Electric carHistoryIn the early 19th century, British 1873, Robert Davidson (Robert Davidsson) made the world first available for practical electric cars. This is better than the germans Gottlieb Daimler (Daimler) and Karl Benz (enterprise Benz) invented gasoline engine 10 years before the car.Davidson invention electrically-powered car is a car truck, 4800mm, wide, long 1800mm use iron, zinc, amalgam of sulfuric acid reacting with a battery. Thereafter, the application from 1880 to begin, the charging and discharging secondary battery. From a digital watch pool development to secondary battery electric vehicle, which for at that time it is a major technological changes, thus electric vehicle demand has been improved a lot. In the 19th century become transportation important products and wrote electric vehicle demand has been improved a lot. In the 19th century become transportation important products, electric car in human wrote the brilliant page communications. In 1890 France and Britain was traveling on the streets of London, when car electric bus technology still very backward, internal combustion engine, fault much shorter trip mileage, maintenance difficulties, and electric vehicles but convenient maintenance.In Europe, the electric car in the 19th century the most stage is. In 1899, French test driving a car door reggina 44kW double motors powered electric automobile rear wheel drive, created 106km records per hour.In 1900, made in the U.S. automobile electric car for 15755 car 1684, steam engine car engine, and car car only 936 vehicles. During the 20th century after the internal combustion engine technology advances, 1908 model T ford motor company was to assembly line production car way to making cars large-scale batch engine, which became popular in the car market competition with electric car with car steam engine exist on technology and economic performance, enable the deficiency of the time be ruthless, and the latter is shrinking out state.Development backgroundThe battery is the primary key electric automobile development, auto power battery difficult in "low cost requirements", "high capacity requirements" and "high security problem of electric carsThe development direction of new energy vehicles, but a variety of one of the hydrogen fuel cell technology not mature, expensive cost, is after twenty years of technology. In January 2007, cars and dr Menahem Anderman power battery expert in the United States senate energy and resources committee testimony nowadays this conclusion. China is also no hydrogen fuel cell reactions required platinum. Although there is no public statement, but reportedly internal decision-making which explicitly state, said China's not suitable for developing hydrogen fuel cell cars, only as a scientific tracking program.Another is mainly USES the methanol, ethanol, etc low-cost liquid fuel for the technology used in great quantities in the corn, food as raw materials, causing global food prices rise, this is also not continuous may be China's technology choice.Still have a kind of clean diesel fuel technology, namely, which is low in sulfur diesel (sulphur 350ppm diesel), lower than the average power to use than steam electric cars Oil machine to 30% energy. But because the domestic diesel quality not beautiful, frequentoil waste from diesel began, in addition is not national policy support diesel.From technical development mature degree and the situation of China, pure electric cars should be promoting the development direction, and hybrid as large network hasn't established charge before the interim technology. Chinese-foreign depot has this year launched blending power and pure electric cars. Byd has demonstrated F3DM two-mode F6DM and F3e pure electric vehicle electric car and. Changan and Canadian green battery manufacturers Electrovaya and cooperation, and to develop new Canadian energy automobile market, indisputably rush rush pure electric version. Gm launched Chevy V olt mainly by electric hybrid, Mini Cooper launched its pure electric version.But hybrid power system complex, costly. Byd F3DM have two sets of dynamic system, which published the dynamic system of cost increased 50 thousand yuan, equivalent to save eight thousand dollars each year than the oil fee to conventional gasoline cars economy. But hybrid Prius, Toyota fuel-efficient limited roughly 10%, 20% fuel economy in Beijing chery A5 - ISG during start-up released Olympic 10% for fuel-efficient parameters. Can calculate an account, assuming that family years driving 2 million kilometers, gasoline car hundred kilometers in oil consumption 7.5 litres, 9450 yuan, hybrid cost saving fuel 20% 1890 yuan, can't offset the increased cost of its prices.The hybrid's advantage is reserved to the traditional gasoline car usage life style, according to the gasoline engine and electric motor mixed degree, charging times and conventional gasoline automobile refueling times without charging. Similar to or Driving distance, is not restricted.Pure electric vehicle tell the tank, engine, transmission, cooling systems and exhaust system, compared with the traditional automobile internal-combustion gasoline engines dynamic system, motors and controller cheaper, and pure electric energy conversion efficiency is higher. Because of electric energy sources - electricity, from large generators, its efficiency is small gasoline engine even hybrid engine could comprehend. Pure electric cars so use cost in decline. F3e pure electric vehicles by byd, 100 kilometers data published in accordance with driving power consumption 12 degrees, the price of electricity 0.5 yuan calculate, hundred kilometers use cost just $6. And the prototype of a car F3 gasoline vehicle hundred kilometers fuel-hungry 7.6 litres, at current prices, costs $6.2 is $46.5. In contrast, the use of traditional electric car cost is one-eighth of petrol.Pure electric cars are the shortcomings of it has changed the traditional lifestyles, automobile use to be recharged every day. Traditional car use custom is generally one to two weeks with a oil. And each time travel also has hundreds of kilometers of distance limit, although a family long-distance travel may year so a few times.Main featuresPure electric cars, relative fuel automobile speaking, the main difference is that four parts, drive motor, speed controller, power battery, vehicle charger. Relative to the gas station is concerned, it consists of the super fast charging station.The pure electric vehicle quality difference depends on the four parts, its value discretion also depends on the quality of these four components. Pure electric vehicles in four parts of use also is directly related to the selection of configuration.Pure electric vehicle speed per hour speed, and start the motor and power depends on the performance and its XuHang mileage depends on the size of the on-board power battery capacity,on-board power battery of weight of chosen power battery as depends on lead-acid, zinc carbon, the lithium battery, which volume, proportion, than power, energy, circle life than are different. It depends on the vehicle manufacturers of the class USES and the positioning and the market definition, market segmentation.Pure electric car driver motor currently has a brush, dc brushless permanent magnet, electromagnetic, the points, more communication stepping motor, etc, they choose also and vehicle configuration, usage, top grade, and relevant. Another drive motor speed control also points of stepless speed regulation and stepless speed regulation, have use electronic speed controller and don't speed controller of the points. Within a wheel motor, electric motor rotor motor, a single motor drive, many motor drive and the combination of motor drive, etc. Motor and speed controller for the selection and configuration of vehicle class and price may also be affected. Public super fast charging station is pure electric car commercial infrastructure, will it make perfect in place to make the former get around it is secured, conversely, with restricted and influenced by the United States, Europe, the electric steam commercial practice fully explain that. We are recognized, but action effectively. In addition, with the battery charging machine the cable connector problem must regulate, form the battery varieties, voltage divides class, speed (power size) factors, otherwise the pure electric vehicle consistent and public super fast charging station not effective cannot docking, the industry at present, a blank sheet of paper to us to explore, but must planning, design, lest futile after molding implementation, lest fatigue life ShangCai.Pure electric vehicle four parts and common battery charging station of the large battery charger, special cables, cable connector and billing and charging system, this is new parts, auto industry will be bricks without straw, didn't they and imperfect didn't do a by restricting is short. At the same time and the related parts manufacturers should becomes industry chain, develop together.National hair and gaott "new energy vehicle management measures and implementation rules announced" has been on November 1,. "Town rural farm (special) electric car general technical conditions" also in brewing process, pure electric car commercial in rural has presentembryonic form, we shouldn't turn a blind eye.The future of international and according with market demand with the pure electric vehicle will keep the following: 1, electric vehicle development manufacturing operation must comply with the national correlative regulations. The vehicle, spare parts performance must meet the technical standards of the state and the specific requirements. 2, electric vehicles is for energy, electric drive by motor drives, no longer generate new pollution, no longer produce inflammable, explosive of the hidden trouble. 3, electric vehicles with battery energy storage environmental pollution, must be. And has durable life, have super fast charging (2-3C above current) function. According to use to identify a vehicle in the XuHang mileage, charging the battery pack, electricity device enough full use common battery charging station super fast charging to extend the XuHang mileage. 4, electric unit should have high efficiency energy conversion. The brake, deceleration energy use and recycling, directly to the comprehensive energy utilization of vehicle efficiency. 5, according to vehicle USES and driving situations, and set top speed shall not exceed the allowable value of traffic laws, so as to reasonably select motor power and configuration battery pack capacity. 6, driving operation, the control is simple and effective and reliable work, to ensure safety. 7, mechanical, electrical device durable less maintenance. The fare is low. Vehicle operation 8, to target market demand as the basis, to provide practical,appropriate, strives to be the models meet technical, economic and practical, function integrated orientations.Future industrialization, business into user of electric vehicle, welcome with the following features: surely the localization, the appropriate exact purpose, appropriate steering area, best performance. Appropriate models and economic configuration. Reliable performance and lunch manipulation. Environmental protection of cells, durable service life, enough power, super fast charging, perfect network, the perfect service. Low costs, minimal maintenance.Working principleBattery - current - power regulator -- motor power transmission system - driver -- the car Main structureElectric cars comprises: electric drive and control system, driving force transmission etc mechanical system, to complete the set task work device etc. Electric drive and control system is the core of electric vehicles, distinguishes the biggest differences in internal combustion engine car. Electric drive and control system by driving motor, power and electric motor speed control equipment etc. Electric cars other devices with internal combustion engine car the same basic. powerPower electric cars drive motor for providing electricity power of electric power, motor converts this energy into mechanical energy, through the transmission device or direct driving wheel and working device. At present, the most widely used electric car on the power supply is lead acid battery, but along with the development of electric vehicle technology, than lead-acid batteries due to low energy, charging a slow speed, short lifetime, gradually replaced by other battery. Growing power mainly sodium sulphur battery, nickel cadmium battery, lithium batteries, fuel cells, flywheel battery, etc, these new power for the application of the development of electric vehicles, opened up broad prospects.Drive motorDriving motor is the role of the electrical energy into mechanical energy power, through the transmission device or direct driving wheel and working device. Now widely used dc electric car, the motor string-excited motor with "soft" mechanical properties, and the operating characteristics of car is very appropriate. But for dc, since there are commutation spark than smaller power, low efficiency, maintenance workload big, with motor technology and motor control technology, certainly will gradually be the development of brushless dc motor (SRM BCDM), motor (SRM) and ac induction motor, such as replaced without shell disc axial magnetic field dc series-excited motor.Motor drive control deviceElectric car batteryMotor drive control device is for electric vehicles such as the variable speed and direction transform setting, its function is to control motor voltage or current, complete motor drive torque and rotation direction control.The early electric vehicle, the speed of dc machines by meet resistance or change motor magnetic coil to realize the circle number. Because of its speed control is a level, and will generate additional energy consumption or use complex structure, now the electric motor already very rarely used. Current electric vehicle is the widespread application thyristor chopping speed, through evenly change motor control motor voltage, current, to realize stepless speed regulatingmotor. In the electronic power technology unceasing development, it also gradually by other power transistor (into the GTO, MOSFET, BTR and IGBT etc) replaced chopper control device. From a technical perspective, along with the development of the application of new drive motor, electric cars for dc motor control shift the application of inverter technology, will become an inevitable trend.In motor control, to transform spin for dc rely on contactor change the armature current direction or a magnetic field to the spin, realize the motor, which makes circuit change complex, reliability reduced. When adopting ac induction motor drive, motor turn of change just transform magnetic field three three-phase can sequence, can make the control circuit is simple. In addition, the use of ac motor and its frequency conversion control technology, make the electric vehicle braking energy recovery control more convenient, control circuit more simple.Transmission deviceElectric vehicle transmission device is the role of motor drive torque to the car's drive shaft, when using electric wheel drive, transmission device most parts of often can be ignored. Because motor can bring load startup, so electric vehicle without the traditional internal combustion engine on the clutch car. Because drive motor cycle through circuit control to achieve transform electric car without internal combustion engine, so the reverse gear transmission. When the motor stepless speed regulation control, electric cars can ignore the traditional automobile transmission. In the use of electric wheel drive, electric cars can omit the traditional internal combustion engine auto transmission system of differential.Driving deviceDriving device is the role of the electric motor drive torque to the ground by wheel into force, driving wheel walk. It with other cars is the same, the composition of the wheel, tires and suspension etc.Steering deviceSteering device is to achieve the automobile turning and setting, by turning machine, steering wheel, steering mechanism and steering wheel etc. Action on the steering wheel, through the steering and control over the steering wheel steering mechanism for deflection certain Angle, and to make the steering. Most electric cars for front wheel steering, industrial used electric forklift often use rear wheel steering. Electric cars are mechanical steering, steering device hydraulic steering and hydraulic steering type etc.Braking deviceElectric vehicle braking device, as with other cars for car parking is set up for slowing or, usually by the brake and its control device component. In electric cars, general and electromagnetic braking device, it can use the motor control circuit implementation of power operation, make motor when deceleration energy conversion paired battery charging current, thereby get recycled.Work deviceWork device is used in industrial electric vehicles for finish the homework specially set of requirements, such as lifting device the electrically operated forklift, the door frame, the goods such as fork. Goods fork of hoisting and mast tilted usually driven by electric motors hydraulic system to accomplish.To sum up, can from technology/economic analysis of electric vehicle technology, based on the present and future of the following conclusions:(1) in the current domestic market price, and on the basis of roughly calculated can provideelectricity technology of lower prices, namely:Power supply: diesel power supply: lead-acid battery power supply: ni-mh battery power supply: lithium-ion batteries: fuel batteries 68:5:3. 92:10.43:40 = 9.84:7:6:15 l: and 0.This from a side, reflects various power-supply modes of the electric car market far distance. Of course, with oil prices up, battery technology advances, these proportional relations will undergo great changes, we will also close attention;(2) the lead-acid battery power cost roughly and diesel engine power supply basic equal, so it is still the main power low-end electric car marketThe battery. Phosphoric acid lithium ion battery technology progress faster, it will most likely be lead-acid battery competitor, take the lead in becoming high-end electric car market Main power battery, will be in the city bus and city sanitation vehicles, and other areas to be extensively applied and development.(3) with hybrid cars loaded with a pure electric vehicle only about 1 in 10 power battery capacity, vehicle have relatively close to market price, so it will be the main recent realized industrialization electric car types, will in passenger cars, buses, taxis with such models or fields Got a lot of application and development, if the country has issued encouraging policies, such as derate car purchases duty while hybrid cars will usher in explosive growth.(4) in the lithium ion battery than further enhance sexual/price, external after charging type hybrid cars (PHEV) is expected to become the ideal commuters take, it can greatly reduce transport fuel consumption and reduce emissions, the current domestic BYD has been in development such vehicles, will launch market in the near future.(5) fuel cells although is ideal for clean energy, but now it's sexual/price ratio is too low, to enter the market price, can be go15 hobbit from basic materials must be a major breakthrough with basic theory, it into the car market.电动汽车历史沿革早在19世纪后半叶的1873年，英国人罗伯特·戴维森（Robert Davidsson）制作了世界上最初的可供实用的电动汽车。
