创造力的定义
1 869年英国心理学家Golton的著作《遗传与天才》开启了部分心理学家对遗传与天才的
相关性研究和对人类创造力的探讨。1950年Guilford担任美国心理学会会长，他在就职
演说中以创造力为题，倡导创造力的重要性，呼吁学界加强对创造力的研究。白此创造
力日益受到心理学界的重视。在创造力的定义上，研究者往往会因研究兴趣和研究视角
的不同，而持不同观点。Rhodes(1961)收集了有关创造力定义的文献，认为有关创造力
的定义涉及四个P。即：创造者(Person)、创造的历程(Process)、创造的产品(Product)、
创造的环境(Place)。虽然中外学者至今对创造力仍未有一致的看法，但近年来大多数学
者都是以“产品”的角度来定义创造力的评断标准。(如：Guilford，1985；Stemberg＆Lubart，1995[231；Oldham&Cummings，1996；Amabile，1996；)Mayer(1999)【24J在整理各学
者对创造力的定义后，发现大部分的学者均同意创造力可从产品(product)的角度来观察，虽然学者的描述用词不同，但都认为创造性产品应具备两大特征：(一)新颖性(novel)：
相关用词包括崭新(new)、独创性(originality)、独仓'J(original)等。(二)适用性(usefulness)：相关用词包括有价值(valuable)、适(appropriate)、重要(significant)、适应(adaptive)、实用(utility)等。詹志禹(2002)延伸Mayer(1999)对创造性产品的两大特征的分析，认为此种分
类刚好暗合演化论当中的变异与选择概念，因此以演化论的观点整理出创造性产品的两
个必要特征，一是“新颖的变异”，二是“经得起某种选择压力”。换句话说，创造性产品
必须新颖而且有价值。因此从“产品”的视角，创造力也可以简单定义为：产生新颖且有
价值的产品的能力。
The definition of creativity
In 1869, "genetic and genius" works of a British psychologist Golton opened the correlation research between genetic and genius ,and discussion of human creativity by part of the psychologists. Guilford served as director of psychological association of the United States in 1950 , in his inauguration speech ,he took creativity as main
point,advocating the importance of creativity, calling for academic circles the study of creativity. Ever since then, the creativity was increasingly brought to the attention of the psychological educational world.On the definition of creativity, due to the difference of research interest and research perspectives, researchers tended to have different viewpoints. Rhodes (1961) collected the literatures of the definition of creativity, thinking the definition of creativity related with 4 P. Namely, the creator (Person), the created Process (Process), the created products (Product),The created circumstances
(Place).Although on creativity scholars in China and abroad still have not had unanimous opinion, but in recent years most scholars used the perspective of "product" to define the judging standard of creativity. (such as: Guilford,1985; Stemberg&Lubart, 1995 [231; Oldham&Cummings, 1995; Amabile, 1996)Mayer (1999) After collecting definition of
creativity of all the scholars , the consequence was that most of the scholars agreed to that creativity can observe from the point of view of the product (product), although scholars described with different words, but all thought creative products should have two characteristics: (1) novel : related words including new ,Originality , original, etc. (2)usefulness : including the related words valuable, appropriate , significant, adaptive ,utility and so on. ZhanZhiYu (2002) extends Mayer’s (1999) analysis of the characteristics of a creative product, thought the classification just coincided with the evolution of concept of variation and selection, so with evolution view he sorted out two essential characteristics of creative products, the first“novel mutation ”, the second "stand up some selective pressure".In other words, the creative products must be innovative and valuable. Therefore, from the perspective of "product" and creativity can be simply defined as: the ability to generate novel and valuable products.
