L1:cause of action诉因,案由social norm 社会规范substantive law,实体法,立法procedural law, 程序法resolve disputes, 争端解决public law公法private law私法constitutional law,宪法administrative law,行政法criminal law,刑法sources of law,法律渊源coercive force, ? 强迫力 ?civil law system, 民事法律制度Roman law,罗马法judge-made law, 法官法common law system,一般法系case law, 判例法binding precedent,有拘束力的先例judicial decision,司法判决in effect, 奏效的the United States Congress 美国国会L2:substantive right,实体性权益choice of law rule, 法律选择规范choice of forum,法庭选择trial court,审讯法庭inferior court,初级法院,下级法院at issue,conflict of law,法律矛盾intermediate appellate court,中间上诉法院court of limited jurisdiction,有限管辖法院court of general jurisdiction,广泛管辖权法院at the discretion of, ....state court, 州法院subject matter jurisdiction, 对事管辖权diversity jurisdiction,多元管辖district court,the federal court system,联邦法院系统amount in controversy, 争议数额circuit court巡回法院“ federal question” jurisdiction,联邦问题管辖the United States Court of Appeals,美国上诉法院the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, 哥伦比亚区的上诉法院the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, 联邦巡回上诉法院original jurisdiction, 初审管辖the Supreme Court of the United States,美国最高法院appellate jurisdiction上述管辖L3:adversary system, 当事人主义legal controversy, 法律争议enabling legislation, 受权性法例find the facts,civil case, 民事案件the inquisitorial system, 纠问制mode of trial, 庭审模式 directexamination,直接质证procedural safeguard,程序保护due process, 正当诉讼程序 ,采用性resort to law,诉诸法律L4:commence a lawsuit, 提起诉讼courts of inferior jurisdiction,federal jurisdiction,personal jurisdiction,对人管辖权under penalty of default judgment, service by publication,通告送到pleading-in-answer,辩论状counter-claim,反诉L5:the opposing party, 对方judicial process,司法程序regulatory legislation, 规范性法例trial procedure, 审讯程序apply the law,法律合用criminal case, 刑事案件 pre-trial investigation,庭前审察settlement offer,cross examination, 间接质证interested parties 当事人admissibility of evidence,凭证的可resort to force诉诸武力bring sb. into court, 提起诉讼file with把...登记存案minimum contact 最低限度的联系service of process,送到程序 legal relief, 法律救援make a motion to dismiss, 驳回动议 affirmative defense, 踊跃抗辩n essence实质上pre-trial discovery,审前取证take depositions of, 录取誓言question sb. under oath,经起誓后责问某人lay a basis for, 为 ....打基础written interrogatory, 质询书interrogating party, 质询方personal injury case,人身损害案compulsory physical examination,强迫体检the pending action, 待决判决the violating party,违犯的一方pretrial conference, 审前会议settle the suitsummary judgment, 即决判决decide the case in favor of,做出有益动议方的判决legitimate function,合法功能notice of trial,set the case for trial, 把案件提交庭审jury trial 陪审团判决的案件L6:an action for damages,金钱补偿诉讼impanel the jury,构成陪审团peremptory challenge, 绝地异议directed verdict, 指令性判决charge the jury, 给陪审团上课preponderance of evidence,优势凭证post-trial motion, 审后动议constitutional provision, challenge for cause,相对异议opening statement,公然申明讲话the non-moving party,非动议方burden of proof,举证责任the losing party,judgment n.o.v.否认陪审团判决的判决L7:render a judgment on default, 作出缺席判决writ of execution, 履行令judgment creditor, 判决债权人judgment debtor,判决债务人reverse the judgment, 颠覆原判written brief, ruling of law, 法治 ..（注意不是法制）affirm the judgment, 保持原判modify the judgment,改判concurring opinion, 赞同建议dissenting opinion,反对建议res judicata, 已决案件set aside attachment驳回L8criminal process, 刑事程序find sb. guilty, 发现某人有罪deprive sb. of ,剥夺某人的the right to remain silent,保持缄默的权利the right to bail,double jeopardy,一事不再罚summary arrest,即行拘捕grand jury,大陪审团preliminary hearing,预审nolo contendere,不争论不提异议plead guilty,伏罪plea bargaining,认罪辩诉协议on probation,在缓刑时期,在监外履行期suspended sentence,缓刑reverse the conviction, 颠覆犯法writ of certiorariL9（Unit 2，L1 ）Chief Justice,lay down,provide for,the judiciary,commander-in-chief,prime minister,American presidency,presidential democracy,regulatory agency,the Interstate Commerce Commission,the Civil Aeronautics Board,congressional election,the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,the Export-import Bank,House of Representatives,the Federal Reserve Bank System,Secretary of State,express legislative competency,maritime law,President of the Senate,enter into force,two-thirds majority,election district。
