without eyes, it is the distance between the lines where load is applied under the specified conditions. Tolerance, ±3.0 mm.5.5Loaded Fixed End Length—Distance from the center of the fixed end eye to the projection on the datum lineof the point where the centerline of the center bolt intersects the spring surface in contact with the spring seat.Tolerance, ± 1.5 mm.5.6Straight Length—Distance between eye centers when the tension surface of the main leaf at the center boltcenterline is in the plane of the seat angle base line. The distance is measured parallel to the seat angle base line. T olerance, ±3.0 mm.5.7Seat Length—Length of spring that is in actual engagement with the spring seat when installed on a vehicle atdesign height. It is always greater than the inactive length.5.8Inactive Length—Length of spring rendered inactive by the action of the U-bolts or clamping bolts.5.9Seat Angle (see Figure 1)—Angle between the tangent to the center of the spring seat and the seat anglebase line. When the spring is viewed with the fixed end of the spring to the left as shown, and the load is applied to the shortest leaf from above, the seat angle may be specified as either positive (counterclockwise) or negative (clockwise), depending upon the angular direction in which the tangent to the center of the spring seat is disposed from the seat angle base line.Consequently, with the spring in normal vehicle position so that the load is applied from below as shown in Figures 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 and again with the fixed end of the spring to the left of the drawing, the seat angle is defined as positive when that tangent is disposed clockwise; and as negative when the tangent is disposed counterclockwise.FIGURE 1—MEASUREMENT OF OPENING, OVERALL HEIGHT, AND SEA T ANGLEUNDERSLUNG SPRINGS WITH NEGATIVE OPENINGFIGURE 3—MINIMUM SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SPRINGS WITH PLAIN ENDSOVERSLUNG COMMERCIAL VEHICLE SPRINGSOR PROGRESSIVE RA TE SPRINGS (OVERSLUNG TYPE SHOWN)FIGURE 6—STACKED SINGLE LEAF SPRINGSFIGURE 7—SINGLE LEAF SPRINGS5.10Finished Width—Width to which the spring leaves are ground or milled to give the edges a flat bearingsurface. If the spring ends have a finished width, the required length of the finished edge must also be indicated. The usual tolerances for finished widths are as in Table 3:TABLE 3—TOLERANCES FOR FINISHED WIDTHSLeaf Width OverLeaf Width To and IncludingTolerance from Nominal Width+0.00050−0.255063−0.3563150−0.505.11Assembled Spring Width—Where more than one leaf constitutes a spring assembly, the overall widthtolerance of the assembly within the spring seat length shall be as follows as in T able 4:5.12Stack Thickness—Aggregate of the nominal thicknesses of all leaves of the spring including any spacerplates which are part of the spring at the seat.5.13Leaf Ends—The leaf ends used most generally are:a.Square as shearedb.Trimmed to a shapec.Taper rolledd.Taper rolled; trimmed or forged to a shape or both5.14Surface Finish—Condition of the surface of the spring leaves after the steel has been heat treated and prior tocoating.5.14.1"A S H EAT T REATED " F INISH —The surface of the spring leaves is in the condition as taken from the heattreating furnace where generally the leaves have a finish of oxide coating.5.14.2"S HOT P EENED " F INISH —The tension surface of the spring leaves has been exposed to the shot peeningoperation where the oxide coating and scale are removed and a matte luster finish is produced.5.14.3"G ROUND O R P OLISHED L EAF E NDS "—The bearing areas of leaves are ground or polished to produce asmooth surface for reduced friction. The distance or length to be ground or polished should be specified.5.15Protective Coating—Material added to surface of spring leaves or exposed areas of assembled springs. Foradditional information, see HS-J788.5.16Leaf Numbers (see Figure 1)—Leaves are designated by numbers, starting with the main leaf which is No. 1,the adjoining leaf is No. 2, and so on. If rebound leaves are used, the rebound leaf adjoining the main leaf is rebound leaf No. 1, the next one rebound leaf No. 2, and so on. (Rebound leaves are assembled adjacent to the side opposite the load bearing leaves.) Helper springs are considered as separate units.TABLE 4—WIDTH TOLERANCE OF THE ASSEMBL YLeaf Width OverLeaf Width To and IncludingTolerance −0.000 0.0 63+2.5 63100+3.0100125+3.7125150+4.45.17Opening and Overall Height (see Figure 1)—Distance from the datum line to the point where the center boltcenterline intersects the surface of the spring that is in contact with the spring seat.If the surface in contact with the seat is on the main leaf or a rebound leaf (as on underslung springs), this distance is called "opening."If the surface in contact with the seat is on the shortest leaf (as on overslung springs), this distance is called "overall height.""Opening" and "overall height" may be positive or negative (see Figure 1). They are specified dimensions not subject to a tolerance. See 5.19 on Load.5.18Clearance—Difference in opening, or overall height, between the design load position and the extremeposition (of maximum stress) to which the spring can be deflected on the vehicle.5.19Load—The force exerted by the spring at the specified opening or overall height. The total tolerance on load atthe specified overall height or opening is usually expressed as a load range (N) which is equivalent to a deflection (mm) at the nominal rate (N/mm). This deflection may be as small as 6.0 mm for a passenger car spring and as large as 13.0 mm for a heavy truck spring.5.20Rate—The change of load per unit of spring deflection (N/mm). For leaf springs, it is determined as one fiftieth(2%) of the difference between the loads measured 25 mm above and 25 mm below the specified position, unless otherwise specified (see Figure 5). The tolerance is usually held within ± 5% on low rate springs and within ± 7% on high rate springs.5.21Load and Rate Checking—Load and rate are the terms usually employed to describe the basiccharacteristics of a leaf spring without center clamp and without shackles. They are, therefore, not the same as those of the installed spring.When the load is measured, the spring ends are free to move in the direction of the datum line; the ends are usually mounted on carriages with rollers. The spring shall be supported on its ends, and the load shall be applied to the shortest leaf from above. It shall be transmitted from the testing machine head through a standard SAE loading block shown in Figure 8. The loading block shall be centered above the center bolt with the legs of the V resting on the spring. It is understood that the load specified on the spring drawing does not include the force of gravity (usually called "weight" and equaling mass times acceleration of gravity) of either the spring or the loading block.Just before the spring is checked for load or rate, it shall undergo a preloading operation. During the initial preloading by the spring maker, the spring shall be deflected at least to the position defined under 5.18 on Clearance. During any subsequent preloading, the spring shall be deflected only to and not beyond this "clearance position" in order to remove any temporary recovery from the set incurred during the initial preloading. After the spring has been preloaded, it shall be released to the free position before the load is applied for load and rate checking. For additional information on preloading, see HS-J788.Load and rate shall be measured in terms of the forces exerted by the spring during compression of the spring (compression loads) and not during release of the spring (release loads). The compression load in any position shall be read only after the spring has been thoroughly rapped in that position with a plastic or soft metal hammer.FIGURE 8—SPRING LOADING BLOCK5.22Specification Requirements—Minimum specification requirements are given in Figures 2 to 5.5.23Spring Eyes and Bushings—For some types of currently used spring eyes, spring ends, bushings, andshackle constructions, see HS-J788.For eyes with specified inside diameter, the size and roundness of the eye should be checked by means of a round plug gage from which two opposite segments of 60 degrees have been removed. The gage shall have a taper on diameter per unit of length of 0.002:1 (see Figure 9). The gage shall be inserted into the eye three times from each side at angular positions differing by about 60 degrees. The eye is acceptable only if the gage reading on the side of the eye from which the gage is inserted is within the specified diametral limits at each of the six checks.Also, the eye should be checked with a round plug, GO/NO GO gage, to determine if the eye is cone shaped or tapered. The GO diameter must pass completely through the eye and the NO GO diameter must not enter the eye from either side.The total tolerance shall be 1% of the nominal diameter of the eye, except for large diameter eyes (40 mm or more), where bushing retention may require a smaller tolerance of 0.75% of the nominal eye diameter. For eye diameters of less than 25 mm, the minimum tolerance is 0.25 mm.For a bushing where the ID may have been affected by pressing into the spring eye, it should be checked witha round plug gage. Total tolerance, 0.13 mm unless otherwise specified.Eyes of the main leaf in the assembled spring, measured in the unloaded condition, shall be parallel to the surface at the spring seat, and square with a tangent to either edge of the main leaf at the spring seat, within±1 degree.FIGURE 9—GAGE—LEAF SPRING EYE PLUG5.24Alignment Clips—Most surface vehicle leaf springs are fitted with clips of some form which serve primarily toprevent sidewise spread and vertical separation of the leaves.Clips employed for passenger car springs show a great variety in design, but commercial vehicle springs are generally equipped with either bolt-type or clinch-type clips, see HS-J788. Dimensions must be chosen to suit the individual service requirement.5.25Center Bolt—The center bolt is required to hold the spring leaves together, and the center bolt head is used asa locating dowel during installation on the vehicle. For underslung springs, the head should be adjacent to themain leaf; for overslung springs, the head should be adjacent to the shortest leaf. The center bolt should not be depended upon to prevent the shifting of leaves due to driving and braking forces.In most cases, center bolts are highly stressed in the handling of the springs and in service. Therefore, it is necessary to use bolts and nuts of high mechanical properties. See Table 5 for sizes.TABLE 5—RECOMMENDED CENTER BOLT AND NUT DIMENSIONS (mm) NominalBolt Diameter ThreadsPitchThreadsMinimumLengthBolt Head SizeDiameterBolt Head SizeHeightNut Size Style 1WidthAcrossFlats(Max)Nut Size Style 1WidthAcrossCorners(Max)Nut Size Style 1Thickness(Max)8 1.252512.0 6.013.015.01 6.6 10 1.52515.0 7.015.017.32 9.0 12 1.753017.0 8.018.020.7810.7 1623520.010.024.027.7114.55.26Cup Center—Cup centers are often used in heavy-duty springs which may not safely depend on clamps andcenter bolts to prevent a shifting of the spring on the axle seat due to driving and braking forces.When the main leaf is assembled adjacent to the axle seat as in underslung springs, the cup is hot forged in the main leaf only (away from the No. 2 leaf). When the shortest leaf is mounted above the axle seat as in overslung springs, all the leaves must be cupped toward the shortest leaf.This method of cupping locks the main leaf to the axle seat. The horizontal forces which are applied to the main leaf will be resisted by the cup rather than the clamp and the center bolt.There are several types of cup centers in general use, one of which is shown in Figure 10. The cup dimensions are listed according to center bolt diameter; however, the cup diameter should not exceed one-half the leaf width, and the cup depth should not exceed one-half the leaf thickness.FIGURE 10—CUP CENTERSPREPARED BY THE SAE LEAF SPRING SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE SAE SPRING COMMITTEERationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—This SAE Standard is limited to concise specifications promoting an adequate understanding between spring maker and spring user on all practical requirements in the finished spring. The basic concepts for the spring design and for many of the details have been fully dealt with in HS-J788.Reference SectionSAE J419—Methods of Measuring DecarburizationSAE J510—Leaf Springs for Motor Vehicle Suspension—Made to Customary U.S. UnitsHS-J788—Manual on Design and Application of Leaf SpringsDeveloped by the SAE Leaf Spring SubcommitteeSponsored by the SAE Spring Committee。

压力容器专业词汇A B类 Category AB 安全阀 Safety valve安装 Installation 鞍式支座 saddle support凹面 concave 半球形封头 Hemispherical heads棒 bars 保温支撑 insulation support爆炸性 explosive 泵 pump变径段 reducers 标记 stamping标志 marking 标志的移植 Transfering marking波纹板 Corrugating Paper 补强管 reinforcing nozzle补强圈 reinforcing ring 不锈钢 stainless steel不圆度 out-of-roundness 材料 materials材料证明书 Certification of material 超声检验 Ultrasonic Examination衬里 Linings 成型 Forming成型封头 Formed heads 尺寸 Dimensions翅片管 finned tubes 冲击试验 impact test储罐 storage tank 传热面积 heat transfer surface磁粉检验 Magnetic Particle Examination 次要应力 secondary stress粗糙度 roughness 淬火 Quenching带折边的锥形 toriconical 弹簧 springs弹簧垫圈 spring washer 弹性模量 modulus of Elasticity挡板 baffle plate 低合金钢容器 low alloy steel vessels 低温容器 Low-temperature vessels 地震烈度 seismic intensity垫板Backing strip 垫片gasket垫圈washer 碟形封头Dished heads顶丝jbckscrew 定距管spacer定位销pin dowel 定义Definitions毒性toxicity 镀锌容器Galvanized vessels锻件Forgings 对焊法兰welding neck flange耳座lug 阀门valves法兰flanges 法兰接触面Flange contact facings防冲板impingement baffle 防腐蚀衬里Corrosion resistant linings 防火fire protection 防涡流挡板vortex breaker非受压件nonpressure parts 非圆形容器Noncircular vessels峰值应力peak stress 腐蚀裕量corrosion allowance附加载荷supplementary loading 附件attachments复合板Clad plate 覆层容器clad vessels盖板Cover plates 杆rods or bars过渡段transition in 过渡圆角Knuckles焊后热处理after postweld heat treating 焊接工艺welding procedure specification 焊接接头welding joints 焊接系数welding coefficient厚度thickness 滑动的sliding环向应力hoop stress 回火tempering基本地震加速度basic seismic acceleration 基本分压basic wind pressure计算厚度calculated thickness 技术条件form of Specification加强圈 stiffening rings 夹套容器 Jacketed vessels检查孔 Inspection openings 检验 inspection角焊 Fillet welds 接地板 earth lug截止 Stop valves 介质特性 fluid property金属温度 Metal temperature 筋板 rib plate径向应力 radial stress 静(压力)水头 static head局部 areas 局部 local局部焊后热处理 Local postweld heat treatment 矩形设计 rectangular design卡箍 clamp 开孔补强 reinforcement for openings快开盖 Quick-actuating closures 拉杆 tie rod裂缝 Cracking 流体（介质） fluid螺孔 holes for screw 螺母 nut螺塞 plug 螺栓 bolt螺纹 threaded 螺柱 studs名义厚度 nominal thickness 铭牌 Name plates内部构件 Internal structures 内衬筒 internal shell盘管 coil tube 配件 fittings膨胀节 expansion joint 平封头 Flat heads评定 Qualification 气孔 Porosity气压试验 Pneumatic test 钎焊 brazing强度 strength of 球形封头 spherically dished曲率 curvature 屈服 yielding全容积 total volume 缺陷 defects群座 skirt support 热处理 thermal treatment热处理 heat treatmen 热应力 thermal stress人孔 manholes 韧性 ductility容积 volume 容器 vessel容器净重 empty weight 容器类别 vessel classification塞焊 Plug welds 设计压力 design pressure射线超声检验 Radiographic Examination 渗透检验 Penetrant Examination石墨 graphite 试样 Test coupons适用范围 Scope 手孔 (ha)ndholes水压试验 hydrostatic test/hydraulic test/hydrotest 碳钢 carbon steel搪玻璃容器 enameled vessels 梯子、平台 ladders, platforms填充金属 filler metal 筒体 shell凸面 convex 凸缘 socket椭圆封头 Ellipsoidal heads 外压容器 vessels subjected to external pressure 未注尺寸公差 tolerance grade n0t noted 无支撑 unstayed系数 fact0r 现场安装 Fie1d assemb1y校核 checking 0f 泄放 (Disc)harge泄压装置 Pressure relieving (dev)ices 性能 properties许用工作压力 al1owable working pressure 许用应力 al1owable stress易然的 flammable 应力腐蚀 stress corrosion应力集中 stress concentration 预热 Preheating圆度 roundness 圆角和倒角 corners+fillets载荷 Loadings e(xpa)nded c0nnections 折流板 baffle plate蒸发器 (Evap)orators 直边长度 length 0f skirt直径 Diameter 制造 fabrication制造厂 fabricator 制造方法 methods 0f fabrication制造工艺 fabrication technology 周长 Girth主应力 primary stress 柱状壳体 Cylindrical shells铸铁容器 cast iron vessels 转角半径 knuckle radius装配 assembling 锥度 tapered锥壳 conical shell 锥形封头 Conical heads 资格 qualification纵向接头 Longitudinal joints 组对 fitting up无损检测专业词汇a cluster of flaws 密集区缺陷A.C magnetic saturation 交流磁饱和 ablution 清洗Absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率 Absorbed dose 吸收剂量 Acceptanc limits 验收范围Acceptance level 验收水平验收标准 acceptance specification 验收规范 Acceptance standard 验收标准Accessories 附件配件辅助设备辅助器材 Accumulation test 累积检测 Accuracy 精确度准确度 acetone 丙酮Acoustic emission (AE) 声发射Acoustic emission count 声发射计数Acoustic emission transducer 声发射换能器 Acoustic holography 声全息术Acoustic impedance matching 声阻抗匹配 Acoustic impedance method 声阻法 Acoustic impedance 声阻抗 Acoustic wave 声波 Acoustical lens 声透镜Acoustic-ultrasonic 声-超声（AU） across 交叉横过 Activation 活化 Activity 活度additional stress 附加应力 address: 地址:?Adequate shielding 适当防护、适当屏蔽 AE 声发射air header 集气管"air set 空气中凝固, 常温自硬自然硬化" air supply 气源 aisle 过道走廊alarm condition 报警状态 alarm level 报警电平Alignment 对准定位调整校直 alkaline battery 碱性电池allowable variation 允许偏差容许变化 alternating current 交流电 aluminum powder 铝粉 amount 数量Ampere turns 安匝数amplifier panel 放大器面板 Amplitude 振幅、幅度 analyzer 分析器anchor bolt 锚定螺栓地脚螺栓Angle beam method 斜射法、角波束法 Angle beam probe 斜探头、角探头 angle fitting 弯头 angle iron 角钢角铁Angle of incidence 入射角 Angle of reflection 反射角 Angle of spread 扩散角Angle of squint 偏向角、偏斜角 Angle probe 斜探头、角探头 angle square 角尺 angle steel 角钢Angstrom unit 埃(长度单位) appearance 外观application drawing 操作图应用图arc cutting 电弧切割 arc gouging 电弧刨削 arc starting 起弧 arc welding 电弧焊Area amplitude response curve 面积振幅响应曲线 Area of interest 评定区、关注区域 argon arc welding 氩弧焊Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性、人工缺陷 arrangement diagram 布置图arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Artifact 人为缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷 A-scan A型扫描 A-scope A型显示 assembly 装配 At present 目前Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数 Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器 Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自动射线照相术 axiality 同轴度轴对称性 axonometric drawing 轴测图 back-feed 反馈background target 目标本底 background 背景本底backwall echo 底波底面回波 baiting valve 放料阀 band plate 带板banjo fixing 对接接头 Barium concrete 钡混凝土 Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾 base material 基底材料basic sensitivity 基准灵敏度 Bath 槽液、浴池、槽Bayard-Alpert ionization gage B-A型电离计 Beam angle 波束角、束张角 Beam axis 声束轴线Beam path location 声程定位、声束路径位置 Beam path 声程、声束路径 Beam ratio 光束比 Beam spread 声束扩散arc cutting 电弧切割 arc gouging 电弧刨削 arc starting 起弧 arc welding 电弧焊Area amplitude response curve 面积振幅响应曲线 Area of interest 评定区、关注区域 argon arc welding 氩弧焊Arliflcial disconlinuity 人工不连续性、人工缺陷 arrangement diagram 布置图arrival time interval（Δtij）到达时间差(Δtij) Artifact 人为缺陷Artificial defect 人工缺陷 A-scan A型扫描 A-scope A型显示 assembly 装配 At present 目前Attenuation coefficient 衰减系数 Attenuator 衰减器Audible leak indicator 音响泄漏指示器automatic temperature recorder 温度自动记录器 Automatic testing 自动检测Autoradiography 自动射线照相术 axiality 同轴度轴对称性 axonometric drawing 轴测图 back-feed 反馈background target 目标本底 background 背景本底backwall echo 底波底面回波 baiting valve 放料阀 band plate 带板banjo fixing 对接接头 Barium concrete 钡混凝土 Barn 靶Base fog 片基灰雾 base material 基底材料basic sensitivity 基准灵敏度 Bath 槽液、浴池、槽Bayard-Alpert ionization gage B-A型电离计 Beam angle 波束角、束张角 Beam axis 声束轴线Beam path location 声程定位、声束路径位置 Beam path 声程、声束路径 Beam ratio 光束比 Beam spread 声束扩散buckling deformation 翘曲变形 buried depth 埋深burn through 烧蚀烧穿 bus duct 母线槽 butt joint 对接butt jointing 对接接头 butt weld 对接焊缝 butt welding 对接焊 cable armor 电缆铠装cable channel 电缆槽电缆管道 cable fitting电缆配件 cable gland 电缆衬垫 cable laying 电缆敷设cable routing电缆路由选择 Cable sheath 电缆包皮层cable testing bridge 电缆测试电桥 cable tray 电缆盘cable trunk 电缆管道电缆主干线 calculation sheet 计算书Calibrated Density Reference Scale 标准密度校验片 Calibration instrument 校准仪器 calorimeter 热量计Capillary action 毛细管作用 Capping ends 顶盖末端 carbon steel tube 碳钢管 carbon steel 碳钢 Carrier fluid 载液Carry over of penetrate 渗透剂转入 cascade connection 串联连接 Cassette 暗盒 Cathode 阴极cathodic protection system 阴极保护系统 caulking metal 填隙合金[金属](材料) CCD Camera 电荷耦合摄像机 cement lined piping 水泥衬里管线 center bearing bracket 中心支架 center line 中心线center plate 中心板拨盘Central conductor method 中心导体法Central conductor 中心导体中线（三相四线制） centralized 集中的centripetal canting pull rope 向心斜拉索 certification of fitness 质量合格证书 channel bases沟渠基底channel steel expansion ring 槽钢胀圈 Characteristic curve of film 胶片特性曲线 Characteristic curve 特性曲线Characteristic radiation 特征辐射标识辐射Charge Coupled Device 电荷耦合器件（简称CCD） "check against 检查, 核对" check valve 止回阀 Chemical fog 化学灰雾 chipping 修琢chronometer精密计时表 Ci 居里Cine-radiography 射线(活动)电影摄影术连续射线照相 Circuit breaker断路开关 circular array 圆形阵列Circumferential coils 圆环线圈Circumferential field 周向磁场环形磁场 circumferential joint 周圈接缝Circumferential magnetization method 周向磁化法 circumferential weld 环焊缝 civil engineer 土木工程师civil works 土建工程建筑工程 clamp 夹钳clamping fixture 胎具夹具 Clean 清理 Clean-up 清除Clearing time 定透时间 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 cockle stairs 螺旋梯 Coercive force 矫顽力Coherence length 相干长度（谐波列长度） Coherence 相干性 Coil method 线圈法Coil reference 线圈参考（参照线圈） Coil size 线圈尺寸 Coil spacing 线圈间距Coil technique 线圈技术线圈法 Coil test 线圈试验Coincidence discrimination 符合性鉴别一致性鉴别 cold lap 冷隔Cold-cathode ionization gage 冷阴极电离计 collar extension 环口 Collimation 准直 Collimator 准直器 collision 碰撞冲突color identification 彩色识别Combined colour contrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂 commencement 开始 company 公司 comply with 遵守component part 构件 (组合)零件部件comprehensive analysis and judgement 综合分析判断 Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥 compression joint 压接压力接合compression pump 压缩机压气机[泵] Compressional wave 压缩波 Compton scatter 康普顿散射Computed Radiography(CR)计算机辅助射线成像技术 condensation 冷凝 conducting wire 导线 conductive paste 导电膏 conduit box [电]导管分线匣 conduit entry 导管引入装置 conduit outlet 电线引出口 connector 接线器连接器 Console 控制台construction work 施工工程consumable insert （焊接）自耗嵌块 consumer 用户Contact pads 接触垫contactor 触头接触器触点开关 content gauge 液位计Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线性阵列 Continuous method 连续法 Continuous spectrum 连续谱 Continuous wave 连续波Continuously Welded (CW) 连续焊 Contrast agent 对比剂造影剂 Contrast aid 反差增强剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度 Contrast stretch 对比度扩展 Contrast 对比度衬度control cable控制电缆操纵索 control console 控制台 Control echo 控制回波 control unit 控制单元control valve actuator 阀控传动机构 control valve控制阀color identification 彩色识别Combined colour contrast and fluorescent penetrant 着色荧光渗透剂 commencement 开始 company 公司 comply with 遵守component part 构件 (组合)零件部件comprehensive analysis and judgement 综合分析判断 Compressed air drying 压缩空气干燥 compression joint 压接压力接合compression pump 压缩机压气机[泵] Compressional wave 压缩波 Compton scatter 康普顿散射Computed Radiography(CR)计算机辅助射线成像技术 condensation 冷凝 conducting wire 导线 conductive paste 导电膏 conduit box [电]导管分线匣 conduit entry 导管引入装置 conduit outlet 电线引出口 connector 接线器连接器 Console 控制台construction work 施工工程consumable insert （焊接）自耗嵌块 consumer 用户Contact pads 接触垫contactor 触头接触器触点开关 content gauge 液位计Continuous emission 连续发射Continuous linear array 连续线性阵列 Continuous method 连续法 Continuous spectrum 连续谱 Continuous wave 连续波Continuously Welded (CW) 连续焊 Contrast agent 对比剂造影剂 Contrast aid 反差增强剂Contrast sensitivity 对比灵敏度 Contrast stretch 对比度扩展 Contrast 对比度衬度control cable控制电缆操纵索 control console 控制台 Control echo 控制回波 control unit 控制单元control valve actuator 阀控传动机构 control valve控制阀Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷探测灵敏度 defect evaluation zone 缺陷评定区 Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力 Defect 缺陷Definition 清晰度定义 delivery 发货Demagnetization factor 退磁因子退磁系数 Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetizer 退磁装置退磁器 Densitometer 黑度计密度计Density comparison strip 黑度比较片密度比较条 Density Strip 黑度比较片密度比较条 Density 黑度（底片）密度 depth scan 深度扫描 description 说明描述 design pressure 设计压力 Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液去垢剂 Developer aqueous 水性显像剂 Developer dry 干式显象剂Developer liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer nonaqueous（suspend）非水（悬浮）显象剂 Developer station 显像工位显影台 Developer 显像剂显影剂Developing time 显像时间显影时间 Development 显影differential discriminator (电子)差动式鉴频器 Diffraction mottle 衍射斑点衍射斑纹 Diffuse indications 扩散指示 Diffusion 扩散漫射digital detector 数字探测器（X射线实时成像） Digital display 数字显示数显Digital image acquisition system 数字图像采集系统 Digital Radiography（DR）数字射线成像技术Digital Thermometer 数字温度计（用于测定胶片处理液的温度） Digital timer for darkroom 暗室用计时器（在暗室中可调及报警） Dilatational wave 膨胀波疏密波 dimensional inspection 尺寸检验Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位浸渍与滴落台 Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化 Direct contact method 直接接触法 Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像directional beam 定向辐射（指定向辐射的工业X射线机）Directivity 指向性disassembly and assembly 拆装 Discontinuity 不连续性 Distance marker 距离标志Distance-gain-size DGS曲线（距离-增益-尺寸曲线）（DGS德文为A VG） "distribution board 配电盘, 配电屏" Dose equivalent 剂量当量 Dose rate meter 剂量率计 dose 剂量Dosemeter 剂量计 dosimeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶探头 Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法 Double traverse technique 双光路技术 doubleskin 重皮 down lead 引下线DR（Digital Radiography）数字射线成像技术 Dragout 废酸洗液Drain time 滴落时间排液时间 drain 排水管排水沟排水道排水 draught 气流 Drift 漂移Dry developer 干式显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干式显像柜 Dry method 干法 Dry powder 干粉 Dry technique 干法Drying oven 干燥箱干燥炉 Drying station 干燥工位干燥台 Drying time 干燥时间 drying 烘干 D-scan D型扫描 D-scope D型显示dual element transducers 双晶探头双晶片换能器 Dual search unit 双探头双探测装置双探测器 Dual-focus tube 双焦点(X射线)管 due date 到期日预定日期Duplex wire type Image Quality Indicator 双线型像质指示器双线像质计 Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器双线像质计 duplicate part 备件 Duration 持续时间 Dwell time 停留时间dye penetrant examination 着色渗透检验Decibel(dB) 分贝Defect detection sensitivity 缺陷探测灵敏度 defect evaluation zone 缺陷评定区 Defect resolution 缺陷分辨力 Defect 缺陷Definition 清晰度定义 delivery 发货Demagnetization factor 退磁因子退磁系数 Demagnetization 退磁Demagnetizer 退磁装置退磁器 Densitometer 黑度计密度计Density comparison strip 黑度比较片密度比较条 Density Strip 黑度比较片密度比较条 Density 黑度（底片）密度 depth scan 深度扫描 description 说明描述 design pressure 设计压力 Detecting medium 检验介质Detergent remover 洗净液去垢剂 Developer aqueous 水性显像剂 Developer dry 干式显象剂Developer liquid film 液膜显象剂Developer nonaqueous（suspend）非水（悬浮）显象剂 Developer station 显像工位显影台 Developer 显像剂显影剂Developing time 显像时间显影时间 Development 显影differential discriminator (电子)差动式鉴频器 Diffraction mottle 衍射斑点衍射斑纹 Diffuse indications 扩散指示 Diffusion 扩散漫射digital detector 数字探测器（X射线实时成像） Digital display 数字显示数显Digital image acquisition system 数字图像采集系统 Digital Radiography（DR）数字射线成像技术Digital Thermometer 数字温度计（用于测定胶片处理液的温度） Digital timer for darkroom 暗室用计时器（在暗室中可调及报警） Dilatational wave 膨胀波疏密波 dimensional inspection 尺寸检验Dip and drain station 浸渍和流滴工位浸渍与滴落台 Direct contact magnetization 直接接触磁化 Direct contact method 直接接触法 Direct exposure imaging 直接曝光成像directional beam 定向辐射（指定向辐射的工业X射线机）Directivity 指向性disassembly and assembly 拆装 Discontinuity 不连续性 Distance marker 距离标志Distance-gain-size DGS曲线（距离-增益-尺寸曲线）（DGS德文为A VG） "distribution board 配电盘, 配电屏" Dose equivalent 剂量当量 Dose rate meter 剂量率计 dose 剂量Dosemeter 剂量计 dosimeter 剂量计Double crystal probe 双晶探头 Double probe technique 双探头法Double transceiver technique 双发双收法 Double traverse technique 双光路技术 doubleskin 重皮 down lead 引下线DR（Digital Radiography）数字射线成像技术 Dragout 废酸洗液Drain time 滴落时间排液时间 drain 排水管排水沟排水道排水 draught 气流 Drift 漂移Dry developer 干式显像剂Dry developing cabinet 干式显像柜 Dry method 干法 Dry powder 干粉 Dry technique 干法Drying oven 干燥箱干燥炉 Drying station 干燥工位干燥台 Drying time 干燥时间 drying 烘干 D-scan D型扫描 D-scope D型显示dual element transducers 双晶探头双晶片换能器 Dual search unit 双探头双探测装置双探测器 Dual-focus tube 双焦点(X射线)管 due date 到期日预定日期Duplex wire type Image Quality Indicator 双线型像质指示器双线像质计 Duplex-wire image quality indicator 双线像质指示器双线像质计 duplicate part 备件 Duration 持续时间 Dwell time 停留时间dye penetrant examination 着色渗透检验Dye penetrant 着色渗透剂Dynamic leak test 动态泄漏检测Dynamic leakage measurement 动态泄漏测量 Dynamic radiography 动态射线照相法 Dynamic range 动态范围 earth resistance 接地电阻 earth wire 接地线地线 earthing device 接地装置 earthing pole 接地极Echo frequency 回波频率 Echo height 回波高度 Echo indication 回波指示Echo transmittance of sound pressure 声压往复透过率 Echo width 回波宽度 Echo 回波echodynamic patterns 回波动态波型 eddy current coil 涡流检测线圈Eddy current flaw detector 涡流探伤仪 eddy current probe 涡流检测探头 Eddy current testing 涡流检测 Eddy current 涡流涡电流 Edge echo 棱边回波 Edge effect 边缘效应 Edge 边缘棱边Effective depth penetration （EDP）有效穿透深度有效透入深度 Effective focus size 有效焦点尺寸Effective magnetic permeability 有效磁导率Effective permeability 有效磁导率有效渗透率相对渗透率 Effective reflection surface of flaw 缺陷有效反射面 Effective resistance 有效电阻 Elastic medium 弹性介质 elbow 弯管接头管肘Electric displacement 电位移electric force compounded grease 电力复合脂 electric heat tracing 电伴随加热 electric machine 电机 electric pressure 电压 electrical appliance 电器 Electrical center 电中心 electrical material电气材料"electrical panel 配电板,配电盘" electrified 带电Electrode 电极电焊条Electrolytic Sliver recovery unit 电解银回收装置（从定影液中回收银）Electromagnet 电磁铁Electro-magnetic acoustic transducer 电磁声换能器 Electromagnetic induction 电磁感应 Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射 Electromagnetic testing 电磁检测Electro-mechanical coupling factor 机电耦合系数 electron linear accelerator 电子直线加速器 Electron radiography 电子辐射照相术 Electron volt 电子伏恃Electronic linear scans (E-scans) 电子线性扫描 Electronic noise 电子噪声Electronic scanning (E-scans) 电子扫描（E-扫描） Electrostatic spraying 静电喷涂 E-mail: 电子邮件:? 电子邮箱:embedded part 预埋件嵌入[埋置]部分 emission count （声）发射计数 Emulsification time 乳化时间 Emulsification 乳化 Emulsifier 乳化剂Encircling coils 环形线圈End effect 端部效应端点效应 "end socket 端头, (钢索的)封头" Energizing cycle 激励周期 enfoldment 折迭 envelope 包络包迹environment visible light 环境可见光 Equalizing filter 均衡滤波器平衡滤波器 equipment 器材设备Equivalent I.Q.I. Sensitivity 当量象质指示器灵敏度 Equivalent method 当量法Equivalent nitrogen pressure 等效氮压当量氮气压力 Equivalent penetrameter sensifivty 当量透度计灵敏度 Equivalent 当量Erasabl optical medium 可消光介质 erection 架设Etching 浸蚀腐蚀侵蚀蚀刻Evaluation threshold 评价阈值评定阈 Evaluation 评定Event count rate 事件计数率 Event count 事件计数Examination area 检验范围 Examination region 检验区域 examination 试验检验考试 examine and approve 审批exfoliation 剥落脱落Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力/排放压力出口压力输送压力 Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽时基扫描扩展 "expansion bolt 伸缩栓, 扩开螺栓" expansion joint 伸缩接头Exposure and darkroom accessories 曝光与暗室附件 Exposure chart 曝光曲线 Exposure fog 曝光灰雾 Exposure table 曝光表 Exposure 曝光 Exposure 曝光Extended source 扩展源延长源external diameter of the pipe 管子直径 external diameter 外径 extra fee 额外费用? eye survey 目测fabrication drawing 制造图纸制作图 fabrication tolerance 制造容差 fabrication 加工制造Facility scattered neutrons 易散射中子 fall off 脱落False indication 假指示虚假指示伪显示虚假显示 Family 族系列 Far field 远场Fast neutron detectors 快中子探测器Fast/slow timing Oscilloscope 带快慢调速的示波器 Fax: 传真:?FBH 平底孔(缩写) feeder 馈电线Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈 ferritic 铁素体的field fabricated 工地制造的现场装配的 field installation 现场安装 field instrument 携带式仪表 Field 场（磁场、声场） filament 灯丝Fill factor 填充系数 filler metal 焊料焊丝 filler rod 焊条fillet weld 角焊填角焊 filling water test 充水试验 Film badge 胶片剂量计 Film base 片基exfoliation 剥落脱落Exhaust pressure/discharge pressure 排气压力/排放压力出口压力输送压力 Exhaust tubulation 排气管道Expanded time-base sweep 时基线展宽时基扫描扩展 "expansion bolt 伸缩栓, 扩开螺栓" expansion joint 伸缩接头Exposure and darkroom accessories 曝光与暗室附件 Exposure chart 曝光曲线 Exposure fog 曝光灰雾 Exposure table 曝光表 Exposure 曝光 Exposure 曝光Extended source 扩展源延长源external diameter of the pipe 管子直径 external diameter 外径 extra fee 额外费用? eye survey 目测fabrication drawing 制造图纸制作图 fabrication tolerance 制造容差 fabrication 加工制造Facility scattered neutrons 易散射中子 fall off 脱落False indication 假指示虚假指示伪显示虚假显示 Family 族系列 Far field 远场Fast neutron detectors 快中子探测器Fast/slow timing Oscilloscope 带快慢调速的示波器 Fax: 传真:?FBH 平底孔(缩写) feeder 馈电线Feed-through coil 穿过式线圈 ferritic 铁素体的field fabricated 工地制造的现场装配的 field installation 现场安装 field instrument 携带式仪表 Field 场（磁场、声场） filament 灯丝Fill factor 填充系数 filler metal 焊料焊丝 filler rod 焊条fillet weld 角焊填角焊 filling water test 充水试验 Film badge 胶片剂量计 Film base 片基film cassette 胶片暗盒 Film contrast 胶片对比度film density 胶片密度，底片黑度 film evaluation scope 底片评定范围Film gamma 胶片γ值（胶片灰度系数）Film Hangers （Channel Type）槽式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型） Film Hangers （Clip Type）夹式洗片架（手工洗片的一种洗片架类型） Film Hangers for manual processing 洗片架（手工洗片的胶片挂架） Film marking equipment 胶片标记器材Film processing chemicals 胶片处理药品洗片药品 Film processing 胶片冲洗加工底片处理Film speed 胶片速度(胶片感光速度胶片感光度) Film unsharpness 胶片不清晰度film viewer 底片评片灯观片灯底片观察用光源 Film viewing equipment 评片装置（观片灯） Film viewing screen 胶片观察屏 Filter 滤波器滤光板过滤器 Final test 最终检验fire barriers 防火间隔防火屏障 Fixing 固定flange connection 凸缘联接 flange gasket 法兰垫片 flange joint 凸缘接头flange sealing surface 法兰密封面 flange 边缘轮缘凸缘法兰 flash plate 闪熔镀层 flash point 闪点Flat-bottomed hole equivalent 平底孔当量 Flat-bottomed hole 平底孔Flaw characterization 伤特性缺陷特征 Flaw echo 缺陷回波flaw height(thru-wall dimension) 缺陷自身高度（缺陷在壁厚方向的尺寸） Flaw 伤缺陷瑕疵裂纹 flexible conduit 软管 Flexural wave 弯曲波flicker-free images 无闪烁图像 Floating threshold 浮动阀值 floor slab 楼板flow instrument 流量计 flow sheet 流程图 Fluorescence 荧光Fluorescent dry deposit penetrant 干沉积荧光渗透剂 Fluorescent examination method 荧光检验法 Fluorescent light 荧光荧光灯Fluorescent magnetic particle inspection 荧光磁粉检验 Fluorescent magnetic powder 荧光磁粉 Fluorescent penetrant 荧光渗透剂 Fluorescent screen 荧光屏 fluorography 荧光照相术Fluorometallic intensifying screen 荧光金属增感屏 Fluoroscopy 荧光检查法 flushing 冲洗填缝flux cored arc welding 带焊剂焊丝电弧焊 Flux leakage field 磁通泄漏场漏磁场 Flux lines 磁通线 flux 焊剂，熔化 Focal distance 焦距 Focal spot 焦点Focus electron 电子焦点聚焦电子束 Focus length 焦点长度聚焦长度 Focus size 焦点尺寸聚焦尺寸 Focus width 焦点宽度聚焦宽度Focused beam 聚焦束（声束、光束、电子束） Focusing probe 聚焦探头Focus-to-film distance(f.f.d) 焦点-胶片距离（焦距） Fog density 灰雾密度 Fog 灰雾Footcandle 英尺烛光 formula 公式foundation ring 底圈foundation settlement 基础沉降 Freguency 频率Frequency constant 频率常数Fringe 干涉带干扰带条纹边缘 Front distance of flaw 缺陷前沿距离 Front distance 前沿距离 full-scale value 满刻度值Full-wave direct current（FWDC）全波直流 Fundamental frequency 基频 Furring 毛状迹痕毛皮 fusion arc welded 熔弧焊 fusion 熔融熔合gage glass 液位玻璃管Gage pressure 表压表压力 Gain 增益gamma camera γ射线照相机（γ射线探伤机） gamma equipment γ射线设备 Gamma radiography γ射线照相术Gamma ray source container γ射线源容器 Gamma ray source γ射线源 Gamma rays γ射线gamma source γ射线源γ源Gamma-ray radiographic equipment γ射线照相装置 Gamme ray unit γ射线机γ射线装置 Gap scanning 间隙扫查间隙扫描 gas cutting 气割gas shielded arc welding 气体保护焊 Gas 气体 Gate 闸门Gating technique 选通技术脉冲选通技术 gauge board 仪表板样板模板规准尺 Gauss 高斯Geiger-Muller counter 盖革.弥勒计数器 generating of arc 引弧Geometric unsharpness 几何不清晰度 girth weld 环形焊缝 gland bolt 压盖螺栓 Goggles 护目镜 gouging 刨削槽 Gray(Gy) 戈瑞Grazing angle 掠射角切线角入射余角 Grazing incidence 掠入射切线入射 grind off 磨掉 grinder 磨床磨工grinding wheel 砂轮片砂轮 groove face （焊缝）坡口面 grounding conductor 接地导体 Group velocity 群速度 grouting 灌（水泥）浆"guide wire 尺度[定距]索,准绳" "gusset plate角撑板, 加固板" Half life 半衰期Half-value layer(HVL) 半值层半价层 Half-value method 半波高度法半值法 Half-wave current （HW）半波电流 Halogen leak detector 卤素检漏仪 Halogen 卤素hanger 吊架挂架洗片架 Hard hat 安全帽Hard X-rays 硬X射线Hard-faced probe 硬膜探头硬面探头 Harmonic analysis 谐波分析Harmonic distortion 谐波畸变 Harmonics 谐频谐波 head face 端面 Head wave 头波heat absorbing glass 吸热玻璃 heat affected area 热影响区 heat exchangers 热交换器 heat transfer 热传输 Heating boxes 加热箱Helium bombing 氦轰击法 Helium drift 氦漂移Helium leak detector 氦检漏仪Hermetically tight seal 气密密封密封密封装置 High energy X-rays 高能X射线 high frequency generator 高频发电机 high frequency 高频 High vacuum 高真空highly sophisticated image processing 高度完善的图像处理 hoisting upright column 吊装立柱Holography 全息照相术（光全息、声全息） horizontal line 水平线hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水乳化剂 Hydrophilic emulsifier 亲水性乳化剂Hydrophilic remover 亲水性洗净剂亲水性去除剂 hydrostatic pressure test静水压试验 Hydrostatic test 水压试验静水压试验 Hysteresis 磁滞滞后I.F. (intermediate frequency) 中频（30～3000千周/秒）IACS =International Annealed Copper Standard 国际退火(软)铜标准 ice chest 冰箱ice machine 制冰机，冷冻机 ice 冰iconoscope 光电摄像管ID (①inside ②inside dimensions) ①内径②内部尺寸 ID coil ID线圈 =Inside Diameter 内径线圈 idea 概念，意见，思想 ideal 理想的，想象的identical 同一的，恒定的，相同的 identification mark 识别标志 identification 鉴定，辨别，验明 identifier 鉴别器identify pulse 识别脉冲idiopathetic 自发的，特发的IEM (ion exchange membrane) 离子交换膜illuminance 照（明）度 illuminant 照明的，发光的 illuminating lamp 照明灯泡 illuminating loupe 放大照明镜 illuminating mirror 照明镜 illumination apparatus 照明器 illumination plate 照明板 illumination 照明的，照射illuminator ①照明器，照明装置②反光镜 illuminometer 照度计illustration(abbr. illus.) 图解，例证，具体说明 image amplifier 图像放大器，影像增强器 image analysis system 图像分析系统 Image contrast 图像对比度影像对比 image converter 影像转换器 Image definition 图像清晰度 Image enhancement 图像增强 image freeze 影像冻结image intensifier tube 影像增强管图像增强管 image intensifier 像亮化器，图像增强器 Image magnification 图像放大 image monitor 图像监视器 image multiplier 影像倍增器 image pick-up tube 摄像管image quality indication 像质指示Image Quality Indicator （IQI）像质计像质指示器 Image quality indicator sensitivity 像质指示器灵敏度 Image quality 图像质量image reproducer 显像管，显像器 image store 图像存储器 image tube 显像管imager 图像仪，显像仪 imagination 想象imagine 想象，推测，设想Imaging line scanner 图像线扫描器图像行扫描器 Imaging Plates（IP）成像板 immediate payment 立即付款 Immersion probe 液浸探头Immersion rinse 浸没清洗浸液清洗 immersion system 浸渍装置液浸系统 Immersion testing 液浸试验Immersion time 浸没时间浸入时间 immersion 浸没，浸渍 impact strength 冲击强度impacter 冲击器impedance matching 阻抗匹配Impedance plane diagram 阻抗平面图。

2015建筑历史研究与城乡建筑遗产保护国际学术研讨会第三次通知2015建筑历史研究与城乡建筑遗产保护国际学术研讨会定于2015年10月17-18日在长沙湖南大学建筑学院召开，16日全天报到，17-18日全天会议。

会议经过前期筹备，已经基本准备就绪。

会议得到了国内外学术界的广泛响应，到目前为止，会务组共收到国内外学者提交论文摘要132篇。

本次会议的工作语言为中文和英文，会务组将在会议中提供中英文同声翻译。

目前初步预定将在会议上作大会学术报告的中外学者以及他们的演讲题目如下（姓名按首字母排序）：1. 意大利米兰理工大学教授AUGELLI Francesco ，发言题目：The design and execution of survey and diagnostic tests for preservation and reuse design of wooden works in the central body of the Royal Villa in Monza2. 英国剑桥大学李约瑟研究所前所长CULLEN Christopher，发言题目：待定3. 捷克技术大学建筑学院教授HLAVACEK Michal，发言题目：The significance of historical industrial architecture for general society development4. 京都大学教授神吉纪世子（KANKI Kiyoko），发言题目：Evolutive Conservation of Cultural Landscape with Local Community Initiatives -- Field School Activities in Borobudur, Indonesia5. 日本千叶大学教授木下勇（KINOSHITA Isami），发言题目：The bottom up movement of preserving historical townscape in Japan6. 韩国成均馆大学教授，联合国世界文化遗产委员会委员李相海（LEE Sang-hae），发言题目：The Seoul City Wall: Its Humanistic Values, Cityscape Features, and Proper Future Utilization as Urban Heritage7. 中国清华大学建筑学院教授，中国建筑学会建筑史学分会理事长吕舟（LYU Zhou），发言题目：待定8. 中国哈尔滨工业大学建筑学院教授，中国建筑学会建筑史学分会副理事长刘松茯（LIU Songfu），发言题目：待定9. 瑞士苏黎世文物管理局前局长RENFER Christian，发言题目：Public and private efforts for the maintenance and the insurance of the Cultural Heritage in the Swiss Alps10. 日本早稻田大学教授中川武（NAKAGAWA T akeshi），发言题目：Potential Challenges for the Idea of Harmony of a Communal Society and Nature Learnt from Egypt and Angkor11. 德国包豪斯学院教授NENTWIG Bernd，发言题目：Urban Heritage and Project Development12. 中国华南理工大学建筑学院教授，中国建筑学会建筑史学分会副理事长吴庆洲（WU Qingzhou），发言题目：梁启超故居和纪念馆修复和保护Home and the Memorial Hall of Liang Qichao13. 奥地利维也纳技术大学建筑与设计学院教授ZWERGER Klaus，发言题目：A Reconsideration of a unique YI building structure由于此次会议的论文集在开会之前将由中国建筑工业出版社正式出版，因此请各位论文作者注意务必在6月30日前提交论文全文。

三七皂苷成分的超声波提取研究马 妮,高明菊,崔秀明,陈中坚(云南省文山州三七科学技术研究所,云南文山 663000)摘要:目的:研究超声提取方法对三七中皂苷的提取率的影响。

方法:采用高效液相色谱(H PL C)法比较不同超声提取时间与常规浸泡对三七皂苷的提取率。

结果:三七中皂苷的提取率随超声提取时间的增加而增加,在30min~8h 的时间范围内差异不显著,和常规浸泡相比,超声提取缩短提取时间数十倍,提取率略高于常规浸泡,但也无显著差异。

结论:超声法提取三七皂苷能显著提高提取效率,采用超声提取30min~1h 可以代替常规浸泡36h 处理的方法。

关键词:三七; 皂苷; 超声提取; 高效液相色谱中图分类号:R284.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008 0805(2005)09 0854 01Studies on Ultrasonic Extracting Saponins of Panax notoginsengM A N i,GA O M ing ju,CU I X iu ming ,CH EN Z ho ng jian(Wenshan Pr ef ectur al S anqi Science and T echnology Resear ch I nstitute,Yunnan P rov ince,China 663000)Abstract:Objective:T o Study o n ultr aso nic ex tracting how to affect the r ate o f ex traction in sapo nins of Panax notogineng .Methods:T he co ntents o f saponins w ere deter mined by H P LC.Results:T he t ime o f ult rasonic ex tr acting is sho rtened many multiples than the co mmo n ex tr act ing,either of rate o f ext ractio n are not obvio us differ ente.Conclusion:T o choose the 30min~1h o f ultr aso nic ex tr act ing r eplace the 36h of commo n ex tracting.Key words:P anax notog ings eng ; Saponins; U ltrasonic ex tracting ; H PL C 三七Panax notogingseng (Burk.)F.H.Chen 为五加科人参属多年生草本植物,皂苷是三七最主要的有效成分,三七中皂苷成分的提取多以水或醇为溶剂进行加热回流[1]及浸泡提取[2],并在工业及含量测定中广泛应用,但具有提取时间长或操作繁琐的特点。

专利名称：Methods and systems for spring design andanalysis发明人：Sami Ibrahim El-Sayed,Avtar SinghSandhu,Dana Ray Coldren,Rabah Seffal申请号：US11024723申请日：20041230公开号：US20060149517A1公开日：20060706专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A spring design method is disclosed. The method begins with inputting a first set of design parameters for a spring. The design parameters include a parameter thatprovides an estimate of non-linearity in the spring. The spring design method determines a spring design based on the first set of design parameters. A spring design and analysis method is disclosed. The method begins with creating a spring design. The spring design includes a parameter that provides an estimate of non-linearity in the spring design. The spring design and analysis method creates a spring animation file that enables stress levels in a spring design to be identified at the coil level. The spring design method next identifies the coil in the spring design having the lowest dynamic fatigue factor and determines whether the lowest dynamic fatigue factor is acceptable.申请人：Sami Ibrahim El-Sayed,Avtar Singh Sandhu,Dana Ray Coldren,Rabah Seffal 地址：Bloomington IL US,Bloomington IL US,Fairbury IL US,Bloomington IL US国籍：US,US,US,US更多信息请下载全文后查看。

71周洁，等：基于响应面法的碳纤维铺放工艺参数优化及耦合作用分析parameters of tape placement for continuous GF reinforced PP laminates[J]. Engineering Plastics Application，2015，43(5):43–48. [5]　李靖，洪成，郭兵兵，等.铺放成型工艺参数对复合材料板材弯曲强度和层间剪切强度的影响[J].玻璃钢／复合材料，2017(5):72–79.Li Jing，Hong Cheng，Guo Bingbing，et al. Study on processing parameters of tape placement for continuous GF reinforced PPS[J].Fiber Reinforced Plastic／Composites，2017(5):72–79.[6]　Aized T，Shirinzadeh B. Robotic fiber placement processanalysis and optimization using response surface method[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2011，55(1–4):393–404.[7]　黄文宗.热固性预浸料的自动铺带工艺参数分析与优化[D].武汉:华中科技大学，2013.Huang Wenzong. Processing parameter analysis and optimization of automated tape laying for thermosetting prepregs[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology，2013. [8]　Department of Defense. MIL-HDBK-17-IF polymer matrixcomposites guide lines for characterization of structural materials[M]. Washington: USA Department of Defense，2002:282.[9]　赵选民.试验设计方法[M].北京:科学出版社，2006.Zhao Xuanmin. Design of experiment[M]. Beijing:Science Press，2006.[10]　王永菲，王成国.响应面法的理论与应用[J].中央民族大学学报:自然科学版，2005，14(3):236–240.Wang Yongfei，Wang Chengguo. The application of response surface methodology[J]. Journal of Central University for Nationalities:Natural Science，2005，14(3):236–240.[11]　葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2015.Ge Yiyuan. Design of experiment and application of Design-Expert software[M]. Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology Press，2015.“消费升级，融合发展”或将成塑料制品加工行业主旋律经过数十年的快速发展，我国塑料制品行业发生了巨大的变化，在产业结构调整、转型和升级中保持快速发展的态势，产销量都位居全球首位，其中塑料制品产量占世界总产量的比例约为20%。

analysis and design of analog integrated中文版-回复【analysis and design of analog integrated中文版】是一本关于模拟集成电路的分析与设计的书籍。

本文将逐步回答与中括号内容相关的问题，并对该书籍的内容进行综合介绍。

首先，我们来了解一下什么是模拟集成电路。

模拟集成电路是指集成了多个模拟电子元件（如电容、电阻、二极管等）的电路，可以在不同时间点上对电压和电流进行连续变化和处理。

与数字集成电路不同，模拟集成电路主要处理的是模拟信号，能够实现信号的放大、滤波、混频、调制等功能。

本书《analysis and design of analog integrated中文版》旨在介绍模拟集成电路的分析和设计原理，并提供一些实用的方法和技巧。

以下将逐步回答与该书籍相关的问题。

第一步：了解模拟集成电路的基本原理在电子工程领域，模拟集成电路是一门重要的学科，它涉及了模拟电路、信号处理、电子器件等多个领域的知识。

本书首先介绍了模拟电路的基本概念和基本原理，包括电路分析的方法、电压和电流的基本特性等。

通过学习这些基础知识，读者可以对模拟电路的工作原理有一个全面的了解。

第二步：掌握模拟集成电路的设计方法模拟集成电路的设计是一个复杂的过程，需要考虑到电路的性能、功耗、噪声、稳定性等多个因素。

本书详细介绍了模拟集成电路的设计方法，包括基本电路的设计、放大电路的设计、滤波电路的设计等。

同时，本书还介绍了市场上常见的模拟集成电路产品，以及它们的设计思路和方法。

第三步：了解模拟集成电路中的常用电子元件模拟集成电路中常用的电子元件包括二极管、电容、电感、晶体管等。

这些元件在模拟电路的设计和分析中起着重要的作用。

本书详细介绍了这些电子元件的基本工作原理、特性和使用方法，帮助读者理解和应用它们。

第四步：应用模拟集成电路进行系统设计在模拟集成电路的设计中，系统设计是一个重要的环节。

C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA178visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20®Series CDP2Definite Purpose ContactorsHigh performance economical contactorsfor commercialapplications up to 90ASprecher + Schuh’s Definite Purpose contactors are ideal for commercial applications including air conditioning, refrigeration, resistive heating and many other installations where a low cost, high performance contactor is needed. These devices offer flexibility and are designed to meet or exceed electrical and mechan-ical requirements as defined by definite purpose contactor standards.Popular sizes for mostapplicationsThe CDP2 series consists of one, two, three and four pole contactors rated to 600V AC. Three pole devices range up to 90A, while the one and two pole models are rated to 40A. Four pole contactors are also available ranging from 25A to 40A.Flexibility and convenience make installation easyCDP2 contactors are compact in size and offer three convenient methods of wire connection: quick connect termi-nals, screws or box lugs. Box lugs are standard on 40A and larger contactors. Other models come standard with combination quick connect terminals and screws that accept hex, slotted or phillips screwdrivers.Standard Features• Universal mounting plate• 25A & 30A have screw power ter-minals that will accept ring-tongue terminals• 40A and larger have box power termi-nals• Dual quick-connect power terminals on all sizes• Dual quick-connect coil terminals on all sizes• Double break power contact design with feed-thru wiring• Class B (130°C) coil insulation • Double E magnet assemblyOptional Features• SPDT auxiliary contacts optional on 3- and 4-pole contactors (max of two)• Optional covers for 1- and 2-pole contactors• Mechanical interlock for 3-pole contactorsOne Pole30A 40ATwo Pole40AThree Pole30A 40A 50A 60A 75A 90AFour Pole30A 40ATwo Pole30AC D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sAA179visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20Compare These FeaturesQuick Selection GuideBuilt-in Shock AbsorberReduces contact bounce for longer life.Coil Dust CoverKeeps dust and dirt away from magnet and coil area.Snap-on Auxiliary Contact(optional on 3 and 4 pole contactors) One or two SPDT (shown) available. Also 1NO and 1NC with 600V AC rating.Base AssemblyHigh arc resistant polyester holds stationary terminals, positions actua-tor and magnet/coil assembly.Industry Standard Mounting PlateEasily accessible mounting holes.Coil Terminals#6 - 32 screw and one .250 Quick Connect or Dual .250 Quick Con-nects (will accept two insulated quick connect terminals).Double E Magnet AssemblyProvides optimal performance with reduced power consumptionStationary TerminalOne piece terminal design with integral dual .250 Quick Connects. Meets NEMA standard for spacing without insulated terminals.ActuatorMolded from high arc resistant polyester, holds upper magnet, movable contacts and contact springs position.Movable ContactsHeavy duty silver cadmium oxide composition to resist welding and contact erosion for greater reliabilityCoilClass B (1300 C Insulation System) with wide range of voltages and 50/60 Hz ratings. Includes shading coil that reduces contact chatter.➊ Screw power terminals standard on 30A. Box lug power terminals standard for 40A and larger.➋ Box lugs on 30A available with volume special order only.C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA180visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information Discount Schedule B8/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20One and Two Pole Definite Purpose Contactors with AC Coil (Open type only) ➍FullLoad AmpsPoles Locked Rotor Amps Resistive Amps ➋Maximum H.P .Catalog NumberStd. Pkg.1Ø240V ➋480V600V120V 240V ➋30 ➊ 1 ➏150********CDP2-A1P30A-✱ ➎5030 ➊21501251004023CDP2-A2P30A-✱ ➎5040 1 ➏2001501205023CDP2-A1P40A-✱ ➌504022001501205023CDP2-A2P40A-✱ ➌50Series CDP2 1-pole contactorSeries CDP2 2-pole contac-tor (with optional cover)➊ 25A contactors only available by special order. Contact your Sprecher +Schuh representative.➋ 240V rating also applies to 277V applications.➌ Box Power Lugs are supplied as standard. Screw terminals are available on the power connections by special order only in quantity.➍ 1 and 2 Pole, 25 and 30A contactors supplied without cover. See Accessories for cover options.➎ Screw Power Terminals are supplied standard on 25 and 30A contactors. Box Lugs available by special order only in quantity.➏ 1-Pole (1-pole plus) contactors include a shunt for termination and feed-thru of neutral.➐ 40 Amp contactors are supplied with cover as standard.AccessoryDescriptionFor use with...Catalog NumberContactor Cover - Prevents foreign particles from entering contactor. Covers current carrying parts.CDP2-A1P30A...CDP2-A2P30A...CDP2-A1P-C ➐CDP2-A2P-CAccessoriesC D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sAA181visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information Discount Schedule B8/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20➊ 25A contactors available by special order. Contact your Sprecher + Schuh representative.➋ 240V rating also applies to 277V applications.➌ Box lugs are supplied as standard. Screw terminals are available on the power connections by special order only in quantity.➍ Screw power terminals are supplied standard on 25 and 30A contactors. Box Lugs available by special order only in quantity.➎ Meets NEMA Standard B600. See page A7 for technical details.➏ Meets NEMA Standard B600 EXCEPT has 10 A continuous current rating.➐ A maximum of two auxiliary contacts can be installed on the contactor, one contact block on each side.Full Load AmpsLocked RotorAmpsResistive Amps ➋Maximum Horsepower ➋Catalog NumberStd. Pkg.1Ø3Ø240V ➋480V 600V120V 200240V 200V 240V 480V 600V 30 ➊180150120402~510101520CDP2-B3P30A-✱ ➍2540240200160503~7-1/210102025CDP2-B3P40A-✱ ➌25503002502006537-1/21015152525CDP2-C3P50A-✱15603603002407557-1/21025253030CDP2-C3P60A-✱1575450375300935101520254040CDP2-D3P75A-✱1905404503601207-1/2152025305050CDP2-D3P90A-✱1Three Pole Definite Purpose Contactors with AC Coil (Open Type only)Series CDP2 3-pole contactor➐C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA182visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information Discount Schedule B8/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20Four Pole Definite Purpose Contactors With AC Coil (Open Type only)Full Load AmpsLocked Rotor Amps Resistive Amps ➋Maximum Horsepower ➋Catalog NumberStd. Pkg.1Ø3Ø240V ➋480V 600V120V 240V 200V 240V 480V 30 ➊1801501204025101015CDP2-E4P30A-✱ ➍20402402001605037-1/2101020CDP2-E4P40A-✱ ➌20➊ 25A contactors available by special order. Contact your Sprecher + Schuhrepresentative.➋ 240V rating also apples to 277V applications.➌ Box Power Lugs are supplied as standard. Screw terminals are available on the power connections by special order only in quantity.➍ Screw per terminals are supplied standard on 25 and 30A contactors. Box Lugs available by special order only in quantity.➎ A maximum of two auxiliary contacts can be installed on the contactor, one contact block on each side.Series CDP2 4-pole contactorC D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sAA183visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information Discount Schedule B8/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20Definite Purpose Lighting Contactors with AC Coil (Open Type only)Series CDP2 3-pole contactorSeries CDP2 1-pole contactorTungsten Rating (Amps)Ballast Rating (Amps)Number of PolesStandard Auxil-iary Contacts Electrically Held Open TypeCatalog Number NO NC3040100CDP2-A1P30A-✱4040100CDP2-A1P40A-✱3040200CDP2-A2P30A-✱4040200CDP2-A2P40A-✱3040300CDP2-B3P30A-✱4040300CDP2-B3P40A-✱3040400CDP2-E4P30A-✱40404CDP2-E4P40A-✱DescriptionSprecher + Schuh Definite Purpose contactors can be used to con-trol a mixture of lighting loads. These contactors are well suited to handle the high inrush currents typical of this application as well as other non-motor (resistive) loads.Lamps can basically be divided into three categories:• Tungsten Filament Lamps- General purpose incandescent - Special purpose incandescent - Infrared- Sodium Iodine• Discharge Lamps (with Ballast) - Fluorescent lamps - Mercury vapor - High/low pressure sodium - Quartz- Halogen metal-vapor • Mixed Light LampsIn Application...The tungsten filaments of incandescent lamps have a very low ohmic resistance when cold. As a result, the closing current is very high but also very short. The closing current of discharge lamps (lighting with ballast) is highly inductive (due to series-connected transformers or chokes), and its duration depends on the lamp type.Electrically held contactorsElectrically held contactors are available for use where the control signal is activated by a timer or other maintained electrical signal. The coil is energized as long as the contactor is closed. This design is well suited for applications where lights are operated frequently or where the control panel is in a remote location.C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA184visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information Discount Schedule B8/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20AuxiliaryDescriptionFor use with...Catalog NumberDIN-rail Adaptor - Attaches to the universal mounting plate of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-pole contactors 25...40 Amps.CDP2-A1P…B3P CDP2-E4PCDP2-DRAMechanical Interlock - Can be combined with electrical interlocks on 3-pole and 4-pole contactors as required.CDP2-B3P CDP2-E4PCDP2-MK1AccessoriesC D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sAA185visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information/ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20➊ UL testing not complete at the time of this printing.➋ Recommended snubbers from RK Electric.Data for Surge Suppression SelectionContactor Configuration(All voltages)Resistor Capacitor Snubber ➋1 Pole680 ohms 0.47 nƒRCS1M-62 Pole 330 ohms 0.47 nƒRCS1K-63P 30/40 Amp 220 ohms 0.47 nƒRCS1A-64P 30 Amp 220 ohms 0.47 nƒRCS1A-63P 50/60 Amp 150 ohms 0.47 nƒRCS1H-63P 75/90 Amp68 ohms0.47 uƒRCS1E-6C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA186visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information /ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20General SpecificationsCDP2CDP2CDP2CDP2CDP2Approvals 25...40A,1 & 2 pole 25...40A,3 pole 50...60A,3 pole 75...90A,3 pole 25...40A,4 poleUL UL508, Guide No. NLDX2-File No. E3125CSAC22.2 No. 14, Class; 321104-File No. 210566 (75A, 3 pole / C22.2 No. 14, Class: 122201 - File No. 210566)CE / SEMKO Certified EN60947-4-1: 2010IECIEC 947-4-1 (Except 50A…90A, 3 pole)Line and Load Terminals#10 - 32 screw or box lug #10 - 32 screw or box lug Box lug Box lug #10 - 32 screw or box lugWire Size (min/max)#10 - 32 screw (all 25A & 30A)[AWG]16 - 8 ➊ 16 - 8 ➊ ~~16 - 8 ➊ Box Lug (>40A)[AWG]14 - 4 Cu/AI 14 - 4 Cu/AI 14 - 2 Cu/AI 14 - 1/0 Cu/AI 14 - 4 Cu/AI Recommended Tightening Torque#10 - 32 screw (all 25A & 30A devices)22 lbs-in 22 lbs-in ~~22 lbs-in Box Lug (40A devices only)40 lbs-in 40 lbs-in 50 lbs-in50 lbs-in40 lbs-in Quick ConnectsCoil Terminals Dual .250 QC (2)Quad. .250 QC (2)#6-32 screw 7 .250QC (2)#6-32 screw 7 .250QC (2)Dual .250 QC (2)Power Terminals 1 pole: Quad .250 QCDual .250 QC (2)Dual .250 QC (2)Dual .250 QC (2)Dual .250 QC (2)2 pole: Quad .250 QCArc CoverOptionalStandardStandard StandardStandardInsulation System 130°C Class B Temperature Range [°C]-40°C to +65°C -40°F to +150°F[°F]Weight1 pole 0.5 lb2 pole: 0.6 lb 1 lb 2 lbs 4 lbs 1.5 lbs.UL/CSA Ratings for 25A special order contactors1 Pole2 Pole3 Pole Locked Rotor Amps240/277 V [A]150150150480V [A]125125125600V [A]100100100Resistive Amps [A]353535Max. HP1∅120 V [HP]222240 V [HP]3333∅200 V [HP]~~7.5230 V [HP]~~7.5460 V [HP]~~10575 V [HP]~~10Coil Data1 Pole Contactors (25...40A)24V Coils 120V Coils 220W Coils 277V Coils 480V CoilsNormal Coil Voltage [V]24120208 / 240277~Pickup voltage (min.)[V]1888177221~Drop-out/Voltage Range [V] 6...1520...7040...14050...165~Nominal Inrush ~50 Hz [VA]22.522.522.522.5~60Hz[VA]20202020~Nominal Seal-in ~50 Hz [VA]7777~60 Hz[VA] 5.25 5.25 5.25 5.25~Nominal DC Resistance [W]16.542018502650~2 Pole Contactors (25...40A)~Normal Coil Voltage [V]24120208 / 240277~Pickup voltage (min.)[V]1888177221~Drop-out Voltage Range [V] 6...1520...7040...14050...165~Nominal Inrush ~50 Hz [VA]37373737~60Hz[VA]35353535~Nominal Seal-in ~50 Hz [VA]8888~60 Hz[VA]7777~Nominal DC Resistance[W]1125010001600~➊ Stranding must be split for #8 wire.C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sAA187visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information /ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20Coil Data (continued)50/60 Hz 24V Coils 110 - 50 Hz 120 - 60 Hz 120V Coils 220 - 50 Hz 208-240 - 60 Hz 220W Coils277 - 60 Hz 277V Coils 440 - 50 Hz 480 - 60 Hz 480V Coils 3 Pole Contactors (25...40A)Nominal Coil Voltage [V]24120208-240277480Pickup Voltage (min.)[V]1888177220384Drop-out Voltage Range [V] 6...1520...7040...14050...165150...270Nominal Inrush 50 Hz [VA]656565656560Hz[VA]6060606053Nominal Seal-in 50 Hz [VA]7.57.57.57.57.560 Hz[VA]66666Nominal DC Resistance [W ]718072095031003 Pole Contactors (50...60A)Nominal Coil Voltage [V]24120208-240277480Pickup Voltage (min.)[V]1888177221374Drop-out Voltage Range [V] 6...1520...7040...14065...185120...286Nominal Inrush 50 Hz [VA]1141081261209860Hz[VA]105105125115108Nominal Seal-in 50 Hz [VA]131214131060 Hz[VA]121113110Nominal DC Resistance [W ]45228245313903 Pole Contactors (75...90A)Nominal Coil Voltage [V]24120208-240277480Pickup Voltage (min.)[V]2295177235384Drop-out Voltage Range [V] 6...1520...7040...11065...185150...270Nominal Inrush [W ]50 Hz [VA]22522528021021060Hz[VA]222220*********Nominal Seal-in 50 Hz [VA]221927271960 Hz[VA]2118252518Nominal DC Resistance [W ].6615.850932584 Pole Contactors (25...40A)Nominal Coil Voltage [V]24120208-240277480Pickup voltage (min.)[V]1888177220384Drop-out Voltage Range [V] 6...1520...7040...14065...18515...270Nominal Inrush 50 Hz [VA]626262626760 Hz[VA]5959595960Nominal Seal-in 50 Hz [VA]9998960 Hz[VA]777 6.57Nominal DC Resistance [W ]61506007502400Operating Times AC: 50Hz, 60hz Pick-up [ms]0...200...200...200...200...20 Drop-out [ms]0...300...300...300...300 (30)Auxiliary Contacts2 Pole (NO/NC) - Single Circuit Contact Rating VoltageRating120240480600Break 3.0 1.50.750.6Amperes Make 30157.56Continuous 10101010SPDT10A, 1/3 HP , 125 or 250V AC; 1/2A, 125 V DC; 1/4A, 250V DC; 4A, 120V AC on Lamp LoadC D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA188visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information /ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sAA189visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information /ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20C D P 2 C o n t a c t o r sA190visit /ecatalog for pricing and the most up to date information /ecatalog - All pricing shown in US dollars - FY20。

Medium-voltage power distribution and control systems > Switchgear > Metal-enclosed switchgear— MVS medium-voltage38 kV load interrupter switchContentsGeneral Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-2MVS Load Interrupter Switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-2Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-6Switch Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-6Motor Operated MVS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-7Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-8Automatic Transfer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-9Surge Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-10System Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-11Layouts and Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-13MVS Layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-13Application Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-17Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .3-17MVS Load Interrupter SwitchgearEaton’s MVS Load Interrupter Switchgear is an integrated assembly of switches, bus and fuses that is constructed for medium-voltage circuit protection. All major components are manufac t ured by Eaton, establishing one source of responsibility for the equipment’s performance and ensuring high standards in quality, coordination, reliability and service.A complete line of Eaton switches and fuses is available:■■38 kV voltage class■■600 A continuous loadinterrupting ratings■■Non-fused or fused with current limiting or boric acid-type fuses■■Manual or motor operated■■Indoor or outdoor non-walk-in enclosures■■Single switches and transformer primary switches■■Duplex loadbreak switch arrange m ents for selection of alternate feeds■■Lineups with main bus■■Standard arrangements with auto m atic transfer control systems (two sources feeding one bus or two sources feeding two buses on a split bus with tie switch) Standard design configurations for:■■NEMA T pads for cable lugs■■Surge arresters■■Instrument transformers■■Control power transformers■■Power Xpert T and IQelectronic metering■■Other auxiliary equipmentOutdoor Duplex with Customer MeteringApplication DescriptionEaton’s Load Interrupter T ype MVSmetal-enclosed switchgear provides safe,reliable switching and fault protectionfor medium-voltage circuits rated to38 kV. T he MVS switch is ideal forapplications where high duty cycleoperation is not required.MVS switchgear has the advantage oflow initial cost inherent in switch designswhile offering the characteristics mostvital to safety and coordination.The MVS switch’s quick-make, quick-break mechanism provides full-loadcurrent interrupting capability whilefuses provide accurate, permanentlycalibrated short circuit detecting andinterrupting capabilities. Visibility ofactual blade position improves safetyby giving positive assurance of circuitde-energization.Standards and CertificationsEaton’s MVS load interrupter switchgearmeets or exceeds the requirements ofthe following industry standards:■■IEEE T Standard C37.20.3■■ANSI C37.57■■NEMA SG5■■Canadian Standard CAN/CSA RC22.2 No. 31Type MVS switches meet or exceedthe requirements of the followingindustry standards:■■IEEE Standard C37.20.4■■ANSI C37.58■■ANSI C37.22■■NEMA SG6■■Canadian Standards CAN/CSA C22.2No. 193 and CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 58Load interrupter switches should notbe used to interrupt load currents abovetheir interrupting rating of 600 A, asthey are not designed nor tested forinterrupting fault currents on electricalsystems . Optional fuses can be providedfor phase overcurrent protection .3838150150600–1200600–12004050.46581.92531.5Switch MechanismThe quick-make, quick-break mecha n ism uses a heavy-duty coil spring that provides powerful opening and closing action. T o close the switch, the handle is inserted into the spring charging cam, then rotated upward through an angle of 120 degrees. This action charges the operating spring, as the mechanism is forced past toggle. The stored energy of the spring is released and transferred to the main shaft that snaps the switch closed.As a result of the over-toggle action, the blades are moved independently of the operator. It is impossible to operate the switch into an intermediate position.To open the switch, the handle is inserted into the spring charging cam and rotated downward through 120 degrees resulting in charging of the operating spring,then releasing its stored energy in similar sequence.Quick-Break DE-ION Arc InterruptionWith the switch closed, both main andauxiliary (flicker) blades are closed, andall of the current flows through the mainblades. T he flicker blades are in the closedposition in the arc chutes, but are past thearcing contacts and thus carry no current.As the main blades open, current istransferred momentarily to the flickerblades, which are held in the arc chutesby high pressure contact fingers. T hereis no arcing at the main blades.When the main blades reach a pre-determined angle of opening, a stoppost on the main blades prevents furtherangular movement between the mainand flicker blades. T his starts the flickerblades out of the high pressure contactsin the arc chutes and as contacts arebroken, the flicker blades are snappedinto position by their torsion springs.The heat of the arc, meanwhile, releasesa blast of de-ionizing gas from thegas-generating material of the arc chute.This combination of quick-break andDE-ION action quickly extinguishes thearc and the circuit is safely de-energized.A non-fused switch has the ability to closeand latch four times when rated 40 kA,and one time when rated 61 kA, andcontinue to carry rated current thusadding a large margin of integrity tothe electrical system.Bus Insulation SystemAll bus runs are supported using a highstrength and high creep, finned supportproviding in excess of 24.00 inches(609.6 mm) for 38 kV, of creep distancebetween phases and ground. T he moldedhigh track-resistant fins are constructedas standard of Aramid nylon or optionalCycloaliphatic epoxy.■■Significantly superior bus bracingthan standoff type A20 insulators■■Significantly increased creep distancephase-to-phase and phase-to-ground■■Improved endurance fromfault incidents■■Minimizes bus system failures dueto tracking■■Eliminates additional groundplanes in the switchgear for bussupporting systemsBus SupportFigure 8.3-1. Switch OperationBoth Blades Disengaged Main, Flicker BladesEngagedMain Blades Disengaged,Flicker Blade EngagedDuplex Switch ConfigurationTwo MVS load interrupter switch sections can be used to provide cost- effective source selectivity with a common load side bus feeding one load (fused or nonfused). Key interlocks are a standard feature provided to per m it only one switch to be closed at a time and prevent opening any switch door unless both switches are open.Figure 8.3-2. Typical Duplex Switch Configuration with One K1 Key— Dimensions in Inches (mm)Loadbreak Switch with Grounding Jaw The loadbreak switch can be supplied with optional grounding jaws for auto-matic grounding of the load circuit. When the switch is opened, the switch main blades engage grounding jaws to ground the load circuit. This feature cannot be used in a duplex switch configuration . The ground jaw option is available at38 kV. It is meant for applying a static ground, and is not rated for carrying fault currents.Figure 8.3-3. Typical Feeder Switch with Optional Grounding Jaw (38 kV)Figure 8.3-4. Typical Section View of Feeder Switch with Optional Grounding Jaws— Dimensions in Inches (mm)ConstructionT ypical Switch with Front Door Opena Switch MechanismQuick-make, quick-break storedenergy operation.The opening and closing of the switch blades is done by the operating spring.An operator’s actions only charge and release the operating spring.The switch blades cannot be operatedin any intermediate positions. Duringthe closing operation, full clearancebetween blades and stationarycontacts is maintained until theswitch mechanism goes over toggle.The switch mechanism has onlymetal-to-metal linkage—no chainsor cables are used.Arc interruption takes place betweencopper-tungsten tipped auxiliary(flicker) blade and arcing contacts witha DE-ION T arc chute; no arcing takesplace between the main blades and the stationary contacts to prolong the lifeof the main blades.Blow-out forces cannot be transmit t ed to the operating handle.b■Provisions for Padlocking DoorHandle not visible in the photo.c■Inspection W indowA large 8.00-inch x 16.00-inch(203.2 x 406.4 mm) gasketed,rectangular, high impact viewingwindow permits full view of theposi t ion of all three switch bladesthrough the closed door.d■Full Height Main DoorThe door has a return flange and tworotary latch-type handles to providelatching members held in shear. Itcloses over a projecting frame.e■Foot-Operated Door Stopf■Grounded Metal Safety BarrierPrevents inadvertent contact with anylive part, yet allows full-view inspec-tion of the switch blade position.g■Door InterlockPrevents the door of the enclosurefrom being opened when the switchis closed.h■Switch InterlockPrevents inadvertent closure of theswitch if the door of the enclosureis open.l Provisions for Door and SwitchKey Interlocksm The Operating HandleIt is conveniently located behind asmall access door giving the structurea smooth homogeneous appearanceand discourages casual contact byunauthorized personnel.n Switchgear AssemblyRating NameplateSwitch Operating Compartment Door OpeneSwitch Technical DataTest DataEaton’s MVS switch ratings have been thoroughly tested in recognized high power laboratories with certified inspectors from both UL T and CSA organizations. T ests were performed to substantiate all published ratings in accordance with ANSI, IEEE, CSA and NEMA standards.The testing program included tests of:■■Basic impulse levels■■Momentary withstand■■Short-time withstand■■Fault closing■■Load interrupting at various loads, various power factors■■Mechanical life tests■■Temperature rise testThese tests verified not only the per-formance of the switch and integrated switch-fuse assembly, but also the suitability of the enclosure venting, rigidity and bus spacing.The mechanical life test subjected the MVS switch to a number of no load cycles greater than the requirements tabulated in ANSI C37.22 standards. T here were no moving or current carrying part failures as a result.The Fault Close and Load Interrupting test demonstrated significant improved performance above ANSI/IEEE standards. See T able 8 .3-3 and T able 8 .3-4 for results.38381501506006004050.46581.92531.5386005538384050.46581.91111a When RBA expulsion fuses are used, and two ratings appear, the lower rating applies when thelower-rated switch (15 kV, 40 kA fault close, 25 kA short-time current) versus the higher rating that applies when the higher-rated switch (15 kV, 61 kA fault close, 38 kA short-time) is used.Motor Operated MVSApplicationEaton’s MVS Pow-R-Drive E motor operator makes possible the safety and convenience inherent in remote switch operation.Motor Operated MVS Switch DescriptionA MVS Pow-R-Drive motor operatedswitch is a standard, manually operatedswitch in combination with a heavy-dutyelectric motor-driven linear actuator thatcharges the spring. T he linear actuator islocated in a separate isolated low-voltagecompartment. During electrical operation,it smoothly and quietly extends orretracts the proper distance to cause theswitch mechanism to operate.Standard motor operators are mounted inthe switch enclosure. T his eliminates theneed for a separate motor compartmentconserving floor space.Manual Operation OverrideManual OperationTo operate manually, loosen the holdingscrew that keeps the pin connecting thelinear actuator to the mechanism, andremove the pin. Remove the clevis pinon the support of the bottom of the linearactuator. Unplug the cord from thedisconnect i ng terminal block as theactuator is removed and set the actuatoraside. T he switch can now be operatedmanually with the removable handle.Lock Open Key InterlockA keyed lock is standard to lock the switchin the open position only.This lock not only locks the switch in theopen position, but also breaks theelectrical motor contacts integral to themotor control circuit and permits the keyto be removed. With the key, the operatorcan then open the lock on the switch door.This scheme gives positive assurance thatthe switch is open and cannot be closedwith the door open.MeteringElectronic Metering and Communications ApparatusMVS switchgear assemblies can be equipped with Eaton’s family of Power Xpert T and IQ digital meters to monitor a power circuit’s electrical quantities within the capabilities of each device. Eaton’s power management products provide hardware and softwaresolu t ions that allow customers to interface with their switchgear at varying levels of sophistication. Power Xpert and IQ Meters monitor common electrical parameters and communicate the data via standard industry protocols and optional web interfaces. Power Xpert Gateways consolidate devices into a single web browser interface and provide Ethernet connectivity. Eaton’s Foreseer web-based software system can display, analyze and store data from multiple devices across the facility to enable management of the customer’s power system.Electronic Metering Outdoor Enclosures Weatherproofing complying with the requirements of IEEE standard C37.20.3 is available for MVS switch g ear assemblies. The weatherproofing consists of sloped roof panels that are joined together with caps. Doors and rear covers are fully gasketed. Externally accessible louvered filtered covers, top and bottom, front and rear, are provided for ventilation. At least one 250 watt heater is provided in each vertical section. Power for the heaters may be supplied from an external source, or an optional integral control power transformer may be specified to provide power for the heaters.Outdoor EnclosurePower Xpert MeterPXM 4000/6000/8000IQ 130/140/150/250/260Automatic Transfer ControlT wo-Switch Automatic T ransferApplicationEaton’s MVS switchgear with an automatic transfer control system is an integrated assembly of motor operated MVS switches, sensing devices and control components. Available in 38 kV class.It is typically applied where the continuity of service for critical loads from two power sources in either a main/main or a main/ tie/main configuration is desired.MVS switchgear with an automatic transfer control system can meet most automatic throwover requirements as it has a wide variety of operational sequences embodied in one standard automatic transfer control system. Please note that the duty cycle of load interrupter switches is limited by ANSI Standard C37 .22 . Refer to T able 8 .3-3for maximum number of switching operations allowed . If the number of switching operations is expected to exceed the maximum allowed, then load interrupter switches should not be used . Use circuit breakers (refer to T ype MSB, MEB, MEF or V CP-W switchgear designs) . Also note that the operating times of Eaton’s motor operated load interrupter switches are much longer compared to circuit breakers, therefore, the switches are not suitable for closed-transition transfer applications . Use circuit breakers if closed-transition transfer is required . T ypical T wo-Switch AutomaticT ransfer Using ATC ControllerEaton’s ATC-900 controller continu o uslymonitors all three phases on both sourcesfor correct voltages. Should the voltageof the normal source be lost while thevoltage of the alternate source remainsnormal, the voltage sensing function inthe ATC controller will change statestarting the time delay function. If thevoltage of the normal source is notrestored by the end of the time delayinterval, the normal switch will open andthe alternate source switch will close,restoring power to the load.ATC ControllerEaton’s ATC controller is equipped todisplay history information via the frontpanel. ATC-900 controller stores 320 timestamped events. Oscillographic data forlast 10 events can be downloaded via theUSB port or displayed in the controller’sdisplay window. T he controller allowscommunications via RS-232 or Modbusthrough RS-485 port, Ethernet or viaUSB interface.ATC ControllerStandard Features■■Voltage sensing on both sources isprovided by the ATC controller■■Lights to indicate status of switches,sources, etc.■■Interlocking to prevent paralleling ofsources via software■■Control power for the automatictransfer control system is derived fromthe sensing voltage transformers■■Manual override operation■■Open transition on return to normal■■Programmable time delays on bothsources, “OFF DELA Y” and “ON DELA Y”■■Four programmable digital inputsand outputs■■Single-source responsibility; all basiccomponents are manufac t ured by Eaton■■Key interlocking of operating systemand doors where required to provideoperator safetyOptional Features■■Lockout on phase and/or groundovercurrents and/or internal bus faults■■Blown fuse overcurrent lockout■■Load current, power and PF meteringwith optional dcT module■■24 Vdc control power input■■Up to four additional I/O modules, eachwith four programmable digital inputsand digital outputsSurge ProtectionIEEE standard C62.11 for Metal Oxide Surge Arresters lists the maximum rated ambient temperature as 40 °C. T he ambient temperature inside an Eaton MVS switchgear vertical section may exceed this temperature, especially in outdoor applications where solar radiation may produce a significant contribution to the temperature. T able 8 .3-6 lists the recommended minimum duty cycle voltage rating for various system grounding methods. Surge arrester rating is based upon the ambient air temperature in the switchgear vertical section not exceeding 55 °C.33.0034.50 38.0027303022.0024.4024.403030—24.4024.40———————27303022.0024.4024.4036363629.0029.0029.004548—36.5039.00—Note: MCOV = Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage.System OptionsPartial Discharge Sensing and Monitoring for SwitchgearPartial Discharge in SwitchgearPartial discharge (PD) is a common name for various forms of electrical discharges such as corona, surface tracking, and discharges internal to the insulation. It partially bridges the insulation between the conductors. T hese high frequency discharges are essentially small arcs occurring in or on the surface of the insulation system when voltage stress exceeds a critical value. With time, airborne particles, contaminants and humidity lead to conditions that result in partial discharges. Partial discharges start at a low level and increase as the insulation becomes deteriorated. Examples of partial discharge inswitchgear are surface tracking across bus insulation, or discharges in the air gap between the bus and a support (such as where a bus passes through an insulating window between the sections of the switchgear). If partial discharge activity is not detected and corrected, it can develop into a full-scale insulation failure followed by an electrical fault. Most switchgear flashover and bus failures are a result of insulation degradation caused by various forms of partial discharges.Sensing and MonitoringEaton’s T ype MVS metal-enclosedswitchgear (2.4–27 kV) is corona-free by design. By making switchgear assemblies corona-free, Eaton has made its standard switchgear more reliable. However, as indicated above, with time, airborne particles, contaminants and humidity lead to conditions that cause partial discharges to develop in switchgear operating at voltages 4000 V and above. Type MVS switchgear can be equipped with factory-installed partial discharge sensors and a partial discharge sensing relay for continuous monitoring under normal operation. T imely detection ofinsulation degradation through increasing partial discharges can identify potential problems so corrective action can be planned and implemented long before permanent deterioration develops. Partial discharge detection can be the foundation of an effective predictive maintenance program. T rending of partial discharge data over time allows prediction of failures, which can be corrected before catastrophic failure occurs.The PD sensing and monitoring system consists of Eaton’s InsulGard T relay and PD sensors, specifically developed for application in the switchgear to work with the relay. T here are two types of PD sensors used in the switch g ear: the first sensor is a coupling capacitor type sensor developed for use with 5 kV, 15 kV and 27 kV switchgear.The coupling capacitor sensor detects partial discharges within the switchgear cubicle and/or adjacent cubicles, and is typically installed on the load side of the feeder switches or on the main bus. T he second sensor is a small donut type radio frequency current transformer (RFCT). It is designed for installation around the ground shields of incoming or outgoing power cables. It detects partial dis c harges in power cables and monitors for external electrical noise.Typically one set of coupling capacitor sensors is used at every two cubicles. One RFCT sensor is used for each incoming and outgoing power cable circuit.Output signals from sensors (coupling capacitor and RFCT) are wired out to terminal blocks for future or field use, or connected to the InsulGard relay. One InsulGard relay can monitor up to 15 input signals, as well as temperature and humidity. T he temperature andhumidity sensors are included with each InsulGard relay system. T he relaycontinuously monitors the switchgear primary system for partial discharges and provides an alarm signal (contact closure) when high PD level is detected. Also, data analysis and diagnostics by Eaton engineers can also be provided by remote communication with the InsulGard relay.The sensors and InsulGard relay are optional in MVS switchgear .Figure 8.3-5. InsulGard Relay SystemCoupling CapacitorT ype PD SensorRFCT SensorInsulGard Relay (PD Monitoring)Partial Discharge Sensors and Monitoring for SwitchgearFigure 8.3-6. How the Process Works—Sensing and Data CollectionFigure 8.3-7. Typical Partial Discharge Sensor Connections in MVS Switchgear (5–27 kV)Note: Use one set of PD sensing capacitors at every two vertical sections, or portion thereof. Use one RFCT at each incoming/outgoing cable circuit.PD SensorsCoupling Capacitor detects partial discharges internal to switchgear compartment.RFCT detects partial discharges in customer’s cables up to 100 ft from switchgear.MVS LayoutsTypical Arrangements—38 kVThe drawings in this section represent the most common arrangements. Layouts shown are for rear-accessible equipment . Front-accessible designs are available—refer to Eaton . Many other configurations and combinations are available. T wo voltage transformers for metering and one control transformer for auxiliary power can be mounted in the structures shown. For control power above 1 kVA, additional space is required. Depth of units will vary due to cable entrance and exit requirements, the addition of lightning arresters, instrument transformers, special cable terminators, etc. Cables are shown out top and bottom for layout only. T op or bottom must be selected for incoming and for outgoing cables. Cable sizing is based on two 500 kcmil XLP or EPR insulated cables per phase using preformed slip-on cable termination devices.Note: Width for Utility Metering Structures may vary.ATC = Automatic T ransfer Controller (see Page 8 .3-9)M = Motor OperatorPLC = Programmable Logic ControllerNote: Not to be used for construction purposes unless approved.Figure 8.3-9. Rear Access, Cable Exit—Top or BottomNote: Low height dimensions are for non-fused, manually operated switch only. For all motor operated switches and all fused switches, tall height dimensions apply.1 or 280.00 (2032.0)Figure 8.3-10. Rear Access, Cable Entry and Exit—Top or BottomNote: Low height dimensions are for non-fused, manually operated switch only. For all motor operated switches and all fused switches, tall height dimensions apply.1 or 280.00 (2032.0)a When high continuous current fusing or instrumentation is required, consult the Eaton factory for guidance.Note: A = Power Cable to Load. B = Power Cable from Source. See Figure 8 .3-8, Figure 8 .3-9 and Figure 8 .3-10 as applicable for dimension D on Page 8 .3-14 and Page 8 .3-14.Not to be used for construction purposes unless approved.Figure 8.3-12. Typical Anchor Plan—38 kV Outdoora Typical location for four (two front, two back) Eatonsupplied tie down clips for all 27–38 kV. Customer provided bolts for anchoring should be 0.50–13 min. SAE Grade 5 M12 x 1.75 min. CL 10.9 or stronger, and tightened to 75 ft-lb.b Door swing equals vertical section width at 90º.c Minimum clearance on side. Local jurisdictions may requirea larger clearance.d Minimum clearance in front is the width of the widestvertical section plus 1.00 inch (25.4 mm), but not less thanthat required by the NEC T. Local jurisdictions may requirea larger distance.e Minimum clearance in rear is 30.00 inches (762.0 mm).If rear doors are supplied, the minimum clearance is thewidth of the widest vertical section equipped with a reardoor plus 1.00 inch (25.4 mm). Local jurisdictions mayrequire a larger clearance.f Finished foundation’s surface shall be level within 0.06-inch(1.5 mm) in 36.00 inches (914.4 mm) left-to-right, front-to-backand diagonally, as measured by a laser level.g Locations for 0.50-inch (12.7 mm) anchor bolts.Figure 8.3-13. Typical Anchor Plan—38 kV IndoorWeightsNon-fused switch Fuses (3), add Indoor transition 2000 (908)300 (136)1100 (499)2400 (1090)300 (136)—Outdoor throat Motor operator adder —400 (182)1200 (545)400 (182)Eaton1000 Eaton BoulevardCleveland, OH 44122United StatesEaton .com© 2019 EatonAll Rights ReservedPrinted in USAPublication No . CA022011EN / Z22791Eaton is a registered trademark.All other trademarks are property。

professional followspotrel. 1.02user manualNewton 121200Newton 1200General warningsCarefully read the warnings contained in this manual, since they supply important instructions concer-ning safety of installation, use and maintenance.It is very important that this manual be kept with the equipment for future consultation.In c ase of sale or transfer of the equipment to another user, ensure that this manual always accompanies the equipment to allow the new owner to obtain information about the operation and the relevant warnings.• After unpacking check the integrity of the equipment. In case of doubt, do not use the equipment, and contact an authorized SGM Technical Service Centre.•The packaging materials (plastic bags, expanded polystyrene, nails, etc.) must be kept out of reach of children since they are potential sources of danger.•This equipment may only be operated by adults. Do not allow children to tamper with the machine or play with the product.•The electrical work necessary for the installation of the equipment must be carried out by a qualified electrician or by a competent person.•Before connecting the unit, check that the data on the registration plate is the same as that of the electrical grid.•Avoid using the equipment:- in places subject to excessive humidity- in places subject to vibrations or knocks- in places with temperatures higher than 45°C or lower than 2°C- Protect the equipment from excessively humid conditions(the optimum values are between 35 and 80%).•Do not disassemble or modify the equipment.•Prevent inflammable liquids, water or metallic objects from penetrating the equipment.•In case of spilling liquid on the equipment, immediately disconnect the power supply of the mixer.•The minimum distance between the projector and the surface to be illuminated must not be less than 1.5 m.•In case of serious functioning problems, switch off the equipment and contact the nearest SGM retailer or the manufacturer directly for inspection.•Avoid opening the equipment: there are no parts repairable by the user.•Never try to repair the equipment alone. Repairs carried out by inexpert persons may cause damage or serious malfunctioning. Contact the nearest authorised Technical Service Centre.Always insist on original spare parts.Protect the environment: do not throw the packaging in your dustbin, but return it to your retailer or take it to a collection point for specialwaste disposal.appendiceIndex1General warnings2Index3Main Characteristics3Lamp3Optics3Dimmer3Shutter4Colour4Strobe4Iris5Technical Specifications6Control microcomputer functions6input signal6start address7lamp hour counter7projector hour counter7projector auto test7firmware release8Newton Optics8Newton Connections10Newton Maintenance10Access to inside10Lamp mounting or replacement10Projector cleaning / Periodic checks 10Colour replacement11Access to control electronics12Control ChannelsMain CharacteristicsThe Newton intelligent followspot springs from the sophisticated, reliable and consolidated Galileo projector technology. This new spotlight was conceived for professional use (theatre, TV or live con-certs), but because of its simple operation is suitable for any application.Newton revolutionizes the conventional spotlight concept, as all the levers and knobs are replaced by the electronic control unit, Newton Control (or any other DMX controller), for much more rapid, more simple and more precise control, also at a considerable distance from the projector.The attractive design of the Newton projector also makes it aesthetically interesting, while the con-structive characteristics make the projector robust, safe, reliable and easy to transport.The vast and pluridecennial experience of SGM in the sector of light control systems has allowed developing a product with high reliability and precision, of which the mechanics, optics and electronics are entirely designed by our own research laboratories. This allows absolute mastery of the know-how and optimisation of the quality/price relation. The Newton electronic system, as the mechanical and optical system, is modular, so that each function has its own electronic card independent of the others. This notably facilitates maintenance, translating into considerably lower operating costs. Newton is equipped with an auxiliary power supply circuit which protects the projector and the sur-rounding equipment from radio interference.The projector is constructed in conformity with EEC regulations.LampNewton uses a 1200 Watt HMI metallic halide-vapour lamp (alternate current discharge) in which the arc is maintained in an atmosphere with rare earth halide vapours. Extremely high luminous efficiency (up to 100 lm/W), daylight colour temperature of about 6000°K and a high chromatic yield index (Ra>90), are some of the lamp characteristics which guarantee very high stability of the colour tempe-rature during its lifetime (not less than 750 hours), unlike conventional lamps which darken and burn out prematurely. They have a dual connector with a particularly short distance between the electrodes and hence higher luminance with consequent improvement of projector efficiency.OpticsThe special Newton optical unit guarantees luminosity superior to that of any other projector in the same category at parity of light source. Thanks to the double condenser lens the quantity of light emit-ted is fully exploited, concentrated and boosted. The luminous beam is perfectly uniform and the light homogeneously distributed without concentrations and haloes on the illuminated area. The lenses are top-quality with a high transmission coefficient and with special antireflection treatment. DimmerNewton is equipped with a new linear mechanical dimmer which, with movement towards the centre of two palettes, allows extremely accurate, continuous and uniform control of light output quantity from real zero to 100%.ShutterThe Newton shutter can be inserted instantaneously to block luminous beam output.appendiceColourNewton offers a range of 7 colours obtained through 46 mm ∆dichroic filters, easily interchangeable, so that also special needs can be satisfied. The dichroic filters are top-quality and carefully selected. SGM dedicates particular care in the selection of these filters, so that different projectors used simul-taneously produce perfectly uniform colours.The colour filters may be selected as follows:• fixed positions, full colour• intermediate positions in any position, or prefixed intermediate positions• variable-speed rotation of the colour wheel to obtain a spectacular rainbow effect• passage from one colour to another without blackout• automatic colour change with adjustable interval selectable between fixed orintermediate positionsThe passage between the different colours is imperceptible to the human eye as it is extremely fast, the absolute fastest, and occurs in 0.06 seconds.StrobeThe Newton strobe, extremely fast and silent, allows adjusting the flashing frequency between 0.5 and 12 flashes per second. The high number of flashes creates an effect very similar to that of projec-tors designed for this single purpose. The shutter system, operated by means of two palettes rather than one, produces a true blackout emphasising the stroboscopic effect. The strobe may be selected simultaneously with the dimmer, therefore the strobe effect can be obtained together with light inten-sity adjustment.IrisThe innovative and exclusive iris diaphragm is fitted with a device allowing aperture/closure at an une-qualled operating speed: 0.1 sec.Diameter variation is perfectly linear under full control of the operator.Other than for simply narrowing the luminous beam according to need, the iris diaphragm is also used to create special visual effects not obtainable with other projectors. The quietness of the system (<30 dB) allows use also in those places (theatres and TV rooms) where this feature is an indispensable condition. The diaphragm is constructed in special nickel-chrome steel with high thermal resistance and certain non-deformability, which guarantee perfect efficiency over time, even in very severe ope-rating conditions.Technical SpecificationsPOWER SUPPLY220/240 V - 50/60 HzLAMP HMI 1200, powered by incorporated power supply.SFC base 15.5-6.Flux Lumen 110,000. Life + 750 hours. Hour counter through “Control”microcomputer, resettable after each lamp change.ABSORBED POWER1500 W, internally rephasedELECTRONICS Entirely developed by the SGM Research & Development Laboratory.Power supply card (CS 0180), mother board (CS 0181) on which thevarious function control cards are mounted (CS 0183-CS0184),and signal decoder (CS 0192).MICROCOMPUTER(CSO 186) with LED display to set projector functions or obtain usefulinformation (“Control” unit).MOTORS 4 microprocessor-controlled stepper motorsINPUT DMX512, RS-232 digital serial signalCONTROL SYSTEM Newton is controlled by 5 DMX channels, corresponding to thefollowing functions: ch 1 = iris / ch 2 = colour / ch 3 = dimmerch 4 = strobe / ch 5 = colour modeSETTINGS Addressing from “Control” microcomputer with LED display. OPTICAL UNIT In die-cast aluminium with double condenser and mirrored parabola withvery high luminous yield.STANDARD LENS1:5.5/180 mm with screw focus adjustmentLENSES In glass with high transmission coefficient with special multilayerantireflection treatmentCOOLING Forced through 3 axial fans. In conformity with European safetyregulations.SAFETY REGULATIONS Manufactured in conformity with current CE regulations(safety and radio interference).SAFETY DEVICES IP 22 degree of protection. Power cable in conformity with internationalregulations (CEI 12-13). Automatic power cut-off in case of overheatingor cooling system operation failure.BODY In die-cast extruded aluminium. Epoxy-powder enamelling. SUPPORT BRACKETS In die-cast extruded aluminium, epoxy-powder enamelled, and sheetsteel. 6 installation positions with 25 mm-step. Adjustable inclinationover 110°.HANDLES Four (2 per side) + grip on rear panel, considerably facilitate work duringinstallation and use, and make the projector easier to handle.appendiceControl microcomputer functionsOn the rear panel Newton is equipped with a microcomputer (Control unit).Through Control the operator can access the Newton settings, as well as obtain some important infor-mation, such as the hours of life of the projector (to know when to carry out the periodic inspection) or the hours of life of the lamp (to plan lamp replacement).input signalThis is the base setting of the Control unit display, which resets automatically when exiting from any of the controls.To change the type of input signal, press the ENTER key and scroll with the UP and DOWN cursor keys until reaching the desired option out of the 2 available: DMX512 or RS-232. By pressing the ENTER key the option displayed at that moment is stored.When the connection to the DMX chain is incorrect or there is no controller, the flashing message “NO SIGNAL” will appear on the display.start addressFor each projector operating in DMX or RS-232 mode, it must always be specified from which of the 512 channels available the block (of the 5 Newton channels) relative to a specific projector starts.To change the start address, scroll with the UP and DOWN cursor keys until reaching the desired option and press the ENTER key. Then, again with the UP and DOWN cursor keys set the desired address and again press ENTER.The start address modification may also be made with the projector on.Warning: When Newton is driven by the dedicated Newton Control unit (Code SGM: 005-1149),the start address must be set on 001.appendicelamp hour counterThe lamp used by Newton (HMI 1200W/GS) has a life of about 750 hours. Hence the hour counter is used to allow the operator to determine when the lamp must be replaced.To reset (set to zero) the hour counter, scroll with the UP and DOWN cursor keys until reaching the desired option and press the ENTER key. The text on the display starts flashing and when the DOWN key is pressed again, the reset is completed. Then press ENTER to end the operation.projector hour counterThe Newton spotlights, like all professional projectors, require periodic cleaning and inspection cycles.SGM recommends to carry out the cleaning cycles every 150 hours of operation and an overall check (to be carried out by specialised personnel) about every 700 hours.To view the hour counter, scroll with the UP and DOWN cursor keys until reaching the desired option and press the ENTER key.This hour counter cannot be reset, but increases its value each time Newton is switched on. This also allows evaluating the total operating life of the projector.projector auto testThe Newton spotlights have a resident autotest program, which may be activated at any time to check proper operation of all its functions.To activate the autotest, scroll with the UP and DOWN cursor keys until reaching the desired option and press the ENTER key. To exit from autotest press ENTER again.firmware releaseAll the Newton functions are controlled by a resident program (firmware).To view which version of firmware is installed on the projector, scroll with the UP and DOWN cursor keys until reaching the desired option: the display will show the information required.Newton OpticsThe Newton spotlight is series supplied with a 180 mm focus lens (1:5.5) which can be used very effi-ciently up to a distance of 30 m.Should greater distances be required, a 330 mm lens (1:3) is also available for projection up to 70 m (code 220-2600).The following tables show the beam apertures with the two lenses and with the iris open and closed.Newton ConnectionsThe projector is fitted with a DMX512 and RS-232/423 input/output.For connection in a DMX network always use balanced microphonic cables type RF 60/12 2x0.25mm2 or similar and select a good quality to prevent malfunctioning of the projector.To reduce interference it may be necessary to insert a network terminator on the last projector in theDMX chain, realized with a 120W 1/4W resistor placed between pins 2 and 3 of the DMX connector. Warning: The sc reening part of the c able (braid) must NEVER be c onnec ted to the system earth, since this would lead to malfunctioning of the projector and the control units.The Newtons allow cascade connection and they can thus be controlled in classic DMX (or RS-232) chains. Therefore, the operator is not required to control the functions, transferred to the controller or the light desk, and can concentrate on the movement quality.When using a controller or light desk, the projectors must be suitably addressed (see diagrams on fol-lowing pages), while when using the dedicated Newton Control, all the projectors must be addressed to channel 001. In the first case the Newtons are independent, while in the second case they are all under the same controls.The Newtons supply power directly to the Newton Control unit, using the pins 4 and 5 of theDMX IN socket (see following diagrams).appendiceDMX512 or RS-232digital signalNEWTON #1NEWTON #2NEWTON #n.。

Engineering Design and Analysis Engineering Design and Analysis is a crucial aspect of any engineering project. It involves the application of scientific and mathematical principles to design, analyze, and evaluate the performance of various systems. This process requires a deep understanding of the problem at hand, the available resources, and thedesired outcome. In this response, I will discuss the importance of engineering design and analysis from multiple perspectives. From an engineering perspective, design and analysis are the foundation of any successful project. It allows engineers to identify the requirements and constraints of a system, develop potential solutions, and evaluate their feasibility. By thoroughly analyzing the design options, engineers can optimize the performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of the system. This ensures that the final product meets the desired specifications and performs as intended. Moreover, engineering design andanalysis also play a crucial role in risk management. By identifying potentialrisks and uncertainties early in the design process, engineers can develop strategies to mitigate them. This includes conducting thorough analyses, such as failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA), to identify potential failure modes and their consequences. By addressing these risks proactively, engineers can enhance the safety and reliability of the system. From a business perspective, engineering design and analysis are essential for ensuring the competitiveness and profitability of a company. By optimizing the design, engineers can reduce production costs, improve energy efficiency, and enhance product performance. This can give a company a competitive advantage in the market, leading to increased sales and customer satisfaction. Additionally, by conducting thorough analyses, engineers can identify potential design flaws or inefficiencies before the product is manufactured, saving both time and money. Furthermore, engineering design and analysis also have significant societal impacts. By developing sustainable and environmentally friendly designs, engineers canminimize the negative impacts on the environment. This includes reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste generation, and using eco-friendly materials. Additionally, engineering design and analysis can also contribute to the development of innovative solutions to societal challenges, such as renewableenergy systems, efficient transportation networks, and clean water technologies. In conclusion, engineering design and analysis are crucial for the success of any engineering project. From an engineering perspective, it allows for the optimization of system performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. From a business perspective, it ensures competitiveness and profitability. From a societal perspective, it contributes to sustainability and the development of innovative solutions. Therefore, it is essential for engineers to invest time and effort in the design and analysis phase of a project to ensure its success and positive impact.。

Published: 2009ECOS No. 151Building resilience. Adapting to climate impactsRachel SullivanOrganisations and communities each face different challenges in adapting to climate change effects. Experts have differing perspectives on where effort should be focused –distinctions that are part of the complexity of adaptation planning – but they agree that steps to minimise risks need to be taken.Cape Byron, at Byron Bay, NSW. The Byron Shire Council has one of the country’s most proactive climateadaptation strategies for the future of its coastal community.Credit: iStockphotoIf climate change mitigation strategies involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adaptation strategies focus on building resilience to climate change effects.While adapting to changing circumstances is at the heart of long-term planning in business, government and natural resource management, planners are confronted with the challenge of having too much data related to climate impact scenarios, but not enough clarity on what actually needs to be done.‘There is misunderstanding and confusion about climate change and how to deal with it in both business and the wider community,’ believes Sam Mostyn, a member of Australian National University’s Crawford School Advisory Council and Director of Myer-ClimateWorks. ‘People think it’s an event yet to happen; they are waiting for some “big thing” to occur, and then they will react to that.‘There needs to be far greater transparency of what’s actually changing and how that will impact business and communities,’ she continues. ‘For example, insurance data about the frequency and ferocity of weather events provides good insight into changes in storm patterns, wind speeds, floods, hail storms and bushfires.‘Understanding where these events are likely to happen will help us make decisions about whether existing infrastructure can tolerate these extreme weather events, or whether residentialand commercial building codes need tobe strengthened – it then becomes a local and state government policy issue.’Mostyn identifies that there are also a lot of benefits to recognising the potential for change in an area and being the first to take advantage of the opportunities that presents, whether it be, for example, in tourism, agriculture or even construction.Dr Ben Preston, a research scientist with CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, is working with stakeholders to understand climate risk and find pathways to adaptation.‘While there is still a lot of uncertainty about exactly what the effects of climate change will be at a local level, we can face this uncertainty in two ways,’ he says. ‘We can scratch our heads, or we can provide leadership and employ precautionary policies, such as planning forsea-level rise by legislating for increased setbacks in coastal areas.‘We can’t look at climate projections alone; we have to look at the characteristics of whole systems – whether ecosystems, agricultural production systems or urban communities.‘Like ecosystems that are threatened by encroachment from development or invasive species, those geographic areas or systems already under pressure for other reasons will fare worst,’ he says.Lightning strikes during a storm over Sydney.Credit: iStockphotoLiam Egerton, senior consultant with sustainability consultancy Net Balance, agrees. His company is developing a framework for resilience that, among other things, focuses on building adaptive capability along with managing risk thresholds, the tipping points that can lead to runaway changes in a system.‘Risk assessment on climate changes can produce a long list of potential impacts and their likely consequences. It doesn’t say how they’re linked, or detail the dependencies b etween them,’ he says, ‘but by looking at how a system holds together, rather than just managing risk, we can better understand its ability to withstand shocks.’ In other words, its resilience is considered.This means the analysis has to go far beyond the biophysical impacts, he says. For example, the military uses scenarios to test how people’s livesare impacted by biophysical changes, and their results have been illuminating. ‘They indicate that climate change is a significant security problem, due to the knock-on effects on the system as a whole.’Floods inundated Lismore, NSW, during October 2008.Credit: iStockphotoDr Preston believes that social and economic trends will have a larger influence on the future of our communities than climate change and its biophysical impacts. One focus of his research involves working with local government organisations to overlay a map of national climate change vulnerability with data about social and economic trends affecting a community.‘While it makes s ense to focus our efforts on the areas where wealth, economic activity, capability and knowledge are centred, there is an equity issue –we also need to target those areas that are least capable of helping themselves.‘We are looking at things like populat ion growth, ageing and measures of social disadvantage, because in a protracted heatwave, for example, an area with a large population of impoverished older people will be more sensitive to its effects than a more affluent area.’This example highlights the opportunity for adaptation and mitigation strategies to work together, he says. ‘By greening urban landscapes and ensuring that buildings are appropriately designed for the climate, the impacts of a heatwave are reduced. There are also much longer term benefits associated with reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling.’It then becomes a governance issue. ‘Local governments are generally implementing policy decisions handed down by state legislation, so in this sense state government legislation can really inhibit or enhance the ability of communities to adapt to change.’He says local governments also have an important role in communicating with and educating their constituents, building their capacity to respond. Early warning systems for heatwaves, floods and bushfires will also help reduce impacts of extreme events.‘Adaptive management is simply good management,’ says economist Dr Stefan Hajkowicz, Theme Leader – Sustainable Regional Development at CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems. He is not concerned about business adaptation, arguing that there is already a huge amount of adaptation in the marketplace. He cites reduced energy and water consumption, changed insurance premiums and the abandonment of unfeasible agricultural practices as examples of market force-driven climate change adaptation.‘The economy is already adapting where it needs to. We need to look at where we’re failing.’ He is focusing on how to target scarce resources to protect environmental assets, and says we face some tough decisions.‘We need to have some sense of what we want to protect before climate change gets any worse,’ he says. ‘We are going to have to take a triage approach and give up some assets to protect others. If we don’t face that now we won’t have the resources to protect what matters most.‘Science provides an evidence-based approach for making decisions, but at the end of the day, it is the Australian people who need to decide whether they want to protect the Great Barrier Reef or whether they want to divide that same purse of resources across many more smaller projects.‘Whatever decision is made, there will be consequences; for tourism, jobs, whole communities and the economy. It’s the elephant in the room, but we need to start a dialogue about prioritising the best use of scarce resources.’Ben Preston concurs. ‘The best approach to climate change adaptation is to take the knowledge that we already have and translate that to real action.’。

第30卷　第4期2006年8月测　井　技　术W ELL LOGGING T EC HNOLOGYV ol.30　N o.4Aug2006文章编号:1004-1338(2006)04-0357-04测试技术在水力压裂设计及压裂效果评价中的应用单大为,刘继生,吕秀梅,李　倩(大庆油田有限责任公司测试技术服务分公司,黑龙江大庆163453)摘要:压裂设计中一些关键参数来源于地层测试,压裂过程中需要测试技术进行实时监测,压裂施工完成后需要利用测试技术进行压裂效果评价。

针对压裂措施对测试技术的需求,阐述了交叉偶极声波测井提供压裂设计参数,井温测井判断具有导流能力裂缝的缝高,微地震法裂缝评价技术确定水力压裂裂缝走向、长度及裂缝高度的监测原理及现场应用情况。

关键词:生产测井;水力压裂;裂缝;交叉偶极声波测井;微地震测试;井温测井中图分类号:P631.81;T E27 文献标识码:ALogging and Testing Technology Application in Hydraulic Fracturing Design andEvaluation of Hydraulic Fracture TreatmentSH AN Da-w ei,L IU Ji-sheng,L U Xiu-mei,LI Q ian(Logging&Testing Services Company of Daqing Oilfield CO.LT D.,Daqing,H eilongjiang163453,China)A bstract:Some crucial parameters of hy draulic fracturing design are derived from fo rmatio n testing.Lo gging and testing technology is also needed to accomplish real tim e m onito ring o f fracture grow th and to evaluate the effectiveness o f the hydraulic fracture treatment.Acco rding to the requirement of hy draulic fracturing,intro duced is principles and applications of seve ral log ging and testing tech-nique s.C ro ss-dipole acoustic logging may o ffe r a few fracture design parameters;Temperature log-g ing m ay e stim ate the valid fracture height;Microseismic fracture evalua tion technolog y can be usedto de termine the o rientation,leng th and heigh t o f the fractures fo r hydraulic fracture treatment.Key words:productio n log;hy draulic fracturing;fracture;cross-dipole acoustic lo gging;micro sei- smic te sting;temperature log ging0　引　言压裂设计中的一些关键参数来源于地层测试资料。