20150430雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李园考试日期： 2015年7月23日Reading Passage 1Title: Traditional Farming System in Africa (V100717 P1)Question types: Complete the sentences 4题Classify 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题Multiple choice 1题文章内容回顾介绍非洲传统的农业系统相关英文原文阅读参考文章（粗体字部分为阅读高频词）：A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as n the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusinecoracana).C During the second season, and possibly for afew seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize,pumpkins (Telfiriaoccidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Pharsalus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developinglast-but-one crop as a relay.D Richards (1969) observed that the practice ofcitemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is consideredprovocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done bathe women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.E When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the road side or in local marketsF The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Saro the rodonmachochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.H Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in suchactivities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a good time!I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are keptin the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.题型难度分析Questions 1-4Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Choose NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need.2. The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are planted.3. During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava.4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses. Questions 5-8Classify the following items with the correct description.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.A. fishB. oxenC. goats5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C6. cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B7. be the largest part of creating profit. A8. be sold beyond the local area. AQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? WriteTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. NOTGIVEN11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE12. Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein. TRUEQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of practices? BA. They can supply the nutrition that people need.B. They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.C. They are productive systems that need no more improving.D. They will be easily modified in the future第一篇的题型涉及较多，填空题+classify+判断+主旨单选。

2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题答案2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题答案下载地址：/20150504/yszh-fsy-050404.html?seo=wenku5.0122015年4月30日雅思考试已经落下了帷幕，小马老师第一时间内给考生整理出了2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题答案，需要的考生可以进入链接免费索取下载使用。

2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题答案部分内容：Passage 1题材：商业类新旧情况：新题题目：SSDP+Project文章大意：一个叫Stavos的公司要在地中海地区的一个地方利用geothermal fluid做个项目部分答案回忆：1.mineral extraction2.desalination3.gridPassage 1题目：珍珠的种类制作和历史题型：matching， summary，判断分析：关于pearl第一段先说珍珠在古代是富贵和地位的象征，在古罗马是怎么样的，在波斯被当做是可以医治百病的药。

第二段说pearl的分类，natural和cultural。

第三段说natural pearl的培育分为盐水培育和淡水培育。

盐水培育一般质量比较高，淡水培育中有部分质量比较高。

第四段写natural pearl的很多特点。

第五段写natural pearl和cultural pearl的区别。

natural pearl的form和很多因素有关，说明natural pearl很难得到，而cultural pearl就容易很多。

第六段写几种pearl没有经过训练，肉眼是分不出来的。

只有在X光下才能看出来。

然后说pearl的价值与size和光泽度有关。

第七段说日本的珍珠是世界上最贵的珍珠之2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题答案下载地址：/20150504/yszh-fsy-050404.html?seo=wenku5.012。

雅思考试口语考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐晓青考试日期 2015年4月30日Part 1考题总结考题总结1. Work or study（基本题）Your workWhat work do you do?Why did you choose to do that type of work (or, that job)?Do you like your job?Is it very interesting?(Possibly) Do you miss being a student?Your StudiesWhat subject(s) are you studying?Why did you choose to study that subject?/ Why did you choose to study those subjects?Do you like your subject? (Why?/Why not?)Is it very interesting?(Possibly) Are you looking forward to working?Do you prefer to study in the morning or in the afternoons?2. Home/Accommodation（基本题）What kind of housing/accommodation do you live in?Do you live in a house of a flat?Who do you live with?How long have you lived there?Do you plan to live there for a long time?(If you answer you haven’t lived there long) What’s the difference between where you are living now and where you have lived in the past?Can you describe the place where you live?Which room does your family spend most of the time in?What do you usually do in your house/flat/room?Are the transport facilities to your home very good?Do you prefer living in a house or a flat?Please describe the room you live in.What parts of your home do you like the most?3. Hometown（基本题）What’s (the name of) your hometown (again)?Is that a big city or a small place?Please describe your hometown a little.How long have you been living there?Do you like your hometown?(Possibly) Do you like living there?What do you like (most) about your hometown?Is there anything you dislike about it?Do you think you will continue living there for a long time?4. Sky（全新题）Do you like looking at the sky? Why?What’s the best spot to watch the sky?In which room of your home can you best see the sky? Do you prefer sky during the day or night?Did you learn anything about stars and planets in school?5. Reading（全新题）Do you usually read books?Where do you usually read?What kind of places is good for reading?Do you like to read alone or with friends?Where can you not read books?6. Mai（旧题重现）Do you use letters or emails?Do you often receive them?What kind of letters is the most difficult to write?Who do you usually write to?Do you prefer phone calls or mails?7. Time managementHow do you organize your time?Why do you organize your time?Would you say you are good at managing in your time? Where did you learn how to organize your time?If you had more time, what would you do?8. WeekendsAre weekends important to you?How do you (usually) spend the weekends?Which do you prefer, Saturday or Sunday? (Why?)What do you usually do on the day?Are your weekends today more interesting than your weekends when you were a child?9. CollectingDid you collect anything when you were a child?Do you collect them now?Why do you like collecting things?Do people in your country like to collect things?Why do you think people like collecting things?10. VisitorsDo you often invite friends to visit your home?Do you have many festivals in your country?Do you invite guests to your home during these festivals?When people going to visit you, what preparations do you make?Do you like to visit other people (at their homes)?11. Trees and forestsDo you like forests?Are there a lot of trees in your hometown?Is it good to have a lot of trees?What kind of special trees in your country?Have you planted a tree before?12. TelevisionDo you like watching TV?What types of TV programs do you (most) like to do?Do you prefer reading a newspaper, (or reading a magazine) or watching TV?What types of program do children in China like to watch?13. ClothesDo you think it’s important what clothes a person wears?Is it important what clothes you wear at your job?Do you think the clothes a person wears leaves an impression on others?What kinds/styles of clothes do you like (or, prefer) to wear?14. HouseworkDo you like doing housework?How do you think housework could be made more interesting?Did your parents ask you do any housework when you were a child?Do you think children should do some housework?Which do you think is better for doing housework, a machine or aperson?In the future, do you think machines will replace humans for doing housework?15. NamesWhat’s your name?Who gave you your name?Does your name have any particular meaning?In your country, do people feel that their name is important?Is it easy to change your name in your country?What names are most common in your hometown?16. Leisure time/relaxWhat do you do in your spare time?What do you do to relax?How do you usually spend your evenings?Do you think modern lifestyles give people enough time for leisure?Do you think people today have more time to relax than in the past？Do you think it’s important for people to have leisure time?Do old people and young people spend their leisure time in the same way?What do you think are the good points and possible bad points about having leisure time?Do you often hang out with friends?Do you invite your friends to your home?How often do you meet friends? What do you usually do?What do you usually do in the evening?What do you like and hate to do during vacation?What was the last vacation you took?Do you often (like to) listen to music?17. MusicDo you like music?When do you listen to music?What kind of music do you like to listen to? WhyWhat musical instrument do you most enjoy listening to? Why?What are the benefits for a child from learning to play a musical instrument?18. WritingDo you often writing things?Do you write every day?What do you usually?Do you like writing to people?How often do you send e-mails?What are your main reasons for using e-mails?Do you usually write by hand or write by using a computer? Nowadays, how do most people write things?Do you think computers might one day replace handwriting?When do children begin to write in your country?How did you learn to write?Do you think handwriting is important nowadays?How can children today improve their handwriting?What impression does a person’s handwriting have on other people?19. WeatherWhat’s the weather like today?What kind of weather do you like (best)? (Why?)What’s your favorite weather? (Why?)What do you usually do during your favorite weather (or season)? What’s the weather (usually) like in your hometown?Do you like that weather (or, that kind of climate)? (Why? / Why not?) How often is the weather good in your hometown?What did you do the last time the weather was good?Are there bad points about the weather in your city?What is the typical weather in China like?Have there been any changes in the weather over the past few years? Does the weather ever affect what you do?How does the weather affect people (or, you)? (if yes, how)How do you feel when the weather is cloudy?Do you always (often/usually) pay attention to the weather forecast?Can you give any examples of unusual weather?20. Natural placesDo you like visiting natural places?What are some well-known natural attractions in your country?Have you ever gone camping?Do you like a natural environment?How do city kids in your country have contact with nature?Do you have any memories of nature from your childhood?What are the benefits of learning about natural?What can people get from going to natural places?21. MuseumsAre there many (or, any) museums in your hometown?Do you think museums are useful for visitors to your hometown/country?Do you often visit a museum?Did you go to any museums when you were a child?When was the last time you visited a museum?Do you think museums are important?Do you think it’s suitable for museums to sell things to visitors?22. Public holidaysWhat public holidays do you have in your country?Do people in your country celebrate Christmas?Do you like public holidays?Which public holidays do you like the most?What did you do during the last public holiday?What do other people in your country usually do in public holiday? What would you like to do during the next public holiday?Do you think public holidays are important?Do you think there should be more public holidays in your country?23. ShoesDo you like shopping for shoes?How often do you buy shoes?How long is it since you bought some shoes?What kinds of shoes do you usually buy?Do you prefer comfortable shoes or good-looking shoes?24. ShoppingDo you like shopping? (Why /why not?)How do you think is the best time to go shopping?What day of the week do you usually go shopping?When was the last time you went shopping?What are some differences between men and women concerning shopping?What do you think the differences between online shopping and shop in the real shops?25. TeachersDo you have a favorite teacher?Why do you like the teacher?How does (did) this teacher help you?Do you think you could be a teacher?Would you like to be a teacher?26. AdvertisingAre there many advertisements in your country?Why do you think that there are so many advertisements now?What are the places where we see advertisements?How do you feel about advertisements?What kinds of advertisements do you like most?Do advertisements influence your choice about what to buy?Do you like advertisement on TV?Do you prefer advertisements on TV or those in magazines?Do you think advertising plays an important role in today’s world?What sorts of advertisement leave the deepest impression on people? What do you think about the developments in advertising in China today?Why do you think company advertise themselves?27. ColorsWhat’s your favorite color?Are there any colors you dislike?Are colors important to you?Were colors important to you when you were a child?When you are buying something is the color important?Do you usually wear clothes in your favorite color?Is color important to you when you are buying clothes?Do you prefer light or dark colors?Are there any colors that have special meanings in your country?What color would you choose to paint the wall in your room?Is there any color you not want your wall to be?Do you think different types of people want different colors?28. FoodWhat is your favorite food?When do you usually eat that food?What was your favorite food when you were a child?Did that change when you became an adult?Is food important to you?What food do you usually eat?What kind of food do you particularly like?How often do you eat that?When was the last time you ate that?If you had children, what food would you recommend them eat?Do you usually eat the same food every day?Is there any food you don’t like?29. Friends and familyDo you have any close friends?What qualities make them good friends?Do you live with your family?Do your family and friends still live in your hometown?Do you think family members should live together?When do you spend time with your family?What do you do together?Do you often go out with your friends?Is your family very important to you?Do you prefer to spend time with family or friends?What do you do in your free time with your friends?Are there any time when you prefer to be alone?30. CampingHave you ever been camping before?If you would pick a camping place, where it could be?Is camping popular in China?Would you like to try camping in the future?What kinds of problems would you have while camping?What kinds of preparations do people need to do for camping? Should parents bring their children for camping?31. HobbiesHave you got a hobby? If so, what is it?Is it an expensive hobby in your country?What do teenagers like to do in your country?What kinds of hobbies are expensive in your country?How much time do you spend on your hobby?Is your hobby a common hobby in your country?Are there any new hobbies you would like to take up?32. PlanPlease summarize your plan in thee near future?When do you plan to start that?How do you intend to achieve that?When you go abroad, do you plan to live in the countryside or big city? Do you plan to spend many years overseas?After you go abroad, do you plan to join any clubs?33. SleepingHow much hours do you sleep every day?Is it necessary to take a nap every day?Do old people sleep a lot?How to have a good sleep?Do you like to get up early in the morning?Can you sleep well if you are in the noisy environment?Part 2考题总结（4月30日考题归纳）考题总结人物类Describe a friend you know who is a good leaderDescribe a person you don’t like but have to be friendly toDescribe a family member you want to work withDescribe a person you know who is good at cookingDescribe a sportsperson who plays well in a matchDescribe a famous foreign person (still living) you want to meet in the futureDescribe an old person who you respectDescribe someone you know who is beautiful or handsome Describe a popular band or singer in your countryDescribe someone you would like to be similar to in teenage years物品类Describe a toy you had in your childhoodDescribe a vehicle you want to buyDescribe something you want to buy in the futureDescribe a handmade gift you gave to your friends or relatives地点类Describe a place you remember going to that is full of color Describe a short trip you have been to and want to do it again Describe a historical city you have been toDescribe an unusual building you knowDescribe a place near water事件类Describe a surprise you’ve hadDescribe a time you lost your wayDescribe a subject you didn’t like before but have interest now Describe a piece of news you’ve heard ofDescribe a situation that others didn’t tell you the whole truth Describe a happy family event in your childhoodDescribe a piece of advice you received from othersDescribe an interesting conversation you had with other people Describe an occasion that you received a good service from a company or shopDescribe something you want to learn but cannot learn it now Describe something you did with a group of peopleDescribe a meal you invited others to your home or restaurant Describe a situation when you helped someoneDescribe something you did which is waste of timeDescribe an occasion that you borrowed something from others Describe a time when you had to wait in a traffic jamDescribe an occasion when you waited for someoneDescribe something you did to keep healthy媒体类Describe an interesting website you have usedDescribe an interesting thing you heard from the internet Describe a film you want to watch againDescribe a song you remembered in your childhoodDescribe an useful app in your phones, computers or tablets Describe a book you have read recentlyDescribe a TV or radio program that you sometimes talk about with others其他类Describe an ambition you have not achieved yetDescribe an exciting sport you knowDescribe an important job in your countryDescribe a project that once you were involved inDescribe a prize you would like to winDescribe a good habit that your friends have本次考试考题精选范例解析1. What type of people becomes famous in your country? Analysis: 本道考题为口语Part 3关于“名人”的常考题之一，本题的难点在于较为抽象，考生一下子反应不过来，无法一下子有逻辑的归纳出几类人群，往往是想到哪里说到哪里。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年5月30日Reading Passage 1Title 偏远地区交通 Practical action（科技类）（V120421 P1）Question types 判断题4题句子填空4题图表填空5题文章内容回顾1-4判断题1. 政府非常了解偏远地区的问题NO2. 贫困地区机动车数量上升NOT GIVEN5-8句子填空题5. The organization is a charity6-7. It is easier for people to access to markets and complete daily task.9-13图表填空题9. rubber tyre10. joining mechanism to the bicycle11. Bed section with cushion12. Seat section for a family member13. A special cover for poor weather condition相关原文阅读Practical actionFor more than 40 years, Practical Action have worked with poor communities to identify the types of transport that work best, taking into consideration culture, needs and skills. With our technical and practical support, isolated rural communities can design, build and maintain their own solutions.A. Whilst the focus of National Development Plans in the transport sector lies heavily in the areas of extending road networks and bridges, there are still major gaps identified in addressing the needs of poorer communities.There is a need to develop and promote the sustainable use of alternative transport systems and intermediate means of transportation (IMTs) that complement the linkages of poor people with road networks and other socio-economic infrastructures toimprove their livelihoods.B. On the other hand, the development of all weathered roads (only30 percent of rural population have access to this so far) and motorable bridges are very costly for a country with a small and stagnant economy. In addition these interventions are not always favourable in all geographical contexts environmentally, socially and economically. More than 60 percent of the network is concentrated in the lowland areas of the country. Although there are a number of alternative ways by which transportation and mobility needs of rural communities in the hills can be addressed, a lack of clear government focus and policies, lack of fiscal and economic incentives, lack of adequate technical knowledge and manufacturing capacities have led to under-development of this alternative transport sub-sector including the provision of IMTs.C. One of the major causes of poverty is isolation. Improving the access and mobility of the isolated poor paves the way for access to markets, services and opportunities. By improving transport poorer people are able to access markets where they can buy or sell goods for income, and make better use of essential services such as health and education. No proper roads or vehicles mean women and children are forced to spend many hours each day attending to their most basic needs, such as collecting water and firewood. This valuable time could be used to tend crops, care for the family, study or develop small business ideas to generate much needed income.Road buildingD. Without roads, rural communities are extremely restricted. Collecting water and firewood, and going to local markets is a huge task, therefore it is understandable that the construction of roads is a major priority for many rural communities. Practical Action are helping to improve rural access/transport infrastructures through the construction and rehabilitation of short rural roads, small bridges, culverts and other transport related functions. The aim is to use methods that encourage community driven development. This means villagers can improve their own lives through better access to markets, health care, education and other economic and social opportunities, as well as bringing improved services and supplies to the now-accessible villages.Driving forward new ideasE. Practical Action and the communities we work with are constantly crafting and honing new ideas to help poor people. Cycle trailers have a practical business use too, helping people carry their goods, such as vegetables and charcoal, to markets for sale. Not only that, but those on the poverty-line can earn a decent income by making, maintaining and operating bicycle taxis. With Practical Action’s know-how, Sri Lankan communities have been able to start a bus service and maintain the roads along which it travels.The impact has been remarkable. This service has put an end to rural people’s social isolation. Quick and affordable, it gives them a reliable way to travel to the nearest town; and now their children can get an education, making it far more likely they’ll find a path out of poverty. Practical Action is also an active member of many national and regional networks through which exchange of knowledge and advocating based on action research are carried out and one conspicuous example is the Lanka Organic Agriculture Movement sky-scraping transport system.F. For people who live in remote, mountainous areas, getting food to market in order to earn enough money to survive is a serious issue. The hills are so steep that travelling down them is dangerous. A porter can help but they are expensive, and it would still take hours or even a day. The journey can take so long that their goods start to perish and become worth less and less. Practical Action has developed an ingenious solution called an aerial ropeway. It can either operate by gravitation force or with the use of external power. The ropeway consists of two trolleys rolling over support tracks connected to a control cable in the middle which moves in a traditional flywheel system. The trolley at the top is loaded with goods and can take up to 120kg. This is pulled down to the station at the bottom, either by the force of gravity or by external power. The other trolley at the bottom is therefore pulled upwards automatically. The external power can be produced by a micro hydro system if access to an electricity grid is not an option. Bringing people on board.G. Practical Action developed a two-wheeled iron trailer that can be attached (via a hitch behind the seat) to a bicycle and be used to carry heavy loads (up to around 200kgs) of food, water or evenpassengers. People can now carry three times as much as beforeand still pedal the bicycle. The cycle trailers are used fortransporting goods by local producers, as ambulances, as mobileshops, and even as mobile libraries. They are made in small villageworkshops from iron tubing, which is cut, bent, welded and drilledto make the frame and wheels. Modifications are also carried out tothe trailers in these workshops at the request of the buyers. Thetwo-wheeled ‘ambulance’ is made from moulded metal, withstandard rubber-tyred wheels. The "bed" section can be paddedwith cushions to make the patient comfortable, while the “seat”section allows a family member to attend to patient during transit.A dedicated bicycle is needed to pull the ambulance trailer, so thatother community members do not need to go without the bicyclesthey depend on in their daily lives. A joining mechanism allows foreasy removal and attachment. In response to user comments, acover has been designed that can be added to give protection tothe patient and attendant in poor weather. Made of treated cotton,the cover is durable and waterproof.题型难度分析难度较低，判断题属于顺序类题型，填空题比较集中。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 林炎珠考试日期： 2015年7月4日Reading Passage 1Title:The Origin of Camera Question types: Diagram 4题； Table Completion 4题；TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题；文章内容回顾1895年卢米埃兄弟向大众展现火车进站的画面时，观众被活生生的影像吓得惊惶四散。

从此，活动摄影不只在人类纪实工具的发展史上具有划时代的意义，而且火车进站的镜头也象征着电影技术发展的源起。

1888年，爱迪生开始研究活动照片，当伊斯曼发明了连续底片后，爱迪生立刻将连续底片买回来，请威廉甘乃迪和罗利狄克生着手进行研究。

1891年，爱迪生申请影像映出管和摄影装置的发明专利权，这是“西洋镜”电影的鼻祖。

爱迪生发明“西洋镜”电影的想法是：由于西洋镜一次只能由一个人去“窥看”，再借助人们的好奇心，如此便可以增加利益，于是这种电影一时间非常流行。

不久，爱迪生又发明了世界最早的摄影棚，特别有助于电影的发展。

19世纪末，电影的诞生从根本上说是科学技术与艺术相结合的综合产物，使电影这门伟大的艺术叩响了20世纪的大门。

1-4设备说明示意图5-8表格题5. photography6. mirror7. disco8. on a screen9-13判断题9. TRUE10. FALSE11. FALSE12. TRUE13. NOT GIVEN相关英文原文阅读The Camera ObscuraAn artist using an 18th-century camera obscura to trace an image.Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device possibly dating back to the ancient Chinese and ancient Greeks, which uses a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside upside-down onto a viewing surface.An Arab physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, published his Book of Optics in 1021 AD. He created the first pinhole camera after observing how light traveled through a window shutter. Ibn al-Haytham realized that smaller holes would create sharper images. Ibn al-Haytham is also credited with inventing the first camera obscura.On 24 January 1544 mathematician and instrument maker Reiners Gemma Frisius of Leuven University used one to watch a solar eclipse, publishing a diagram of his method in De Radio Astronimica et Geometrico in the following year. In 1558 Giovanni Batista della Porta was the first to recommend the method as an aid to drawing.[6] Before the invention of photographic processes there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The earliest cameras were room-sized, with space for one or more people inside; these gradually evolved into more and more compact models such as that by Nipce's time portable handheld cameras suitable for photography were readily available. The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was envisioned by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before such an application was possible.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括两种图表填空题和判断题。

雅思考试听力考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心欧阳琼考试日期 2015年5月30日总体评析 二旧：Section 3 & Section 4 二新：Section 1 &Section 2重点关注 Section 1考查的单词较为基础，注意词汇的拼写 Section 2考查了地图题，注意做题技巧Section 3为学术场景，注意同义替换Section 4注意听前信号词的定位Section 1 版本号场景题型New 咨询Completion一句话简介咨询gym的各种事项详细回忆1-10填空题：1. family membership £2952. free parking3. pool: glass roof4. increase price: in October5. activity: judo6. yoga7. improve diet: intermediate suitable8. TV9. orientation10. 8.30重点词汇及扩展考查了很多常见的数字时间考点。

挖空的词中出现了平时考生容易忽略的词语（如judo）。

Section 2 版本号场景题型New Introduction Multiple choices / Map一句话简介关于舞蹈课程的活动介绍详细回忆11-14多选题：11-12. Which two things will you receive when you check in?选：class list & shoe bag13-14. What activities will be hosted in the afternoon and evening? 选：informal dance & talk on dance history15-20地图题：15. toilet/bathroom 选：C16. bunk room 选：E17. game room 选：I18. reception 选：F19. medical centre 选：D20.store 选：BSection 3版本号场景题型V121117 S3 Discussion Multiple choice / Matching一句话简介男女学生讨论课业完成的进度详细回忆21-25单选题：21. What has Irey recently done? 选：CA. almost finished planning the experimentB. tried to catch up his lessonsC. spent a long time in lab22. What's Bill's attitude to Kim? 选：AA. grateful to his contributionB. he is too stylishC. resents him for lack of lab work23. Kim only takes care of her fiancée, which leads to 选：BB. not enough keeping in touch24. Their attitude to other members: 选：BA. Jen thinks the man who is good at math is contributoryB. the project might fail without IreyC. project nearly finished because sb. completed the data analysis25. Why was Jen invited to the project? 选：BA. she was popular to everyoneB. she always finishes reading her assignmentC. close to the professor26-30配对题，team member分工：A. abstractB. acknowledgementC. methodologyD. bibliographyE. literature reviewF. resultsG. discussion26. Irey 选：C27. Kim 选：F28. Jen 选：E29. Bill 选：D30. Linda 选：G重点词汇及扩展题型为选择题与配对题，全面考核信号词定位和同义替换。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年4月18日Reading Passage 1Title The history of Russian Ballet V121124俄罗斯芭蕾舞发展史（历史类）Question types 判断题6题表格填空7题文章内容回顾芭蕾舞于15、16世纪发源于意大利，17世纪后期芭蕾传入俄国，1673年外国演员带来了最早的节目。

进入18世纪，皇室对芭蕾舞更感兴趣。

1738年在彼得堡建立了第一所舞蹈学校，重点就是教学芭蕾舞。

1773年和1776年在莫斯科相继成立芭蕾舞班和芭蕾舞团。

不久，不仅训练成功许多出色的芭蕾舞舞蹈家，还培养了杰出的编导。

后来，当欧洲其他国家的芭蕾舞在经历了令人振奋的高潮后很快就衰落下去时，俄国芭蕾舞却继续欣欣向荣。

19世纪中叶40年代，外国舞蹈家们频繁访俄，塔利奥妮父女、佩罗、圣一列翁等人的表演和编导活动，特别是布农维尔的学生约翰逊（在圣彼得堡）和布拉西斯（在莫斯科）的教学活动，他们向俄国舞蹈界传授了法兰西、意大利两大舞派的精华，为俄国芭蕾艺术的发展起到了极大的促进作用。

在俄罗斯舞派的形成和发展中，法国芭蕾编导珀蒂帕、意大利的切凯蒂为俄国芭蕾艺术的发展，特别是在培养芭蕾人才方面也作出了巨大的贡献。

19世纪下半叶开始，欧洲芭蕾的中心逐渐移到俄国了，这一时期，在俄罗斯的舞台上创作和演出了《堂吉诃德》、《舞姬》、《天鹅湖》、《睡美人》、《胡桃夹子》等一大批优秀剧目，浪漫主义芭蕾达到了新高峰。

从此俄国在世界芭蕾史上开始占有重要位置。

切凯蒂的学生，包括著名的舞蹈家巴甫洛娃、瓦加诺娃和福金。

瓦加诺娃是苏联古典芭蕾教育体系的奠基人，她所著的《古典舞蹈基础》系统地阐明了其教学思想和方法，她培养了包括乌兰诺娃在内的整整一代苏联优秀芭蕾演员。

而福金被誉为芭蕾艺术的革新家。

福金主张继承古典芭蕾传统，同时又要有所创新。

他主张，每部作品中创造出符合于情节、能够体现时代精神和民族性格，最有表现力的新形式。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年7月25日Reading Passage 1Title: History of Refrigeration（制冷剂历史）Question types: 配对题句子匹配题文章内容回顾一开始讲述美国没有制冷技术，只能把食物腌制。

后来城市化后，需要大量新鲜食物，于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷藏并运送食物。

有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。

后来天然冰块越来越少，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。

再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。

之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，于是有人开始开发冷藏剂。

最后总结说新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害，但大大促进了冷藏技术在全球的推广。

题型难度分析1-4 配对题1. 19492. 17993. 19304. 1830第一篇比较简单，总共只有两种题型，第一种题型比较容易定位，可以在短时间内做完。

第二种题型是句子补充完整匹配题，难度比第一种题型大，难定位。

题型技巧分析特殊词匹配题型特点是特殊词不可替换，此题可以用时间直接定位，定位到文章之后，读定位点前后两句话，再回选项找正确答案。

句子补充完整匹配题需注意两点：第一，问题给的半句话是和文章定位点同义替换的。

第二，此题是句子补充完整，所以句子匹配后需符合整句话的逻辑意思。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（体裁相似）剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title: an Alternative Approach of Farming in Honduras 洪都拉斯新农耕方法Question types: 段落信息匹配题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾关于洪都拉斯农业耕种。

过去人们采用刀耕火种的方式：把一片树林砍伐成平地，半年以后再在上面种植植物，这就造成了土地肥力下降，所以人们就不得不再砍伐新的树林来开辟耕地。

2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题解析2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题解析下载地址：/20150504/yszh-fsy-050404.html?seo=wenku5.0112015年4月30日雅思考试已经落下了帷幕，小马老师在第一时间内给大家总结整理出了2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题解析，对于4月30日雅思阅读话题进行分析，考生可以进入链接免费索取下载使用。

2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题解析部分内容：Passage 2新旧情况：题材：环境类题目：海湾污染题型：Matching 段落配对（4道）Matching跟人名配对（4道）T/F/NG判断题（5道）文章大意：本篇文庄讲述佛罗里达海湾的污染。

大致内容讲美国FLORIDA海岸的环境问题，有增加FRESH WATER和什么NITROGEN释放对环境的影响。

部分答案：段落配对题：有一个expensive proposal of protection of bays（大致是这个意思），好像是B段。

还有一个Finance proposal of Ni。

记不太清了解题思路：段落配对题是考察细节的题，可能题干只对应段落中的一句话，所以找好定位词非常重要。

其次也要注意题干中的一些细节词，以‘the true cost of food’中的段落信息配对题为例，14题的a cost就表明对应段落一定会出现一个具体数字，15题的stages 表明对应段落一定会出现first, second, then, finally的表明发展阶段的词。

推荐练习：The true cost of food.2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题解析下载地址：/20150504/yszh-fsy-050404.html?seo=wenku5.011。

2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题回忆2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题回忆下载地址：/20150504/yszh-fsy-050404.html?seo=wenku5.0102015年4月30日雅思考试已经结束了，考生可以进入链接并免费下载2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题回忆参考使用。

2015年4月30日雅思阅读真题回忆部分内容：PASSAGE1：水资源项目，PASSAGE1鸟类孵蛋，PASSAGE1劝说的秘密Passage Two题目：Climate and Country Wealth/Wealth in a cold Climate(商业经济+气象学，旧V081108/V100508)题型：List of Headings、Sentence Completion分析：第二篇文章讲社会发展和城市发展的关系。

有个research 指出 cold weather 跟发达国家的关系成正比,还举了很多例子。

但也有人反对,比如说Singapore。

讲到天气变化对各地的影响，开头说一个frost席卷了美国，造成全国上下冰冻一片。

又对比欧洲、非洲、美国、新加坡、墨西哥，提到一个Master因为在看一本“蚊子的书”的时候想到费城黄热病可能和气温有关。

因为很冷，蚊子都冻死了，就没有传染介质了。

然后就开始有很多人，写了很多书，做了很多实验，对比了粮食的spread从欧洲到欧洲很快，但是到非洲很慢，最后还提到这个master觉的气温虽然是原因，但影响社会发展的还有其他原因，比如国家基础建设。

但是他觉得气候会影响财富，财富影响建设，所以归根结蒂大家互相影响。

还有非洲的aids的问题，说不应该只是经济援助他们的政治系统，还应该教他们种东西之类。

部分答案：(7个段落名称为A-G)A: InspirationB: Low temperature benefits people and cropC: The positive correlation between climate and countryD: The spread of crop in European and other countriesE: The wealth influenced by other factors besides climateF: The traditional view reflectingG: The best way to use aid(Sentence Completion不是全篇的，可从最后涉及eye detector那部分找答案) Singapore，这是一个climate和economy没关系的反例。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李亚珊考试日期 2015年5月9日Reading Passage 1Title Solutions to Indoor Air Pollution (2013.06.08 P1)Question types Short Answer Questions 5题Summary Completion 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题文章内容回顾介绍了关于室内空气污染治理项目的情况和成果。

如何帮助贫困地区的人们改善环境污染，先是回答三个第一段的问题，然后是改善措施的方法，最后是判断正误。

1-5 Short Answer Questions1. weight2. fuel3. distribution4. stoves5. consultations6-9 Summary Completion6. pilot7. review8. 10 million9. international答案分析：室内污染会造成新生儿的low birth weight；很多贫穷地区因为使用biomass fuel而对身体产生危害；有一种技术没有持续使用下去，是因为high distribution cost；有一种新的设备special stoves。

为控制室内空气污染项目的开展流程，开始会做一些consultations和proposals；在中国和印度地区开展pilot projects；先对已经存在的项目做review，这个项目设计让10 million人受益；这个项目是international范围展开的。

题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括简答，归纳填空题以及判断题。

本篇文章简答和判断的难度适中，归纳填空题个别题目定位略难。

题型技巧分析对于Summary一般把握三个关键信息：逻辑关系词，语法属性，定位。

首先，观察空格前后语义间是否有逻辑关系的连接词；其次，预测空格处所填的语法属性；最后，根据顺序原则在空格前后找定位关键词回原文定位。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期 2015年5月21日Reading Passage 1Title 代替gasoline的新能源-Ethanol（乙醇）Question types 判断题TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 5题流程图填空Flow Chart 5题简答题文章内容回顾乙醇作为新燃料在英国得到了广泛的关注，将有可能代替汽油；乙醇与汽油优缺点的对比；乙醇的提炼过程。

题型难度分析1-5判断题1. 英国农民不太可能会为了制造乙醇燃料大种甘蔗。

TRUE2. 在UK的农民将扩大生产更多乙醇植物。

FALSE3. A gallon ethanol have more engineer than a gallon gasoline. NOT GIVEN4. in future US将会有充足的crop来制造氢气。

FALSE5. 乙醇producers会尽量减少生产过程中使用的能量。

NOT GIVEN6-10 Flow ChatProcess of producing ethanol6. distiller7. lignin8. Remains9. Bioreactor10. Fiber本篇文章难度较低，总共只有两个题型，都是细节题，并且都遵循顺序原则，考生只要定位准确，可以在短时间内提高这两种题型的速度和精确度。

题型技巧分析是非无判断题题型需注意以下几点：第一，是非无判断题虽然遵循有序原则，但是因为存在NOT GIVEN这一可能性，所以建议考生在做题时，一次可以定位两题，以免找不到焦虑不安。

第二，在划问题定位词时，建议考生多划几个名词信息点，提高定位准确性。

第三，因为是第一个题型，考生可以从第一段开始找，不要从中间浏览，以免漏掉。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（文章体裁，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title Coastal Archaeology of BritainQuestion types 单选题3题判断题7题多选题3题文章内容回顾20世纪80年代后，英国沿海考古学引起了广泛关注，但人类活动和海岸线侵蚀会影响沿海考古学，如海平面上升及海岸线后退致使很多考古证据暴露在海岸，这些证据要么被侵蚀要么被埋在地表下；这些被埋在地表下的证据显示了人类利用沿海环境，但是这些证据与过去人类如何利用资源，以及大海和海岸给人类提供种种机会知之甚少。

2015年1月31日雅思阅读真题与解析Passage 1 (旧题)题材：历史文化类题目：Tattoo on Tikopia题型：判断4+图表填空5+表格填空4文章大意：本文研究的是毛利人的传统纹身，先介绍背景(定义、历史)，科学家喜欢研究这种纹身，然后介绍纹身的制作工艺，最后说了纹身的含义。

A There are still debates about the originsof Polynesian culture, but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not asingle tribe but a complex one. Polynesians which includes Marquesans，Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, andMaori, arc genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia.It s a sub-region of Occania, comprising of a large grouping of over 1 ,000islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within atriangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners.B Polynesian history has fascinated thewestern world since Pacific cultures were first contacted by European explorersin the late 18th century. The small island of Tikopia, for many people - evenfor many Solomon Islanders-- is so far away that it seems like a mythical land;a place like Namia that magi cal land in C. S. Lewis, classic, ‘The Chronicles of Namia.” Maybe because of it — Tikopia, its people, and their cultures have long fascinatedscholars, travelers, and casual observers. Like the pioneers Peter Dillion,Dumoni D' Urville and John Colleridge Patterson who visited and wrote about theisland in the 1800s, Raymond Firth is one of those people captured by thealluring attraction of Tikopia. As a result, he had made a number of trips tothe island since 1920s and recorded his experiences, observations and reflectionson Tikopia, its people, cultures and the changes that have occurred.C While engaged in study of the kinship andreligious life of the people of Tikopia, Firth made a few observations on theirtattooing. Brief though these notes are they may be worth putting on record asan indication of the sociological setting of the practice in this primitivePolynesian community. The origin of the English word ‘tattoo' actually comesfrom the Tikopia word 'tatau1. The word for tattoo marks in general is tau,and the operation of tattooing is known as ta tau, ta being thegeneric term for the act of striking.D The technique oftattooing was similar throughout Polynesia. Traditional tattoo artists createtheir indelible tattoos using pigment made from the candlenut or kukui nut.First, they bum the nut inside a bowl made of half a coconut shell. They thenscrape out the soot and use a pestle to mix it with liquid. Bluing is sometimesadded to counteract the reddish hue of the carbon-basedpigment. It also makesthe outline of the inscribed designs bolder on the dark skin of tattooingsubjects.E For the instrumentsused when tattooing, specialists used a range of chisels made from albatrosswing bone which were hafted onto a handle which was made from the heart wood ofthe bush and struck with a mallet. The tattooer began by sketching withcharcoal a design on the supine subject, whose skin at that location wasstretched taut by one more apprentices. The tattooer then dipped the appropriatepoints - either a single one or a whole comb into the ink (usually contained ina coconut-shell cup) and tapped it into the subject's skin, holding the bladehandle in one hand and tapping it with the other. The blood that usuallytrickled from the punctures was wiped away either by the tattooer or hisapprentice, the latter having also served by restraining a pain-wracked subjectfrom moving, for the operation was inevitably painful a test of fortitude thattattooers sought to shorten by working as fast as possible. In fact, tattoosnearly always festered and often led to sickness - and in some cases death.F In ancient Polynesian society, nearlyeveryone was tattooed. It was an integral part of ancient culture and was muchmore than a body ornament. Tattooing indicated ones genealogyand/or rank insociety. It was a sign of wealth, of strength and of the ability to endurepain. Those who went without them were seen as persons of lower social status.As such, chiefs and warriors generally had the most elaborate tattoos.Tattooing was generally begun at adolescence，and would often not be completed for a number of years. Receivingtattoo constituted an important milestone between childhood and adulthood, andwas accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signaling status andrank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a personmore attractive to the opposite sex.G The male facial tattoo is generallydivided into eight sections of the face. The center of the forehead designateda person's general rank. The area around the brows designated his position. Thearea around the eyes and the nose designated his hapu, or sub-tribe rank. Thearea around the temples served to detail ms marital status, like the number ofmarriages. The area under the nose displayed his signature. This signature wasonce memorized by tribal chiefs who used it when buying property, signingdeeds, and officiating orders. The cheek area designated the nature of theperson's work. The chin area showed the person's mana. Lastly, the jaw areadesignated a person's birth status.H A person's ancestry is indicated on eachside of the face. The left side is generally the father's side，and the right side was the mother's. The manutahi design is workedon the men’s back. It consists of two vertical lines drawn down the spine, withshort vertical lines between them. When a man had the manutahi on his back, he took pride in himself. At gatherings of the peoplehe could stand forth in their midst and display histattoo designs with songs. And rows of triangles design on the men's chestindicate his bravery.I Tattoo was a way delivering informationof its owner. It’s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power,protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character,position and levels in a hierarchy. Polyne sian peoples believe that a person’smana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.部分答案：判断题1. Scientists like to do research in Tikopiabecause this tiny place is of great remoteness.2. Firth was the first scholar to study noTikopia.3. Firth studied the culture differences onTikopia as well as on some other islands of Pacific.4. The English word “tattoo” is evolved fromthe local language of the island.答案：1. Y 2. N 3 NG 4 Y答案：5 coconut shell6 soot 7 liquid 8 heart wood 9 wing bone表格填空题答案：10(the)forehead 11 chin (area)12 mother’s ancestry13vertical lines 14 triangles参考阅读：C9T4P3 The Developmentof MuseumPassage 2题材：科技类题目：Cultureand thought题型：段落信息配对题5 (NB)+人名观点配对题4+句子填空4文章大意：研究不同地区、不同文化的人对事物认知的差异性。

Time to cool it1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and justa little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two， and then four， subunits， in order to spread the thermal load， also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon， the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials， this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely， but the path of phonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice， this trick is hard to pull off， and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient than paraelectric ones (or， at least， than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless， Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz， says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor， and thence to a radiator， where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place. In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old， as it were， hand in hand with the new.Questions 1-5 Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect？A. Tweaking the processors？heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯 heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present，scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration， especially in computer microprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations：1. DSee Paragraph 3： ...Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5： The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company， Intel，in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8： ...Rama Venkatasubramanian， of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina， claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8： Ali Shakouri， of the University of California， Santa Cruz，says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9： To improve on this， IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2： ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has，nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges？8. FALSESee Paragraph 5： Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9： In the future， therefore， a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6： Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ？has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems？also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1： Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3： Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7： ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials，this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics， a significant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9： The last word in computer cooling， though， may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。

2015 年4 月30 日雅思真题回忆部分内容：
430A 类小作文命中饼图，A 类大作文how important it is for individuals and countries to think about the future，rather than focusing on the present?G 类大作文some people think that schools do not do enough to teach young ppl how to look
after their health
Part1
how do you spend your weekend?
从两个方面入手，比如先说自己有时喜欢在家一个人看看电影，为了释放压力;有时则
喜欢跟家人去国外旅游，因为想要更多地体验不同的文化。

单词
loosen up 放松
broaden horizon 开阔视野
foreign countries 外国
cultural difference 文化差异
Part2
comic actor
人物题里面准备一个名人，用在这道题上。

具体谈谈：1.为什么崇拜这个人，ta 做了
那些事或你看过ta 的那些表演。

2.描述一下第一次看ta 表演或知道这个人的经历，像讲个
小故事一样。

3.谈谈这个人对你的影响，既然是喜剧演员，可以说在沮丧或心情不好时看看
ta 的作品就会很有动力，心情有好转，以后也想成为一个能给别人带来正能量的人。

comedian 喜剧演员
cross talk 相声
exaggerated 夸大的。

雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心孔萌霞考试日期 2015年6月6日Reading Passage 1Title The media literacy of childrenQuestion types Summary Completion 7题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 6题文章内容回顾第一段介绍三种主要方式；第二段提到儿童使用Internet会碰到的问题，比如financial risk；第四段提到older media没有new media获得的研究多；第五段提到关于barriers的研究成果；第六段提到家长的行为带来的影响；第七段提到television和mobile phone可能带来的危害。

1-7摘要填空题1. access2. financial risk3. most research focus on new media8-13判断题8. barriers已经获得了considerable research. False9. parents会影响孩子的literacy. True10. mobile phones是潜在可能带来危害的工具. True相关英文原文阅读Access has two dimensions. It is, firstly, about physical access to equipment, in a setting where it is possible to use it in an unrestricted way. However, it is also a matter of the ability to manipulate technology (and related software tools) in order to locate the content or information that one requires. With older media, physical access is rarely considered to be a significant issue: terrestrial television and analogue radio are now more or less universally available, and the majority of children now have access to both in the private space of their own bedrooms. However, with new media, there are still significant inequalities in levels of access between different social class groups.A final dimension to consider here concerns children’s awareness of personal risk, particularly in relation to new media. Research indicates that risk-taking serves specific developmental purposes for adolescents as they define themselves as more mature than children: these include achieving social status, developing autonomyand facing anxieties (Lightfoot, 1997). Children and young people’s statements about knowing how to avoid risks and expressions of invulnerability can also be explained in psychological terms as ‘a product of having a sense of control or self-efficacy’ (Perloff, 1983 in Valentine and Holloway, 2003: 93). Awareness of internet risks and the presence of risktaking, therefore, can be seen as developmental factors contributing to media literacy there is emerging public concern regarding children’s safety in connection with new 3G (third generation) mobile phones offering photo messaging, video streaming, unlimited internet access and Bluetooth technology (BBC News, 2004; Carr, 2004; O’Connell, 2003). Advocates for regulation of these technologies argue that children are more likely to be susceptible to bullying and paedophiles (Batty, 2004).However, such claims have yet to be sustained by any empirical research; and, as with research on internet risk, we need to find out how these risks are understood and experienced by children, and how they learn to deal with them.Access and exposure to online pornography is another public concern. Statistics are available to indicate frequency of exposure to online pornography (Carr, 2004; Livingstone and Bober, 2004a), and one might argue that media literacy skills are crucial for children to be able to cope with such encounters. The UKCGO survey indicates that children and young people, when encountering online pornography, will leave a site, delete an e-mail or pursue the image (look at it, share with a friend, go back to it).Although this survey gives us a rough indication of children’s responses to such material (e.g. 54% of weekly users ‘say they didn’t think too much about it’), there has been little qualitative research to examine how such material is experienced or even understood (Sutter, 2000 in Livingstone 2003). A small scale study by Burn and Willett (in press) indicates that children share stories about pornography and paedophilia that are often based on half-truths, especially when such topics are considered taboo; while Bevort and Breda (2001) found that French children were more concerned about ‘race hate’ sites than about pornography or paedophiles, and that the more they used the internet, the more confident they became of their ability to cope with such material. Both studies suggest that the way forward for media literacy is through open discussion and engagement with risks, rather than censorship.Furthermore, it could be argued that this awareness of risks extendsonly to those most frequently promoted by moral campaigners. Although children and young people are part of the e-commerce industry through gaming, downloading music, shopping and online auctions, we found no research on awareness of financial risk; or indeed of technical risks such as viruses. As we shall see, children’s awareness of the risks of online marketing is limited (Seiter, 2004a).The most widely acknowledged barrier to the development of media literacy is the so called ‘digital divide’. This is often seen primarily as a matter of access. Factors such as social class and gender are key determinants of people’s access to new media technologies, and of the quality of that access (for example, as defined in terms of the specification of the equipment, and the ease with which people are able to use it in different locations). Factors such as disability and personal dispositions towards technology also play a role here. However, it is important to recognise that the digital divide is more than simply a question of access to technology: it is also a matter of the skills and competencies (the media literacy) that are required to use that technology effectively, and to secure the maximum benefit from it. People who have less access to technology have fewer opportunities to develop these skills and competencies; and hence are less likely to seek out opportunities to use it in the first place. The opposite will be true for those who enjoy high levels of access; and so there is a danger that – despite the falling price of the technology – there will be a polarisation in this respect between the media ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’.Messaris (1986) found that parents (or at least mothers) played an important positive role in young children’s learning from television, in three main respects. Firstly, at a very young age, they helped children to make distinctions between different types of programmes, and between television and reality. Secondly, they helped children to evaluate the accuracy of television representations, and hence to adjust unrealistic expectations about the real world that might have arisen from television viewing.Thirdly, parents could provide ‘background’ information when children were confronted with unfamiliar material, particularly relating to aspects of adult life that children could not have experienced themselves.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括摘要填空以及阅读必考题是非无判断题，这两个题型都是近期考试出现频率较高的题目。

出国留学考雅思、新托福、备考大学四六级，就来徐州朗阁 雅思阅读List of Heading做题方法小议朗阁海外考试研究中心朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家在长期的雅思阅读教学中发现，List of Heading（选标题）这类题型被绝大多数同学视作为“洪水猛兽”，往往在做题过程中觉得“心力交瘁”。

但是，事实真的如此吗？有没有快速有效的做题方法呢？今天朗阁专家就带领各位在雅思阅读这个烤炉里经历煎熬的烤鸭们来小议一下怎么才能把List of Heading这种题型做得又快又准确，达到事半功倍的效果。

Tip 1 了解常见学术性文章结构List of Heading（选标题），顾名思义就是去给每个段落选择合适的能够准确概括段落大意的标题。

根据这样的题型特点，为了在做题的时候能够有的放矢，我们不妨来了解一下雅思阅读文章的常见结构。

一般而言，学术性文章的展开有两大类，一类是演绎法(deductive)也就是我们常说的分总结构，另一类是归纳法(inductive) 即总分结构，并且相对而言后者还要更普遍一些。

基于这样的文章结构，去阅读文章的首句、末句就显得直接有效了。

同时，也提醒大家，一篇文章中的某些段落可能存在导入句或者过度句，这时候该段次句往往揭示了这个段落的主要内容。

那么，我们的阅读策略就变成了阅读文章的首句、次句和末句。

接下来，笔者将利用一些真题的例子来帮助大家运用这样的做题方法。

以剑8 Test 2中的Reading Passage 3 Q 27-Q 32为例：首先我们先审题干，也就是Heading的部分，找到关键词后再移步到文章的部分。

下面以第一段为例，带大家一起来实战一下。

（首句、次句和末句已经做了下划线处理）A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal’s Concordia Unive rsity asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or出国留学考雅思、新托福、备考大学四六级，就来徐州朗阁 one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experience and emotions associated with them.划线部分为该段的首句、次句和末句，第一句的主干只有A survey asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives（气味对于受调查者生活的重要性，到底是否重要、为什么重要、怎么重要之类的信息呼之欲出）。

Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolve d”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。