电动汽车相关课题外文资料翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
系（院）：电子与电气工程学院
专业：电气工程及其自动化
姓名：
学号：
外文出处：2007 HERE COME THE... CLEANER,
GREENER CARS
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文
2007年来了...清洁，环保汽车
一个全新的领域，在柴油发动机上使用电气混合燃料电池。

这个说法是针对混合动力汽车：美国人爱他们，不过只是猜测。

一些环保人士一直在疑惑，有没有更大的混合电池组，能不能够直接插在墙上进行充电，能不能提供动力让你开车去上班，电力与小型燃气发动机使其变为可能。

这个概念最初是一个环保主义者的梦想，是来自的费利克斯克莱默，他推动了公用事业支持插件的合作。

但现在电动汽车走向市场,就像其他高科技绿色汽车当年发展的情况一样。

清洁汽车新的一天
清洁和环保汽车技术正在蒸蒸日上。

可充电混合动力车,在工业发展上展现了比1900年的黄金岁月高很多的研究和开发热情。

当汽油、蒸汽、电动车在市场上进行竞争，许多公司如通用汽车、还在嘲弄像罗杰和我这样的人,是谁扼杀了电动汽车的发展?事实上,美国通用汽车公司是第一个成功制造出了可充电混合动力车的公司,他们使用了一个有趣的新方法。

他们正在研发一种全新的推进系统,在最近的底特律车展上展示,那就是雪佛兰伏特。

随着seesawing对未来石油和汽油价格的不确定性，美国人终于将注意力集中在寻找燃油经济性车辆和展望他们的下一个大型多功能运动型车。

一个由具有很大影响力的公司JD Power and Associates去年夏天对消费者的调查发现，让人吃惊的是有57%的受访者会考虑购买他们的下一个混合动力汽车，有49%的购车者会考虑E85乙醇动力汽车。

另一项由Frost＆Sullivan的调查发现约有80%的人更关注较一年前的燃油价格。

几乎有一半的人说，如果燃油价格持续上涨的话他们会考虑购买更省油的汽车或混合动力汽车。

而从居住在美国的市民的调查中发现，有五分之一的让人印象深刻的说道，他们也开始使用替代交通工具：诸如自行车，步行，公共交通和电动汽车等等。

插电式混合动力车
插电式混合动力车仍然处于原型阶段，尽管转换套件在市场上的供应到目前为止还不规范。

EDrive的产品目前价格待定，但取代了普锐斯的镍金属氢化物锂离子电池包。

对于普锐斯（9500美元）和福特的Escape（现在不贵重的，但以后肯定更贵）在现有的电池所在的位置,添加一个锂离子辅助电池。

其缺点是，他们目
前仅适用于车队。

消费者在购买前需要做一份关于它们如何影响汽车的保修，重点在于她们是怎么影响汽车的。

插入式混合动力汽车从排气管排出的污染物的来源是什么？这主要取决于电力来源，这个结论是根据美国能源节约型经济理事会（ACEEE），一个非营利性的能源政策小组在最近发布的。

ACEEE得出的结论是插件版本的丰田普瑞斯可以减少三分之一的二氧化碳排放量，这项指标超过传统的混合动力汽车，它的电池被指控为加州电力方面产生的污染物的主要来源，从而相对比较的干净。

报告认为在中西部地区,占统治地位的燃煤发电厂实际上会比“普锐斯”产生多于百分之一的二氧化碳。

未来在CellsIf的技术推动下燃料电池可以取代内燃机引擎，它的燃料电池不直接燃烧，而是可以转换成氢气（以液体或气体形式储存在储存罐里），最终排放出水蒸气。

早在19世纪中叶燃料电池就已被发明，并为美国宇航局空间飞行任务提供了电力，但他们到现在才被运用在地面运输上。

雪佛兰的续作是世界上最先进的燃料电池汽车之一，代表着先进的科学技术，数百万美元的研发使他看起来像一个相当完美的混合型SUV，但驾驶它和以往的电动车相比没有改变的是：电动车（燃料电池汽车是真正电动车）往往是缓慢和单调乏味的，但新款车的特点是，只需短短10秒就可加速到时速60英里。

它的座位舒适，包括空调，收音机和行李箱。

续作是尖端的：只有两个存在。

但通用汽车是利用其全新雪佛兰Equinox燃料电池提供车子的动力的，在加利福尼亚州，华盛顿特区，纽约和威彻斯特郡共有100名试车手进行了试车，此车型准备在今年秋天上市。

据格雷格卡希尔所说，该公司的燃料电池推进系统与越野车的生产密切相关，并安装了ABS刹车系统，安全气囊和联邦耐撞装置。

多加设的安全系统使燃料电池车不可能自燃，更不可能会爆炸。

电动车具有良好的发展前景,特别是高输出，轻量化锂离子（Li - ion）电池的到来。

最近那里的市场没有那么多的人，但圣卡洛斯，Californiabased特斯拉汽车公司正试图改变这种状况，时髦的allelectric电池跑车可以实现速度从0到60只需4秒的时间，130英里每小时的速度。

通用汽车公司试图把它与EV - 1电池汽车性能得到相同的重视，但仅限于大约90英里时速的范围。

如果特斯拉能够实现高性能，远距离，这将是一个相当大的突破。

如果没有，那么，花了10万美元买了这些车的人就要倒霉了。

丰田普瑞斯:全新的第二代普瑞斯，在2004年推广的车型。

长达六英寸，但汽
车仍然实现了联合英里每加仑55英里（可能是在现实世界中行驶45分钟）的评级。

这是最畅销的混合动力车，在2006年超过97,000辆的销售。

普锐斯21,725美元的售价，并赢得为超级超低排放车辆（SULEV）的认证。

这也是一个AT - PZEV，这意味着不像大多数马路上的汽车会发出汽车尾气--使全球变暖的气体，当停泊的时候,它具有零尾气排放。

贾森的清洁汽车项目被其关心的科学家联盟汽车马克描述为“一个具有先进技术的成果可能产生的光辉典范。

”演员莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥对他的普锐斯车说道：“这是一个向正确的方向迈出的第一步，”。

“我把它在加油站加油，它表现的像其他任何的汽车一样。

但我大概每三个礼拜才需加一次油。

”普瑞斯是对一切其他电动汽车计量的基准。

丰田Camry混合动力车：像普锐斯，相对新凯美瑞混合动力电池在其实际运行速度较低。

引擎盖下是一个2.4升四缸引擎，它使用了更高燃料效率的阿特金森循环。

147马力的汽油发动机和45马力电动马达加在一起有192马力。

比普锐斯更快，尽管在某些内部尺寸更小，佳美达到三十七分之四十三英里。

像普锐斯，凯美瑞是相对便宜，售价26,480元，比本田雅阁混合动力车少5000美元。

本田思域混合型：在2006年重新设计的车身造型思域Hybrid的22,150美元，具有更大的吸引力，令人印象深刻的纯粹的平凡。

这不是特殊的，或怪异，或只是纯粹主义者。

这是任何其他公民一样，除了它的一个AT - PZEV，获取每49加仑（市），51（公路）英里，有600英里。

如果有一个消费者，它在22,150美元的购买价格。

但即使这样，如果他们申请可以与联邦所得税抵消，以及国家奖励。

要获得115 1.3升发动机马力需要多付出一些。

引擎盖下是一个综合电机辅助系统，它使用了20马力的电动机作为动力主要助推器，加上连续可变变速器（CVT）。

本田公司希望在2007年销售28000辆。

本田雅阁混合动力车：在2004年底推出的V - 6 -雅阁混合动力车，2006年会有更多的标准配置（包括一个天窗，一个真正的备用轮胎）。

燃油经济性受到了驾驶的额外85磅位，它现在每加仑25/34英里。

雅阁混合动力车售价30,990美元，有255的马力，已被装配的更像是一个高性能汽车，时速从0到60需要6.9秒，但要强调的是他不是销售冠军，也并没有取得本田的追捧。

2006年的销售额还不到混合思域的五分之一。

福特Escape混合动力车：以26 900美元的价格赢得的荣誉，作为市场上的第一个混合动力SUV，它类似于在普锐斯的公路达到36英里（市）和31英里的一个标准。

他不像RX-400h豪华的凌志,或能够尽可能承载多的人的新丰田的混合体。

但这是一个很好的第一步，它是一个很好的公司，曾在一家公司说
它想要成为一个环保领袖。

福特汽车销量2005年超过15571混合动力汽车，并在2006年平均每月1500加上类似水星Mariner的混合车。

委托书已经正式修改为包括混合动力车和其他清洁汽车，使电动汽车失去了一个消费群。

到2000年，市场干涸，如美国Electricar和Solectria公司遇到了麻烦。

今天，电动车市场都在回升，特斯拉已经销售出以其性能为卖点的10万美元的跑车。

更好的电池可能引发电动汽车的复苏，过度的关于EV - 1的争论将成为古老的历史。

对他而言，克里斯潘恩说，他对通用汽车更加乐观，因为该公司宣布，将立刻生产插入式混合动力汽车。

“我被通用汽车最近的发言所鼓励，”佩恩说：“但显而易见的是他们需要比在word和ppt上所说的要做的更多才行”。

附件2：外文原文
2007 HERE COME THE... CLEANER, GREENER CARS
Motavalli, Jim
E Magazine
03-01-2007
From hybrids to electrics to diesels that run on vegetable oil, it's a whole new ballgame.The verdict is in on hybrid cars: Americans love them. But just suppose, some environmentalists have been asking, you had a bigger battery pack in your hybrid and the ability to plug it into the wall. Wouldn't that give you the ability to drive to work on electric power, with the small gas engine available in reserve for longer trips? This concept started out as an environmentalist's dream, propelled by activists like Felix Kramer of and the utility-backed Plug-In Partners. But now it's headed for the market. And other high-tech green cars are on their way, too.
A New Day for Clean Cars
Interest in cleaner and greener auto technology is exploding. From fuel cells to plug-in hybrids, the industry is showing more research and development zeal than at any time since the halcyon days of 1900, when gasoline, steam and electric vehicles (EVs) were competing in the marketplace. Companies such as General Motors, ridiculed for stodginess and worse in films like Roger and Me and Who Killed the Electric Car? (see sidebar) are revealing a much leaner side. In fact, GM has made the first plug-in hybrid production commitment in the U.S., using an intriguing new approach. It is developing an entirely new propulsion system, shown at the recent Detroit Auto Show as the Chevrolet V olt.
With seesawing gasoline prices and uncertainty about the future of oil, Americans are finally focusing on fuel economy and looking beyond big SUVs for their next vehicle. A consumer survey by the influential J.D. Power and Associates last summer found that an amazing 57 percent of respondents would consider buying a hybrid car for their next vehicle, and 49 percent would consider a car powered by E85 ethanol. Another survey, by Frost & Sullivan, found that 80 percent are more concerned about fuel prices than they were a year ago. Almost half say they have already bought or would consider buying a more fuel-efficient gas car or hybrid if fuel prices keep going up. And in the sedentary U.S., it's impressive that one in five say they're also starting to use alternative transportation: biking, walking, public transportation and car pools.
Plug-In Hybrids
While plug-in hybrids remain in the prototype stage, conversion kits are on the market (though availability has been spotty). EDrive's system, with pricing to be announced, replaces the Prius' nickel-metal-hydride battery pack with a larger, lithium-ion pack. Hymotion's kits for the Prius ($9,500) and Ford Escape (as yet unpriced, but definitely
more expensive) leave the existing batteries in place but add a lithium-ion auxiliary battery. The drawback is that they're currently available only for fleets. The consumer needs to do research before buying one of these kits, with a particular emphasis on how they affect the car's warranty. Do plug-in hybrid vehicles simply exchange their pollution source from tailpipe to coal-burning smokestack? It depends on the electric power source, according to a new report released by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), a nonprofit energy policy group. ACEEE concluded that a plug-in version of the Toyota Prius could reduce CO2 emissions by a third over a conventional Prius hybrid, but only if its batteries were charged with California electricity-generated mainly from relatively clean sources. In the Midwest, dominated by coal-burning power plants, the report says the plug-in Prius would actually generate one percent more carbon dioxide.
The Future with Batteries and Fuel CellsIf any one technology can replace the internal-combustion engine, it's the fuel cell, which doesn't burn anything but converts hydrogen (stored in a tank as liquid or gas) to electricity and its tailpipe emission: water vapor. Fuel cells were invented in the mid-19th century and provided electric power on NASA space missions, but they're only now becoming practical for ground transportation.
The Chevrolet Sequel is one of the world's most advanced fuel-cell automobiles, representing many millions of dollars of advanced R&D. The Sequel looks like a fairly sleek crossover SUV, but driving it is like nothing else: EVs (fuel-cell cars are really electric cars) tend to be slow and plodding, but the Sequel peels out, zooming to 60 mph in only 10 seconds. It seats four with all the creature comforts, including air conditioning, radio and trunk space.
The Sequel is the cutting edge: only two exist. But GM is making 100 of its also-all-new Chevy Equinox fuel-cell vehicles available to regular-folk test drivers (in California, Washington, DC and Westchester County, New York) this fall. According to Greg Cesul, the company's fuel cell propulsion system chief, these Equinoxes are closely based on the production SUV, and offer the latter's ABS brakes, airbags (or at least room for them), and federal crashworthiness. Redundant safety systems make it very unlikely that a fuel-cell car will ever catch fire, let alone explode like the Hindenburg.
EVs show promise, especially with the advent of high-output, lightweight lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries. There haven't been many on the market lately, but San Carlos, Californiabased Tesla Motors is trying to change that with a snazzy allelectric battery sports car that can achieve zero to 60 in just four seconds, with a top speed of 130 mph. GM tried the same performance emphasis with its EV-1 battery car, but it was limited to about 90 miles of range. If Tesla has been able to achieve both high performance and long range, it's a considerable breakthrough. If not, well, the 100 buyers who just spent $100,000 to sell out the first run of these cars are out of luck.
TOYOTA PRIUS: The wheelbase of the second-generation Prius, which appeared in 2004, is stretched six inches, but the car still achieves a combined miles-per-gallon rating of 55 (probably 45 mpg in the real world). This is the runaway bestselling hybrid, with sales of more than 97,000 in 2006. The $21,725 Prius accelerates as well as a late-model Toyota Camry, and wins certification as a Super-Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV). It's also an AT-PZEV, which means that, unlike most cars on the road that emit gasoline vapor (and thus global warming gas) when parked, it has zero evaporative emissions. Jason Mark of the Union of Concerned Scientists' Clean Vehicle Program describes the car as "a shining example of the gains possible with advanced technology." Actor Leonardo DiCaprio is vocal about his Prius: "It's a step in the right direction," he says. "I fill it up at the gas pump and it performs like any other car. But I fill it up about once every three weeks." The Prius is the benchmark by which all other hybrids are measured. TOYOTA CAMRY HYBRID: Like the Prius, the relatively new Camry hybrid actually runs on its batteries alone at low speeds. Under the hood is a 2.4-liter four-cylinder engine that uses the Atkinson cycle for greater fuel efficiency. Add together the 147 horsepower gasoline engine and the 45-horsepower electric motor and there's 192 horsepower. Faster and bigger than the Prius (though smaller in some interior dimensions), the Camry achieves 43/37 mpg. Like the Prius, the Camry is a relative bargain at $26,480, priced $5,000 less than the Honda Accord Hybrid.
HONDA CIVIC HYBRID: The $22,150 Civic Hybrid, redesigned with a much more appealing body style in 2006, impresses with its sheer ordinariness. It's not special, or weird, or for purists only. It's just like any other Civic, except it's an AT-PZEV, gets 49 miles per gallon (city) and 51 (highway), and has a range of 600 miles. If there's a sacrifice, it's in the $22,150 purchase price. But even that can be offset with federal income tax credits, as well as state incentives if they apply. To get 115 horsepower out of a 1.3-liter engine requires some wizardry. Under the hood is an Integrated Motor Assist system that uses its 20-horsepower electric motor mainly as a power booster, plus a continuously variable transmission (CVT). Honda hopes to sell 28,000 in 2007. HONDA ACCORD HYBRID: Introduced at the end of 2004, the V-6-powered Accord Hybrid was freshened for 2006, with more standard features (including a moonroof and a real spare tire). Fuel economy suffers a bit with the car's additional 85 pounds; it's now 25/34 mpg. The $30,990 Accord Hybrid, with 255 horsepower on tap, has been marketed more as a performance car (with a zero to 60 time of 6.9 seconds) than as an economy champ, but that emphasis hasn't yielded the sales Honda had sought. Sales in 2006 were less than a fifth of the hybrid Civic.
FORD ESCAPE HYBRID: The $26,900 Escape wins kudos as the first hybrid SUV on the market, achieving 36 mpg (city) and 31 mpg (highway) with a system that is similar to that in the Prius. It's not as luxurious as the Lexus RX-400h, or able to carry as many
people as the Toyota Highlander Hybrid. But it's a good first step from a company that says it wants to be an environmental leader but hasn't been lately. Ford sold more than 15,571 Escape Hybrids in 2005, and in 2006 it averaged 1,500 a month (plus a smaller number of similar Mercury Mariner Hybrids).
The mandates were duly modified to include hybrids and other clean cars, and that left EVs without a consumer base. By 2000, the market was drying up and companies like U.S. Electricar and Solectria were in trouble. Today, EVs are on the rebound and Tesla has sold out the initial offering of its performance-oriented $100,000 roadster. Better batteries are likely to spark a resurgence and the controversy over the EV-1 will become ancient history.
For his part, Who Killed director Chris Paine says he's more sanguine about GM now, since the company announced both a production plug
-in hybrid car (see main story) and a battery electric with a gas motor used solely to keep those batteries charged. "I'm encouraged by GM's recent announcement," Paine said. "But obviously they've got to commit to it in more than words and Powerpoint.。