独立主格结构讲解课件

v.-ing v.-ed
to do adj./adv. 介宾结构
n.
独立主格结构
是一个独立的句子吗？ 是一个从句吗？ 前可以有and、but、so等连词吗？ 前可以有when、what、why等从句连接词吗？
Summary:
1、独立主格结构不是句子,也不是从句,所以 它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化;
伦敦有如此多的美丽的名胜古迹,每年有大量的游客被吸引到伦敦。 So many places of interest in London beautiful , many visitors are attracted to London every year.
The tower of Londow
霓虹灯下的伦敦显得更加美丽。
由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、 形容词(副)词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
二、独立主格结构的构成形式:

puzzle
1、逻辑主语+V-ing 其中逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者,分词表示 的动作不是整句主语发出的动作,而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。
The geography of the UK puzzling (puzzle) me, I went to the library to look up related data(资料).
Cholera defeated, John Snow felt relieved and excited
What: a British map
非谓语动词做状语,其 逻辑与句子的主语一致。
The red part: England The yellow part: Wales
课本再现: Now when people refer to England, they mean Wales included as well.

If the guide leads the way, we won't worry about our safety in Britain.
4、伴随状语独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：
A map in your hand, you can travel around London more conveniently.
◇连句成篇◇
Homework:
1、完成微写作，并适当添加一些细节； 2、复习、巩固独立主格结构的相关知识点。
伦敦有如此多的美丽的名胜古迹，每年有大量的游客被吸引到伦敦。 So many places of interest in London beautiful ， many visitors are attracted to London every year.
The tower of Londow
霓虹灯下的伦敦显得更加美丽。
三、伴随状语
She left the offices with tears _i_n_h_e_r_e_y_e.s The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind (tie).
四、后置定语
Do you know the man __w__it_h_ a book in his hand?
4. 逻辑主语+名词/不定式 不定式表示未发生的动作或发生 在句子谓语动作之后。
Every year there are many visitors to London
，most of c are Chinese. , most of A Chinese. , and most of A are Chinese. ; most of A are Chinese. A. them B. who C. whom D. \

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• With you to lead the way, we are sure to get there on time.
• With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
• = So many people (being) absent, the
meeting had to be pPuPTt课o件ff till next week.
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• 主格结构和with复合结构的差别,除了多了 一个with外,还有三个不同之处：第一,with 复合结构没有完成时态；第二,with复合结 构中的不定式没有被动语态,第三,如果前面 的名词和宾语中的名词,都是单数形式,那么
状态，原因等。
The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. 5. 名词(或代词)+副词； 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。
• He sat at the table, head down.
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6. 名词(或代词)+介词短语； 介词短语说明伴随前面名词或代词的方式或者 状态。 Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away.
• 如果从句的主语与主句主语一致，则只能变为 分词短语；从句为主动语态时，变为现在分词 短语；若从句为被动语态时，则变为过去分词 短语。试比较：
• After he did the work, he went home.=

I to go to New York, he asked me not.（我 要去纽约，他却要我别去）
2、名词/代词 + doing It being fine, we decided to go for a picnic. There being no bus or taxi, we had to walk home. There being nothing else to do, we left. The problem having been settled, we ended our meeting. The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.
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我们一起来改一下这个句子： After his work had been finished, he went home. His work finished, he went home.
His work having been finished, he went home.
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3、名词/代词 + done His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.
我看见深深的池塘里，水蓝蓝的像天空。
The condition (being) favorable, he may succeed. 条件有利的话，他可能成功。
Summer (being) over, students returned to school. 夏天过去了，学生回到了学校。
All the lights on, our classroom building looks even more beautiful.

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独立主格结构的类型
名词性独立主格结构
总结词
名词性独立主格结构是由名词或名词短语构成的独立主格形式。
详细描述
名词性独立主格结构通常表示一种状态或情境，其中名词或名词短语作为主语 ，没有连接词连接主句，而是通过非谓语动词的形式与主句形成逻辑关系。
形容词性独立主格结构
总结词
形容词性独立主格结构是由形容词或 形容词短语构成的独立主格形式。
不定式性独立主格结构
总结词
不定式性独立主格结构是由不定式或不定式短语构成的独立主格形式。
详细描述
不定式性独立主格结构通常表示一种目的或意图，其中不定式或不定式短语作为主语，没有连接词连 接主句，而是通过非谓语动词的形式与主句形成逻辑关系。
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独立主格结构的句法功能
做状语
状语功能
独立主格结构可以作为状语，修饰谓语或整个句子，表达时间、条件、原因、伴随等状 态。例如：“The meeting being over, the guests left the hall.”（会议结束后，客
不定式性独立主格结构例句解析
不定式性独立主格结构
不定式短语在句子中充当独立主格，表示将要发生的 动作或状态。
例句
To finish the project on time, everyone worked hard and stayed up late.（为了按时完成项目，大家 都努力工作，熬夜加班。）
He lay on the bed, tired and exhausted, and fell asleep immediately.（他躺在床上，疲惫不堪，很快就睡 着了。）
分词性独立主格结构例句解析
分词性独立主格结构

当主语与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时， 也就是被动关系时，用过去分词。
e.g. More money given, we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained.
2. 在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词 的时间发生在主句动词之前，常用 现在分词完成时态表示。
e.g. He stood there, his hand tied. 也可以用with的复合结构：
e.g. He stood there, with his hand tied.
独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词 均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)， 也不用复数。 e.g. A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
4. He (being) absent, no business was done.
5.She sat there alone, her face covered with her hands / her hands covering her face.
6.He was reading newspaper, (with) his back against the window.
The snow having stopped, she went out to the zoo.
The clock having struck 12, I went to bed.
The problem having been settled, we ended our meeting.
我们一起来改一下这个句子：
独立主格结构的用法

3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）/ 介宾结构 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如：
伦敦有如此多的美丽的名胜古迹，每年有大量的游客被吸引到伦敦。
So many places of interest in London
bea，utiful
many visitors are attracted to London every year.
Referring to England now, people mean Wales included as well.
England referred to now, people find Wales included as well.
The Absolute Structure
一、什么是独立主格结构？
2、它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也 不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开;
3、独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应 的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能 转化为分词形式.
四、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：
1、原因状语 该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
It being Sunday, the library didn't open. As it was Sunday, the library didn't open.
bookstore
2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。
British history studie(sdtudy)，we have a better understanding of its geography.
Finally Northern Ireland was joined to the Great Britain,

borrow some from his friend. 思考：划线部分改为独立主格结构 →________________，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. ③ With him sitting next to her，she felt safe.
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He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his onl y weapon.
思考：划线部分相当于并列句：
He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chinese dictionary (being) his tool.
思考：划线部分相当于并列句：
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2.名词/主格代词+现在分词 （表示主动含 义和/或动作正在进行）
名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动 作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主 谓 关系。
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① Weather permitting，we are going to visit you tomorrow. 思考：划线部分相当于状语从句：
The work having been finished, he left the
workshop. 思考：划线部分相当于状语从句：
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4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词 （表示状态或特征） 形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质
特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词 前其实省略了being. ① Everything (being) ready, they started out. 思考：划线部分相当于状语从句：

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因
为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家
二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：
1、原因状语 该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语
从句。如：
1).__A______ no bus, we had to walk home.
found a lot of mistakes.
A.When he was correcting B.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above
2.____D____by your teachers, you are supposed to be
modest.
A.carrying
B.he was carrying
C.and carrying D.all the above
2.Father came back, _D______ by a monkey.
3、条件状语 独 立 主 格 结 构 作 条 件 状 语 时 可 以 改 为 由 if 引 导的条件状语从句。如： 1).__D______, we'll go to visit the Great Wall. A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B 2.)_D____, the patient will recover himself soon. A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time

名词/代词+不定式
例如，He lay on the bed，to rest.
with引导的独立主格结构
with+名词/代词+形容词
例如，With the weather fine，we decided to go out.
பைடு நூலகம்
with+名词/代词+副词
例如，With the children away，they had a peaceful weekend.
《独立主格结构》 PPT课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 独立主格结构的定义 • 独立主格结构的类型 • 独立主格结构在句子中的作用 • 独立主格结构的构成 • 独立主格结构的用法举例 • 独立主格结构与其它结构的辨析
01 独立主格结构的定义
什么是独立主格结构
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独立主格结构是一种语法结构， 它由一个主语和一个谓语组成， 但主语和谓语之间没有连接词。
总结词
副词性独立主格结构是由副词或副词短语构成的，主要在句中作状 语。
详细描述
例如，“The book written by him is mine.”，其中“written by him”就是一个副词性独立主格结构，表示“这本书是他写的”。
03 独立主格结构在句子中的 作用
补充说明
总结词
独立主格结构用于对句子的主句进行补充说明，提供更多的细节或背景信息。
件等。
总结词
名词性独立主格结构是由名词或 名词短语构成的，主要在句中作
状语。
详细描述
例如，“The book in the library is mine.”，其中“in the library”就是一个名词性独 立主格结构，表示“这本书在图

with +名词（或代词）+介词短语 15.He walked along with his hat on the back of his head. 16.He simply stared at her with that peculiar expression on his face. 17.He was asleep with his head on his arms. 18.She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides.
• The wretched boy，who has recently been dragged from the forest to scrub floors in the barracks，is now sweeping away the snow，his hands numb with cold．
• ＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（如果情况如此 的话，你没有理由解聘他。）
• 3．作原因状语 1）The storm drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day． ＝Since the storm was drawing near，the navvy decided to call it a day．（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。）
• 1．作时间状语
• 1）My shoes removed，I entered a lowceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．

(Ⅰ) 名词/代词+分词(过去分词done & 现在分词doing)
当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主 语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语, 构成分词的独立结构。一般位于句首,也 可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。 1T._h_is__p_ro_b__le_m__s_e_t_tl_e_d, they left the meeting – room. （问题解决了）（settle） 2T._im__e_p_e_r_m__it_t_in_g,we`ll go there on foot. (时间允许的话)(permit) 3.He was lying on the grass,(他的手交叉在头下) his h_a_n_d_s__cr_o_s_s_e_d_u__n_d_e_r_h_i_s_h_e_a_d_._(cross)
(ⅤI) with/without+名词／代词＋副词。
__ C
production up by 60%,
the company has had another excellent
year.
A. As B. For C. With D. Through
活学巧用
1.The square looks more
C 1. With a lot of difficult problems __
, the
newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling
C. to settle D. being settled
2.因为有太多的作业要做，所以我们不能出去玩。
结构:
名词/代词 + 非谓语（doing & todo & done）

The students are walking in the school happily,
each wearing a card in front of his chest.
卡。
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3. “名词/代词+过去分词”结构
该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴 随状语、条件状语等。
(T1h)e作时tes间t
D. When goodbye
6. She stood there, _______ from her cheeks.
A. tears' rolling down
(4) 作条件 状语：
More time given, we can finish the work.
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【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】
1. 名词或代词+不定式 其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。 2. 名词或代词+现在分词 其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在 进行）或一般情况的状态、动作。
Grammar
独立主格
1
【独立主格结构的概念】
独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个
在句中做 状语 的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置
灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。 需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用 任何连接词。
独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑 谓语。名词或代词 作为逻辑主语 ；现在分词、过去分 词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为 逻辑谓语。
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The food being cooked, the boy was watching
TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。