自动控制原理(中英文对照李道根)习题2题解

Module3Problem 3.1(a) When the input variable is the force F. The input variable F and the output variable y are related by the equation obtained by equating the moment on the stick:2.233y dylF lk c l dt=+Taking Laplace transforms, assuming initial conditions to be zero,433k F Y csY =+leading to the transfer function31(4)Y k F c k s=+ where the time constant τ is given by4c kτ=(b) When F = 0The input variable is x, the displacement of the top point of the upper spring. The input variable x and the output variable y are related by the equation obtained by the moment on the stick:2().2333y y dy k x l kl c l dt-=+Taking Laplace transforms, assuming initial conditions to be zero,3(24)kX k cs Y =+leading to the transfer function321(2)Y X c k s=+ where the time constant τ is given by2c kτ=Problem 3.2 P 54Determine the output of the open-loop systemG(s) = 1asT+to the inputr(t) = tSketch both input and output as functions of time, and determine the steady-state error between the input and output. Compare the result with that given by Fig3.7 . Solution ：While the input r(t) = t , use Laplace transforms, Input r(s)=21sOutput c(s) = r(s) G(s) = 2(1)aTs s ⋅+ = 211T T a s s Ts ⎛⎫ ⎪-+ ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭the time-domain response becomes c(t) = ()1t Tat aT e ---Problem 3.33.3 The massless bar shown in Fig.P3.3 has been displaced a distance 0x and is subjected to a unit impulse δ in the direction shown. Find the response of the system for t>0 and sketch the result as a function of time. Confirm the steady-state response using the final-value theorem. Solution ：The equation obtained by equating the force:00()kx cxt δ+=Taking Laplace transforms, assuming initial condition to be zero,K 0X +Cs 0X =1leading to the transfer function()XF s =1K Cs +=1C1K s C+The time-domain response becomesx(t)=1CC tK e -The steady-state response using the final-value theorem:lim ()t x t →∞=0lim s →s 1K Cs +1s =1K00000()()()1;11111()K t CK x x Cx t Kx X K Cs Kx Kx X C Cs K K s KKx x t eCδ-++=⇒++=--∴==⋅++-=⋅According to the final-value theorem:0001lim ()lim lim 01t s s Kx sx t s X C K s K→∞→→-=⋅=⋅=+ Problem 3.4 Solution:1.If the input is a unit step, then1()R s s=()()11R s C s sτ−−−→−−−→+ leading to,1()(1)C s s sτ=+taking the inverse Laplace transform gives,()1tc t e τ-=-as the steady-state output is said to have been achieved once it is within 1% of the final value, we can solute ―t‖ like this,()199%1tc t e τ-=-=⨯ (the final value is 1) hence,0.014.60546.05te t sττ-==⨯=(the time constant τ=10s)2.the numerical value of the numerator of the transfer function doesn’t affect the answer. See this equation, If ()()()1C s AG s R s sτ==+ then()(1)A C s s sτ=+giving the time-domain response()(1)tc t A e τ-=-as the final value is A, the steady-state output is achieved when,()(1)99%tc t A e A τ-=-=⨯solute the equation, t=4.605τ=46.05sthe result make no different from that above, so we said that the numerical value of the numerator of the transfer function doesn’t affect the answer.If a<1, as the time increase, the two lines won`t cross. In the steady state the output lags the input by a time by more than the time constant T. The steady error will be negative infinite.R(t)C(t)Fig 3.7 tR(t)C(t)tIf a=1, as the time increase, the two lines will be parallel. It is as same as Fig 3.7.R(t)C(t)tIf a>1, as the time increase, the two lines will cross. In the steady state the output lags the input by a time by less than the time constant T.The steady error will be positive infinite.Problem 3.5 Solution: R(s)=261s s+, Y(s)=26(51)s s s +⋅+=229614551s s s -+++ /5()62929t y t t e -∴=-+so the steady-state error is 29(-30). To conform the result:5lim ()lim(62929);tt t y t t -→∞→∞=-+=∞6lim ()lim ()lim ()lim(51)t s s s s y t y s Y s s s →∞→→→+====∞+.20lim ()lim ()lim [()()]161lim [()1]()lim (1)()5130ss t s s s s e e t S E S S Y S R S S G S R S S S S S→∞→→→→==⋅=⋅-=⋅-=⋅-⋅++=- Therefore, the solution is basically correct.Problem 3.623yy x += since input is of constant amplitude and variable frequency , it can be represented as:j tX eA ω=as we know ,the output should be a sinusoidal signal with the same frequency of the input ,it can also be represented as:R(t)C(t)t0j t y y e ω=hence23j tj tj tj yyeeeA ωωωω+=00132j y Aω=+ 0294Ayω=+ 2tan3w ϕ=- Its DC(w→0) value is 003Ay ω==Requirement 01122w yy==21123294AA ω=⨯+ →32w = while phase lag of the input:1tan 14πϕ-=-=-Problem 3.7One definition of the bandwidth of a system is the frequency range over which the amplitude of the output signal is greater than 70% of the input signal amplitude when a system is subjected to a harmonic input. Find a relationship between the bandwidth and the time constant of a first-order system. What is the phase angle at the bandwidth frequency ？ Solution ：From the equation 3.41000.71r A r ωτ22=≥+ (1)and ω≥0 (2) so 1.020ωτ≤≤so the bandwidth 1.02B ωτ=from the equation 3.43the phase angle 110tan tan 1.024c πωτ--∠=-=-=Problem 3.8 3.8 SolutionAccording to generalized transfer function of First-Order Feedback Systems11C KG K RKGHK sτ==+++the steady state of the output of this system is 2.5V .∴if s →0, 2.51104C R→=. From this ,we can get the value of K, that is 13K =.Since we know that the step input is 10V , taking Laplace transforms,the input is 10S.Then the output is followed1103()113C s S s τ=⨯++Taking reverse Laplace transforms,4/4332.5 2.5 2.5(1)t t C e eττ--=-=-From the figure, we can see that when the time reached 3s,the value of output is 86% of the steady state. So we can know34823(2)*4393τττ-=-⇒-=-⇒=, 4/3310.8642t t e ττ-=-=⇒=The transfer function is3128s +146s+Let 12+8s=0, we can get the pole, that is 1.5s =-2/3- Problem 3.9 Page 55 Solution:The transfer function can be represented,()()()()()()()o o m i m i v s v s v s G s v s v s v s ==⋅While,()1()111//()()11//o m m i v s v s sRCR v s sC sC v s R R sC sC =+⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭=⎡⎤⎛⎫++ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦Leading to the final transfer function,21()13()G s sRC sRC =++ And the reason:the second simple lag compensation network can be regarded as the load of the first one, and according to Load Effect , the load affects the primary relationship; so the transfer function of the comb ination doesn’t equal the product of the two individual lag transfer functio nModule4Problem4.14.1The closed-loop transfer function is10(6)102(6)101610S S S S C RS s +++++==Comparing with the generalized second-order system,we getProblem4.34.3Considering the spring rise x and the mass rise y. Using Newton ’s second law of motion..()()d x y m y K x y c dt-=-+Taking Laplace transforms, assuming zero initial conditions2mYs KX KY csX csY =-+-resulting in the transfer funcition where2Y cs K X ms cs K +=++ And521.26*10cmkc ζ== Problem4.4 Solution:The closed-loop transfer function is210263101011n n d n W EW E W W E ====-=2121212K C K S S K R S S K S S ∙+==+++∙+Comparing the closed-loop transfer function with the generalized form,2222n n nCR s s ωξωω=++ it is seen that2n K ω= And that22n ξω= ; 1Kξ=The percentage overshoot is therefore21100PO eξπξ--=11100k keπ-∙-=Where 10%PO ≤When solved, gives 1.2K ≤（2.86）When K takes the value 1.2, the poles of the system are given by22 1.20s s ++=Which gives10.45s j =-±±s=-1 1.36jProblem4.5ReIm0.45-0.45-14.5 A unity-feedback control system has the forward-path transfer functionG (s) =10)S(s K+Find the closed-loop transfer function, and develop expressions for the damping ratio And damped natural frequency in term of K Plot the closed-loop poles on the complex Plane for K = 0,10,25,50,100.For each value of K calculate the corresponding damping ratio and damped natural frequency. What conclusions can you draw from the plot?Solution: Substitute G(s)=(10)K s s + into the feedback formula : Φ(s)=()1()G S HG S +.And in unitfeedback system H=1. Result in: Φ(s)=210Ks s K++ So the damped natural frequencyn ω=K ,damping ratio ζ=102k =5k.The characteristic equation is 2s +10S+K=0. When K ≤25,s=525K -±-; While K>25,s=525i K -±-; The value ofn ω and ζ corresponding to K are listed as follows.K 0 10 25 50 100 Pole 1 1S 0 515-+ -5 -5+5i 553i -+Pole 2 2S -10 515-- -5 -5-5i553i --n ω 010 5 52 10 ζ ∞2.51 0.5 0.5Plot the complex plane for each value of K:We can conclude from the plot.When k ≤25,poles distribute on the real axis. The smaller value of K is, the farther poles is away from point –5. The larger value of K is, the nearer poles is away from point –5.When k>25,poles distribute away from the real axis. The smaller value of K is, the further (nearer) poles is away from point –5. The larger value of K is, the nearer (farther) poles is away from point –5.And all the poles distribute on a line parallels imaginary axis, intersect real axis on the pole –5.Problem4.61tb b R L C b o v dv i i i i v dt C R L dt=++=++⎰Taking Laplace transforms, assuming zero initial conditions, reduces this equation to011b I Cs V R Ls ⎛⎫=++ ⎪⎝⎭20b V RLs I Ls R RLCs =++ Since the input is a constant current i 0, so01I s=then,()2b RLC s V Ls R RLCs==++ Applying the final-value theorem yields ()()0lim lim 0t s c t sC s →∞→==indicating that the steady-state voltage across the capacitor C eventually reaches the zero ,resulting in full error.Problem4.74.7 Prove that for an underdamped second-order system subject to a step input, thepercentage overshoot above the steady-state output is a function only of the damping ratio .Fig .4.7SolutionThe output can be given by222222()(2)21()(1)n n n n n n C s s s s s s s ωζωωζωζωωζ=+++=-++- (1)the damped natural frequencyd ω can be defined asd ω=21n ωζ- (2)substituting above results in22221()()()n n n d n d s C s s s s ζωζωζωωζωω+=--++++ (3) taking the inverse transform yields22()1sin()11tan n t d e c t t where ζωωφζζφζ-=-+--=(4)the maximum output is22()1sin()11n t p d p p d n e c t t t ζωωφζππωωζ-=-+-==-(5)so the maximum is2/1()1p c t eπζζ--=+the percentage overshoot is therefore2/1100PO eπζζ--=Problem4.8 Solution to 4.8:Considering the mass m displaced a distance x from its equilibrium position, the free-body diagram of the mass will be as shown as follows.aP cdx kxkxmUsing Newton ’s second law of motion,22p k x c x mx m x c x k x p--=++=Taking Laplace transforms, assuming zero initial conditions,2(2)X ms cs k P ++= results in the transfer function2/(1/)/((/)2/)X P m s c m s k m =++ 2(2/)(2/)((/)2/)k k m s c m s k m =++As we see2(2)X m s c s k P++= As P is constantSo X ∝212ms cs k ++ . When 56.25102cs m-=-=-⨯ ()25min210mscs k ++=4max5100.110X == This is a second-order transfer function where 22/n k m ω= and/2/22n c w m c k m ζ== The damped natural frequency is given by 2212/1/8d n k m c km ωωζ=-=-22/(/2)k m c m =- Using the given data,462510/2100.050.2236n ω=⨯⨯⨯== 462502.79501022100.05ζ-==⨯⨯⨯⨯ ()240.22361 2.7950100.2236d ω-=⨯-⨯= With these data we can draw a picture14.0501160004.673600p de s e T T πωτζωτ======222222112/1222()22,,,428sin (sin cos )0tan 7.030.02n n pp dd n dd n ntd d t t t n d p d d p ddd p p p nX k m c k P ms cs k k m s s s m m k c k c cm m m m km p x e tm p xe t t m t t x m ζωζωωωζωωωωζζωωωζωωωωωωωζω--===⋅=⋅++++++=-===∴==-+=∴=⇒=⇒= 其中Problem4.10 4.10 solution:The system is similar to the one in the book on PAGE 58 to PAGE 63. The difference is the connection of the spring. So the transfer function is2222l n d n n w s w s w θθζ=++222(),;p a m ld a m p m l m l l m mm l lk k k N RJs RCs R k k N k J N J J C N c c N N N θθωθωθ=+++=+=+===p a mn K K K w NJ R='damping ratio 2p a m c NRK K K J ζ='But the value of J is different, because there is a spring connected.122s m J J J J N N '=++Because of final-value theorem,2l nd w θθζ=Module5Problem5.45．4 The closed-loop transfer function of the system may be written as2221010(1)610101*********CR K K K S S K K S S K S S +++==+++++++ The closed-loop poles are the solutions of the characteristic equation6364(1010)3110210(1)n K S K JW K -±-+==-±+=+ 210(1)6310(1)E K E K +==+In order to study the stability of the system, the behavior of the closed-loop poles when the gain K increases from zero to infinte will be observed. So when12K = 3010E =321S J =-± 210K = 3110110E =3101S J =-± 320K = 21070E =3201S J =-±双击下面可以看到原图ReProblem5.5SolutionThe closed-loop transfer function is2222(1)1(1)KC K KsKR s K as s aKs Kass===+++++∙+Comparing the closed-loop transfer function with the generalized form, 2222nn nCR s sωξωω=++Leading to2nKa Kωξ==The percentage overshoot is therefore2110040%PO eξπξ--==Producing the result0.869ξ=（0.28）And the peak time241PnT sπωξ==-Leading to1.586nω=（0.82）Problem5.75.7 Prove that the rise time T r of a second-order system with a unit step input is given byT r = d ω1 tan -1n dζωω = d ω1 tan -1d ωζ21--Plot the rise against the damping ratio.Solution:According to (4.33):c(t)=1-2(cos sin )1n t d d e t t ζωζωωζ-+-. 4.33When t=r T ,c(t)=1.substitue c(t)= 1 into (4.33) Producing the resultr T =d ω1 tan -1n dζωω = d ω1 tan -112ζζ--Plot the rise time against the damping ratio:Problem5.9Solution to 5.9:As we know that the system is the open-loop transfer function of a unity-feedback control system.So ()()GH S G S = Given as()()()425KGH s s s =-+The close-loop transfer function of the system may be written as()()()()()41254G s C Ks R GH s s s K ==+-++ The characteristic equation is()()2254034100s s K s s K -++=⇒++-=According to the Routh ’s method, the Routh ’s array must be formed as follow20141030410s K s s K -- For there is no closed-loop poles to the right of the imaginary axis4100 2.5K K -≥⇒≥ Given that 0.5ζ=4103 4.752410n K K K ωζ=-=⇒=- When K=0, the root are s=+2,-5According to the characteristic equation, the solutions are349424s K =-±-while 3.0625K ≤, we have one or two solutions, all are integral number.Or we will have solutions with imaginary number. So we can drawK=102 -5 K=0K=3.0625K=2.5 K=10Open-loop polesClosed-loop polesProblem5.10 5.10 solution:0.62/n w rad sζ==according to()211sin()21n w t d e c w t ζφζ-=-+=- 1.2sin(1.6)0.4t e t φ-⋅+= 4t a n3φ= finally, t is delay time:1.23t s ≈(0.67)Module6Problem 6.3First we assume the disturbance D to be zero:e R C =-1011C K e s s =⋅⋅⋅+Hence:(1)10(1)e s s R K s s +=++ Then we set the input R to be zero:10()(1)C K e D e s s =⋅+⋅=-+ ⇒ 1010(1)e D K s s =-++Adding these two results together:(1)1010(1)10(1)s s e R D K s s K s s +=⋅-⋅++++21()R s s =; 1()D s s= ∴222110910(1)10(1)100(1)s s e Ks s s Ks s s s s s +-=-=++++++ the steady-state error:232200099lim lim lim 0.09100100ss s s s s s s e s e s s s s s →→→--=⋅===-++++Problem 6.4Determine the disturbance rejection ratio(DRR) for the system shown in Fig P.6.4+fig.P.6.4 solution ：from the diagram we can know :0.210.05mv K RK c === so we can get that()0.21115()0.05v m m OL n CL K K DRR cR ωω∆⨯==+=+=∆210.10.050.050.025s s =++, so c=0.025, DRR=9Problem 6.5 6.5 SolutionFor the purposes of determining the steady-state error of the system, we should get to know the effect of the input and the disturbance along when the other will be assumed to be zero.First to simplify the block diagram to the following patter:110s +2021Js Tddθoθ0.220.10.05s ++__+d T—Allowing the transfer function from the input to the output position to be written as01220220d Js s θθ=++ 012222020240*220220(220)dJs s Js s s Js s sθθ===++++++ According to the equation E=R-C:022*******(2)()lim[()()]lim[(1)]lim 0.2220220ssr d s s s Js e s s s s Js s Js s δδδθθ→→→+=-=-==++++问题;1. 系统型为2，对于阶跃输入，稳态误差为0.2. 终值定理写的不对。

■SolutionsP3.1 The unit step response of a certain system is given by t t e e t c 21)(---+=, 0≥t (a) Determine the impulse response of the system.(b) Determine the transfer function )()(s R s C of the system.Solution:The impulse response is the differential of corresponding step response, i.e.t t e e t tt c t k 22)(d )(d )(--+-==δAs we know that the transfer function is the Laplace transform of corresponding impulse response, i.e.232422111]2)([)()(222++++=+++-=+-=--s s s s s s e e t L s R s C tt δP3.2Consider the system described by the block diagram shown in Fig. P3.2(a). Determinethe polarities of two feedbacks for each of the following step responses shown in Fig. P3.2(b), where “0” indicates that the feedback is open.Solution:In general we have(a) Block diagram.1.1.1.1.1(b) U nit-step resp onses(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)Figure P3.221020221)()(k k s k s k k s R s C ±±=Note that the characteristic polynomial is210202)(k k s k s s ±±=∆where the sign of s k 2is depended on the outer feedback and the sign of 21k k is depended on the inter feedback.Case (1).The response presents a sinusoidal. It means that the system has a pair of pure imaginary roots, i.e. the characteristic polynomial is in the form of 212)(k k s s +=∆. Obviously, the outlet feedback is “–”and the inner feedback is “0”.Case (2).The response presents a diverged oscillation.The system has a pair of complex conjugate roots with positive real parts, i.e. the characteristic polynomial is in the form of 2122)(k k s k s s +-=∆. Obviously, the outlet feedback is “+”and the inner feedback is “–”.Case (3).The response presents a converged oscillation. It means that the system has a pair of complex conjugate roots with negative real parts, i.e. the characteristic polynomial is in the form of 2122)(k k s k s s ++=∆. Obviously,both the outlet and inner feedbacks are “–”.Case (4).In fact this is a ramp response of a first-order system. Hence, the outlet feedback is “0”to produce a ramp signal and the inner feedback is “–”.Case (5).Considering that a parabolic function is the integral of a ramp function, both the outlet and inner feedbacks are “0”.P3.3Consider each of the following closed-loop transfer function. By considering the location of the poles on the complex plane, sketch the unit step response, explaining the results obtained.(a) 201220)(2++=s s s Φ,(b) 61166)(23+++=s s s s Φ(c) 224)(2++=s s s Φ,(d) )5)(52(5.12)(2+++=s s s s ΦSolution:(a) )10)(2(20201220)(2++=++=s s s s s ΦBy inspection, the characteristic roots are 2-, 10-. This is an overdamped second-order system. Therefore, considering that the closed-loop gain is 1=Φk , its unit step response can be sketched as shown.(b) )3)(2)(1(661166)(23+++=+++=s s s s s s s ΦBy inspection, the characteristic roots are 1-, 2-, 3-.Obviously, all three transient components are decayed exponential terms. Therefore, its unit step response, with a closed-loop gain 1=Φk , is sketched as shown..1.1(c) 1)1(4224)(22++=++=s s s s ΦThis is an underdamped second-order system, because its characteristic roots are j ±-1. Hence, transient component is a decayed sinusoid. Noting that the closed-loop gain is 2=Φk , the unit step response can be sketched as shown.(d) )5](21[(5.12)5)(52(5.12)(222++=+++=s s s s s s ）＋ΦBy inspection, the characteristic roots are 21j ±-, 5-. Since51.0-<<-, there is a pair of dominant poles,21j ±-, for this system. The unit step response, with a closed-loop gain 5.0=Φk , is sketched as shown.P3.4 The open-loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is)1(1)(+=s s s G Determine the rise time, peak time, percent overshoot and setting time (using a 5% setting criterion).Solution: Writing he closed-loop transfer function2222211)(nn n s s s s s ωςωωΦ++=++=we get 1=n ω, 5.0=ς. Since this is an underdamped second-order system with 5.0=ς, the system performance can be estimated as follows.Rising time .sec 42.25.0115.0arccos 1arccos 22≈-⋅-=--=πςωςπn r t Peak time .sec 62.35.011122≈-⋅=-=πςωπn p t Percent overshoot %3.16%100%100225.015.01≈⨯=⨯=--πςπςσe e p Setting time .sec 615.033=⨯=≈ns t ςω(using a 5% setting criterion)P3.5 A second-order system gives a unit step response shown in Fig. P3.5. Find the open-loop transfer function if the system is a unit negative-feedback system.Solution:By inspection we have%30%100113.1=⨯-=p σSolving the formula for calculating the overshoot,.1.1Figure P3.5.0.23.021==-ςπςσe p , we have 362.0ln ln 22≈+-=ppσπσςSince .sec 1=p t , solving the formula for calculating the peak time, 21ςωπ-=n p t , we getsec/7.33rad n =ωHence, the open-loop transfer function is)4.24(7.1135)2()(2+=+=s s s s s G n n ςωωP3.6A feedback system is shown in Fig. P3.6(a), and its unit step response curve is shown in Fig. P3.6(b). Determine the values of 1k , 2k ,and a .Solution:The transfer function between the input and output is given by2221)()(k as s k k s R s C ++=The system is stable and we have, from the response curve,21lim )(lim 122210==⋅++⋅=→∞→k sk as s k k s t c s t By inspection we have%9%10000.211.218.2=⨯-=p σSolving the formula for calculating the overshoot, 09.021==-ςπςσe p , we have608.0ln ln 22≈+-=ppσπσςSince .sec 8.0=p t , solving the formula for calculating the peak time, 21ςωπ-=n p t , we getsec/95.4rad n =ωThen, comparing the characteristic polynomial of the system with its standard form, we have.2.2(a)(b)Figure P3.622222n n s s k as s ωςω++=++5.2495.4222===n k ω02.695.4608.022=⨯⨯==n a ςωP3.7A unity negative feedback system has the open-loop transfer function)2()(k s s k s G +=(a) Determine the percent overshoot.(b) For what range of k the setting time less than 0.75 s (using a 5% setting criterion).Solution: (a)For the closed-loop transfer function we have222222)(nn n s s k s k s ks ωςωωΦ++=++=hence, by inspection,we getsec /rad k n =ω, 22=ςThe percent overshoot is%32.4%10021=⨯=-ςπςσe p (b) Since 9.022<=ς, letting.sec 75.025.033<⨯=≈kt ns ςω(using a 5% setting criterion)results in2275.06⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛>k , i.e. 32>k P3.8For the servomechanism system shown in Fig. P3.8,determine the values of k and a that satisfy the following closed-loop system design requirements.(a) Maximum of 40% overshoot.(b) Peak time of 4s.Solution:For the closed-loop transfer function we have22222)(nn n s s k s k s ks ωςωωαΦ++=++=hence, by inspection, we getk n =2ω, αςωk n =2,and n n k ωςςωα22==Taking consideration of %40%10021=⨯=-ςπςσe p results in280.0=ς.In this case, to satisfy the requirement of peak time, 412=-=ςωπn p t , we haveFigure P3.8.sec /818.0rad n =ωHence, the values of k and a are determined as67.02==n k ω, 68.02==nωςαP3.9 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is)2()(+=s s k s G A step response is specified as:peak time s 1.1=p t , and percent overshoot %5=p σ.(a) Determine whether both specifications can be met simultaneously. (b) If the specifications cannot be met simultaneously, determine a compromise value for k so that the peak time and percent overshoot are relaxed the same percentage.Solution:Writing the closed-loop transfer function222222)(nn n s s k s s ks ωςωωΦ++=++=we get k n =ωand k 1=ς.(a) Assuming that the peak time is satisfiedsec1.1112=-=-=k t n p πςωπwe get 16.9=k . Then, we have 33.0=ςand%5%33%10021>=⨯=-ςπςσe p Obviously, these two specifications cannot be met simultaneously.(b) In order to reduce p σthe gain must be reduced. Choosing sec 2.221==p p t t results in04.31=k , 57.01=ς, %102%3.111=>=p p σσRechoosing sec 31.21.22==p p t t results in85.21=k , 59.01=ς, %10.51.2%0.101=<=p p σσLetting sec 255.205.23==p p t t results in941.23=k , 583.03=ς, %10.2505.2%5.103=≈=p p σσIn this way, a compromise value is obtained as941.2=k P3.10A control system is represented by the transfer function)13.04.0)(56.2(33.0)()(2+++=s s s s R s C Estimate the peak time, percent overshoot, and setting time (%5=∆), using the dominant pole method, if it is possible.Solution:Rewriting the transfer function as]3.0)2.0)[(56.2(33.0)()(22+++=s s s R s C we get the poles of the system: 3.02.021j s ±-=，, 56.23-=s . Then, 21，s can be considered as a pair of dominant poles, because )Re()Re(321s s <<，.Method 1. After reducing to a second-order system,the transfer function becomes13.04.013.0)()(2++=s s s R s C (Note: 1)()(lim 0==→s R s C k s Φ)which results in sec /36.0rad n =ωand 55.0=ς. The specifications can be determined assec 0.42112ςωπ-=n p t , %6.12%10021=⨯=-ςπςσe p sec 67.2011ln 12=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=ς∆ςωn s t Method 2. Taking consideration of the effect of non-dominant pole on the transient components cause by the dominant poles, we havesec0.8411)(231=--∠-=ςωπn p s s t %6.13%10021313=⨯-=-ςπςσe s s s p sec 6.232ln 1313=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-⋅=s s s t n s ∆ςωP3.11By means of the algebraic criteria, determine the stability of systems that have thefollowing characteristic equations.(a) 02092023=+++s s s (b) 025103234=++++s s s s (c) 021*******=+++++s s s s s Solution:(a) 02092023=+++s s s . All coefficients of the characteristic equation are positive. Using L-C criterion,1609120202>==D This system is stable.(b) 025103234=++++s s s s . All coefficients of the characteristic equation are positive. Using L-C criterion,15311002531103<-==D This system is unstable.(c) 021*******=+++++s s s s s . (It’s better to use Routh criterion for a higher-order system.)All coefficients of the characteristicequation are positive. Establish the Routh arrayas shown.There are two changes of sign in the first column, this system is unstable.P3.12The characteristic equations for certain systems are given below. In each case,determine the number of characteristic roots in the right-half s -plane and the number of pure imaginary roots.(a) 0233=+-s s (b) 0160161023=+++s s s (c) 04832241232345=+++++s s s s s (d) 0846322345=--+++s s s s s Solution:(a) 0233=+-s s . The Routh array shows that there are two changes of sign in the first column. So that there are two characteristic roots in the right-half s -plane.(b) 0160161023=+++s s s The 1s -row is an all-zero one and an auxiliary equation is made based on 2s -row162=+s Taking derivative with respect to s yields2=s The coefficient of this new equation is inserted in the1s row, and the Routh array is then completed. By inspection, there are no changes of sign in the firstcolumn, and the system has no characteristic roots in the right-half s -plane. The solution of the auxiliary are 4j s ±=, the system has a pair of pure imaginary roots.(c) 04832241232345=+++++s s s s s . The Routh array is established as follows.The 1s -row is an all-zero one and an auxiliary equation based on 2s -row is42=+s Taking derivative with respect to s yields2=s The coefficient of this new equation isinserted in the 1s row, and the Routh array is then completed. By inspection, there are no changes of sign in the first column, and the system has no characteristic roots in the right-half5s 1914s 21023s 402s 1021s -0.800s 23s 1-32s 0 0>⇒ε21s εε23--0s 23s 1162s 101⇒16016⇒1s 02⇒0s 165s 112324s 31⇒248⇒4861⇒3s 41⇒164⇒2s 41⇒164⇒1s 02⇒0s 4s -plane. The solution of the auxiliary are 2j s ±=, the system has a pair of pure imaginaryroots.(d) 0846322345=--+++s s s s s .The Routh array is established as follows.The 3s -row is an all-zero one and an auxiliary equationbased on 4s -row is04324=-+s s Taking derivative with respect to s yields643=+s s The coefficient of this new equation is inserted in the 3s row, and the Routh array is then completed. By inspection, the sign inthe first column is changed one time, and the system has one root in the right-half s -plane. The solution of the auxiliary are 121±=，s 243j s ±=，, the system has one pair of pure imaginary roots.P3.13The characteristic equations for certain systems are given below. In each case, determine the value of k so that the corresponding system is stable. It is assumed that k is positive number.(a) 02102234=++++k s s s s (b) 0504)5.0(23=++++ks s k s Solution: (a) 02102234=++++k s s s s .The system is stable if and only if⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧<⇒>=>9022*********k k D k i.e. the system is stable when 90<<k .(b) 0504)5.0(23=++++ks s k s . The system is stable if and only if⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧>-+⇒>-+⇒>+=>>+0)3.3)(8.34(05024041505.00,05.022k k k k k k D k k i.e. the system is stable when 3.3>k .P3.14The open-loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is given by)12.001.0()(2++=s s s Ks G ςDetermine the range of K and ςin which the closed-loop system is stable.Solution: The characteristic equation is2.001.023=+++K s s s ςThe system is stable if and only if5s 13-44s 21⇒63⇒-84-⇒3s 04⇒06⇒02s 3-8 1s 5000s -8⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<⇒>-⇒>=>>ςςς200010200101.02.002.0,02K K .ς.K D k The required range is 020>>K ς.P3.15The open-loop transfer function of negative feedback system is given)12)(1()1()()(+++=s Ts s s K s H s G The parameters K and T may be represented in a plane with K as the horizontal axis and T as the vertical axis. Determine the region in which the closed-loop system is stable.Solution:The characteristic equation is)1()2(223=+++++K s K s T Ts Since all coefficients are positive, the system is stable if and only if)1)(2(01222>++⇒>++=K T K T KT D 022>++-T KT K 04)2()2(>+-+-T T K 4)1)(2(<--⇒K T The system is stable in the region 4)1)(2(<--K T , which is plotted as shown. (Letting 2-='T T and 1-='K K results in 4<''K T .)P3.16A unity negative feedback system has an open-loop transfer function)1)(1)(1()(2+++=Ts n nTs Ts Ks G where 10≤≤n , 0>K , T is a positive constant.(a) Determine the range of K and n so that the system is stable.(b) Determine the value of K required for stability for 1=n , 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.(c) Discuss the stability of the closed-loop system as a function of n for a constant K .Solution:The closed-loop characteristic equation is)1)(1)(1(2=+++K Ts n nTs Ts ＋i.e. 01)1()(22223333=+++++++K Ts n n s T n n n s T n ＋(a) The system is stable if and only if)1(1)1(233222>+++++=Tn n Tn K T n n n D i.e.)1(0)1()1(2223322>--++⇒>+-++K n n n n T K T n n n ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-++⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+++<⇒-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛++<1111112222n n n n n n K n n n K ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++<⇒⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-+++++<2222211)1(11)1(n n K n n n n n n n K '21hence, the system is stable when ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++<<2211)1(0n n K .(b) The value of K required for stability for 1=n , 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0are calculated as shown.80<<K for 1=n ,5.110<<K for 5.0=n ,21.1220<<K for 1.0=n ,102020<<K for 01.0=n ,∞<<K 0for 0=n .(c) For a constant K , the stability of the closed-loop system is related to the value of n , the larger the value of n ,the easier the system to be stable. (Stagger principle.)P3.17A unity negative feedback system has an open-loop transfer function)16)(13()(++=s s s Ks G Determine the range of k required so that there are no closed-loop poles to the right of the line 1-=s .Solution:The closed-loop characteristic equation is18)6)(3(0)16)(13(=+++⇒=+++K s s s K ss s i.e. 01818923=+++K s s s Letting 1~-=s s resulting in)1018(~3~6~018)5~)(2~)(1~(23=-+++⇒=+++-K s s s K s s s Using Lienard-Chipart criterion, all closed-loop poles locate in the right-half s ~-plane, i.e. to the right of the line 1-=s , if and only if⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<⇒>-⇒>-=>⇒>-91408.1820311018695,010182K K K D K K The required range is 91495<<K , or 56.10.56<<K P3.18A system has the characteristic equation291023=+++k s s s Determine the value of k so that the real part of complex roots is 2-, using the algebraiccriterion.Solution:Substituting 2~-=s s into the characteristic equation yields02~292~102~23=+-+-+-k s s s ）（）（）（0)26(~~4~23=-+++k s s s The Routh array is established as shown.If there is a pair of complex roots with real part of 2-, then26=-k 3s 112s 426-k 1s 0si.e. 30=k . In the case of 30=k , we have the solution of the auxiliary equation j s ±=~, i.e. j s ±-=2.P3.19 An automatically guided vehicle is represented by the system in Fig. P3.19.(a) Determine the value of τrequired forstability.(b) Determine the value of τwhen one root of the characteristic equation is 5-=s , and the values of the remainingroots for the selected τ.(c) Find theresponse of the system to a step command for the τselected in (b).Solution:The closed-loop transfer function is10101010)()()(23+++==s s s s R s C s τΦ(a) The closed-loop characteristic equation is 010101023=+++s s s τSince all coefficients are positive, the system is stable if and only if1.0010110102>⇒>=ττD (b) Substituting 5~-=s s into the characteristic equation yields0105~105~105~23=+-+-+-）（）（）（s s s τ0)50135(~)2510(~5~23=-+-+-ττs s s In the case of 050135=-τ, i.e. 7.2=τ, we have 0~1=s , i.e. 51-=s . Solving the characteristic equation with 7.2=τ, i.e. 0~2~5~23=++-s s s results in 56.4~2=s and 44.0~3=s . Hence the remaining roots are 44.02-=s and 56.43-=s .(c) The closed-loop transfer function for 7.2=τis)5)(56.4)(44.0(10)(+++=s s s s ΦThe unit step response of the system is500.156.421.144.021.111)5)(56.4)(44.0(10)(+--+++-=⋅+++=s s s s s s s s s C tt t e e e t c 556.444.000.121.121.11)(----+-=Or, considering that there is a dominant pole for the system, we have127.2144.044.0)(+=+≈s s s Φte t c 44.01)(--≈P3.20A thermometer is described by the transfer function )11+Ts . It is known that, measuring the water temperature in a container, one minute is required to indicate 98% of the actual water temperature. Evaluate the steady-state indicating error of the thermometer if the container is heated and the water temperature is lineally increased at the rate of C/min 10 .travelFig.P3.19Solution:One minute required to indicate 98% of the actual water temperature means that the setting time is sec 604=≈T t s , i.e. the time constant of the thermometer issec15≈T The indicated error caused by the given ramp input, C/sec)(6010C/min)(10)( ==t t r , is222611611161)()()(sTs Ts s Ts s s C s R s E ⋅+=⋅+-=-=By inspection, a first-order system is always stable. Hence, the steady-state indicating error isC ss s s e s ss 5.26111515lim 20=⋅+⋅=→P3.21 Determine the steady-state error for a unit step input, a unit ramp input, and an acceleration input 22t for the following unit negative feedback systems. The open-loop transfer functions are given by(a) )12)(11.0(50)(++=s s s G ,(b) )5.0)(4(10)()(++=s s s s H s G (c) )11.0()15.0(8)(2++=s s s s G ,(d) )5)(1(10)(2++=s s s s G (e) )2004()(2++=s s s k s G Solution:(a) )12)(11.0(50)(++=s s s G . This is a second-order system and must be stable. Asa 0-type system,0=υ, the corresponding error constants are50=p K , 0=v K , 0=a K Consequently, the corresponding steady-state errors are0196.0501110.=+=+=p r ss K r ε, ∞==v v ss K v 0.ε, ∞==aa a ss K v .εrespectively.(b) )5.0)(4(10)()(++=s s s s H s G . The characteristic polynomial is40209)(23+++=s s s s τ∆Using L-C criterion,01402014092>==D the closed-loop system is stable. By inspection, system type 1=υand open-loop gain 5=K . Hence, the corresponding steady-state errors are0.=r ss ε, 2.01.==Kv ss ε, ∞=a ss .εrespectively.(c) )11.0()15.0(8)(2++=s s s s G . The characteristic polynomial is40209)(23+++=s s s s τ∆Using L-C criterion01402014092>==D the closed-loop system is stable. By inspection, system type 1=υand open-loop gain 5=K . Hence, the corresponding steady-state errors are0.=r ss ε, 2.01.==Kv ss ε, ∞=a ss .εrespectively.(d) )5)(1(10)(2++=s s s s G . The characteristic polynomial is1056)(234+++=s s s s ∆By inspection, this system is unstable (due to constructional instability).(e) )2004()(2++=s s s k s G . The characteristic polynomial isks s s s +++=2004)(23∆Using L-C criterionkkD -==800200142the closed-loop system is stable if and only if 8000<<k . This is a 1-type system with a open-loop gain 200k K =. In the case of 8000<<k , i.e. 40<<K ,the corresponding steady-state errors are0.=r ss ε, kK v ss 2001.==ε, ∞=a ss .εrespectively.P3.22 The open-loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback system is given by)1)(1()(21++=s T s T s Ks G Determine the values of K , 1T , and 2T so that the steady-state error for the input, bt a t r +=)(, is less than 0ε. It is assumed that K , 1T , and 2T are positive, a and b are constants.Solution:The characteristic polynomial is Ks s T T s T T s ++++=221321)()(∆Using L-C criterion, the system is stable if and only if2121212121212001T T T T K T KT T T T T K T T D +<⇒>-+⇒>+=Considering that this is a 1-type system with a open-loop gain K , in the case of 2121T T T T K +<, we have0..εεεεεbK Kbv ss r ss ss >⇒<=+=Hence, the required range for K is21210T T T T K b+<<εP3.23 The open-loop transfer function of a unity negative system is given by)1()(+=Ts s K s G Determine the values of K and T so that the following specifications are satisfied:(a) The steady-state error for the unit ramp input is less than 02.0.(b) The percent overshoot is less than %30and the setting time is less s 3.0.Solution:Assuming that both K and T are positive, the system must be stable. To meet the requirement on steady-state error, we have5002.010≥⇒≤==k KK v v ss εTo meet the second requirement, we have358.0%3021≥⇒≤=-ςσςπςe p and%)2(,10sec3.03=≥⇒≤≈∆ςωςωn ns t Considering that KT21=ςand TKn =ω, we get 95.1358.021≤⇒≥=KT KTς05.02010≤⇒=≥=T KT T K n ςωFinally, to met all specifications, the required ranges K and T are⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≤≤≤T K T 95.15005.0P3.24 The block diagram of a control system is shown in Fig. P3.24, where)()()(s C s R s E -=. Select the values of τand b so that the steady-state error for a ramp input is zero.Figure P3.24Solution:Assuming that all parameters are positive, the system must be stable. Then, the error response is)()1)(1()(1)()()(21s R K s T s T b s K s C s R s E ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡++++-=-=τ)()1)(1()1()(2121221s R Ks T s T Kb s K T T s T T ⋅+++-+-++=τLetting the steady-state error for a ramp input to be zero, we get221212210.)1)(1()1()(lim )(lim sv Ks T s T Kb s K T T s T T s s sE s s r ss ⋅+++-+-++⋅==→→τεwhich results in⎩⎨⎧=-+=-00121τK T T Kb I.e. K T T 21+=τ, Kb 1=.P3.25 The block diagram of a compound system is shown in Fig. P3.25.Select the values ofa andb so that the steady-state error for a parabolic input is zero.Solution: The characteristic polynomial is 1012.0002.0)(23+++=s s s s ∆Using L-C criterion,1.01002.01012.02>==D the system is stable. The transfer function between error and input is given by10)102.0)(11.0()(10)102.0)(11.0()102.0)(11.0(101)102.0)(11.0()(101)()()(22++++-++=++++++-=-=s s s bs as s s s s s s s s s bs as s C s R s E 10)102.0)(11.0()101()101.0(002.023+++-+-+=s s s s b s a s Letting the steady-state error for a parabolic input to be zero yields010)102.0)(11.0()101()101.0(002.0lim 30230.=⋅+++-+-+⋅=→sa s s s sb s a s s s ass εwhich results inFigure P3.25⎩⎨⎧=-=-01012.00101a b i.e. 012.0=a , 1.0=b .P3.26 The block diagram of a system is shown in Fig. P3.26. In each case, determine the steady-state error for a unit step disturbance and a unit ramp disturbance, respectively.(a) 11)(K s G =, )1()(222+=s T s K s G (b) ss T K s G )1()(111+=, )1()(222+=s T s K s G , 21T T >Solution: (a) In this case the system is of second-order and must be stable. The transferfunction from disturbance to error is given by212212.)1(1)(K K Ts s K G G G s d e ++-=+-=ΦThe corresponding steady-state errors are12120.11)1(lim K s K K Ts s K s s p ss -=⋅++-⋅=→ε∞→⋅++-⋅=→22120.1)1(lim sK K Ts s K s s a ss ε(b) Now, the transfer function from disturbance to error is given by)1()1()(121222.+++-=s T K K s T s sK s d e Φand the characteristic polynomial is21121232)(K K s T K K s s T s +++=∆Using L-C criterion,)(121211212212>-==T T K K T K K T K K D the system is stable. The corresponding steady-state errors are01)1()1(lim 1212220.=⋅+++-⋅=→s s T K K s T s sK s s p ss ε121212220.11)1()1(lim K s s T K K s T s sK s s a ss -=⋅+++-⋅=→εFigure P3.26P3.27 The block diagram of a compound system is shown in Fig. P3.26, where1)(111+=s T K s G , )1()(222+=s T s K s G ,233)(K K s G =Determine the feedforward block transfer function )(s G d so that the steady-state error due tounit step disturbance is zero.Solution: the characteristic equation is 0121=+G G , i.e.21221321)(K K s s T T s T T ++++Using L-C criterion, the system is stable if and only if002121212121212>-+=+=T T K K T T T T K K T T D hence, the system is stable if212121T T T T K K +<The transfer function from disturbance to error is given by111)(1)1(1)(2211112322212123.+⋅++⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡⋅+++-=+--=s T K s T K s G s T K K K s T s K G G G G G G G s dd de Φ21212113)1)(1()()1(K K s T s T s s G K K s T K d +++++-=When the system is stable, letting the steady-state error to be zero yields0)1)(1()()1(lim 0212121130=⋅⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+++++-⋅=→s d K K s T s T s s G K K s T K s d s ss ε[]0)()1(lim 21130=++→s G K K s T K d s i.e.213)(K K K s G d -=The feedforward block function is 213)(K K K s G d -=, where 212121T T TT K K +<.Figure P3.27。

第一章绪论1-1 试比较开环控制系统和闭环控制系统的优弊端.解答： 1 开环系统(1)长处 :构造简单，成本低，工作稳固。

用于系统输入信号及扰动作用能早先知道时，可获得满意的成效。

(2)弊端：不可以自动调理被控量的偏差。

所以系统元器件参数变化，外来未知扰动存在时，控制精度差。

2闭环系统⑴长处：不论因为扰乱或因为系统自己构造参数变化所惹起的被控量偏离给定值，都会产生控制作用去消除此偏差，所以控制精度较高。

它是一种按偏差调理的控制系统。

在实质中应用宽泛。

⑵弊端：主要弊端是被控量可能出现颠簸，严重时系统没法工作。

1-2什么叫反应？为何闭环控制系统常采纳负反应？试举例说明之。

解答：将系统输出信号引回输入端并对系统产生控制作用的控制方式叫反应。

闭环控制系统常采纳负反应。

由1-1 中的描绘的闭环系统的长处所证明。

比如，一个温度控制系统经过热电阻（或热电偶）检测出目前炉子的温度，再与温度值对比较，去控制加热系统，以达到设定值。

1-3试判断以下微分方程所描绘的系统属于何种种类（线性，非线性，定常，时变）？2 d 2 y(t)3 dy(t ) 4y(t ) 5 du (t ) 6u(t )（1）dt 2 dt dt（2） y(t ) 2 u(t)（3）t dy(t) 2 y(t) 4 du(t) u(t ) dt dtdy (t )u(t )sin t2 y(t )（4）dtd 2 y(t)y(t )dy (t ) （5）dt 2 2 y(t ) 3u(t )dt（6）dy (t ) y 2 (t) 2u(t ) dty(t ) 2u(t ) 3du (t )5 u(t) dt（7）dt解答： （1）线性定常（2）非线性定常 （3）线性时变（4）线性时变（5）非线性定常（6）非线性定常（7）线性定常1-4 如图 1-4 是水位自动控制系统的表示图， 图中 Q1，Q2 分别为进水流量和出水流量。

控制的目的是保持水位为必定的高度。

第一章 习题答案1—1 根据题1—1图所示的电动机速度控制系统工作原理图(1） 将a,b 与c ，d 用线连接成负反馈状态；(2） 画出系统方框图。

解 （1）负反馈连接方式为：d a ↔，c b ↔；（2)系统方框图如图解1-1 所示.1-2 题1-2图是仓库大门自动控制系统原理示意图。

试说明系统自动控制大门开闭的工作原理，并画出系统方框图。

题1-2图 仓库大门自动开闭控制系统解 当合上开门开关时，电桥会测量出开门位置与大门实际位置间对应的偏差电压，偏差电压经放大器放大后,驱动伺服电动机带动绞盘转动，将大门向上提起。

与此同时，和大门连在一起的电刷也向上移动，直到桥式测量电路达到平衡，电动机停止转动,大门达到开启位置。

反之，当合上关门开关时，电动机带动绞盘使大门关闭，从而可以实现大门远距离开闭自动控制。

系统方框图如图解1-2所示。

1-3 题1—3图为工业炉温自动控制系统的工作原理图。

分析系统的工作原理，指出被控对象、被控量和给定量,画出系统方框图.题1-3图 炉温自动控制系统原理图解 加热炉采用电加热方式运行，加热器所产生的热量与调压器电压c u 的平方成正比，c u 增高，炉温就上升，c u 的高低由调压器滑动触点的位置所控制，该触点由可逆转的直流电动机驱动.炉子的实际温度用热电偶测量,输出电压f u 。

f u 作为系统的反馈电压与给定电压r u 进行比较，得出偏差电压e u ，经电压放大器、功率放大器放大成a u 后，作为控制电动机的电枢电压。

在正常情况下,炉温等于某个期望值T °C,热电偶的输出电压f u 正好等于给定电压r u 。

此时，0=-=f r e u u u ，故01==a u u ，可逆电动机不转动，调压器的滑动触点停留在某个合适的位置上，使c u 保持一定的数值。

这时，炉子散失的热量正好等于从加热器吸取的热量，形成稳定的热平衡状态，温度保持恒定。

当炉膛温度T °C 由于某种原因突然下降(例如炉门打开造成的热量流失），则出现以下的控制过程：控制的结果是使炉膛温度回升,直至T °C 的实际值等于期望值为止。

第一章引论1-1 试描述自动控制系统基本组成，并比较开环控制系统和闭环控制系统的特点。

答：自动控制系统一般都是反馈控制系统，主要由控制装置、被控部分、测量元件组成。

控制装置是由具有一定职能的各种基本元件组成的，按其职能分，主要有给定元件、比较元件、校正元件和放大元件。

如下图所示为自动控制系统的基本组成。

开环控制系统是指控制器与被控对象之间只有顺向作用，而没有反向联系的控制过程。

此时，系统构成没有传感器对输出信号的检测部分。

开环控制的特点是：输出不影响输入，结构简单，通常容易实现；系统的精度与组成的元器件精度密切相关；系统的稳定性不是主要问题；系统的控制精度取决于系统事先的调整精度，对于工作过程中受到的扰动或特性参数的变化无法自动补偿。

闭环控制的特点是：输出影响输入，即通过传感器检测输出信号，然后将此信号与输入信号比较，再将其偏差送入控制器，所以能削弱或抑制干扰；可由低精度元件组成高精度系统。

闭环系统与开环系统比较的关键，是在于其结构有无反馈环节。

1-2 请说明自动控制系统的基本性能要求。

答：、自动控制系统的基本要求概括来讲，就是要求系统具有稳定性、快速性和准确性。

稳定性是对系统的基本要求，不稳定的系统不能实现预定任务。

稳定性通常由系统的结构决定与外界因素无关。

对恒值系统，要求当系统受到扰动后，经过一定时间的调整能够回到原来的期望值（例如恒温控制系统）。

对随动系统，被控制量始终跟踪参量的变化（例如炮轰飞机装置）。

快速性是对过渡过程的形式和快慢提出要求，因此快速性一般也称为动态特性。

在系统稳定的前提下，希望过渡过程进行得越快越好，但如果要求过渡过程时间很短，可能使动态误差过大，合理的设计应该兼顾这两方面的要求。

准确性用稳态误差来衡量。

在给定输入信号作用下，当系统达到稳态后，其实际输出与所期望的输出之差叫做给定稳态误差。

显然，这种误差越小，表示系统的精度越高，准确性越好。

当准确性与快速性有矛盾时，应兼顾这两方面的要求。

■SolutionsP5.1 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is 125)(+=s s G .Determine the steady-state output of the closed-loop system due to the following input signals: (a) )30sin()( +=t t r , (b) )452cos(2)( -=t t rSolution: The closed-loop transfer function and frequency response are 625)(1)()(+=+=s s G s G s Φ226)2(5)(+=ωωΦj , 62arctan)(ωωΦ-=∠jrespectively.(a) In the case of )30sin()( +=t t r , since 1=ωand 300=ϕ, we have()0.794j ωΦ===, 2()arctan 18.436j ω∠Φ=-=-and the steady-state output is()0.79c o s (3018.43)0.79s ic t t t =+-=+(b) When )452cos(2)( -=t t r , since 2=ω and 450-=ϕ, we have()0.69j ωΦ===,69.33622arctan )(-=⨯-=∠ωΦjand the steady-state output is()1.39c o s (24533.69)1.39c oc t t t =--=-P5.2 The unit-step response of a system is t t e e t c 948.08.11)(--+-=, 0≥t Find the frequency response of the system.Solution: The impulse response and the transfer function are tteett c t k 942.72.7d )(d )(---==, )9)(4(3692.742.7)(++=+-+=s s s s s ΦRespectively. Hence, we have )9)(4(36)(++=ωωωΦj j j22229436)(+⋅+=ωωωΦj , 9arctan4arctan)(ωωωΦ--=∠jP5.3 Plot the asymptotic log-magnitude curves and phase curves for the following transferfunctions (a) )15.0)(12(1)()(++=s s s H s G , (b) 215.0)()(ss s H s G +=, (c) )1.0()2.0(10)()(2++=s s s s H s G ,(d) )8()2(32)()(2++=s s s s H s G ,(e))254)(1()1.0(8)()(22+++++=s s s s s s s H s GSolution: (a))15.0)(12(1)()(++=s s s H s G (b)215.0)()(ss s H s G +=(c))1.0()2.0(10)()(2++=s s s s H s G (d))8()2(32)()(2++=s s s s H s G)110()15(202++=s s s)1125.0()15.0(82++=s s s---------------(e))254)(1()110(252)254)(1()110(50)()(2222+++++⨯=+++++=s ss ss s s ss ss s s H s GP5.4 The asymptotic log-magnitude curves of some systems are given in Fig. P5.4. Determine the transfer function and sketch the corresponding asymptotic phase curves for each system. Assume that the systems have minimum phase transfer functions.Figure P5.4----Solution:(a) This a 0-pype system. (b) This a 2-pype system. 16.3 10lg 20=⇒=K K 1.0 20lg 20=⇒-=K K)205.0)(15.0(16.3)()(++=s s s H s G )1()110(1.0)()(2++=s s s s H s G(c) There is a differential factor.1.0 20lg 20=⇒-=K K (d) This a 1-pype system. 102.01.0)()(+=s s s H s G 1000 602080lg 20=⇒=-=K K)101.0)(110()12.0(1000)()(+++=s s s s s H s G(e) This a 1-pype system. 100 =K )101.0)(1100(100)()(++=s s s s H s G]--]---(f) There is a differential factor. (g) This a 0-pype system.11 ω=K 10 2020lg =⇒=K K)11)(11(1)()(321++=s s s s H s G ωωω55.2215.0 2025.21121lg2022=⇒=-==⇒-=-n n m ωςωωςςς255250)()(2++=s ss H s G(h) This a 1-pype system. (i) This a 1-pype system. 10 2020lg =⇒=K K 100 =K52.0 202821lg20==⇒-=n ωςς50 3.45213.0 85.4121lg2022=⇒=-==⇒=-n n m ωςωωςςς)25.6()1(5.62)()(2+++=s ss s s H s G)250030(250000)()(2++=s ss s H s G--90---0---P5.5 Fig. P5.5 shows the polar plots of the open-loop transfer functions of some systems. Determine whether the closed-loop systems are stable. In each case, p is the number of the open-loop poles located in the right half s -plane, υ is the number of the integral factors in the open-loop transfer function.Solution: The stability of each system will be determined by sketching half complete Nyquist plot and considering the difference between positive and negative crossovers as ω varies from zero to infinite.(a) 0=υ, 1 =P (b) 0=υ, 1 =P221021 p N N ==-=--+221210 p N N ≠-=-=--+The system is stable. The system is unstable.(c) 2 =υ, 0 =P (d) 2=υ,=P2000 p N N ==-=--+2110 p N N ≠-=-=--+The system is stable. The system is unstable.Figure P5.5(e) 0=υ, 1 =P (f) 1 =υ, 1 =P221021 p N N ==-=--+ 221210 p N N ≠-=-=--+The system is stable. The system is unstable.(g) 3=υ, 0 =P (h) 1 =υ, 2=P2011 p N N ==-=--+2101 p N N ==-=--+The system is stable. The system is unstable.(i) 0=υ, 2 =P (j) 0=υ, 1 =P2010 p N N ≠=-=--+221210 p N N ≠-=-=--+The system is unstable. The system is unstable.P5.6 Sketch the polar plots of the following open-loop transfer functions. Sketch only the portion that is necessary to determine the stability of the closed-loop systems. Determine the stability of the systems by using the Nyquist criterion. (a))1)(25.0)(12.0(10)()(+++=s s s s H s G , (b))14.0)(21.0(100)()(++=s s s s H s G ,ω(c))22)(1(10)()(2+++=s ss s s H s G (d))4)(2(50)()(2++=s s s s H s G(e) ss s H s G 2.01)()(-=Solution: (a))1)(25.0)(12.0(10)()(+++=s s s s H s G . By inspection, the phase-angle variesfrom 0 to 180-, and we have10)()(lim 0=→ωωωj H j G ,2700)()(lim j e j H j G -∞→⋅=ωωωLetting180)()(-=∠g g j H j G ωω, i.e.180arctan 5.0arctan 2.0arctan -=---g g g ωωωresults in sec /rad 17=g ω and 794.01171175.01172.010)()(22=+⋅+⨯⋅+⨯=g g j H j G ωωThe polar plot is sketched as shown.Since 0=p and 000=-=--+N N , the closed-loop system is stable.(b))14.0)(21.0(100)()(++=s s s s H s G . By inspection, the phase-angle varies from 90- to270-, and we have90)()(lim j ej H j G -→⋅∞=ωωω2700)()(lim j ej H j G -∞→⋅=ωωωLetting180)()(-=∠g g j H j G ωω, i.e.1804.0a r c t a n 1.0a r c t a n 90-=---g g ωωresults in sec /rad 5=g ω and 81215.05100)()(22=+⋅+⋅=g g j H j G ωωThe polar plot is sketched as shown.Since 0=p and 110-=-=--+N N , the closed-loop system is unstable.(c))22)(1(10)()(2+++=s ss s s H s G . By inspection, the phase-angle varies from 90- to360-, and we have90)()(lim j e j H j G -→⋅∞=ωωω3600)()(lim j e j H j G -∞→⋅=ωωωLetting180)()(-=∠g g j H j G ωω, i.e.18022arctanarctan 902-=----gg g ωωωresults in sec /rad 32=g ω and5.43223221323210)()(22=⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⋅+⋅=g g j H j G ωωThe polar plot is sketched as shown.Since 0=p and 110-=-=--+N N , the closed-loop system is unstable.(d))4)(2(50)()(2++=s s s s H s G . By inspection, the phase-angle varies from 90- to360-. It should be noted that412+sis an oscillatory element with 0=ςand its phase anglevaries from 0 to 180- suddenly in the case of 2=ω. To draw the polar plot, someThen, the polar plot is sketched as shown. Since=p and 110-=-=--+N N , the closed-loop system is unstable.(e) ss s H s G 2.01)()(-=. By inspection, the phase-angle, varies from 90 to 180,because the phase-angle of s2.011- is12.0arctanω-- and varies from 0 to 90.Considering that90)()(lim j e j H j G +→⋅∞=ωωω1805)()(lim j ej H j G +∞→⋅=ωωωthe polar plot can be plotted as shown.Since1=pand221021p N N ==-=--+, the closed-loop system is stable.P5.7 Sketch the polar plots of the following open-loop transfer functions, and find the maximum value for the open-loop gain so that the system is stable by using the Nyquist criterion. (a))4()()(2++=s s s k s H s G ,(b))4()2()()(2++=s s s k s H s GSolution: (a))4()()(2++=s s s ks H s G . By inspection, the phase-angle varies from 90-to 270-, and we have900)()(lim j e j H j G -→⋅∞=ωωω2700)()(lim j ej H j G -∞→⋅=ωωωnoting that the corner frequency of the oscillatory element just is the phase crossing frequency , we have s e c /r a d 2==n g ωω and422)()(k k j H j G g g =⨯=ωωThe polar plot is sketched as shown.As shown in the polar plot, the system is stable if and only if 1)()(<g g j H j G ωω, i.e.4<k . Since the open-loop gain is 4k K <, the system is stable if and only if 1<K .(b))4()2()()(2++=s s s k s H s G . There are two integral elements.Considering that the corner frequency of the first-order differential element is less than that of the inertial element, the polar plot can be drawn as shown.Obviously, the system is always unstable for any given open-loop gain.P5.8 A negative feedback system has an open-loop transfer function)10)(2()5.0()(2+++=s s s s k s GPlot the Bode diagrams with asymptotic curves and determine whether the system is stable using the Nyquist criterion for 10=k and 1000=k , respectively.Solution: The open-loop gain is given by 40)(lim 20k s G s K s ==→Hence, db 1225.0lg 20lg 2010-===k Kdb2825lg 20lg 201000===k Kand the Bode diagram can be plotted as shownIn the case of 10=k , there is no crossover in the phase-angle plot and the system is stable. In the case of 1000=k , there is a negative crossover and the system is unstable.P5.9 A unity negative feedback system has the open-loop transfer function)11.0)(105.0(7.11)(++=s s s s GDetermine the crossover frequency and the phase margin.Solution: Letting 1)(=c j G ω yields22462227.110125.0005.0 7.111)1.0(1)05.0(=++⇒=++c c c c c c ωωωωωω To find c ω, let224627.110125.0005.0)(-++=c c c c f ωωωω we have09.135)1(<-=f , 01.113)10(>=f , 07.103)5(<-=f , 01.15)8(<-=f 00.10)5.8(>=f , 05.0)3.8(<-=f , 01.2)35.8(>=f Taking sec / 3.8rad c =ω yields)3.81.0a r c t a n ()3.805.0arctan(90180)(180⨯-⨯--=∠+= c j G ωγ 8.277.395.2290=--=Or, considering that 101<<c ω, we have22427.1101.0 7.111)1.0(≈+⇒≈+⋅c c c c ωωωω s e c / 79.8rad c ≈ω)79.81.0arctan()79.805.0arctan(90180)(180⨯-⨯--≈∠+≈ c j G ωγ 0.253.417.2390=--=P5.10 A closed-loop system has the open-loop transfer functionsKes G sτ-=)((a) Determine the gain K so that the phase margin is 60 when s2.0=τ. (b) Plot the phasemargin versus the time delay τ for K as in part (a).Solution: (a) Letting 1)(=c j G ω yieldsK Kc c=⇒=ωω 1hence, we have632)(πτωπτωππωπγ=⇒=--=∠+=c c c j G62.26===τπωc K(b) In the case of62.2=K , the open-loop transfer function isses G s2.062.2)(-=.Then,τπτωπγ62.222-=-=cand the required plot is drawn as shown.P5.11 A time-delay system has the open-loop transfer function)1()(+=-s s es G sτ(a) Determine the time delay τ to maintain stability.Solution: Solving the crossover frequency yields215 01 111)(2242-=⇒=-+⇒=+=c c c ccc j G ωωωωωωr a d /s79.0=c ω The system is stable if and only if 0>γ, i.e.14.1 0arctan 2<⇒>---=ττωωππγc cHence, when14.1<τ the system is stable.P5.12 The polar plot of a conditionally stable system, for a specific gain 50=K , is shown in Fig. P5.12. (a) Determine whether the system is stable. Assume that the open-loop characteristic has the minimum phase. (b) Find the range of K so that the system is stable.Solution: (a) It is assumed that the open-loop transfer function has the minimum phase, i.e. 0=p . A half Nyquist plot is completed as shown. By inspection, in the case of 50=K ,2011p N N ==-=--+the system is stable.(b) The magnitude-phase curve will pass the point )0 ,1(j - when5001.0501==K , 252502==K ,105503==KThe system is stable if and only if 011=-=--+N N or 000=-=--+N N . Therefore, the system is stable when 10<K or50025<<K .P5.13 Consider a unity feedback system with the open-loop transfer function21)(ss s G +=τDetermine the value of τ that results in the system with a phase margin of 45.Solution: Letting 45=γ, i.e. 45arctan 180180=+-c τω resulting in 1=c τω. Letting 1)(=c j G ω getsFigure P5.1212 112222=⇒=+τωωτcc84.0=τP5.14 Consider a unity feedback system with the open-loop transfer function3)101.0()(+=s Ks G(a) Determine the value of K that results in the system with a phase margin of 45.(b) Determine the gain margin corresponding to the gain obtained in (a). Solution: (a) Solving the crossover frequency, we have4501.0arctan 4501.0arctan 3180=⇒=-=c c ωωγ r a d /s 100=c ω Letting 1)(=c j G ω yields221)01.0(32=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=c K ω(b) Solving the phase crossover frequency, we have6001.0arctan 18001.0arctan 3)(=⇒-=-=∠g g g j G ωωω r a d /s3100=g ω Therefore, the corresponding gain margin is 22221)01.0()(132=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+==g g g j G K ωωP5.15 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is)100()(2++=s s s ks G(a) Determine the value of open-loop gain so that the system has a gain margin ofdb20.(b) Determine the phase margin corresponding to the gain obtained in (a). Solution: (a) The corner frequency of the oscillatory element is rad/s 10=n ω and its damping ratio is 05.0=ς. Considering that1<<ς,the corrected value of magnitude isdb2021lg20=ςThen, the log-magnitude plot can be drawn as shown. It can be seen that, in the case that the system has a gain margin of db 20, the asymptotic magnitude should be db 40- at rad/s 10=ω. By inspection, the crossover frequency is rad/s 1.0=c ω and the corresponding open-loop isdb),(ωL-----1.0==c K ω(b) Considering 1<<ς and n c ωω<<, we have 90)(-≈∠c j G ω. Hence, the phase margin is90)(180≈∠+=c j G ωγP5.16 The asymptotic logarithmic magnitude curve of a minimum-phase system is shown in Fig. P5.16. Estimate the phase margin and gain margin of the system.Solution: The corner frequency of the oscillatory element is rad/s 100=n ω and its damping ratio is 1.0=ς. Considering that 1<<ς, the corrected value of magnitude isdb1421lg20=ςhence, the gain margin is db 61420=-=g K Since 1<<ς, n c ωω<<=10and 180)(-=∠n j G ω, we have 90)(-≈∠c j G ω and90)(180≈∠+=c j G ωγP5.17 Consider a unity feedback system with the open-loop transfer function 1001000)(+=s s GFind the bandwidths of the open-loop system and the closed-loop system and compare the results.Solution: For the open-loop system, by inspection, we have 2510001000221001000)0(22)(222..=+⋅=+⇒=openb open b j G j G ωωr a d /s 100.=o p e n b ω As for the closed-loop system, we have 11001000)(+=s s Φ463.01100010002211001000)0(22)(222.=+⋅=+⇒=⋅closeb close b j j ωΦωΦr a d /s4.1099.=close b ω It can be seen that the bandwidth of the closed-loop system is wider than that of the open-loop system.-Figure P5.16P5.18 The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is)2(16)(+=s s s G(a) Determine the crossover frequency c ω and the phase margin γ. (b) Determine the resonant frequency r ω and the relative resonant peak r M of the closed-loop system.Solution: (a) Letting 1)(=c j G ω yields12.14 0164 1216)(222422=⇒=-+⇒=+=c c c ccc j G ωωωωωωr a d /s 76.3=c ω01.28276.3arctan90180)(180=--=∠+=c j G ωγ(b) The closed-loop transfer function is given by16216)(2++=s ss GThis is a second-order system with rad/s 4=n ω and 25.0=ς. Hence, we have07.225.0125.02112122=-⨯=-=ςςr Mr a d /s3.740.52-1 42122=⨯=-=ςωωn r P5.19 The asymptotic logarithmic magnitude curve of a unity feedback system is shown in Fig. P5.19. Assume that the system has the minimum-phase. (a) Determine the open-loop transfer function. (b) Determine whether the system is stable. (c) Discuss the effect on the performance specifications p σ, s t , and ss e if the magnitude curve is translated right by a decade.Solution: (a) By inspection, the open-loop transfer function is in the form of)125.0)(110()15()(+++=s s s s K s GNoting that 0)(=c L ω and rad/s 1=c ω, we have, for the asymptotic characteristic,21100)10(10)5()(222=⇒=+⋅+⨯+⋅=K K j G c c c ωωωTherefore, the open-loop transfer function is)125.0)(110()15(2)(+++=s s s s s G(b) Estimating the phase margin yields4.7025.0arctan 10arctan 905arctan 180)(180=---+=∠+=c j G ωγFigure P5.19It can be seen thatω<. Hence, the system is stable.∠ωjG as cω>180)(-(c) If the magnitude curve is translated right by a decade, the phase curve is translated right by a decade too. Obviously, the phase margin will not be changed. Hence, the overshootσp will not be changed. Meanwhile, the setting timet will be reduced, because the crossoversfrequency will become larger and the phase margin will not be changed. As fore, thess conclusion is that the steady-state error to a ramp input will be reduced due to larger open-loop gain.。

第1章控制系统概述【课后自测】1-1 试列举几个日常生活中的开环控制和闭环控制系统，说明它们的工作原理并比较开环控制和闭环控制的优缺点。

解：开环控制——半自动、全自动洗衣机的洗衣过程。

工作原理：被控制量为衣服的干净度。

洗衣人先观察衣服的脏污程度，根据自己的经验，设定洗涤、漂洗时间，洗衣机按照设定程序完成洗涤漂洗任务。

系统输出量（即衣服的干净度）的信息没有通过任何装置反馈到输入端，对系统的控制不起作用，因此为开环控制。

闭环控制——卫生间蓄水箱的蓄水量控制系统和空调、冰箱的温度控制系统。

工作原理：以卫生间蓄水箱蓄水量控制为例，系统的被控制量（输出量）为蓄水箱水位（反应蓄水量）。

水位由浮子测量，并通过杠杆作用于供水阀门（即反馈至输入端），控制供水量，形成闭环控制。

当水位达到蓄水量上限高度时，阀门全关（按要求事先设计好杠杆比例），系统处于平衡状态。

一旦用水，水位降低，浮子随之下沉，通过杠杆打开供水阀门，下沉越深，阀门开度越大，供水量越大，直到水位升至蓄水量上限高度，阀门全关，系统再次处于平衡状态。

开环控制和闭环控制的优缺点如下表1-2 自动控制系统通常有哪些环节组成各个环节分别的作用是什么解：自动控制系统包括被控对象、给定元件、检测反馈元件、比较元件、放大元件和执行元件。

各个基本单元的功能如下：（1）被控对象—又称受控对象或对象，指在控制过程中受到操纵控制的机器设备或过程。

（2）给定元件—可以设置系统控制指令的装置，可用于给出与期望输出量相对应的系统输入量。

（3）检测反馈元件—测量被控量的实际值并将其转换为与输入信号同类的物理量，再反馈到系统输入端作比较，一般为各类传感器。

（4）比较元件—把测量元件检测的被控量实际值与给定元件给出的给定值进行比较，分析计算并产生反应两者差值的偏差信号。

常用的比较元件有差动放大器、机械差动装置和电桥等。

（5）放大元件—当比较元件产生的偏差信号比较微弱不足以驱动执行元件动作时，可通过放大元件将微弱信号作线性放大。

目录1自动控制系统的基本概念1.1内容提要1.2习题与解答2自动控制系统的数学模型2.1内容提要2.2习题与解答3自动控制系统的时域分析3.1内容提要3.2习颗与他答4根轨迹法4.1内容提要4.2习题与解答5频率法5.1内容提要5.2习题与解答6控制系统的校正及综合6.1内容提要6.2习题与解答7非线性系统分析7.1内容提要7.2习题与解答8线性离散系统的理论基础8.1内容提要8.2习题与解答9状态空间法9.1内容提要9.2习题与解答附录拉普拉斯变换参考文献1自动控制系统的基本概念1. 1内容提要基本术语：反馈量，扰动量，输人量，输出量，被控对象；基本结构：开环，闭环，复合；基本类型：线性和非线性，连续和离散，程序控制与随动；基本要求：暂态，稳态，稳定性。

本章要解决的问题，是在自动控制系统的基本概念基础上，能够针对一个实际的控制系统，找出其被控对象、输人量、输出量，并分析其结构、类型和工作原理。

1.2习题与解答题1-1图P1-1所示，为一直流发电机电压白动控制系统示意图。

图中，1为发电机；2为减速器；3为执行电机；4为比例放大器；5为可调电位器。

(1)该系统有哪些环节组成，各起什么作用” (2)绘出系统的框图，说明当 负载电流变化时，系统如何保持发 电机的电压恒定 (3)该系统是有差系统还是无 差系统。

(4)系统中有哪些可能的扰动， 答(1)该系统由给定环节、比较环节、中间环节、执行结构、检测环节、 发电机等环节组成。

给定环节:电压源0U 。

用来设定直流发电机电压的给定值。

比较环节:本系统所实现的被控量与给定量进行比较，是通过给定电 压与反馈电压反极性相接加到比例放大器上实现的中间环节:比例放大器。

它的作用是将偏差信号放大，使其足以带动 执行机构工作。

该环节又称为放大环节执行机构:该环节由执行电机、减速器和可调电位器构成。

该环节的 作用是通过改变发电机励磁回路的电阻值，改变发电机的磁场，调节发 电机的输出电压被控对象:发电机。