被动语态讲解与练习题

精心整理被动语态一、考点、热点回顾【词汇辨析】1.across,through穿过across指从一定范围的一边到另一边。

动作是在物体的表面进行。

常用于横穿街道、河流，穿过桥梁等。

eg:Theywalkacrossthebridge.他们步行走过了这座桥。

through侧重从物体的内部空间穿过，动作是在物体内部进行。

常用于门、窗户、森林等。

eg:Hewalksthroughthepark.他步行穿过公园。

2.ill，sick“生病的”。

ill只在系动词后作表语eg:Hermotherwasillinbed.?sick既可作表语eg:Hermotherwassickinbed.???也可作定语eg:Janeistakingcareofhersickmother.若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”eg:anillperson一个坏人sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“eg:Theboyalwaysfeelssickwhenhetravelsbycar.【固定搭配】动词+名词/代词/副词+介词makeroomfor给.....腾出地方eg:Wecanmakeroomforheratthistable.playajokeon戏弄人；对人恶作剧eg:Wecan’tplayajokeonlaw.speakhighlyof称赞eg:Thecustomsspeakhighlyoftheirqualityofservice. saygoodbyeto告别；告辞eg:Idon'twanttosaygoodbyetothem.takeanactivepartin积极参加eg:Theytakeanactivepartinschoolactivities. takecareof照顾；照料；注意eg:CouldyoutakecareofmyplantswhileI'monvacation?【被动语态】（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。

被动语态讲解及练习(含答案)一、单项选择被动语态1．Please don’t stand up in class until you ______.A．were told to B．are toldC．are told to D．were told【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查省略句。

句意：直到有人叫你站起来，你才可以在课堂上站起来。

在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，动词不定式在句中可以被省略掉，但是要保留动词不定式的符号to。

分析句子可知，本句为一般现在时。

故C选项正确。

【点睛】to代替不定式在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，动词不定式在句中可以被省略掉，但是要保留动词不定式的符号to。

to代替不定式，常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try，tell等动词连用。

注意：如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been，一般要保留be, have或have been。

本句还原为：Please don’t stand up in class until you are told to stand up。

省略句为：Please don’t stand up in class until you are told to 。

故C选项正确。

2． A human case of H7N9 was reported in 2014 when a woman______ to be infected with the bird flu virus.A．confirmed B．had been confirmedC．was confirmed D．have confirmed【答案】C【解析】试题分析：句意：一例人感染H7N9病毒的报告发生在2014年，当时，一名女性被确诊感染了禽流感。

被动语态(the Passive V oice)用法小结一．语态语态是表示主语和谓语的关系的。

如果主语是动作的执行者,动词要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者,动词就要用被动语态。

二．被动语态的基本结构 be + 过去分词(人称.数。

时态的变化都体现在助动词be的变化上）e。

g. People use English freely. （主动句）English is used （by people) freely. （被动句）三．几种时态的被动语态１．一般现在时结构：主语＋am / is / are +donee.g. 主动句：She cleans her room every day。

被动句:Her room is cleaned (by her） every day. (肯定句）否定句：Her room isn’t cleaned （by her） every day.一般疑问句：Is her room cleaned (by her) every day？注意：被动句的be助动词的变化应按被动句中新主语的人称和数而变化,其时态应与主动句的时态一致．2。

一般过去时结构：主语＋was / were +donee.g。

主动句：The workers made the VCD last week。

被动句:The VCD was made by the workers last week。

(肯定句）否定句： The VCD wasn't made by the workers last week.一般疑问句：Was the VCD made by the workers last week？3. 一般将来时结构：主语＋will be +donee。

g。

主动句：My father will send me to America soon。

被动句: 肯定句：I will be sent to America by my father soon。

被动语态讲解及练习(含答案)一、单项选择被动语态1．More than one worker ______ dismissed.A．have been B．areC．has been D．has【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查主谓一致和语态。

句意：不止一个工人被解雇了。

如果主语由"many a,more than one ＋单数名词"构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式，故排除A和B，“工人”和“解雇”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故选C。

2．—Are we about to having dinner?—Yes, it ________ in the dining room.A．serve B．is servingC．is being served D．has been serving【答案】C【解析】考查时态和语态。

句意：——我们准备去吃饭吗？——是的，饭菜正在餐厅被供应。

it是指饭菜，和动作serve之间是被动关系，且动作正在进行，四个选项中只有C项是现在进行时的被动语态，故选C。

3．(桂林部分学校高三质量检测)The wet weather will continue tomorrow，when a coldfront________to arrive.A．will be expected B．is expectingC．expects D．is expected【答案】D【解析】考查动词的时态和语态。

句意为：预计将有一股冷锋到来，因此潮湿的天气明天将会继续。

a cold front与expect之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，expect是发生在现在的动作，要用一般现在时，故选D项。

答案：D4．The affairs of each country should be by its own people.A．elected B．settledC．developed D．contained【答案】B【解析】考查动词。

被动语态英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,又叫施动者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，又叫受动者。

区分主动语态和被动语态，主要看主语是执行者还是承受者。

如：The flowers and grass should be watered .(____语态)We should water the flowers and grass .(____语态)◆一构成1.被动语态是由“助动词be +过去分词”构成的，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。

Tom broke the cup .(主动语态) → The cup was broken by Tom .(被动语态)2.被动语态有以下8种：一般现在时：be(am / is are) +过去分词Trees are planted in spring .一般过去时：be(was / were) +过去分词The house was built last year .现在进行时：be(am / is are) + being +过去分词The car is being repaired .过去进行时：be(was / were) + being +过去分词现在完成时：have / has + been +过去分词The light has been turned off .过去完成时：had + been +过去分词一般将来时：will be +过去分词Lei Feng will be remembered by us forever .含情态动词的：情态动词+ be +过去分词My homework can be finished in two hours .3.被动语态常用于以下场合：①不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。

如：My bike was stolen yesterday .我的自行车昨天被偷了。

②强调动作的执行者时，使用“by +动作的执行者”。

被动语态讲解及练习一、单项选择被动语态1．I saw Jack in the lift this morning. He around here for a long time.A．won't be seen B．wasn't seenC．hasn't been seen D．hadn't been seen【答案】D【解析】【详解】考查过去完成时态的被动语态。

句意：今天早上我在电梯里看见杰克。

他好久没在这附近露面了。

根据this morning可知这是过去的事情；再根据for a long time可知此空是更靠前的动作，且句子主语He和see之间是一种被动关系，所以用过去完成时态，故选D。

2． A human case of H7N9 was reported in 2014 when a woman______ to be infected with the bird flu virus.A．confirmed B．had been confirmedC．was confirmed D．have confirmed【答案】C【解析】试题分析：句意：一例人感染H7N9病毒的报告发生在2014年，当时，一名女性被确诊感染了禽流感。

Confirm证实，确认，根据was reported in 2014可知，是过去的事情，先行词是2014，定语从句也用一般过去时，排除B、D；woman与confirm是动宾关系，即她是被确诊的，故选C。

考点：考查时态与被动语态3．It is the third time so far that such a festival ________ in my hometown.A．is held B．has been heldC．will be held D．had been held【答案】B【解析】试题分析：考查句式用法。

This is the first (second, third…) time +that从句，这是第一（二，三…）次…。

被动语态讲解及练习一、主动语态与被动语态的概念：例：⑴We listen to the teacher carefully in class.主谓宾→The teacher is listened to by us carefully in class.主谓介词短语⑵Ｗe laughed at him .→He was laughed at by us.二：时态动词的被动形式例句一般现在时is done He is asked to do this.一般过去时was done The story was told by her mother.一般将来时will be done The problem will be discussed tomorrow. 现在进行时is being done The novel is being written.过去进行时was being done At that time the desk was being made.现在完成时has been done The house has been built.过去完成时had been done They said that their work had been finished. 过去将来时would be done He said the trees would be planted soon.三、被动语态的各种句型：１、Ｔhe song is liked by young people. (肯定句)２、Ｔhe song isn’t liked by young people（否定句）３、Is the song liked by young people ?（一般疑问句）４、Who is the song liked by ?=By whom is the song liked?（特殊疑问句）四、主动语态改被动语态的方法：方法分为三步：⑴把原句中的宾语改成主语⑵动词改为变动形式be done(同时注意时态)⑶原来的主语如果需要的话放在介词by后面，以指明做事的人或物，如果没有必要则省去例：The man killed a tiger.→A tiger was killed by the man .(改的过程中要注意时态和语态两个方面)五、特殊句型的被动语态：1 含有使役动词（make /let /have）或感官动词（hear ,see, listen to ,look at ,find ,watch,feel 等）的句子，在主动语态中这些词后常跟不带to的动词不定式，但是在改成被动语态时，则一定要把省去的to再加上去，另外help这一个词在主动语态中后面的动词不定式可以带to,也可不带to, 但在被动语态中也必须把to加上去。

一、被动语态的构成形式be+done(注意拼音联系法bei+dong)1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。

以do为例,三种基本时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例I eat an apple. 变为An apple is eaten by me.2）was/were done 一般过去时例I ate an apple. 变为An apple was eaten by me.3）will be done 一般将来时例I will eat an apple. 变为An apple will be eaten by me.练习1）Food and clothes ____ by women.A is often talk about B. are often talkedC. are often talked aboutD. often talked about2）Our TV set _____ yesterday.A. is repairedB. was repairedC. had been repairedD. would be repaired3） A new building _____ in our school next year.A. will be builtB. is builtC. is being builtD. has been built1. Some top students _____(send) to study in foreign countries once a year.2. More and more schools ___________(build) here later.3. All the shoes __________(sell) out last week.2.情态动词的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。

英语动词被动语态解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)及解析一、动词被动语态1．Children should to be honest from a young age.A. educateB. be educatedC. punishD. be punished【答案】 B【解析】【分析】考查被动语态。

句意：应该从小教育孩子们做老实人。

Children是educate的承受者，该用被动语态。

所以选B。

2．—Who's the little girl in the photo?—It's me. The photo ______ 10 years ago.A. tookB. is takenC. has takenD. was taken【答案】 D【解析】【分析】句意：——照片中的小女孩是谁？——是我，这张照片是十年前照的。

句子主语是动作的承受者，应该用被动语态，时间状语是十年前，应该用过去时，故答案为D。

【点评】考查一般过去时的被动语态。

was/were+及物动词的过去分词，过去的被动语态结构。

3．----Don't smoke here, Dad. Smoking _____ in public places.----Oh, sorry. I'll stop right now.A. isn't allowedB. aren't allowedC. doesn't allow【答案】 A【解析】【分析】句意:----不要在这儿吸烟，爸爸。

在公共场所不允许吸烟。

----哦，对不起，我马上停止。

“不允许吸烟”，吸烟smoking在句中作主语，用被动语态。

动名词短语smoking作主语，谓语用三人称单数.故选A4．Some people think trees____ on Tree Planting Day only.A. should plantB. should be plantedC. should be plantD. should be planting【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意：一些人们认为种树应该只在植树节。

被动语态讲解及练习(含答案)一、单项选择被动语态1. ___________________________________________________ Many subway stations, including the one near our school, __________________________________ at present for a better tran sport in the city.A.are con struct ing B . are being con structed C. is con struct ing D . is being con structed 【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查动词时态语态。

句意：许多地铁站，包括我们学校附近的地铁站，目前正在建设中，以便有更便利的交通。

此处表示动作正在进行，句中主语Many subway stations和动词con struct是被动关系，所以此处用现在进行时的被动，与主语一致，故选 B.【点睛】现在进行时的被动结构：be + bei ng+过去分词A number of Dongfeng trucks are being shipped abroad. 一批东风卡车正被运往国外。

1)“ be being done中的动词be应随主语作相应的变化。

2)将现在进行时的主动语态变为现在进行时的被动语态的关键是：把be doing变为be being done.例1. The stude nts are clea ning the classroom now. The classroom is being clea ned now. 现在学生们正在打扫教室。

(are cleaning变为is being cleaned)例2. The boy is counting some sheep. Some sheep are being counted.那男孩正在数羊。

英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。

如果主语是动作是执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。

如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。

如：They build this school.They school is built by them.1、被动语态的构成“助动词 +(及物动词的)过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。

助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。

如：This kind of TV set is made in Guangzhou.(一般现在时)The thief was arrested.(一般过去时)A new road is being built outside my house.(现在进行时)The man was being questioned by the police.(过去进行时)Your wallet has been found.(现在完成时)By the time we got there. The work had been finished.(过去完成时)My sister would be taken care of by grandma.(过去将来时)Your watch will be repaired.(一般将来时)教学难点：在英语里，有一些动词是不及物动词，后面不能跟宾语，所以没有被动语态。

以下动词只有主动语态，没有被动语态。

appear, die, happen, fall, arrive.2、五种时态的被动语态举例①一般现在时A lot of books are kept in our school library.Radio is used in everyday life.②一般过去时A thief was caught last night.They were asked to speak at the meeting.③现在进行时A new library is being put up in their school now.The watch is being repaired.④一般将来时The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.The thieves will be arrested.⑤现在完成时My bag has been stolen.Many stamps have been collected by me since last year.3、主动语态变被动语态①主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语。

被动语态讲解及练习一、被动语态的用法：1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词3. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will/be going to+ be + 及物动词的过去分词二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤：1. 先找出谓语动词；2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化;eg：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.2.Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1. 不及物动词无被动语态;2. 有些动词如：系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel用主动形式表示被动意义;还有一些不及物动词,常用主动语态,与well, easily等词连用,含有被动意义,如：read, write, draw, sell, wash, cook, clean等;eg: This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to ;eg：make sb do sth→sb+ be +made to do sthsee sb do sth→sb +be +seen to do sth4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语物作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定;eg: He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ti cket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词;eg: We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us.He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.被动语态练习一、选择题1._____ a new library _____ in our school last yearA. Is; builtB. Was; builtC. Does; buildD. Did ; build2.Cotton棉花 ____ in the southeast of China.A. is grownB. are grownC. growsD. grow3.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week.A. is givenB. has been givenC. will be givenD. gives4.How many trees ____ this yearA. are plantedB. will plantC. have been plantedD. planted5.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now.A. are doingB. are being doneC. has been doneD. will be done6.--When ___ this kind of computers______ --Last year.A. did; useB. was; usedC. is; usedD. are; used7.The Great Wall ____ all over the world.A. knowsB. knewC. is knownD. was known8.Who _____ this book _____A. did; writtenB. was; written byC. did; writtenD. was; written9.A story _____ by Granny yesterday.A. was told usB. was told to usC. is told usD. told us10.The monkey was seen _____ off the tree.A. jumpB. jumpsC. jumpedD. to jump二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空;1.It's said据说 that the long bridge______________buildin two months．2.Where to have the meeting ______________ discussnow．3.Which language _______the most widely_______speakin the worldst year a large number of trees______________cutdown．5. The students _____ often _____tell to take care of their desks and chairs.6. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ sell in this shop.7. What _______ knives ______ make ofThey_______________make of metal金属 and wood.8. Can the magazine ________ take out of the library9. The room _____________ clean by me every day.10. Some flowers _______________ water by Li Ming already.11. This kind of shoes __________ sell well.12.The food _____________ smell delicious.13. Look Someone __________dance.三、按要求改写下列句子,一空一词;1.Is tea grown in South China改为主动语态_______ people _________ tea in South China2.I am given a birthday present by my parents every year．同义句转换A birthday present _______ _______ _______ _______by my parents every year．3.The work is going to be finished in two days. 对划线提问How_______ _______ the work going to be finished4. The children will sing an English song. 改为被动语态An English song ______ ______ _______ by the children.5. People use metal for making machines. 改为被动语态Metal ________ _________ _______making machines.6. He made me do that for him. 改为被动语态I ______ ________ ________ ______ that for him.7.They are watching the football match.The football match _______ _______ _______ by them.8.Did they build a bridge here a year ago 改为被动语态__________ a bridge ____________ here by them a year ago 9.We call the game “Lianliankan”. 改为被动语态The game _______ ________ “Lianliankan” by us.。

被动语态英语讲解与习题重要语法：被动语态：被一般现在时：be + V过去分词+（by sb.）一般过去时：was/were+ V过去分词+（by sb.）一般将来时：will be+ V过去分词+（by sb.）现在完成时：have/has been +V过去分词+（by sb.）现在进行时：be being+ V过去分词+（by sb.）补充习题将下列句子改为被动句。

1. We often read stories in the evening.2. The girl is reading a letter.3. He is typing letters.4. My mother washed the clothes this morning.5. Father moved the chair into the kitchen.6. The policeman arrested（逮捕）the thief.7. The children were drawing pictures.8. He is repairing my car now.9. She always drinks the juice.10. The dog ate the bone just now .11. He took out the money.12.She has finished her work.13.S he bought a new pen yesterday.14.I will do my homework the day after tomorrow.15.W e call it a clavichord.16.He broke the glass.17.He has punished(惩罚) the boy.。

（英语）高中英语被动语态解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)及解析一、单项选择被动语态1．It’s reported that China will not buy the Euro debt until some thorough research . A．has been done B．will have been doneC．will be done D．had been done【答案】A【解析】试题分析：考查时态及语态。

句意：据报道，直到一些彻底的调查研究被做出以后，中国才会买进欧盟债务，含有not ..until的状语从句，主句一般将来，从句表示已经做过研究之后，所以用完成时表示，研究与做之间又是被动关系，由此综合两者，A正确。

考点：考查时态及语态2．(江苏四校第四次考试)The flood has caused a lot of damage to that area and the figures of the missing________shortly.A．will be published B．have been publishedC．had been published D．are published【答案】A【解析】考查时态。

shortly不久，不多时，在句中作时间状语，表示将来，所以空处应该用将来时。

句意为：这场洪水给那一地区造成了很大损失，失踪人数很快就会公布。

答案：A3．The classroom ________ by students every day.A．cleans B．cleanedC．is cleaned D．is cleaning【答案】C【解析】【详解】考查时态和被动语态。

句意：教室每天都由学生打扫。

句子主语The classroom，单数第三人称形式，与谓语动词clean之间是被动关系，再结合every day，可知句子用一般现在时态的被动语态，故选C。

最新被动语态讲解及练习(含答案)一、单项选择被动语态1．More efforts, as reported, _____ in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.A．are made B．will be madeC．are being made D．have been made【答案】B【解析】【详解】考查时态和语态。

句意：据报道，未来几年将会有更多的努力来加快供给侧结构性改革。

本句的时间状语in the years ahead＂在将来的几年＂和一般将来时连用，且efforts与动词make构成被动关系，所以使用被动语态。

所以要使用一般将来时的被动语态形式，故B项正确。

2．At the awarding ceremony held in Tokyo, the scientists were surprised by what ______ in science and technology.A．has discovered B．has been discoveredC．had discovered D．had been discovered【答案】D【解析】句意：在东京举行的颁奖仪式上，科学家们惊讶于科学技术的发现。

科学家们感到惊讶是过去式，故科学技术发现用过去完成时，what于动词discover是被动关系，故选D。

3．The singer’s music video nearly 9 million times since it was posted on the Internet four weeks ago.A．viewed B．has viewedC．was viewed D．has been viewed【答案】D【解析】试题分析：考查动词时态与语态辨析。

A. viewed，一般过去式；B. was viewed过去式的被动语态；C. has viewed，现在完成式；D. has been viewed，现在完成式的被动语态。

初中英语动词被动语态解题技巧讲解及练习题(含答案)及解析一、动词被动语态1．I will go out to play with you as soon as my homework .A. finishesB. is finishedC. will be finishedD. was finished【答案】B【解析】【分析】句意：我的作业一做完我就出去和你玩。

时间状语从句中，若主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时；本题中从句的主语是my homework，是动作的承受者，故用被动语态。

故选B。

【点评】考查动词的时态和语态，本题涉及时间状语从句中，若主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

2．The students of Class One_________ how to do the experiment in class yesterday．A. taughtB. was taughtC. were taught【答案】 C【解析】【分析】句意是：在昨天的课堂上学生们被教了怎样做实验。

根据句意可知用被动语态，主语students 是名词复数形式，be 动词用 were，故选C。

【点评】考查一般过去时的被动语态的用法。

3．More chances _____ for students to learn from each other if working in groups.A. provideB. are providedC. providedD. will provide【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意：如果以小组学习，将给学生提供更多的彼此学习的机会。

根据主语More chances“更多的机会”是被提供的，故是动作的承受者，所以用被动语态：be+过去分词，故可以排除ACD,故选B。

【点评】考查被动语态，其结构为be+过去分词。

4．Let's wait and see whether books by the Internet in the future.A. replaceB. replacedC. will be replacedD. were replaced【答案】 C【解析】【分析】句意：让我们等着看是否将来书会被网络替代。

初中英语被动语态讲解、练习题及答案英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。

人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。

一般现在时：am／is／are＋p.p一般过去时：was／were＋p.p一般将来时：will／shall+ be＋p.p现在进行时：am／is／are being＋p.p 过去进行时：have／has being＋p.p现在完成时：have／has +been＋p.p过去完成时：had +been＋p.p过去将来时：would／should+ be＋p.p不用于被动语态的动词有些动词用于被动语态，如happen，cost，take，have (有)，own，possess, want 。

An accident happened yesterday. 昨天发生了一起事故。

One should possess courage, determination and wisdom. 人要拥有勇气、决心和智慧。

动词的主动形式表示被动之意1）某些连系动词，如：look, feel, smell，sound, prove等。

The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。

Maria proves very patient and warm-hearted. 玛丽亚被证明很耐心、很热心。

2）表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”等某些属性的动词，虽然可以是及物动词，但这时用作不及物动词，如：close, open, move, read, write, sell, wash, clean,cut, run, ride, begin, end, lock, shut, draw,translate, burn, operate等。