Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688-1990) 英帝国的兴衰

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3.enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures.They were forced to look for work in towns,which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World;
第5章 英帝国的兴衰 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688---1990)

学习本章的目的和要求 了解18世纪英国工业革命,其中包括圈 地运动,殖民剥削和奴隶贸易,工业革命的 过程及其影响,宪章运动(1836---1848),殖 民帝国的建立,英帝国的衰落与瓦解以及 战后英国的概况.

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8.Probably laissez faire and “Protestant work ethic” helped.(自由贸易和“新教工作伦理” 可能起到一定作用) 9.England,Scotland,and Wales forLeabharlann Baidued a customs union (海关协会)after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807.So the national market was not hindered by internal customs barriers.(这使国内市场不再受国内海关规定 的约束)

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First, power was monopolized （vt.独占, 垄断） by the aristocrats. (gentleman， nobleman） Second,representation (代表)of town and country, and North and South was unfair. Finally,there were also various rotten or pocket boroughs.(腐败选区或口袋选区) 腐败选区一度曾是繁忙的集镇,现在已被废除, 但却仍可参选议员. 在口袋选区,选举一已不代表政治观点而全凭 权势. 16

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3.The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community(强 大的社区经济利益) could exert their influence over Government policy. 4.It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports(海港), or from rivers, which could distribute their products.(英国主要大 城市都靠近海港和河流,很容易向外运输产品)
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The Chartist Movement(18361848)
Parliamentary reforms political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. At the general election of 1830, the Whigs under lord Grey returned to power and want to carry out parliamentary reforms. There were several reasons. carry out 开展, 实现, 完成, 进行到底 贯彻, 执行, 落实
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The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. They were in favor of some kind of Parliamentary reform, but could not agree how far this reform should go.
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There was another brand of opinions, but with much smaller support in the parliament. They were the Radicals who wanted fundamental reforms to get to the root of problems. Their common aim was thorough reform of the parliamentary system.

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10.The enclosure and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labor for the factories, and some of the raw materials needed in industry.( 圈地运动和 农业其他方面的发展给日益增多的人口 提供了足够的食物,为工厂提供了劳动力, 也为工业提供了所需的一些原材料.)
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What was the industrial revolution?Why was Britain the first country to start the industrial revolution?

The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization on Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. (工业 革命指的是18世纪末19世纪初英国工业的机械化 及随之而来的社会和经济结构的变化)Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:( 由于以下因素,英国成为第一个 9 实现工业化的国家)
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What were the parliamentary th politics like in the late 18 and th early 19 centuries

The Glorious Revolution in 1688 resulted in the constitutional monarchy, in which parliament played an important role in the British politics. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Parliament was controlled by two political parties, the Whigs and the Tories.
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4.a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.(农村关系中出现了新的阶级仇恨) Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the laborers’ hopes of even owning his own land.(也使劳动者希望拥有 自己土地的梦想成为泡影) Many became wage laborers, earning rates which were very low in spite of agriculture’s new prosperity.(许多人成为 计时工,尽管农业出现新的繁荣,但他们的薪水 却低得可怜)
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The Tories were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. They disliked the Nonconformists and considered them a threat to Church of England’s influence on the people. They might agree to some humanitarian reforms,but were certainly against Parliamentary reforms.
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Land enclosures in England

Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: 1.Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; 2.more vegetables,more milk and more dairy produce were consumed,and diet became more varied;


exert influence.施加影响
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5.Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power(这不 仅方便了交通,也提供了水力能源和蒸汽能源). Britain also had useful mineral resources.(矿产资 源) 6.Britain had engineers who had sound training as craftsmen.(英国的工程师都是素质良好的手工 业者) 7.The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.
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1.Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade. 2.Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital(资金) in large quantities for industrialization.(这些人和从农业 改革中受益的封建领主为工业化提供了大量资 金)