英语学习中的六种基本句型结构英语的句式从表达形式上来看,形式多样且丰富多彩,但仔细观察后就不难发现,无论其怎样变化,它们大都基本保持了常见的六个句型结构;也就是说,绝大多数英语句子都是由这六个基本句式演变、衍生而成的;因此,掌握好这六个基本句型以及他们的基本用法,对于初学英语的同学们来说,就显得非常重要了;这里做一简单列举与说明,希望对同学们的学习有所帮助：英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：ＳＶ主＋谓主语——动词二：ＳＶＰ主＋系＋表主语——动词——表语三：ＳＶＯ主＋谓＋宾主语——动词——宾语四：ＳＶｏＯ主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾主语——动词——宾语——宾语五：ＳＶＯＣ主＋谓＋宾＋宾补主语——动词——宾语——补语六：There be + 主语+ 其它一、句型1：Subject 主语＋Verb 谓语这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,常见的动词如：work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等;如：1 Li Ming works very hard;李明学习很努力;2 The little girl cried even harder;小女孩哭得更厉害了;3 The accident happened yesterday afternoon;事故是昨天下午发生的;1、The sun is rising;2、I'll try;3、Did you sleep wellwell做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep4、The engine broke down;注意：在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态;1、The book sells well;2、The window won't shut;3、The pen writes smoothly;4、Cheese cuts easily;二、句型2：Subject 主语＋ Link、V系动词＋ Predicate表语这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等;其系动词一般可分为下列两类：1表示状态;这样的词有：be,look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep等;如：1 This kind of food tastes delicious、这种食物吃起来很可口;2 He looked worried just now、刚才他看上去有些焦急;2表示变化;这类系动词有：become,turn,get,grow,go等;如：1 Spring comes、It is getting warmer and warmer;春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和;2 The tree has grown much taller than before;这棵树比以前长得高多了;1、Mr、Brown is an engineer;名词做表语2、Gradualy he became silent;形容词做表语3、She remained standing for a hour;现在分词做表语4、The question remained unsolved;过去分词做表语5、The machine is out of order;介词短语做表语6、The television was on;副词做表语7、His plan is to keep the affair secret;动词不定式做表语8、My job is repairing cars;动名词做表语9、The question is what you want to do;从句做表语,即：表语从句注意：在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构;I'm happy to meet you;They are willing to help;We are determined to follow his example;三、句型3：Subject主语＋ Verb 谓语＋ Object 宾语这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词;其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当;例：1 He took his bag and left;名词他拿着书包离开了;2 Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties;代词当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助;3 She plans to travel in the coming May Day;不定式她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游;4 I don’t know what I should do next;从句我不知道下一步该干什么;1、Do you know these peoplethem名词或代词做宾语2、I can't express myself in English;反身代词做宾语3、He smiled a strange smile;同源宾语4、We can't afford to pay such a price;不定式做宾语5、Would you mind waiting a few minutes动名词做宾语6、I hope that I have said nothing to pain you;从句做宾语,即：宾语从句注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法;四、句型4： Subject主语＋Verb谓语＋Indirect object间接宾语＋Direct object 直接宾语这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担;引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy,pass,lend,give,tell,teach,show,bring,send等;如：1 Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present;她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物;2he old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March;老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事;上述句子还可以表达为：1Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present;2The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March;在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习遇时,要牢记;后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物;这类句型有三种情况;第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语;1、He handed me a letter;He handed a letter to me;2、She gave me her telephone number;She gave her telephone number to me;第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语;3、She sang us a folk song;She sang a folk for us;4、She cooked us a delicious meal;She cooked a delicious meal for us;第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当;5、Tell him I'm out;6、Can you inform me where Miss Green lives五、句型5：Subject主语＋Verb 动词＋Object 宾语＋Complement补语这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”;宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等;担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等;如：1You should keep the room clean and tidy;你应该让屋子保持干净整洁;形容词2 We made him our monitor;名词我们选他当班长;3 His father told him not to play in the street;不定式他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩;●常见的动词有：tell,ask,advise,help,want,would like,order,force,allow等;●注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to;如：1 The boss made him do the work all day;老板让他整天做那项工作;2 I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night;昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上;在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词,在英语中,这样的动词也不多;后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语;这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多;下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语;1、He found his new job boring;形容词做宾补2、They called their daughter Mary;名词做宾补3、This placed her in a very difficult position;介词短语做宾补4、We went to her house but found her out;副词做宾补5、What do you advise me to do不定式做宾补6、We thought him to be an honest man;tobe做宾补7、He believed them to have discussed the problem;不定式的完成式做宾补8、He believed her to be telling the truth;不定式的进行式做宾补9、Did you notice him come in不带to的不定式做宾补10、I saw her chatting with Nancy;现在分词做宾补11、He watched the piano carried upstairs;过去分词做宾补注意：在这个结构中,可以出现用it做形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面;在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句;1、He felt it his duty to mention this to her;分析：it是形式宾语,his duty是宾语补足语,to mention this to her是真正的宾语;2、I think it best that you should stay with us;分析：it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay with us是真正的宾语;注意：习惯用语的使用在英语中,有很多动词习惯用语,在学习的过程中,要注意它们的使用,不必分析单独每个词的使用;例：We are short of money;be short of中short做表语She is always making trouble for her friends;trouble做make的宾语He has carried out our instructions to the letter;our instructions做词组carry out的宾语We are waiting for the rain to stop;wait for后面的the rain是宾语,to stop是宾语补足语2、在英语中,大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词,而且还会有一些固定词组,因此一个动词可以用于几种句型;例：ask①Did you ask the price直接接名词做宾语②She asked them their names;接双宾语③I asked James to buy some bread;接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语④I asked to speak to Fred;接不定式做宾语⑤Didn't you ask him in在此句中和副词in连用⑥He has asked for an interview with the President;组成固定词组ask for3、There be句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为“有…”①谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room;②有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall;③主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us;There were many things to be done此处也可以使用to do;④谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concertin the park tonight;There was littlechange in him;⑤谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语;There used to be a cinema here;There seems to be something the matter with her;Is there going to be any activity tonight⑥there be句式变疑问句,把be提前；变翻译疑问句也要借助there;Is there any hope of getting the jobThere is nothing wrong with your watch,is there⑦there be句型中也可以使用诸如：live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物动词：Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island;There came a knock at the door;At the top of the hill there stands an old temple;⑧用于非谓语的情况下,有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being：You wouldn't want there to be another war;不定式的复合结构The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework;动名词的复合结构There being nothing else to do,we went home;独立主格结构六、句型6：There be + 主语 + 其它这一结构表示“某地有某物”;主语一般位于there be 之后;值得关注的是,当句中有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground;巩固性练习请判断下列句子的结构类型1、He is running;2、The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry;3、The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions;4、She seemed angry;5、My father bought me a beautiful present;6、Why do you keep your eyes closed7、Will you tell us an exciting story8、We must keep our classroom tidy and clean;9、I heard the baby crying in the sitting room;10、Can you push the window open答案：1、主语---动词2、主语---动词---宾语---补语3、主语---动词---宾语---宾语4、主语---动词----表语5、主语---动词---宾语---宾语6、主语---动词---宾语---宾语7、主语---动词---宾语---补语8、主语---动词---宾语---补语9、主语---动词---宾语---补语10、主语---动词---宾语---补语。
