制药工程专业英语翻译吴达俊

Unit 1 Production of DrugsAbout 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。

制药工程专业英语详细Unit..详细翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit 1 Production of Drugs根据其生产或来源不同药物制剂可以分为三类：Ⅰ.人工合成材料（全合成材料）Ⅱ.天然产物，和Ⅲ.半合成天然产物（半合成药物）。

本书的重点是这些第一组和第三组化合物都是合成药物。

然而这并不意味着那些天然药物和其他药物就不重要。

他们可以作为很有价值的先导结构，并经常被用为重要合成药物的原料或中间体。

表1概述了获取药物制剂的不同方法。

Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugs表1药物制备的可能性方法例子1.全合成75％以上的药物制剂都是全合成的（合成物）2.从天然产物中分离（天然产物）2.1植物生物碱;酶;强心甙；多聚糖；维生素E; 类固醇前体（薯蓣皂苷配基，谷甾醇）；柠檬醛（中间产物维生素A，E，K）2.2动物器官酶;多肽；激素;胆酸；胆汁;胰岛素来自胰腺；血清和疫苗2.3其他来源胆固醇来自羊毛油；L-氨基酸来自角蛋白和明胶水解3.发酵抗生素; L -氨基酸，葡聚糖；对甾类有定向的修饰，例如11 -羟基化;胰岛素，干扰素，抗体，肽类激素，酶，疫苗生物碱化合物；半合成内酰胺类抗生素；甾类;人胰岛素4.天然产物的半合成修改（半合成药物）几种最初来自于天然原料有治疗意义天然产物如今用更有效也就是经济的全合成法制备。

这样的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，肾上腺素，左旋多巴，肽类激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，长春蔓胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。

在过去的几年里发酵（即微生物处理）变得极其重要。

通过现代技术和遗传选择的结果产生了高效能微生物突变株，发酵已成为广泛的底物（物质）都可以选择的一种方法。

真核微生物（酵母菌和霉菌）和原核微生物（单细胞细菌和放线菌）用于微生物。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

制药工程专业英语吴达俊课后题答案1、_____ of the teachers in this district are women teachers. [单选题] *A. Four fifthB. Four fifths(正确答案)C. Fourth fifthsD. Four five2、—______is my notebook？—Look! It’s in your schoolbag.（）[单选题] *A. WhatB. WhichC. Where(正确答案)D. How3、My friends will _______ me at the airport when I arrive in London. [单选题] *A. takeB. meet(正确答案)C. receiveD. have4、( ) It tells what is going on ___the county and all____the world. [单选题] *A. across; over(正确答案)B. all; acrossC. in; inD.to; for5、You should _______ your card. [单选题] *A. drawB. depositC. investD. insert(正确答案)6、37．—What will you be ___________?—I'm not sure. Maybe I'll be a doctor like my father. [单选题] *A．right nowB．in the future(正确答案)C．at onceD．at the moment7、I'm sorry I cannot see you immediately. But if you wait, I'll see you_____. [单选题] *A. for a momentB. in a moment(正确答案)C. for the momentD. at the moment8、We are living in an age（）many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)9、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that10、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)11、86．—? ? ? ? ? ? ?will it take me to get to the Golden Street?—About half an hour. [单选题]* A．How farB．How long(正确答案)C．How oftenD．How much12、28．—Where is Fujian Province?—It’s ________ the southeast of China. [单选题] * A．in (正确答案)B．onC．toD．at13、27．Will it ______ warm in the room? [单选题] *A．areB．be(正确答案)C．isD．going to be14、He is a student of _______. [单选题] *A. Class SecondB. the Class TwoC. Class Two(正确答案)D. Second Two15、The plane arrived at London airport _______ Wednesday morning. [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. atC. inD. for16、In the past, Mary _______ listening to music in her spare time. [单选题] *A. will likeB. likesC. likeD. liked(正确答案)17、—______ is the concert ticket?—It’s only 160 yuan.（）[单选题] *A. How manyB How much(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How long18、It was difficult to guess what her_____to the news would be. [单选题] *A.impressionmentC.reaction(正确答案)D.opinion19、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests20、You can buy some pieces of bread from "_______". [单选题] *A. Bakery(正确答案)B. Travel AgencyC. LaundryD. Ticket Office21、The students _____ outdoors when the visitors arrived. [单选题] *A. were playing(正确答案)B. have playedC. would playD. could play22、55．There is a ________ on in the bookshop. Let's go to buy some books. [单选题] *A．movieB．matchC．sale(正确答案)D．concert23、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A．in...alongB．into...along (正确答案)C．in...onD．into...on24、19．_______ will the film Country Road last? [单选题] *A．How farB．How oftenC．How soonD．How long(正确答案)25、The teacher asked him to practice playing the piano _______. [单选题] *A. often as possibleB. as often possibleC. as possible oftenD. as often as possible(正确答案)26、The soldiers were_____of running away when the enemy attacked. [单选题] *A.chargedB.accused(正确答案)C.scoldedD.estimated27、Though my best friend Jack doesn’t get（）education, he is knowledgeable. [单选题] *A. ManyB. littleC. fewD. much(正确答案)28、70．Would you like ________，sir? [单选题] *A．something else(正确答案)B．nothing elseC．else somethingD．else anything29、This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. [单选题] *A. howB. whichC. that(正确答案)D. what30、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)。

Unit 13 Sterile ProductsSterile ProductsSterile products are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganisms. Principally，these include parenteral，ophthalmic，irrigating preparations. Of these, and parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugs because they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment. Thus，because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense，the skin and mucous membranes，they must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally high level of purity. All components and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate，as much as possible，contamination of all types，whether of physical，chemical，or microbiologic origin.Preparations for the eye, though not introduced into internal body cavities，are placed in contact with tissues that are very sensitive to contamination. Therefore，similar standards are required for ophthalmic preparations).Irrigating solutions are now also required to meet the same standards as parenteral solutions because during an irrigation procedure，substantial amounts of these solutions can enter the bloodstream directly through open blood vessels of wounds or abraded mucous membranes. Therefore，the characteristics and standards presented in this chapter for the production of large-volume parenteral solutions apply equally to irrigating solutions. Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions，but may even be solid pellets for tissue implantation. The control of a process to minimize contamination for a small quantity of such a product can be achieved with relative ease. As the quantity of product increases，the problems of controlling the process to prevent contamination multiply. Therefore，the preparation of sterile products has become a highly specialized area in pharmaceutical processing. The standards established，the attitude of personnel，and the process control must be of a第13 单元无菌产品无菌产品无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂剂型，其主要包括非肠道用的、眼用的和冲洗用的制剂。

Distillation columns are vertical, cylindrical vessels containing devices that provide intimate contacting of the rising vapor with the descending liquid.蒸馏塔是垂直的，可以提供给上升的蒸汽与下降的液体直接接触的圆柱形容器控制设备。

This contacting provides the opportunity for the two streams to achieve some approach to thermodynamic equilibrium.这种接触为两个流体实现热力学平衡提供了机会。

Depending on the type of internal devices used, the contacting may occur in discrete steps, called plates or trays, or in a continuous differential manner on the surface of a packing material.取决于使用的内部设备的类型，能使接触出现分离的叫塔板或者分流塔盘，或者是在一个能连续差分方式的包装材料的表面上。

The fundamental requirement of the column is to provide efficient and economic contacting at a required mass-transfer rate.蒸馏塔的根本要求，是为客户提供高效和经济的同时要与必要的质量传输速率相联系。

Individual column requirements vary from high vacuum to high pressure, from low to high liquid rates, from clean to dirty systems, and so on.个人塔的要求各不相同从高真空至高压力，从低到高的液率，从清洁到不清洁的系统，等等。

PART 3 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACYUnit 11 Tablets (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)Role in TherapyThe oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects. Except in cases of Insulin therapy，the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medications. The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects，with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油酯for the treatment of angina心绞痛and scopolamine莨菪胺for the treatment of motion sickness晕动病，指晕车、晕船等. Other drugs are certain to follow，but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action. The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose昏迷的or cannot swallow，and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients. Nevertheless，it is probable that at least 90 % of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered投药，给药by the oral route. When a new drug is discovered，one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot，the drug is primarily relegated to被降级到administration in a hospital setting or physician's office. If patient self- administration cannot be achieved，the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise. Of drugs that are administered orally，solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison相比之下，liquid oral dosage forms，such as syrups，suspensions，emulsions，solutions，and elixirs，are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon，第三部分工业药剂学第11单元药片(医药的片剂剂型)在治疗中的作用口服给药途径是通过给药获得全身作用效果中最重要的方法。

制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译第一篇：制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译Thoughout recorded纵观历史记载，细菌感染的人口定期付出沉重的收费。

鼠疫菌的“黑死病”鼠疫的1347-1351期间，估计有25万人在亚洲和欧洲死亡。

美国公共卫生服务统计为1910年和1920年的节目，在这个早在本世纪结核病死亡每1000名美国居民中的一个。

即使在今天，主要是在发展中国家，结核分枝杆菌仍然是主要死亡原因由于在单染性病，全世界每年杀害超过三百万Such 整个脊椎动物进化过程中的这种不懈的微生物攻击，挑起了一个令人惊讶的复杂的保护性免疫系统的进化。

随着人类的外观，最终到达一个物种可以设法协助先天和后天免疫系统，避免感染。

通过利用微生物的抗原成分（疫苗和马血清抗毒素的产生），然后微生物次生代谢产物（抗生素），已成为人类善于预防和治疗许多以前致命的微生物疾病。

Within在短短的几十年，抗感染药药典的可用性突然提供了人类的潜力，以提高他们的生存前景下不断微生物拦河坝规避自然的经过时间考验的，活的或死的进化范式。

那些以前会屈服于成员现在可以存活时间较长的疫苗和抗生素的帮助助剂-抗感染免疫系统一起工作。

实际上，人类对这些助剂的就业可以作为例证在他们的免疫防御系统的自我做作的演变看。

Once当爵士亚历山大·弗莱明发现青霉素的效用已经证明，从发掘出的天然来源的其他抗生素乱舞紧随其后。

其中一些被证明适用于治疗疾病，通常经过化学改性，以提高天然化合物的效力，安全性或药代动力学AlphaFor对于大多数在过去50年中，看来，医学获得了强大的手上的细菌病。

某些制药厂和研发机构决定减少对抗生素的发现成果，因为它的出现，医生的抗菌军火库是充足。

但疾病的性质已经证明并非如此。

The在多种抗生素耐药病原体的发病率迅速升级现在提高全球非常严重的问题。

这种发展突出了强大的进化能力的细菌种群的选择压力下的抗生素治疗。

Resistance抗药性问题被视为与革兰氏阴性（例如大肠杆菌）和革兰氏阳性菌（如金黄色葡萄球菌），但目前关注的最后一组的病原体。

High-Performance Zeolite NaA Membranes on Polymer-Zeolite Composite Hollow Fiber Supports聚合物—沸石复合中空纤维载体上的高性能NaA型沸石膜NaA型沸石膜具有亲水性，并且在有机溶液除水中表现出高度选择性，特别是在醇类的脱水中，此过程也是生产生物燃料过程中必要和造价昂贵的一步。

沸石膜过去常用晶种法来合成。

在载体上排种被认为是获得高性能沸石膜的一个关键性因素。

许多排种方法曾在报刊上发表过。

然而，对于合成高渗透蒸发性的沸石膜而言，当中没有一个方法是完美的，主要是因为使晶种在载体表面形成一致排布的困难性。

另一方面，虽然沸石膜依附在大直径（12mm）陶瓷管的应用在亚欧地区已经商业化，但是陶瓷管直径大且价格贵，另外膜的通率低。

大直径与低通率结合在一起，就会导致模块尺寸较大。

不久之前，我们曾报导过一个新的排种方法，浸涂——涂抹沉积，这是在陶瓷中空纤维载体中获得高性能NaA型沸石膜的一种非常有效的方法。

这种基于高性能陶瓷中空纤维的沸石膜可预期明显地减小模块尺寸，但是生产陶瓷中空纤维的花费仍在考虑之中，另外，排种过程仍然困难。

这里，我们介绍一个新策略：利用聚合物—沸石复合中空纤维作为载体。

把沸石晶体作为晶种嵌入聚合物中空纤维中供沸石膜生长，同时它们也把沸石膜“锚”在载体上，从而增加沸石膜的附着力。

从而，一个单独且通常很复杂的排种过程就此可以省略了。

一个非常均匀的晶体排布可以很容易获得，因此，高度可再生的沸石膜就可以连续不断地制备了。

复合中空纤维可以很容易生产，通过在中空纤维剂条成型之前把沸石晶体混进复合原料里即可，并且这样可以降低成本。

聚醚砜—沸石复合中空纤维载体是通过把包含NaA型沸石粉末的聚醚砜溶液纺成中空纤维原丝的方法来制备的，根据文献记载，所得产物之后在水中冲洗并在60℃下干燥。

复合中空纤维载体的表面及横截面通过扫描电子显微镜来检查。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

1、Digitalis is one of the most frequently used medications in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmia. It increases the contractility of the heart muscle and modifies vascular resistance. It also slows conduction through the atrioventricular node in the heart, making it useful in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and other rapid heart rhythms洋地黄是其中一个最常用的药物治疗心力衰竭和心律失常。

它增加了的心肌收缩血管阻力和修改。

它也减慢传导通过传导节点的心使它有用的治疗房颤和其他快速心律2、The formulation of a parenteral product involves the combination of one or more ingredientswith a medicinal agent to enhance the convenience，acceptability，or effectiveness of the product. Rarely is it preferable to dispense a drug singly as a sterile dry powder unless the formulation of a stable liquid preparation is not possible非肠道用产品的配方涉及一个或者更多组成部分间的结合，这些组成部分（各自）都含有一种用以提高产品方便性、可接受性或者疗效的有效成分。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，and Ⅲ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。

完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。

天然产物，和Ⅲ。

产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。

本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。

这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。

它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。

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hydroxylationhygienicHygienicice water bathImmerse 将…浸入immobilizeImplicit固有的impurityimpurityin combination within parallelin place相称的，合适的in series 逐次的，串联的In the face of 面临in vivo/in vitro Inclusive 范围广的indication Ingenuity 独创性，精明Ingredient Ingredient 配料inhalerinhibitorInspection instantaneousinsulininteractioninterdependentinterferon 干扰素intermediateinterval intestinalintestinalintratracheal intravenous injection静脉注射inversioniodine/iodideionic/ionirrigateisolationlabellactic acid乳酸laminar flowlead structureleakagelevorotatorylifespanlipidliteraturemagnificationmagnificationmaintenance dosemaintenance periodManuallymarginmaterial transfermaximum/maximizeMeager 贫乏的mechanical seal 机械密封medical emergencyMedicinal agentmedicinal药品,药物, 药的,药用的mediummetabolism新陈代谢metabolite代谢物methane, ethane, Propane, butane/tetrane, pentanemethanol,ethanol/ethyl alcohol, Propanol/ propyl alcohol, Butanol/Butyl alcohol, methanol/ethanolmethodologymicroorganism molecule /molecular weightMonograph专题文章，专题论文motion sickness mould mucosa mucousmucous membraneMucous menbranemultiplicitymutantnatural productnatural sourceNecessary 必然的nervousnitrate nitric acidnitrogennon-hydrolyzable nonsuperimposable mirror image On a large scale on standing 搁置one out of every ten 十分之一onsetophthalmicoptical isomerism/optical isomer optimal optimizeoptimum/ optimizeorganicOrganometallic osmosis otherwise ad. 另外，别样oxidation /oxidaseoxygenozonepacked-columnpaddle pancreas Panel－bed 板式床parameterparenteralpartition coefficient patchpeak 峰pellet penetration penicillin penicilliumpeptidepermissibleperoralPeroral 经口的peroxidepharmaceutical 药学的，制药的，药品pharmacokinetics pharmacologicphenolphenolicphysiologicpilot plantplasma 血浆platelet polarized lightpolysaccharide portablepotassium carbonatepotency potentiateprecipitateprecipitation precursor 前体predefinepredominantPreference 偏爱preparation preparation prescribe preservationpressue dropPriority product yieldsproduct yieldsprofileprolonged action，proteaseproteinproteolyticProvide 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