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He knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and
the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.
1）每年有2000多个等待器官移植的病 人濒于死亡…… （人体）器官的短缺非 常严重。 More than 2，000 patients are dying annually while waiting for transplant,…The shortage of organs is so serious
2.2 Parataxis VS Hypotaxis Chinese discourse -----parataxis(意合） English discourse-------Hypotaxis (形合） Example(1)牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾， 一泻千里。 Translation: Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.
2)这个时候他来了，而这时我根本想不到他会 来。 He came at a time when I least expected him.
3)那是一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分 人呆在家里。 It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stay indoors.
1.2 Coherence （连贯性）(coherent) It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual word are mutually accessible and relevant. (distribute knowledge or attain a object) （意义上的内在联系）
甲：玛丽学近代文学，不学近代语言学。 乙: 她学近代历史么？ A：Mary studies modern literature and doesn’t do modern linguistics. B：Does she do modern history?
1.3 ellipsis Chinese --------repetition English---------ellipsis 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.
(二）衔接与连贯 (cohesion and coherence )
1 cohesion Halliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类
照应 reference 替代 substitution 省略 ellipsis 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion 连接 conjunction
每年农历十二月二十以后，海岛上 的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先 搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备 食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、 打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家 家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。
Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. After that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.
1.5 conjunction
连接成分本身就具有明确含义， 通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词 语，“人们可以了解子句之间的 语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑 上预见后续句的语义。（胡壮麟， 1994：92）
表示递进关系：also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more… 表示因果关系：because, for. For this reason. Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly… 表示文章意义的转折或对比：although, however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact…
（一）A Comparison Between Chinese Discourse and English Discourse
1.The Similarities
1.1 Cohesion (衔接）(cohesive devices) It concerns how the actual words we hear or see are mutually connected within a sequence.（词汇上的衔接关系）
2. The Differences
2.1 Chinese Discourse→Inductive
（归纳性的） →Spiral
（演绎性的）→Straight
English Discourse →Deductive
他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地 方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让他 知道的话，他会多么丢人。
汉语定义
篇章（text）是表达整体概念的语义单 位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书 面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是 一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结 构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈 宏薇） 篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的 语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）
篇章特征
篇章它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇 并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而 是一些意Байду номын сангаас相联系的句子为达到一定交 际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有 机结合。
阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿， 写作训练人的思维。
Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking , one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind..
1.4 lexical cohesion (词汇衔接） Chinese-------- lexical repetition （词汇 重复） English----------Semantic repetition（语 义重复 or relative pronoun）
Translation of discourse
英汉互译篇章翻译原则与策略
Translation of discourse
What is the discourse?
Discourse means either "written or spoken communication. The term is often used in semantics and discourse analysis.
1.2 Substitution (替代） Substitution could be found in Chinese language and English Language, but comparatively, it is used more frequently in English Language.
2.3 Subject consciousness VS Object consciousness Chinese discourse---Subject consciousness(主体意识）---person as subject（主语） English discourse----Object consciousness（客体意识）----Thing as subject
General principles
英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似 时，一般可以采用“临摹”的办法，按 照源语的发展思路，在译语中复制或基 本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法 称作“逻辑顺组” （logic copying）。 由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式， 逻辑层次等方面存在很大的差异，汉英 互译时往往需要进行 “逻辑重组” (logic reshuffling)
表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first, second, third… after this/that, meanwhile, suddenly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last… 表示列举：firstly, secondly…, for one thing…, for another; first of all, to begin with, then, last , in conclusion, last of all, to conclude… 表示举例、解释：for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate… 表示总结：in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize…
