语料库语言学术语汇编Aglossaryofcorpuslinguistics.docx

1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(7)2. Linguistics(语言学) is generally defined as the scientific study of language.(1)3. Phonetics(语音学) is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.(14)4. Phonology(音位学) studies sound patterns of a specific language.(22)5. Morphology(形态学) refers to the study of the internal structures of words, and the rules by which words are formed.(34)6. Syntax(句法) is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.(42)7. Semantics (语义学) can be simply defined as the study of meaning.(67)8. Pragmatics(语用学)A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It can be also regarded as a kind of meaning study.(84)9. Sociolinguistics(社会语言学) –the study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch called sociolinguistics.(3) 10. Psycholinguistics(心理语言学) relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how we memorize, and how we process the information we receive in the course of communication.(3)11. prescriptive(规定)：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it said to be p rescriptive. P312. descriptive(描写)：if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. P313. langue (语言，语言系统) ：langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community . p514. parole (话语): parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. P515. competence(语言能力)：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. P516. performance (语言运用): performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. P517. design feature (识别特征)：design feature refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. P9 18.arbitrariness(任意性): this means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P919. productivity(生产性): language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.（无具体定义）P10 20. duality（二元性）：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. (无具体定义) p1021. displacement(移位/移情/不受时空限制) Language can be used to refer tothings which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from immediate situations of the speaker. P1122. cultural transmission (文化传递性) We were born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible.P1123. phone(音素) A phone is a ohonetic unit or segment. P2324. phoneme(音位) It is a phonological unit; a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.P2425. morpheme(词素) The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.P3526. prefix( suffix) un- dis- that occurs only before other morphemes. / Other morphemes occur only after other morphemes.P3527.root “root” is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. In other words, a “root” is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed28. category (范畴) It refers to a group of linguistic items which fufill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. P42-4329.transformation(转换) Thus far the phrase structure rule has provided explanations of how different phrases are formed but it cannot entirely satisfactorily describe some other language phenomena such as yes-no question, wh-question and passive voice, which involve a syntatic movement.P5330. deepstructure (深层结构) Formed by the XP rule in accor dance with the head’s sub-categorization properties.surface structure（表层结构）Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.P5731. performative（行事话语）was a sentence that did not state a fact or describe a state, and was not verifiable.Constative(述事话语) was a statement that either state or describe, and was thus verifiable. P8832.synonymy（同义词，同义现象）refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. P7233.antonymy（反义关系）is used for oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.P7634. homonymy(同音异义)refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.P7535.polysemy（多义性，多义现象）refers to that one word may have more than one meaning.P7436. hyponymy(上下义关系) refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.P7637. dialect (7 types) P11738. register (语域) the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.P11939. field (tenor, mode)of discourse P120Field of discourse refers to what is going onTenor of discourse （话语基调）refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question.Mode of discourse（话语方式）refers to the means of communication.40. learning strategy(3 types) learning strategies are learns’ conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based effort achieve learning efficiency.P170Cognitive strategy(认知策略): strategies involved I analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned.Metacognitive strategies(元认知策略)：the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learningAffective/social strategies(情感社会策略) ：dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native. 41. personality A number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.41. personality A number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.42. Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterized the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.43.Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 8444 acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.45. Learning is conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules. 16846. Transfer (迁移) positive transfer (would facilitate target language learning) and negative transfer (would interfere). 16147. Error(错误) defines as the unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner suggest failure in competence. 16448.Interlanguage（中介语）is defined as an abstract system of learner’s target language, it has now been widely used to the linguistic expressions learners produce tends to become fossilized at certain level. 16049. Language aptitude (语言能力（倾向）) refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. 16950. motivation (动机) 1. instrumental motivation 2. integrative motivation 3. resultative motivation 4. intrinsic motivation. 169。

语料库语言学术语汇编Aglossaryofcorpuslinguistics语料库语言学术语汇编(V2.0)Last updated 2012-10-08 by 许家金Aboutness 所言之事Absolute frequency 绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts)（平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric 字母数字构成的Annotate标注（动词）Annotated text/corpus 标注文本/语料库、赋码文本/语料库Annotation标注（名词）Annotation scheme标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for Information Exchange美国信息交换标准码Associates (of keywords)（主题词的）联想词AWL/academic word list 学术词表Balanced corpus 平衡语料库Base list/baselist 底表、基础词表Bigram 二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-text/bitext双语合并文本、双语分行对齐文本（一句源语一句目标语对齐后的文本）Bi-hapax 两次词Bilingual corpus双语语料库Bootcamp debate/discourse/discussion （新手）训练营大辩论/话语/大探讨CA/Contrastive Analysis 对比分析Case-sensitive/case sensitivity 大小写敏感、区分大小写Category-based approach 基于类（范畴）的方法Chi-square test/χ2 卡方检验Chunk词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis中介语对比分析CLAWS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System CLAWS 词性赋码系统Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v.搭配词；搭配Collocability 搭配强度、搭配力Collocation搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength 搭配强度Collocational framework/frame 搭配框架Collocational profile搭配概貌、管路敷设技术通过管线不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。

语言学常用术语A List of Commonly-used LinguisticTerminology语言学常用术语表Part I General Terms通用术语Acquisition 习得Agglutinative language 粘着语Anthropology 人类学Applied linguistics 应用语言学Arbitrariness 任意性Artificial intelligence (AI)人工智能Behaviorism 行为主义Behaviorist psychology 行为主义心理学Bilingualism 双语现象Cognition 认知Cognitive linguistics 认知语言学Cognitive science 认知科学Comparative linguistics 比较语言学Computational linguistics 计算语言学Corpus-linguistics 语料库语言学Creole 克里奥耳语；混合语Culture 文化Descriptive linguistics 描写语言学Design features 识别特征Developmental psycholinguistics 发展心理语言学Diachronic/historical linguistics历时语言学Dialect 方言Dialectology 方言学Displacement 不受时空限制的特性Dualism 二元论Duality 二重性Epistemology认识论Etymology 辞源学Experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学Formalization 形式化Formal linguistics 形式语言学Forensic linguistics 法律语言学Functionalism 功能主义General linguistics 普通语言学Grammaticality 符合语法性Ideography 表意法Inflectional language 屈折语Inter-disciplinary 交叉性学科的Isolating language 孤立语Langue 语言Macro-sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学Mentalism 心智主义Micro-sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学Montague grammar蒙太古语法Neuro-linguistics 神经语言学Orthography 正字法Orthoepic 正音法的Paradigmatic 聚合关系Parole 言语Pedagogy 教育学；教授法Philology 语文学Philosophy 哲学Phonography 表音法Pidgin 皮钦语；洋泾浜语Polysynthetic language 多式综合语Prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psychology 心理学Semeiology 符号学Sociology 社会学Speech 言语Sociolinguistics社会语言学Structuralism 结构主义Synchronic linguistics 共时语言学Syntagmatic 组合关系Theoretic linguistics 理论语言学Universal grammar 普遍语法Universality 普遍性Part II Phonology音位学Ablaut 元音变化Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Affricate 塞擦音Allophone 音位变体Alveolar 齿龈音Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Articulatory variables 发音变体Aspiration 送气Assimilation 同化Back of tongue舌根Back vowel后元音Bilabial 双唇音Blade of tongue 舌面Broad transcription 宽式音标Central vowel 中元音Collocation 搭配Complementary distribution互补分布Consonant 辅音Dental 齿音Diacritics 变音符号；附加符号Diphthong 双元音Distinctive features 区别性特征Fricative 擦音Front vowel 前元音Glide 音渡Glottal 喉音Hard palate 硬腭International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标Intonation 语调Liquid 流音Manner of articulation 发音方法Minimal pair最小对立体Narrow transcription 严式音标Nasal 鼻音Nasal cavity 鼻腔Palatal 腭音Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔Phone音素Phoneme音位Place of articulation 发音部位Plosive爆破音Phonemic contrast 音位对立Phonetics语音学Rounded圆唇音Soft palate (velum)软腭Spectrograph 频谱仪Speech organ 发音器官Speech sounds 语音Stop塞音Stress 重音Suprasegmental features 超音段特征Teeth ridge (alveolus) 齿龈隆骨Tip of tongue 舌尖Tone 音/声调Unrounded 非圆唇音Uvula 小舌Velar 软腭音Vocal cords 声带Voiced 浊音Voiceless清音Voicing 浊音化Vowel 元音Part III Morphology形态学Acronym 首字母缩略词Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Back-formation 逆成法Blending 紧缩法Borrowing 借用Bound morpheme 粘着语素Clipped words 缩略词Coinage 创新词Compounding 合成法Conversion 转换法Closed class 封闭类Derivational morpheme 派生语素Free morpheme 自由语素Idiom 成语Inflection 屈折变化Inflectional morpheme 屈折语素Jargon 行话Lexicography 辞典编纂学Loan words 外来词Morpheme 语素Open class 开放类Prefix 前缀Productive 能产的Root 词根Stem 词干Suffix 后缀Suppletion 异根Word formation 构词法Part IV Syntax句法学Abstract noun 抽象名词Accusative 宾格Active voice 主动态Adjective 形容词Adjunct 附加状语Adverbial 状语Agreement 一致关系Anaphor 照应语Antecedent 先行词Apostrophe 省略符号Apposition 同位语Article 冠词Attribute 定语Case 格Cleft sentence 分裂句Collective noun 集合名词Comment 述题Competence 语言能力Complement 补语Compound predicate 复合谓语Compound sentence 复合句Concession relation 让步关系Concrete noun 具体名词Connective 连接词Constituent 句子成分Content word 实词Continuous aspect 进行体Coordinate clause 并列句Coordinating conjunction 并列连词Copula 系动词Declarative sentence 陈述句Descriptive adequacy 描写充分性Direct object 直接宾语Discontinuous constituents 非连续性成分D-structure 深层结构Dual number 双数Dummy word 伪词Endocentric construction 向心结构Ergative 作格Exclamatory sentence 感叹句Existential sentence 存在句Exocentric construction 离心结构Explanatory adequacy 解释充分性Feminine 阴性Finite clause 限定性分句Finite verb 限定性动词Function word 功能词Generic term 泛指性成分Genitive case 所有格；属格Gender 性Gerundive 动名词Habitual aspect 习惯体Head 中心词Immediate Constituent Analysis (IC Analysis) 直接成分分析法Imperative mood 祈使语气Imperative sentence 祈使句Imperfective aspect 非完成体Indirect object 间接宾语Infinitive 不定式Inflectional affix 屈折前缀Informal language 非正式语言Intensifier 强势语Interjection 感叹词Interrogative sentence 疑问句Intransitive verb 不及物动词Intransitivity 不及物性Irregular verb 不规则动词Labeled tree diagram 加标记的树形图Language faculty 语言器官Lexical verb 实词性动词Main clause 主句Masculine 阳性的Matrix sentence 主句Middle voice 中动语态Modality 情态Modal verbs 情态动词Modification 修饰Modifier 修饰语Morphological process 形态过程Move 移位Negation 否定Neuter gender 中性Nominal 名词性的Nominal clause 名词性分句Nominalization 名物化Nominative case 主格Non-place predicate 空位述谓结构Numeral 数词Object 宾语Objective 宾格Oblique case 斜格Observational adequacy 观察充分性One-place predicate 一位述谓结构Onomatopoeia 拟声词Particle 小品词Parts of speech 词性Passive voice 被动语态Past perfect tense 过去完成时Past tense过去时Perfective aspect 完成体Performance 语言运用；言语行为Personal pronoun 人称代词Personification 拟人化Phrasal verb 短语动词Phrase 短语Phrase structure rules (PS-rules) 短语结构规则Plural 复数的Plurality 复数性Postposition 后置词Postpositional phrase 后置性短语Predicate 谓词Preposition 介词Prepositional phrase 介词性短语Present tense 现在时Progressive aspect 进行体Projection principle 投射原则Pronominal 代词性的Pronoun 代词Quantifier 数量词Reciprocal pronoun 互指代词Reflexive pronoun 反身代词Reflexive verb 反身动词Relative adverb 关系副词Relative clause 关系状语Relative pronoun 关系代词Rhetorical question 反意疑问句Sentence 句子Sentential 句子的Sentential complement 句子性补语Simple sentence 简单句Singular 单数的Singularity 单数性S-structure 表层结构Subject 主语Subjective 主格Subordinate 从属句Substantive 实词Syntactic function 句法功能Tag question 附加疑问句Tense 时态Topic 主题Transformational-generative grammar (TG grammar) 转换生成语法Transitive verb 及物动词Transitivity 及物性Two-place predicate 二位述谓结构Unaccusativity 动词的非宾格性Verb 动词Verbal behavior 言语行为Voice 语态Word classes 词类Word order 词序Yes-no question 是非问句；一般疑问句Part V Semantics语义学Agent 施事Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Beneficiary 受益者Color word 色彩词Complementarity 互补性反义关系Componential analysis 成分分析法Contradiction 自相矛盾的说法Deictic center 指示中心Deixis 指示语Downgrade 语义降格Experiencer 经历者Homography 同形异音异义Homonymy 同音异义Hyponym 下义词Hyponymy 下义Instrument 工具Locative 地点Meaningfulness 有意义Naming 命名论Participant role 参与者角色Patient 受事Person deixis 人称指示语Place deixis 地点指示语Polysemy 一词多义Possible world 可能世界Predication analysis 述谓结构分析Recipient 接收者Reference 所指Referent 所指对象Selectional restrictions 选择限制Semantic role 语义角色Sense 意义Superordinate 上义词Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Theme 受事Theta ro le (θ-role) 语义角色Time deixis 时间指示语Truth condition 真值条件Valency 配价Part VI Pragmatics语用学Addressee 说话对象Adjacency pair 邻接对Context 语境；上下文Conversational implicature 会话含义Cooperative principle 合作原则Direct speech 直接话语Discourse 话语Distal 远指Encyclopedic knowledge 百科知识Euphemism 委婉语Focus 焦点Generalized implicature 广义含义Given vs. new information 已知与未知信息Honorific 敬语Illocutionary act 言外行为Illocutionary force 言外之力Implicature 含义Indirect speech 间接话语Informativeness principle 信息原则Manner implicature 方式含义Maxim of manner 方式准则Maxim of quality 质量准则Maxim of quantity 数量准则Maxim of relation 关联准则Performative 施为句Performative verb 施为动词Perlocutionary act 言后行为Potential implicature 可能含义Potential presupposition 可能预设Pre-announcement 事先声明Preparatory condition 准备条件Presupposition预设Presupposition suspension 预设中止Presupposition trigger 预设激发Propositional act 命题行为Propositional content 命题内容Propositional relation 命题关系Proposition 命题Proximal 近指Quality implicature 质的含义Quantity implicature 量的含义Scalar implicature 标尺含义Schema 图式Self-repair 自我修正Sincerity condition 诚实原则Speaker 说话者Speech act 言语行为Text 语篇Turn 话轮Turn-taking 话轮转换。

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and Index(备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。

) Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5 approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4 associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3 assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。

汉语言文学专业英语词汇分析解析汉语言文学专业词汇（英文版）felix2021-01-0716:31:09现代文学：contemporaryliterature大众文学：popularliterature报告文学：reportage批判主义：criticism伊索寓言：aesop`sfables希腊文化：hellenism形而上学：metaphysis孔子学说：confucian喜怒哀乐：pleasureangersorrowjoy发源地：source爱美剧：amateur修辞学：rhetoric语音学：phonetic助动词：auxiliaryverb感叹词：interjection连接词：linkword逻辑词：logicalword里程碑：milestone拉丁语：latin田园诗：idyl无名氏：annymousperson真善美：truthgoodnessbeauty英语分类词汇：文学有关词汇classicalliterature古典文学contemporaryliterature现代文学popularliterature大众文学lightliterature通俗文学folklore民间文学saga(river)novel长篇小说shortnovel,longshortstory中篇小说shortstory短篇小说lovestory爱情小说deterctivestory侦破小说mysterystory怪诞小说whodunit推理小说humorousstory幽默小说historicalnovel历史小说essay随笔bookoftravels游记reportage报告文学criticism评论bestseller畅销书anthology全集copyright版权,著作权deluxebinding精装flatstitching平装smythsewed线装humanities人文学科writer作家book书volume卷thethreeunities三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间)playwright编剧act幕scene场plot情节appendix1aglossaryoflinguistictermsaabbreviation[]n.简写.简写词.科唇ablative[]n.动名词a.动名词的absolute[]a.单一制的.单一制成分absoluteclause单一制从句abstractnouns抽象名词adjective[]n.形容词a.形容词的adjunct[]n.附加语.修饰语.修饰成分adnominal[]a.（定语）修饰名词的.形容词的.形容名词的adverb[]n.副词；状语adverbial[]a.副词的,作副词用的adversative[]a.反意的.相反的n.反义字(转折语)affirmative[]n.肯定词.肯定语affix[]n1.附加物.添加物2.字缀.词缀(affixhopping词缀跳跃)affixation[]n.附加.附加法.词缀附加法affricate[]n.塞擦音agent(agentive)施事agreement[]n.(人称.性别.数.格的)一致airstream[]n.气流alliteration[]n.头韵(法)allomorph[]n.同质异形体.词.语素变体allophone[]n.同位音.音位变体allophonicvariation音位变体alveolar[]n.齿龈音，齿槽音.alveolarridge齿龈ambiguity[ambiguous歧义的anacoluthon[]n.含混，歧义]n.发生改变观点.错格.句法结构前后不一anadiplosis[]n.反复法.顶真analogical[]a.类似的.类推的analogicalcreation类推造字anapaest[]n.抑抑扬格.弱弱强格.短短长格anaphora[]n.复指.首语(句)重复法annotation[]n.注释.注解antecedent[]n.(关系代词的)先行词antithesis[]n.1.对立面;矛盾2.(修辞学)对语,对偶,对句antonomasia[]n.代称，称谓替代antonym[]n.反义词,反义现象aphorism[]n.格言.警句.箴言aposiopesis[]n.话语中断，骂人中断法apostrophe[]n.1.呼语2.竖钩号3.省略符号4.所有格符号appellative[]a.1.名称的2.俗称的n.俗称名词.普通名词apposition[]n.1.同位语2.棘劫appropriateness[]n.庄重.适宜.适度.为重arbitrariness[]n.任意性archaism[]n.古体，拟古，古语argot[]n.行语，暗语，黑话article[]n.冠词articulation[]n.(确切的)发音.收到的(辅)音.发音动作articulator[]n.1.发音确切的人或物2.发音器官articulatory[]a.发音准确的.与发音有关的aside片头，私语，离题话aspect[]n.(动词的)体.时态.时间aspirated[]a.伴有h音的.送气音的.吐气.送气assimilation[]n.同化aureate[]a.绚丽的（--diction,绚丽辞令cstyle绚丽体）assonance[]n.1.谐音2.(诗的)准押韵.半谐音attributive[]a.1.归属的.属性的2.定语的n.定语auxiliary[]a.辅助的.附属的.从属的n.助词auxiliaryverb助动词bback-formation逆构词法baseform基础形式behaviouralprocess行为过程behaviourism行为主义bilabial[]a.双唇音的n.双唇音bilabialnasal双唇鼻音bilateral[]a.双边的.双边音bilateralopposition双边对立。

1语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语 ablative 夺格，离格 accent 重音（符） accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 acquisition 习得 acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程 actor 动作者address form 称呼形式 addressee 受话人 addresser 发话人 adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分 附加语 adverb 副词 affix 词缀affixation 词缀附加法 affricate 塞擦音 agreement 一致关系 airstream 气流 alliteration 头韵 allomorph 词/语素变体 allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体 allophony 音位变体现象 alveolar ridge 齿龈 alveolar 齿龈音 ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字 anapest 抑抑扬格 anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应 animate 有生命的 annotation 注解antecedent 先行词 前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称 代类名 antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系) appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学 applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性 得体性 approximant 无摩擦延续音 aptitude test 素质测试 Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性 argument 中项 中词 主目 article 冠词articulation 发音 articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语 aspect 体aspirated 吐气 送气 assimilation 同化 associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义 assonance 准压韵 半谐音 attributive 属性 修饰语 定语 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 authentic input 真实投入 authorial style 权威风格 authoring program 编程 autonomy 自主性 auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词 Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段 back-formation 逆构词法 base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程 behaviourism 行为主义 bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立 bilingualism 双语现象 binary division 二分法 binary feature 二分特征 binary taxonomy 二分分类学 binding 制约binding theory 制约论 blade 舌叶 舌面前部 blank verse 无韵诗 blending 混成法borrowing 借用 借词 bound morpheme 粘着语素 bounding theory 管辖论 bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则 bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标 broadening 词义扩大 Brown corpus 布朗语料库 Ccalculability 可计算性 calque 仿造 仿造词语 cancellability 可删除 cardinal numeral 基数 cardinal vowel 基本元音 case 格case grammar 格语法 case theory 格理论 category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分 causative 使役的 使投动词 center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词 chain relation 链状关系 chain system 链状系统 choice 选择choice system 选择系统 circumstance 环境因子 class 词类class shift 词性变换 clause 小句 从句 click 吸气音 咂音 clipping 截断法 closed class 封闭类 closed syllable 闭音节 cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音 coda 结尾音节 符尾 code 语码 信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学 cognitive system 认知系统 coherence 相关 关联 cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词 colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义 color word 色彩词。

语料库术语汇编1000字1. 语料库 (Corpus)：一种语言学研究工具，指一定时间内一定领域内被记录下来的语言使用材料的整合。

2. 词频 (Frequency)：指特定词语在语料库中出现的频率。

通常用来研究该词语在不同领域或语言环境下的使用情况。

3. 词汇 (Vocabulary)：指一个语言或领域中所涉及的全部词汇。

在语料库研究中，词汇可以从不同的角度进行分类和分析。

4. 标记 (Tagging)：是指对语料库中每个词语进行词性和句法结构等标记，使其变得更易于分析。

5. 约定 (Convention)：是指研究人员在语料库建设和分析中的一些共同规范，如数据格式、标注方式等。

6. 清洗 (Cleaning)：是指剔除语料库中不符合研究要求或不准确的数据，以保证研究的准确性。

7. 分词 (Tokenization)：是指将一个连续的文本分割成一个个离散的词语或符号的过程。

分词是语料库研究的基础。

8. 停止词 (Stop Words)：指在文本中频繁出现但在分析中往往没有实质意义的词语，如“的”、“和”等。

9. 语法 (Grammar)：是指一个语言中的语音、词汇、句法和语用规则等有组织的系统，可以用来解释和生成语言的各种表达。

10. 句法 (Syntax)：是指语言中句子的结构和组成规则。

语料库分析中的句法分析可以用来研究语言中的语法规则。

11. 词频分布 (Frequency Distribution)：是指一个语料库中各个词语出现的频率分布情况。

通过词频分布可以研究语言中不同词汇的使用情况。

12. 词向量 (Word Vector)：是指将词语表示成向量的一种技术。

在语料库研究中，词向量可以用来进行词语分类和聚类分析。

13. 上下文 (Context)：是指一个词语在文本中所处的语言环境和意义。

在语料库研究中，上下文分析可以帮助研究人员深入理解词语和语句的含义。

14. 模型 (Model)：是指通过统计或机器学习等方法建立的能够反映语言规律或模式的工具或算法。

Define the following terms:1.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds13.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communicationpetence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,18.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.ngue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently20.Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. Butit is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. 529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33.Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34.inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections35. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.36.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.37.free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 38.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.39.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.40.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.41.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.43.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.pounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.45.syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.46.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.47.coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".48.syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.49. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.53. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.54. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualised.55. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience56. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.57. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.58. Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.59. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones60. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.61. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.62.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.63. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.64. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.65.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.66. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.67. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.68. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.69. two-place predication :A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.37.pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38.Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39.utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40.sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41.Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;42.Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.。

语料库语言学术语汇编(V2.0)Last updated 2012-10-08 by 许家金Aboutness 所言之事Absolute frequency 绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts)（平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric 字母数字构成的Annotate标注（动词）Annotated text/corpus 标注文本/语料库、赋码文本/语料库Annotation标注（名词）Annotation scheme标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for InformationExchange美国信息交换标准码Associates (of keywords)（主题词的）联想词AWL/academic word list 学术词表Balanced corpus 平衡语料库Base list/baselist 底表、基础词表Bigram 二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-text/bitext双语合并文本、双语分行对齐文本（一句源语一句目标语对齐后的文本）Bi-hapax 两次词Bilingual corpus双语语料库Bootcamp debate/discourse/discussion （新手）训练营大辩论/话语/大探讨CA/Contrastive Analysis 对比分析Case-sensitive/case sensitivity 大小写敏感、区分大小写Category-based approach 基于类（范畴）的方法Chi-square test/χ2 卡方检验Chunk词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis中介语对比分析CLAWS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System CLAWS 词性赋码系统Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v.搭配词；搭配Collocability 搭配强度、搭配力Collocation搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength 搭配强度Collocational framework/frame 搭配框架Collocational profile搭配概貌、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。

语言学专业词汇中英文对照版语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系) appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning,CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentencestructure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammaticalfunction ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设- 演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones,DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度M machine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski,Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象narratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representatio n of thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化P palatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation 重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolingu istic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层。

Corpus Linguistics:An Introduction to AntConcAntConc is a freeware, multiplatform tool for carrying out corpus linguistics research, developed in 2002 by Laurence Anthony, at the time a PhD student at the School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan.Since AntConc is freely available on the Internet, it is a very interesting tool for teachers and students alike so as to conduct corpus-based researches.AntConc may run on any computer running Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OS X and Linux. The most current available versions of this software are the following ones:-AntConc 3.2.4w (for Microsoft Windows);-AntConc 3.4.1m (for Macintosh OS X);-AntConc 3.4.1u (beta) (for Ubuntu)The programme can be downloaded at the following page: http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/antconc_index.htmlOn this page we can also find useful links to online guides (‘Online Help’ section) and video tutorials (‘Video Tutorials’ section).AntConc does not need to be installed. The software will be downloaded as an .exe file and, thus, it can be run by simply double-clicking on the downloaded file from wherever the user chooses to store it on the computer or a USB memory stick.AntConc started out as a relatively simple concordance programme, but it has been slowly progressing to become a rather useful text analysis tool. Although there are many operations that AntConc is able to perform, only the most important of these will be explained here, so that basic corpus research can be conducted.1.Opening a file in AntConcFirstly, we must remember that AntConc can only read .txt files. So, it will not work, for instance, with files created with Microsoft Office (that is, .doc or .docx files).In order to save our corpus in a .txt file, we need to:1)copy the text we want to analyse in the:-Notepad (on Microsoft Windows) [Start menu → Programme s → Accessories → Notepad];-Text Edit application (on Macintosh OS X).2)save it as a .txt file:-on Microsoft Windows: Notepad → File → Save;-on Macintosh OS X: Text Edit → Preferences →∙In New Document → Tick ‘Plain Text’ → Untick ‘Wrap to Page’;∙In Open and Save → Tick ‘Ignore rich text commands in HTML files’ → Tick ‘Ignore rich text commands in RTF files’→ Tick ‘Add ".txt" extension to plain text files’;∙Save the file.Once we have saved our corpus in a .txt file, we can use AntConc to automatically analyse it.For purposes of illustration, we can use the already-collected corpus m_01 in order to look at the main operations that AntConc is able to perform. This corpus can be downloaded at the following page: http://1drv.ms/NqLHlr(In order to download the file, in the top-left corner click on Download (‘Scarica’) and, then, save the file)Once we have downloaded our corpus, in order to open this file in AntConc, we need to:1)Open AntConc;2)In the top-left corner of the navigation menu, click on File → OpenFile(s);3)Select our corpus and click on ‘Open’;4)In the Tool Tabs click on ‘File View’;5)Click on m_01 in the left corner under the Corpus Files panel.The corpus will be displayed in the ‘File View’ window and we can check if AntConc is able to read it.2.The Word List toolOne of the main tool offered by AntConc for corpus-based linguistic analysis is the Word List tool.A Word List counts all the words in a corpus and presents them in an ordered list. This allows us to quickly find which words are the most frequent in a given corpus.In order to create a Word List for our corpus m_01, we need to:1)Click in the Tool Tabs on ‘Word List’;2)Click on ‘Start’ at the bottom of this window.AntConc will automatically display in an ordered list the most frequent words in our corpus. Under the column ‘Rank’, the position that a word token occupies in a given corpus will be shown. The more frequently a word occurs, the higher it will rank in the Word List.Un der the column ‘Freq’(that is, frequency), the number of occurrences of a given word token in a given corpus will be displayed. The more frequently a word occurs, the higher number of frequency it will show.And, finally, under the column ‘Word’, the word tokens which can be found in a given corpus are displayed according to their frequency.Just above this table, we can find two items, that is, the number of Word Types and Word Tokens in our corpus. A word type can be defined as a single particular wordform. Any difference of form makes a word a different word type. All words comprising the same characters are considered examples of the same word type. So, in the sentence “I came, I saw, I conquered”, we can count only 4 word types (since the word ‘I’ is r epeated three times and, thus, we count it only once).A word token, on the other hand, can be defined as any single, particular instance of an individual word in a corpus. Therefore, in the case of word tokens, repetitions are included in the word count and, in the sentence “I came, I saw, I conquered”, we can count 6 word tokens.The number of word types and word tokens can help us determine the Type-Token Ratio (TTR) of a given corpus.The TTR is a measure of vocabulary diversity in a corpus (i.e., how lexically rich our corpus is), equal to the total number of word types (x) divided by the total number of word tokens (y). The closer the TTR is to 1, the more varied the vocabulary is:However, we must remember that these statistics are not comparable between corpora of different sizes. For instance, the TTR of the novel Alice in Wonderland is 0.072, while the TTR of the novel Moby Dick is 0.065. Thus, we may incorrectly hypothesise that Moby Dick has less diverse vocabulary than Alice in Wonderland. Our mistake is due to the fact that while Alice in Wonderland has a total number of 35,656 tokens, Moby Dick is comprised of 265,010 tokens. Thus, the TTR of the two corpora is not comparable, since they have different text sizes.As for our corpus m_01, the TTR is quite low (that is, 0.426) and, so, repetition seems to be one of the most salient strategy used in our corpus.3.Sorting out the Word ListAs a default option, the Word List tool shows the items in a given corpus in an ordered list by their frequency.However, we might want to sort out the word list alphabetically, in order to easily find given words.In order to do this, we must, first of all, go to the bottom left corner of the Word List window. Here we will find under ‘Sort by’ a drop-down menu. We just need to click on it, click on ‘Sort by Word’ if we want to order alphabetically the items in our corpus and, then, click on ‘Sort’.As previously said, alphabetically ordering the items in our corpus allows us to quickly search for a particular word and its derivatives.However, in the drop-down menu, we can also choose to order the items in our corpus by their word end. In order to do this, we just need to go again to the bottom left corner of the Word List window and, under ‘Sort by’, click on the drop-down menu. Then, we need to click on ‘Sort by Word End’ and, finally, click on ‘Sort’.It might seem useless ordering the items in a corpus according the word end, but if we want to search, for instance, for all the words in the -ing form, this tool will allow us to do just that.4.Searching through the Word ListOrdering alphabetically the items in a given corpus is one of the possible tools offered by AntConc in order to quickly search for specific words.However, AntConc also allows us to search for a specific word by simply typing it in.In order to do this, we need, firstly, to go to the bottom left corner of the Word List window. Under ‘Search Term’, we can type in the word that we are searching for. For instance, in them_01 corpus, we can search for the word ‘smuggling’. Once we have typed in this word, we need to click on‘Search Only’ and AntConc will underline the word ‘smuggling’ in the Word List of our corpus.However, caution must be taken when using this tool. Indeed, searching for a particular word will exclude from our search all other forms of that word (e.g., in the case of the word ‘smuggling’, by typing it in and searching only for it, we have not taken into account all its base form ‘smuggle’ and its derivatives, that is, ‘smuggles’ / ‘smuggled’ / ‘smuggler’ / ‘smugglers’).This may lead us to a misinterpretation of our data. Indeed, we could wrongly assume that, by searching for the word ‘smuggling’, which occurs in the m_01 corpus 29 times, this word has a low frequency. However, in analysing our data, we need to take into account also the other forms of the word ‘smuggling’, since this is a particular instance of the base form ‘smuggle’.In order to show in the Word List all the instances of the word ‘smuggle’, we can go to t he navigation menu and click on ‘Tool Preferences’. The Tool Preferences window will be opened and we need to click in the left tab on ‘Word List’. In the ‘Word List Range’, we are going to click on ‘Use specific words below’and in ‘Add word’ we can start typing in all the wordforms of ‘smuggle’ (i.e., we type in the word ‘smuggle’ and click on ‘Add’; we type in the word ‘smuggles’ and click on ‘Add’; we type in the word ‘smuggling’ and click on ‘Add’; we type in the word ‘smuggled’ and click on ‘Add’; we type in the word ‘smuggler’ and click on ‘Add’; and, finally, we type in the word ‘smugglers’ and click on ‘Add’). Once we have done this, we need to click on ‘Apply’ in the bottom right corner and, then, in the Word List window click on ‘Start’ in the bot tom left corner. AntConc will automatically display only the words typed in the Tool Preferences. This will allow us to count all the wordforms of the word ‘smuggle’ in the m_01 corpus (that is, 40 occurrences).Once we have done this, if we want to go back to the default Word List, we need to go again in the Tool Preferences, click on ‘Word List’ and, then, on ‘Clear’ near the tab where we have previously added all the wordforms of the word ‘smuggle’. Once we have done this, remember to click on ‘Use all words’ in the menu above and, then, click on ‘Apply’ in the bottom right corner. Finally, in the Word List window, click on ‘Start’ in the bottom left corner and all will be back to the default Word List (another way to search for all the wordforms of a given word token will be discussed below, when we will show how to use the wildcards).5.The concordance toolThe concordance tool is another useful device offered by AntConc in order to analyse corpora.Also referred to as key word in context (KWIC), the concordance tool is a list of all the occurrences of a particular word in a corpus, presented within the context in which it occurs (usually a few words to the left and right of the search term). Thus, this tool allows us to learn a little bit more about the linguistic environment in which a given word “lives” in our corpus.We can access this particularly useful tool from the Word List tool. Again, let us search in the Word List of the m_01 corpus the word ‘smuggling’ by typing in this word under ‘Search Term’ and clicking on‘Search Only’. Once AntConc has underlined the word ‘smuggling’ in the Word List of our corpus, we need to click on it and AntConc will automatically show us the concordance list for the word ‘smuggling’. This unsorted list will show us the key word (i.e., the word that is at the base of a concordance list) in the middle of the page in light blue and some context on the left and on the right of the key word.If the context given in the concordance list is not enough in order to understand the linguistic environment of the key word, we can click on the particular instance of the key word of which we want to know a little bit more about. Then, AntConc will automatically bring us in the ‘File View’ window, where the complete context of the key word will be given.Once we have observed the complete context of that particular key word, we can go back to the concordance main window by clicking in the tool tabs on ‘Concordance’.In order to be able to better examine certain patterns, the concordances can be sorted out. We can do this thanks to the ‘Kwic Sort’ function at the bottom of the concordance window. This function will allow us to sort the key word list according to certain criteria.In the ‘Kwic Sort’ function, as a default option, all three boxes near the Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 are ticked. Each level is followed by a different list box:-1R: it highlights the first word on the right of the key word (1R = 1st word to the right of the key word);-2R: it highlights the second word on the right of the key word (2R = 2nd word to the right of the key word);-3R: it highlights the third word on the right of the key word (3R = 3rd word to the right of the key word).If all three level are ticked, if in the list box we have 1R, 2R and 3R, and if we click on ‘Sort’, AntConc will highlight in different colours the first, the second and the third word on the right of the key word (1R will be red; 2R will be green; and 3R will be violet).If we want to highlight only the first word on the right of the key word, we just need to untick the Level 2 and Level 3 boxes, make sure that in the Level 1 we have 1R in the list box and click again on ‘Sort’. AntConc will alphabetically display in red the first word on the right of the key word.If, on the other hand, we want to highlight the first word on the left of the key word, we need to go in the box list of the Level 1 (Level 2 and Level 3 boxes must be unticked), click on the down arrow and scroll down until we get to 1L. Once 1L has been selected in the Level 1, we just need to click on ‘Sort’ and AntConc will alphabetically display in red the first word on the left of the key word.ing WildcardsAs previously said, sometimes we may not solely want to analyse a specific word, but also its different forms. We have seen how to do this in the Word List tool, but we can search for all the forms of a given word also in the Concordance tool.Let us say, for instance, that we want to see all possible forms of ‘smuggle’ in our corpus (i.e., ‘smuggles’ / ‘sm uggling’ / ‘smuggled’ / ‘smuggler’ / ‘smugglers’). In order to do this in the Concordance tool, wecan use the wildcard symbol *. Thus, if we type in ‘smuggl*’in the ‘Search Term’ box and click on ‘Start’, the KWIC will show us all the wordforms in context of the word ‘smuggle’.However, wildcards should only be used if we are searching for regular verbs. Indeed, AntConc cannot recognize irregular verbs. Additionally, wildcards in the Concordance tool do not show us the statistics of the word we are searching for. Thus, sorting out the Word List is preferable to wildcards.ReferencesBaker, Paul / Gabrielatos, Costas / McEnery, Tony 2013. Discourse analysis and media attitudes: the representation of Islam in the Britishpress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Baker, Paul / Hardie, Andrew / McEnery, Tony 2006. A Glossary of Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. McEnery, Tony / Xiao, Richard / Tono, Yukio 2006. Corpus Based Language Studies: An Advanced Resource Book. London & NewYork: Routledge.Tognini-Bonelli, Elena 2001. Corpus Linguistics at Work. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Wodak, Ruth 2009. The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.。