An Analysis of Cohesion in Chinese and Native American’s
Argumentative Writing
1.Defining Key Terms
Cohesion and Coherence
Cohesion and coherence are important terms in the study of text analysis. Halliday and Hasan view the concept of cohesion as” a semantic one” (Cohesion 4). They also define the term as “Relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text.”(Cohesion4) In their later book, Language, Context and Text, Halliday and Hasan define cohesion and coherence as “Every text is also a context for itself. A text is characterized by Coherence, An important contribution to coherence comes from cohesion: the set of linguistic resources that every language has for linking one part of a text to another.”(48).
In a word, Coherence can be created by cohesion in the way of adding some implicit meaning. As for the definition of both terms, the author agrees with Halliday and Hasan’s point of view. And this paper employs Halliday’s approach in the analysis of cohesion
2.Data Collection and Analysis
2.1 Data collection
This paper is based on analysis of two argumentative writings. The topic of both essays is the debate of drinking age. The first argumentation chosen as data is a FLC freshman’s homework assignment in a key normal university from Zhejiang province. And the second essay in the data is written by John M. McCardell Jr. from https://www.doczj.com/doc/3411758382.html,. Although the two texts vary from length and perspectives of arguments, they do share the same point of view on limiting drinking age, also, the priority being to compare the cohesion in data. Some deviations like grammar mistakes in texts may possibly exist but they will not affect the results and findings. The data to be analyzed in this
paper is in the appendix.
The intentions of choosing and analyzing argumentative writing as data in this paper are as follows. Firstly, argumentative writing comprised a large portion of the writing part in Chinese high school English test. Secondly, correlation studies on this type of writing are rare. As a pre-service teacher, it would be beneficial for the author to study this writing type and employ the findings into future teaching career.
2.2 Methods on data analysis
This paper employed Halliday’s categories of cohesion (Cohesion 333-339) to analyze data. The methodology of analysis is as follows:
1.Identify the cohesive items in each sentence.
2.Figure out the cohesion type
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3411758382.html,pare the results in two texts and find differences
The types of cohesion in data are showed in two tables in the part of results of analysis.
3.Results and Discussion
3.1 Results of analysis
After the analysis of two texts, the author found that differences of cohesive items and types are obvious.
Firstly, the cohesive items in text 1 are relatively diversified as different words and expressions like “it” and “that” are used to create text coherence. However, the cohesive items in text 2 are severely repeated, the items “you”and “I”make up a large part in total cohesive items of this text. Secondly, the richness in types of cohesion is different in two texts. The types are almost totally different in text 1 while the result is opposite in text 2. The monotonicity of cohesion types in text 2 may partly be related to the cohesive items. However, in text 2, the bonded sentences are mostly adjacent pairs and simple lexical repetition is used most frequently; in text 1, the bonded sentences for certain cohesive items are not adjacent. Thirdly, there is a significant difference between the two text s’ rate of using paraphrases. Expressions like “The statement” and “the answer” are used in text 1 in order to refer to longer sentences or the phrases in different parts of the text. However, text 2 lacks of
richness in the usage of paraphrase.
3.2 Reasons of cohesive distinctions between two essays
The distinction of cohesive items and types are obvious after comparing the two tables. Reasons for the variation are to be discussed in following passages.
Firstly, the cohesive items in two texts are varied. After close reading of text 2, the author found the defect is totally avoidable by replacing repeated words for cohesive items or lengthening sentences in the way of combining short sentences into longer ones. The monotonous of cohesive items and types are partly due to the Chinese ways of thinking as Chinese people view repetition as an aesthetic object of language. In addition, it is universal for an English word to have inflections and derivatives, which might contribute to the variation of cohesive items in text 1(native writer). However, Chinese writer (nonnative writer) may have troubles in dealing with that. The limitedness of vocabulary for Chinese writers affected their choice of words deeply.
Secondly, the richness in types of cohesion is varied in two texts. Native speakers are skilled in making connections between what they are currently saying and what they said before and use different cohesive items to attain the aim, regardless of the distance of two bonded items. However, Chinese writer may lack the ability in doing that. He or she tends to think the whole passage in Chinese, and then interpret it into English when writing it down. It’s not easy for nonnative speakers to command the English way of logical thinking, still, thinking in English is essential for English learners to advance their English language ability.
Thirdly, there is a significant difference between the two text s’ rate of using
paraphrases. The problem of monotonicity in cohesive items in text 2 can be avoided if writer use some paraphrases to replace the items like “I” and “you”. The reasons for this problem may come from the influence of mother tongue Chinese. It may also have something to do with writer’s vocabulary learning habits.
3.2 Implications for teaching of EFL argumentative writing
Argumentative writing is an important writing style for high school students to command and comprise a large proportion of writing tests. Generally speaking, there are three factors that influence students' writing ability: Logic thinking, language knowledge and writing skill. The results and analysis of cohesive problems accrued in Chinese student’s writing can be applied to argumentative writing teaching in high school. The implications for argumentative writing teaching are as follows.
Firstly, it can be seen from the analysis that native writer tend to use far more complex cohesive items and fewer simple lexical repetition than Chinese student writings. This is caused by people's logical thinking, which is a very complicated factor. It mainly refers to student's life and studying background. Mostly, Chinese students are likely to translate their ideas from Chinese into English in the process of writing unconsciously. As a result, they tend to use the same words over and over again without the awareness of different cohesive devices. Therefore the number of cohesive items used in argumentative writing is limited. And most cohesive items used are of a monotonous type and lacking variety. Wherefore it’s important for teachers to focus on the coherence of discourse when teaching English writing. Some suggestions may be helpful: Teachers should pay attention to the coherence of passages in text books when giving reading classes. Reading and writing complement each other as the former emphasizes input and latter one focuses on output; Teachers can expose students to western cultures and try to train students the western ways of logical thinking if time permits. These trainings will also enhance students’ reading speed.
Secondly, language knowledge is also a crucial fact for students to improve their argumentative writing. It mainly concerns about English vocabulary and grammar. Argumentative essay is relatively academic compared with other forms of writing as the words and phrases are mainly illustrative, not descriptive. In order to improve students’writing ability, teachers can hold debate competitions in class to enlarge students’ vocabulary for argumentative writing.
Finally, writing skills or so called “the ability of d iscourse”is of great importance in teaching writing. Coherence ability determines whether students' writing is a good one. Consequently, in teaching writing skills, teachers should develop students' writing ability. Teachers can analyze the coherence of texts when explaining reading comprehensions and it can attract students’attention on the coherence of texts and focus on the issue when they write essays.
For Chinese high school students, English cohesion is hard to attain as they are easily affected by mother tongue Chinese. So teachers should play an important role in constructing their knowledge in coherence and cohesion. (1653 words)
References
Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan. Cohesion in English. London: Longman Group Limited, 1976
Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective. Melbourne: Deakin University Press, 1985 Johnstone, B. Discourse analysis (2nd ed.). Malden: Blackwell, 2008
Nicholas, R. “Lexical cohesion in academic writing.”Modern English teacher23.1 (2014): 59-62
胡壮麟.“有关语篇衔接理论多层次模式的思考”，《上海外国语大学学报》1996年第1期，第1-8页。
[Hu Zhuangling. “A Study on cohesion relation at various levels”Journal of Foreign Languages (1), 1996:1-8.]
Appendix
Text1:
But it's not 1984 anymore(1).
This statement may seem obvious, but not necessarily (2). In 1984 Congress passed and the president signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (3). The Act, which raised the drinking age to 21 under threat of highway fund withholding, sought to address the problem of drunken driving fatalities. (4)And indeed, that problem was serious(5).
States that lowered their ages during the 1970s and did nothing else to prepare young adults to make responsible decisions about alcohol witnessed an alarming increase in alcohol-related traffic fatalities (6). It was as though the driving age were lowered but no drivers education were provided (7). The results were predictable (8). Now, 25 years later, we are in a much different, and better, place (9). Thanks to the effective public advocacy of organizations like Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we are far more aware of the risks of drinking and driving (10). Automobiles are much safer (11).
Seatbelts and airbags are mandatory (12). The "designated driver" is now a part of our vocabulary (13). And more and more states are mandating ignition interlocks for first-time DUI offenders, perhaps the most effective way to get drunken drivers off the road (14).
Text2:
Some people say that drinking alcohol can embolden, which I think is nonsense (1). Now you are drunk, I walked by and stand in front of you (2). You stared at me (3). At this moment I’m one person in your eye (4). But the next second I am doubled in your eye (5). And your little heart almost stopped beating because I’m a wizard you see (6). OK, I’m not goanna eat you or kill you for good(7). But you almost committed suicide (8). And this is all because you drank too much (9).
So what I say then, should there be a drinking age (10)? The answer is obvious (11). Yes, we need this drinking age (12). There are some reasons (13).
The Full texts:
Native American’s work:
Commentary: Drinking age of 21 doesn't work
One year ago, a group of college and university presidents and chancellors, eventually totaling 135, issued a statement that garnered national attention.
The "Amethyst Initiative" put a debate proposition before the public -- "Resolved: That the 21-year-old drinking age is not working." It offered, in much the way a grand jury performs its duties, sufficient evidence for putting the proposition to the test. It invited informed and dispassionate public debate and committed the signatory institutions to encouraging that debate. And it called on elected officials not to
continue assuming that, after 25 years, the status quo could not be challenged, even improved.
One year later, the drinking age debate continues, and new research reinforces the presidential impulse. Just this summer a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry revealed that, among college-age males, binge drinking is unchanged from its levels of 1979; that among non-college women it has increased by 20 percent; and that among college women it has increased by 40 percent.
Remarkably, the counterintuitive conclusion drawn by the investigators, and accepted uncritically by the media, including editorials in The New York Times and The Washington Post is that the study proves that raising the drinking age to 21 has been a success.
More recently, a study of binge drinking published in the Journal of the American Medical Association announced that "despite efforts at prevention, the prevalence of binge drinking among college students is continuing to rise, and so are the harms associated with it."
Worse still, a related study has shown that habits formed at 18 die hard: "For each year studied, a greater percentage of 21- to 24-year-olds [those who were of course once 18, 19 and 20] engaged in binge drinking and driving under the influence of alcohol."
Yet, in the face of mounting evidence that those young adults age 18 to 20 toward whom the drinking age law has been directed are routinely -- indeed in life- and health-threatening ways -- violating it, there remains a belief in the land that a minimum drinking age of 21 has been a "success." And elected officials are periodically reminded of a provision in the 1984 law that continues to stifle any serious public debate in our country's state legislative chambers: Any state that sets its drinking age lower than 21 forfeits 10 percent of its annual federal highway appropriation.
But it's not 1984 anymore(1).
This statement may seem obvious, but not necessarily (2). In 1984 Congress passed and the president signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (3). The Act, which raised the drinking age to 21 under threat of highway fund withholding, sought to address the problem of drunken driving fatalities. And indeed, that problem was serious(4).
States that lowered their ages during the 1970s and did nothing else to prepare young adults to make responsible decisions about alcohol witnessed an alarming increase in alcohol-related traffic fatalities (5). It was as though the driving age were lowered but no drivers education were provided (6). The results were predictable (7). Now, 25 years later, we are in a much different, and better, place (8). Thanks to the effective public advocacy of organizations like Mothers Against Drunk Driving, we are far more aware of the risks of drinking and driving (9). Automobiles are much safer (10).
Seatbelts and airbags are mandatory (11). The "designated driver" is now a part of our vocabulary (12). And more and more states are mandating ignition interlocks for
first-time DUI offenders, perhaps the most effective way to get drunken drivers off the road (13).
And the statistics are encouraging. Alcohol-related fatalities have declined over the last 25 years. Better still, they have declined in all age groups, though the greatest number of deaths occurs at age 21, followed by 22 and 23. We are well on the way to solving a problem that vexed us 25 years ago.
The problem today is different. The problem today is reckless, goal-oriented alcohol consumption that all too often takes place in clandestine locations, where enforcement has proven frustratingly difficult. Alcohol consumption among young adults is not taking place in public places or public view or in the presence of other adults who might help model responsible behavior. But we know it is taking place.
If not in public, then where? The college presidents who signed the Amethyst Initiative know where. It happens in "pre-gaming" sessions in locked dorm rooms where students take multiple shots of hard alcohol in rapid succession, before going to a social event where alcohol is not served. It happens in off-campus apartments beyond college boundaries and thus beyond the presidents' authority; and it happens in remote fields to which young adults must drive.
And the Amethyst presidents know the deadly result: Of the 5,000 lives lost to alcohol each year by those under 21, more than 60 percent are lost OFF the roadways, according to the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse.
The principal problem of 2009 is not drunken driving. The principal problem of 2009 is clandestine binge drinking.
That is why the Amethyst presidents believe a public debate is so urgent. The law does not say drink responsibly or drink in moderation. It says don't drink. To those affected by it, those who in the eyes of the law are, in every other respect legal adults, it is Prohibition. And it is incomprehensible.
The principal impediment to public debate is the 10 percent highway penalty. That penalty should be waived for those states that choose to try something different, which may turn out to be something better. But merely adjusting the age -- up or down -- is not really the way to make a change.
We should prepare young adults to make responsible decisions about alcohol in the same way we prepare them to operate a motor vehicle: by first educating and then licensing, and permitting them to exercise the full privileges of adulthood so long as they demonstrate their ability to observe the law.
Licensing would work like drivers education -- it would involve a permit, perhaps graduated, allowing the holder the privilege of purchasing, possessing and consuming alcohol, as each state determined, so long as the holder had passed an alcohol education course and observed the alcohol laws of the issuing state.
Most of the rest of the world has come out in a different place on the drinking age. The United States is one of only four countries -- the others are Indonesia, Mongolia and Palau -- with an age as high as 21. All others either have no minimum age or have a lower age, generally 18, with some at 16.
Young adults know that. And, in their heart of hearts, they also know that a law perceived as unjust, a law routinely violated, can over time breed disrespect for law in
general.
Slowly but surely we may be seeing a change in attitude. This summer, Dr. Morris Chafetz, a distinguished psychiatrist, a member of the presidential commission that recommended raising the drinking age, and the founder of the National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse admitted that supporting the higher drinking age is "the most regrettable decision of my entire professional career." This remarkable statement did not receive the attention it merited.
Alcohol is a reality in the lives of young adults. We can either try to change the reality -- which has been our principal focus since 1984, by imposing Prohibition on young adults 18 to 20 -- or we can create the safest possible environment for the reality.
A drinking age minimum of 21 has not changed the reality. It's time to try something different.
It's not 1984 anymore.
About the author: John M. McCardell Jr., president emeritus at Middlebury College, is founder and president of Choose Responsibility, a nonprofit organization that seeks to engage the public in debate over the effects of the 21-year-old drinking age.
From CNN Politics
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3411758382.html,/2009/POLITICS/09/16/mccardell.lower.drinking.age/ Chinese Student’s work:
Should There Be a Drinking Age
Some people say that drinking alcohol can embolden, which I think is nonsense (1). Now you are drunk, I walked by and stand in front of you (2). You stared at me (3). At this moment I’m one person in your eye (4). But the next second I am doubled in your eye (5). And your little heart almost stopped beating because I’m a wizard you see (6). OK, I’m not goanna eat you or kill you fo r good (7). But you almost committed suicide (8). And this is all because you drank too much (9).
So what I say then, should there be a drinking age (10)? The answer is obvious (11). Yes, we need this drinking age (12). There are some reasons (13).
Firstly, most teenagers under the age of 21 are still in school, whose main task is to study. We know people easily get excited after drink alcohol. What’s more, the self-control ability of teens is quite low. So they can’t focus on their study and it’s no good for their future. Many years have seen some talented teens ruined by alcohol. So it would make better for teens’ future if there be a drinking age.
Secondly, it will control the drunken driving accidents. In china, teens can get their driver’s licens e at the age of 18. And I can still remember this, when my cousin got his license, he grabbed his father’s car key and said: Hey, let’s go get a drink. Luckily, we didn’t go to the bar, we went shopping instead. But for me, my cousin’s word is still in my head. If some teens really go for a drink after they get the license, the road will be totally messed up.
Thirdly, in China, teens often have no income, and drinking needs money, it will cost more, which requires the more support of the parents. Thus it will increase the
burden of the family, especial family situation is not good, and the students might be forced to drop-out. What’s more, they will not know how to cherish in this way. Well, it seems that alcohol will ruin teens’ future if we don’t se t a limit on this. That is to say, it will ruin our future. Because teens means our future. How can we let the stupid alcohol ruin the world? So let’s set a drinking age.
Unconsciously, English songs and culture the door English elective course is approaching the end. Class see show students and the teacher introduce, played all kinds of English songs, let me develop the horizon and edify sentiment, at the same time, I have been thinking, so much is there any contact between songs, through access to information and personal perception of the songs, and draw some conclusion. The singers found that originated in the human inner original impulse, from the need of life rhythm. People have been using your own voice show their feelings, joy and sorrow. Overall, as a kind of human achievement, music is not only an individual creation consciousness performance art, also reflects some areas and even the whole social cultural ideological trend. To provide an overview of the development of western music, also confirm the western culture on context. Can say, a western music history, it is also a certain sense of western cultural history. From century religious music to a single to the liberation of the Renaissance, to modern music multiple that music development deeply branded with the background of The Times. Take for modern music, such as The s Bill Haley - Rock Around The Clock is in The twentieth century since The two world wars to The people of The world brought serious disaster, trample on The human spirit home. People no longer believe that traditional culture ideal type to save power, pop songs and jazz free rhythm, improvisation skills to reflect the birth of the. But in The s: Simon &garfunkel - The sound of silence is The opposition to The Vietnam war, against racial discrimination, President Kennedy was stabbed The troubled times of The United States was born in The rock. The 90 s Alan Jackson - where were you when the world stopped turning embodies the teenagers in war haze shrouded of anger, rebel emotion. So the western music is a cultural symbol, its carrying cultural connotation and social culture constitutes the echo relationship, to better understanding of western music, will have a better understanding of music background.
英语课堂教学论文 巧用信息技术，提升英语课堂教学质量 【摘要】信息技术以其直观、立体、形象的特性被广泛应用于各学科领域。信息技术的有效运用给初中英语课堂教学注入了新的生机和活力，极大地丰富了课堂教学形式，优化了教学过程，培养了学生的综合语言运用能力，从而有效地提升了课堂教学质量。 【关键词】信息技术有效利用英语课堂教学学生语言能力 信息技术的广泛应用，带来了教师素质、教学方式、教学过程、教育资源等许多变化。《新英语课程标准》提出：要积极利用网络信息技术等丰富的教学资源，拓展学习和运用英语渠道。随着信息时代的到来，英语课堂教学需要注入更多的新元素，创设良好的英语学习氛围，使之焕发生命的活力，提高教学质量，从而培养学生的综合语言运用能力。 一、信息技术辅助教学的重要性和必要性。
语言能力的学习需要以下几个环节：听、说、读、写和译。而每个环节的语言学习都需要借助一定的语境，创设一定的情景。信息技术的应用能有效地将抽象的知识形象化、具体化，从而突出重点、淡化难点，易于学生掌握。且动静结合的特点，能充分再现语言情景，并将知识诉诸画面，达到声、画交融。使英语教学内容更具体、更生动，创设适当的语景，激发学生的学习热情，使学生能轻松愉快的获取英语知识、发展能力。 在英语课堂教学中应用现代信息技术很重要也很必要。英语课堂教学中，充分利用现代信息技术的直观形式，有效传递大量信息，综合训练各项语言技能，从而优化英语课堂教学，增大课堂容量，提高课堂教学效率。在英语教学中应用信息技术辅助教学，我们可以充分利用多媒体的图、文、声与一体的特点进行视、听、说全方位的训练，可以起到事半功倍的教学效果。 二、有效运用信息技术，提高英语课堂教学效率 信息技术的图像、影片、音乐等直观性、趣味性原理，有利于培养学生的英语学习兴趣；丰富的英语资源也有利于拓展学生的学习途径。英语教师应重视利用信息技术在英语课堂教学中的运用，创设更多英语情
语言学方向论文选题 1.浅谈英汉句子结构差异 2.诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 3.英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 4.英汉数字习语的对比研究 5.词义演变的原因与方式 6.名词化的语篇功能 7.诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 8.浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 9.隐喻与一词多义的关系 10.英汉被动句对比研究 11.英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因 12.英汉动词非谓语用法比较研究 13.英汉否定问句的答句对比研究 14.英汉合成词构词对比研究 15.英汉名词短语修饰模式比较 16.英汉拟声词异同探讨 17.英汉人称代词运用对比研究 18.英语复合词的语义分析及其类型 19.英语委婉语的使用原则与策略 20.语境对词义的制约作用 21.汉英色彩词汇的对比研究及其象征意义 22.中英恭维语对比研究 23.委婉语的礼貌原则研究及策略 24.汉英“山丘”对比研究 25.英汉颜色词跨域对比分析—以RED和红为例 26.英语道歉方式的策略及研究 27.英语拒绝言语行为研究 28.英语委婉语的寒暄功能 29.英语请求言语的策略研究
30.英语课堂教师提问的策略研究 31.会话得体：会话者的立场语境运用研究 32.英语课堂学生提问的策略研究 33.英语课堂的焦虑现象及策略研究 34.广告口号语的语言特点 35.从礼貌原则看短信语言 36.从合作原则看课堂师生互动 37.浅析中英言语行为中的礼貌原则 38.中英政治新闻报道中的模糊语言研究 39.言语错误分析理论在教学中的应用 40.英汉颜色词的引申义的文化差别 41.外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 42.浅谈英汉句子结构差异 43.副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 44.论文化差异与英语教学中的文化导入 45.学习者的动机因素对外语学习的影响 46.浅谈词汇搭配错误分析及其应对策略 47.浅析英语语言中的性别歧视现象 48.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的应用 49.中英文性别歧视习语的对比研究 50.称谓语使用中的性别差异 51.从认知角度看隐喻在经济语篇中的应用 52.浅析广告语言的特点 53.浅谈英语新词的产生、构成及翻译 54.浅谈网络英语中的缩略语。 55.论中英文化对隐喻的影响 56.礼貌原则在商务谈判中的作用 57.浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源 58.英诗中的常用修辞研究 59.英语词汇中的外来语单词
英语语言学毕业论文(精选多篇) 第一篇：英语专业毕业论文：社会语言学the definition of sociolinguistics and its characteristic 外语系06接本6班尹珊珊24号 [abstract]sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. it ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one another. sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language. [key words] sociolinguisticssociolinguistics variationsocial function [content]sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. it also studies how lects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individual socio-economic classes. as the usage of a language varies from place to place, and language usage varies among social classes. it is socialists that sociolinguistics studies.
英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However,little information.. little attention... little work... little data little research or few studies few investigations... few researchers... few attempts... or no none of these studies has(have)been less done on... focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied (with respect to) Previous research(studies,records)has(have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated,underestimated misleaded thus,these previous results are inconclusive,misleading,unsatisfactory,questionable,controversial.. Uncertainties(discrepancies)still exist... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However,data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of We need to aim to have to provide more documents
英语教学论文英语教师论文 浅谈如何在英语教学中转化学困生 学生初学英语感到新奇、有趣。但随着教学内容的增多，难度的加大，一部分学生在听、说、读、写方面出现掉队现象。久而久之，这类学生单词记不下，课文看不懂，上课不愿听，有的甚至放弃了英语学习，成为了学困生。然而，教师授课是面向全体学生，而学困生对学习无丝毫兴趣，还产生逆反、厌学心理，害怕记背单词，上课注意力不集中，不记笔记，教拼读音标却不看音标，不会拼读单词，不愿写作文。面对这些现象，那么英语教师该如何分析这些现象产生的原因？又该如何制订出相对应的策略来转化学困生呢？ 下面就以上现象谈谈我的看法。 一、学生产生逆反、厌学心理的原因及对策 学生对新事物有很浓的兴趣，可是一旦在学习上不认真，就会逐渐听不懂，就会对课程失去兴趣，对自己失去信心。学习的积极性也就逐渐消逝，就会产生一种厌倦心理，不愿意再继续学习，产生厌学情绪。 针对学生的这种逆反、厌学心理，教师应从以下几方面来引导学生培养兴趣，建立自信。 （一）了解学困生的心理，善待他们，建立师生感情，激发学困生的学习动力，多发现学生的闪光点。
（二）教师不断改进教学方法，做到常教常新。 将自学辅导法，启发式和直观教学等方法交替使用。根据不同的课文内容，不同的情景，设计丰富多彩、生动活泼的教学方法，经常给学生换口味。这样，学生就会被教师灵活有趣的教学方式吸引，把精力全部集中在课堂上。 （三）开展一系列的第二课堂活动。 在听说方面，可以开设以下教学活动：英语故事会，英语报告会，英语演讲比赛。 在读写方面，组织学生出英语墙报，黑板报英语专辑，开展英语单词、短语默写比赛以及指导学生看图作文。 在培养能力方面，组织学生自编英语报，开展生动、有趣的英语游戏，排演英语文娱节目。从而，开阔学生的视野，让学生在活泼有趣的氛围中猎取知识，使学生学习英语的兴趣更浓。兴趣的培养对转化学困生尤其重要，实践证明学生的兴趣激发到最佳状态，以愉快的情绪自觉地投入到有趣的英语学习中去，必然会取得事半功倍的效果。 二、害怕记背英文单词的原因及对策 不认识音标，没有掌握字母拼写和读音的之间的拼读规则。如：sea、tea。字母ea的组合，发［i:］的音。let、set、辅音字母之间的e，发［e］的音。这就是学生不会读，背不下英语单词的原因。
华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 The Study of Speech Sound in Language 完成时间 2012.12 课程名称 现代语言学概论 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 成 绩 评卷人 姓 名 学 号
The Study of Speech Sounds in Language I. Introduction Knowledge of a language includes that of the different components of the language: the morphemes,words,phrases,and sentences. It also includes knowing what sounds are in the language and how these sounds are put together to form meaningful units. Different terms can be found in describing the sound system of language. Traditional terminology puts phonetics and phonology at a paralleled level. In this terminology, phonetics is the study of separate speech sounds, while phonology is concerned with the system of combination of sounds. According to the terminology in some books, however, the study of speech sounds in a general way is termed as phonology. It is concerned with all the aspects of the speech sounds and sound systems of a language. Its subdivisions are phonemics. Phonetics deals with speech sounds in isolation, and phonemics studies the systems of speech sounds. To avoid confusion, the traditional terminology is adopted in this book. II. Analysis on ---- 2.1. Analysis of speech sounds The study of phonic medium of language in isolation is the level of phonetics, attempting to describes all the sounds that occur in human language. It’s mainly concerned with the production, transmission, and perception of the speech sounds. Analysis of speech sounds can be approached from the following 4 levels Level 1: anatomy and physiology----refers to speech organs and their functions Level 2: articulatory phonetics----studies how to produce speech sounds. Level 3: auditory phonetics---studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Level4: acoustic phonetics----studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air(using spectrographs, analyze sound waves). 2. 2. Process of speech production and perception 2.2.1. Articulatory phonetics studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view,how a speaker manipulates his speech organs to produce speech sounds. This branch is the longest established and the most highly developed. 2.2.2. Auditory phonetics studies the way listeners perceive the speech
扉页（英文） CulturalFactorsinChinese&EnglishProverbs Translation （TimesNewRoman二号加粗居中） by LiHairong WangZhiyun,Tutor （TimesNewRoman小二居中） RegisteredNo.09 FacultyofForeignLanguages Shanghai Business School December,2011 （TimesNewRoman小二） 论文摘要（英文）及关键词 Abstract （TimesNewRoman二号，加粗，居中） Proverbsreflectcolorfulnationalculturein（TimesNewRoman四号）…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................... .....………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… （空一行） Keywords:proverbs;translation;culture;differences（TimesNewRoman四号） 说明： 1．关键词3-5个，词与词之间用分号隔开，除专有名词外，其他单词首字母不大写，最后一个词后面无标点符号。 2．“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容，摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。
关于英语教学的论文汇总四篇 下面是 范文一 岁月寥寥，转眼又到了岁末，期末考试也已临近。面对考试，大多数学生都会手忙脚乱，对于应考更是毫无头绪。尤其是处于中小学过渡期的七年级学生，第一次参加中学的全县统考，虽有信心，但还是有些慌乱，因为要复习的科目多，内容杂，要求高，复习的时间又有限，有的甚至不知从何入手。复习，是我们巩固知识的重要环节，是减慢知识阶段遗忘的有效手段，是学生自信走进考场的重要保证。所以，要做好英语复习，仅靠”汗水＋时间”是不够的，复习必须讲究效率。为提高复习的针对性和有效性，我觉得要指导学生做到以下几点： 第一，明确复习目标，避免平均用力。复习目标要明确，重点突出，统筹兼顾，疏而不漏，分段集中，环环相扣。要指导学生对复习内容进行分类，哪些内容已经掌握，点到为止，哪些内容还一知半解，还需多下功夫，对不会的要认真从头学，对已会的和要会的要做到心中有数。 第二，夯实基础知识，熟练基本技能。基础知识是培养基本技能的载体，而掌握基本技能又是学习基础知识的目的和归宿。因此，在复习过程中，可以指导学生复习教材抓词句，单项复习抓语法，阅读写作不放松。要善于在听、说、读、写等技能的训练中巩固所学的语言知识。如：复习单词和重点句子时，不妨把听力、口语练习结合
起来；复习句式时，要尽可能回顾教材中单词出现的语境，并仿造句子。还要要求学生掌握一定的听、说、读、写的技巧，并找相关的材料，做到有针对性的练习。 第三，变换复习方式，保持复习热情。在复习过程中，可以让学生用利于自己的方式复习，有些同学要么读写，要么做题。以外，还可以建议学生尝试其它的复习方式，如画单元知识树，可以相互讨论和抢答，同桌之间相互问答，小组内展开比赛、睡前小结和反思等。这样学生不仅不会产生复习疲劳，厌倦复习课，还会在一定程度上增强学生的复习兴趣，最终达到事半功倍的效果。 第四，重温作业考卷，做实查漏补缺。阅读作业和考卷，进行全方位的总结和反思，好的方面继续发扬，不当之处要及时制定补救措施，尤其要仔细阅读错题集，对易错题要特别关注，再次敲响知识警钟，避免类似的错误重犯，这样才会在不断改善的过程中稳步前进。 第五，间插综合训练，以考代练。练习是复习过程的重要内容，只有通过练习才能进一步巩固深化所学知识，否则，复习的质量就会受影响。要根据复习时间和复习内容，间插做几套模拟试题，了解考试的命题思路，熟悉各种题型的特点，帮助学生找出自己知识、技能的缺漏，以便及时进行查漏补缺，同时可以强化阅读和写作。 第六，做好心理调节，轻松备考。对于自感压力太大的同学要耐心地给他的心理“减负”，使其能在平静宽松的氛围中进行有序的复习，较好地完成学习任务；对于没有任何心理压力，还没进入复习状态的同学给予一定的压力，使其在压力之下也能较好地投入到紧张
英语语言学论文题目 13论国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 33成人世界的童话——从文体学角度解析现今童话再度流行的现象49论文化差异与英汉商标互译 55浅谈英汉句子结构差异 59诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 62试论广告英语的语言特点 65统觉团对英语初学者词汇学习的影响 67外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 69新闻报道中的转述动词研究 73英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 74英汉数字习语的对比研究 76英译汉中词序的变动 78英语广告的语言特征 80英语双关语汉译的可译性限度 101词义演变的原因与方式 137从汉语中英语借词的翻译看文化交流 138从价值观转换看斯佳丽的角色特征 142从礼貌准则看中英文化的异同 146从习语看英汉民族的文化差异 149从英语人名中看性别歧视
157动词过程类型的选择和话语隐性态度的表达161对母语在英语写作中词汇负迁移现象的思考162对严复译作中“信”的质疑 167法律英语用词特征分析 168法律语言翻译与法律文体 177副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 180功能语法视角下的英语报纸新闻标题的功能183广告口号语的语言特点 189国际商务文化之对比研究 204汉语中双关语的翻译 213基于概念隐喻的诗歌解读 228论广告英语中的幽默 265论广告英语的语言特点 268论汉英谚语的语言特征 280论清教理念与美国西进运动 282论莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间 300论英语广告中几种常用修辞格及其汉译310论尤金?奥尼尔的表现主义手法 324名词化的语篇功能 330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能
340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点346浅析汉英动物谚语中的文化 348浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源349浅析英语禁忌语及其发展 352浅析英语无标志被动句 356浅议译者能力 359认知语言学角度下“within” 的空间隐喻意义365商标英语汉译的原则和方法 384体育新闻英语文体研究 375社会语言学视野中的网络语言 418新闻英语中的语法特点研究 423颜色词在英汉互译中的不对应性 425移就的审美价值和生成基础 426以认知为基础的颜色隐喻研究 428隐喻认知功能研究的新视角 429隐喻与一词多义的关系 438英汉被动句对比研究 439英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因 440英汉动词非谓语用法之比较研究 442英汉否定问句的答句对比研究
英语论文题目大全_最新英语专业毕业论文题目 下面是学术堂整理的英语论文题目大全，供选题使用，如有更多需求可以联系本站客服。 英语论文题目大全导航： 英语毕业论文题目英语专业论文题目英语教学法论文题目英语语言论文题目商务英语论文题目旅游英语论文题目英语论文题目（英美文学）英语论文题目（文化研究）英语翻译论文题目英语语言学论文题目 英语教学论文题目 英文论文题目选择可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向。 英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文题目选择可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文题目选择可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它
一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。【扩展阅读】：完成英语毕业论文的撰写可以分两个步骤，即选择课题和研究课题。 首先是选择课题选题是英语论文撰写成败的关键。要选择有科学价值和现实意义的、切实可行的课题。可以说选好课题是毕业论文成功的一半。 第一、要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 科学研究的目的是为了更好地认识世界、改造世界，以推动社会的不断进步和发展。因此，毕业论文的选题，必须紧密结合社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要，以促进科学事业发展和解决现实存在问题作为出发点和落脚点。选题要符合科学研究的正确方向，要具有新颖性，有创新、有理论价值和现实的指导意义或推动
882篇英语教学论文题目参考 英语初学者可能遇到的学习障碍的分析及对策 在教学中发挥学生的主体作用 英语教学中的交际性原则 新课程理念下初中英语课堂教学中合作学习的运用 高中英语教学中学生主体能动性的发挥 初中英语课文阅读教学策略探讨 连动式、兼语式的汉英比较 新教材新特点引发新思考新探索 英语非谓语动词的表层结构与深层意义 高中英语问题式教学初探 三段式在中学英语阅读教学中的运用 英语教学“课堂导入”的原则和方法 参与、合作、探究的英语教学模式 浅谈中学英语兴趣教学 构建基于信息技术的多维互动的思想品德课教学体系 初中英语教学中自主与合作学习方式的结合应用 词汇法教学在英语教学实践中的应用 高中学生英语会话能力薄弱的原因及解决办法 在外语教学中培养为交际而运用英语的能力 英语教学要体现人文关怀 练习在英语课堂教学中的运用 浅谈英语教学中对学生主体意识的开掘 中学初级阶段英语教学浅谈 英语探究性课堂教学法例谈 浅谈提高英语听力教学的方法 英语教师应把握学生作为学习主体的相关因素 初中英语口试的紧迫性和可行性研究 浅谈中小学生英语学习与心理素质的关系 浅谈高中英语如何运用启发式教学激发学生积极思维 浅谈如何培养中学生英语的兴趣 构建适合学生的教学模式发展学生综合运用语言的能力中学生英语听力障碍及克服方法初探 英语教学中课堂气氛与教学效果浅谈 关于英语后阶段复习冲刺的学习策略与建议 英语课堂创设教学活动情境的途径 注意英语学习策略培训提高学生自主学习能力 如何在英语教学中培养学生良好的语感 注重方法培养能力提高质量——谈高中英语的复习 试谈思政课中案例与活动教学的有效整合 中学英语教学与“学困生”心理素质教育 语境设置与中学英语教学 外语教学中如何使用语言实验室
外国语学院 语言学导论 课程论文 课题名称：英文题目 Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Idioms 中文题目 英汉习语中的语言文化差异 学生姓名：褚宏川 学号：10131140134 专业：英语 班级：2010级1班 授课教师：韩泽亭 2012年12月
Cultural Differences in English and Chinese Idioms Abstract: Language is the main carrier of culture. Idioms are the essence of a language, and also the quintessence of a nat ion’s culture and wisdom. English and Chinese idioms carry the different national cultural characteristics and cultural information. Among these idioms, a large number of them are connected with geography，customs, historical allusion, and religion.In order to understand these idioms clearly, this paper will analyze cultural differences from four aspects of geography, customs, historical allusion, and religion. 摘要：语言是文化的主要载体。习语是语言的本质,也是一个国家文化和智慧的精髓。 英汉习语携带不同的民族文化特色和文化信息。在这些习语中有很大一部分都与地 理、风俗、历史典故、和宗教有关。为了更加清晰的理解这些习语,本文将从地理、 风俗、历史典故、和宗教四个方面分析文化差异。 Key words：English and Chinese idioms，cultural comparison,cultural differences; 关键词：英汉习语;文化比较；文化差异
英语语言文学专业毕业论文题目大全 1 The Instructive Meaning of Inter-language Pragmatics for foreign Language Teaching 2 Pedagogical Translation and Translation Teaching 3 Fuzzy Words and Their Uses in Human Communication 4 Ambiguity and Puns in English 5 Some basic consideration of style 6 English by Newspaper 7 English Personal Pronouns: a Preliminary Textual Analysis 8 Thematic Network and Text Types 9 An Inquiry into Speech Act Theory 10 On Lexical Cohesion in Expository Writing 11 The Inferences of Conversational Implications 12 Context and Meaning 13 The Construction and Interpretation of Cohesion in Texts 14 The Instructive Meaning of Inter-language Pragmatics for foreign Language Teaching
15 Pedagogical Translation and Translation Teaching 16 The Importance of Cultural Authenticity in Teaching Materials 17 Micro-teaching and Student Teacher Training 18 How to Evaluate the Teacher Performance - A Case Study 19 English Test Design 20 The Interference of Native Language in English Writing or Translation 21 Translation Methods and English Teaching 22 Importance of Meaning Group in Translation 23 Language and Culture 24 Sexism in English Language 25 Cultural Differences of English and Chinese 27 Loanwords in English 28 Brand Names and Their Characteristics 30 Vagueness of the English Language 31 Characteristics of Humor 32 An Analysis of Language Features
四、英语论文的文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。 1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如: The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。 2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示: Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。 3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用 圆括弧)。如: Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9). 值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。 4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后
882篇英语教学论文题目参考 在教学中发挥学生的主体作用 英语教学中的交际性原则 新课程理念下初中英语课堂教学中合作学习的运用 高中英语教学中学生主体能动性的发挥 初中英语课文阅读教学策略探讨 连动式、兼语式的汉英比较 新教材新特点引发新思考新探索 英语非谓语动词的表层结构与深层意义 高中英语问题式教学初探 三段式在中学英语阅读教学中的运用 英语教学“课堂导入”的原则和方法 参与、合作、探究的英语教学模式 浅谈中学英语兴趣教学 构建基于信息技术的多维互动的思想品德课教学体系 初中英语教学中自主与合作学习方式的结合应用 词汇法教学在英语教学实践中的应用 高中学生英语会话能力薄弱的原因及解决办法 在外语教学中培养为交际而运用英语的能力 英语教学要体现人文关怀 练习在英语课堂教学中的运用 浅谈英语教学中对学生主体意识的开掘 中学初级阶段英语教学浅谈 英语探究性课堂教学法例谈 浅谈提高英语听力教学的方法 英语教师应把握学生作为学习主体的相关因素 初中英语口试的紧迫性和可行性研究 浅谈中小学生英语学习与心理素质的关系 浅谈高中英语如何运用启发式教学激发学生积极思维 浅谈如何培养中学生英语的兴趣 构建适合学生的教学模式发展学生综合运用语言的能力中学生英语听力障碍及克服方法初探 英语教学中课堂气氛与教学效果浅谈 关于英语后阶段复习冲刺的学习策略与建议 英语课堂创设教学活动情境的途径 注意英语学习策略培训提高学生自主学习能力 如何在英语教学中培养学生良好的语感 注重方法培养能力提高质量——谈高中英语的复习 试谈思政课中案例与活动教学的有效整合 中学英语教学与“学困生”心理素质教育 语境设置与中学英语教学 外语教学中如何使用语言实验室