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研究⽣英语阅读教程（基础级3版）课后习题整理A.选择题1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverseC. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandonA. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources,organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinct1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. sizeB. expansionC. developmentD. termination2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A. practicableB. sufficientC. deficientD. impractical3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking.A. easeB. express4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A. influenceB. damageC. endD. complicate (a./ vt.)5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repressC. crashD. abandon6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word.A. dishearteningB. sympatheticC. harshD. polite7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emergedB. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shockingB. tolerableC. uncontrollableD. distasteful (disgusting)9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC. concealedD. sophisticated10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. tempting1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).A. complicatedB. unavoidableC. customaryD. incomprehensible2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and) a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immenseB. fascinatingC. magnificentD. enchanting3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).A. sponsorsB. supportersC. advocatorsD. advisors4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country(Churchill: iron-curtain country).A. negativeB. disastrousC. officialD. reliable5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.A. dippedB. pressedC. forcedD. pushed6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.A. dissolveB. upraiseC. surpassD. depress7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.C. unvaluedD. indignant8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]A. failureB. transitionC. lossD. depression9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]A. miserableB. hardC. unbearableD. harsh10. Modern and implicit censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.A. releasedB. arrestedC. retardedD. prohibitedB.选恰当1. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, takingin most of human life.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B) 9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.5.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunctionat one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is — it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition ()。
1. 国际地位和影响力2. 生态文明建设3. 中国武术4. 中文热词5. 丝绸之路6. 读书之道7. 民生问题8. 中国梦Translation:1.近年来，我国国际地位和影响力显著提高。
我们在国际事务中发挥重要的建设性作用，有力维护国家主权、安全和发展利益，全方位外交取得重大进展。
我们成功举办北京奥运会、上海世博会，实现了中华民族的百年梦想。
这些辉煌成就，充分显示了中国特色社会主义的优越性，展现了改革开放的伟大力量，极大增强了全国各族人民的自信心和自豪感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力，激励我们奋勇前进。
——选自西南交通大学出版社即将出版的《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》In recent years, China's international prestige and influence grew significantly. We played an important and constructive role in international affairs; effectively safeguarded our national sovereignty, security and development interests. We made major progress in our all-around diplomacy. We successfully hosted the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo, thus fulfilling dreams the Chinese nation had cherished for a century. These brilliant achievements clearly show the advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great power of reform and opening up. They greatly increased the confidence and pride of our people of all ethnic groups, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and inspired us to forge ahead.2. 生态文明建设关系人民生活，关乎民族未来。
1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
研究生英语阅读教程（基础级）第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语：是福是祸？汤姆•麦克阿瑟（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。
在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。
但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。
英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。
（第141 页）在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。
在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。
他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。
在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。
英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。
（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。
和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。
在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。
第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。
二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。
从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。
（3）从来没有像英语这样?语言，这既有利也有弊。
曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。
总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。
Lesson 1II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctLesson 6II. V ocabularyA. Read the following sentences and decide winch of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).A. complicatedB. unavoidableC. customaryD. incomprehensible2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and) a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immenseB. fascinating (attractive)C. magnificent (great/ noble)D. enchanting (attractive)3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).A. sponsors(vt./n.)B. supportersC. advocatorsD. (advise->advice) advisors4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country (Churchill: iron-curtain country).A. negativeB. (astro-/ aster-:星象) disastrousC. official(a./n.)D. reliable5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.A. dippedB. pressedC. forcedD. pushed6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.A. dissolve(->solvent)B. upraise (bring up)C. surpassD. depress (->suppress)7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.A. indifferentB. resentfulC. unvaluedD. (dignity->)indignant (->angry)8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]A. failureB. transitionC. (lose->lost->)lossD. depression [the Great Depression]9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]A. miserableB. hard (=difficult)C. unbearableD. harsh(=severe)10. Modern and implicit (<->explicit) censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.A. releasedB. arrestedC. retarded (->retardant)D. prohibited [pro-: (1)officially; (2)forward]Lesson 8II. VocabularyA Read the following .sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.1. The company began aggressive advertising campaigns, increased its variety (categories) of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available (=on sale) in all 50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell（制止, 结束, 镇压）ongoing (ever-lasting)boycotts.A. investigateB. condemnC. crushD. forbid2. With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation（联系，隶属）to the military, he'd long been regarded as a (swear) sworn enemy of the people.A. emotionB. associationC. communicationD. reaction3. Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic（爱国的）measures that led step by step to American independence.A. passionateB. moderateC. radicalD. nationalistic4. The best hope is that we will have a rapid mobilization（动员）of international opinion in support of the movement.A. calling upB. bringing upC. catching up (with)D. getting up5. When he was there (be present), he often gave food and coins to the destitute（贫苦的）children who lived on the street.A. desertedB. poorC. homelessD. despaired (->desperate: adj.)6. Combining social commentary with rhythmic lyrics(词), heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical forms.A. wordsB. musicC. bandD. dance7. The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in the country has varied, depending upon the level of censorship(书报审查制度) in the ruling government.A. supportB. sponsorC. controlD. restoration8. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. secretB. not broadcastedC. publicizedD. not known9. He took out a court injunction (法令，判决) against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A. sentence (sb. to death)B. biasC. suspension (bridge)D. order10. A great cheer went up from the crowd as (=when) they caught sight of (noticed) their idol(偶像).A. figureB. ideaC. heroD. foe(敌人)。
A.选择题1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverseC. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandonD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources,organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinct1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. sizeB. expansionC. developmentD. termination2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A. practicableB. sufficientC. deficientD. impractical3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking.A. easeB. expressC. preventD. dispose4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A. influenceB. damageC. endD. complicate (a./ vt.)5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repressC. crashD. abandon6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word.A. dishearteningB. sympatheticC. harshD. polite7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emergedB. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shockingB. tolerableC. uncontrollableD. distasteful (disgusting)9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC. concealedD. sophisticated10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. temptingC. promisingD. offending1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).A. complicatedB. unavoidableC. customaryD. incomprehensible2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and) a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immenseB. fascinatingC. magnificentD. enchanting3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).A. sponsorsB. supportersC. advocatorsD. advisors4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country(Churchill: iron-curtain country).A. negativeB. disastrousC. officialD. reliable5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.A. dippedB. pressedC. forcedD. pushed6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.A. dissolveB. upraiseC. surpassD. depress7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.A. indifferentB. resentfulC. unvaluedD. indignant8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]A. failureB. transitionC. lossD. depression9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]A. miserableB. hardC. unbearableD. harsh10. Modern and implicit censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.A. releasedB. arrestedC. retardedD. prohibitedB.选恰当1. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, takingin most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B) 9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.5.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunctionat one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is — it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition ()partners manage to (try to) reach a compromise. [win-win situation]6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro]9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]6.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.in control of within the framework variables i t turns out on papertake away from once in a while trade... for make sense take heart1. The most famous (<->eminent) private boarding schools are open to the public on paper, but in reality are attended by those who can afford (=pay for) the fees (->fare). [(1)boarder房客/border; (2) 边界]2. She loved her dog so much that after years of its death she still thinks of it once in a while (now and then/ occasionally).3. An (equal: a./ vi.~to sth.) equation is said to be satisfied for certain values of the variables ifthe expression on the left side of the equation is equal to that on the right side. (->equator) 4. The Commission (->committee) was to formulate plans for establishing an international control organ (organization) within the framework of the Security Council. [city council]5. He lost his confidence after he lost the first two (try->) trials, but his coach told him to take heart (<->lose one’s heart), so that he could win at last.6. His (refuse->)refusal to accept the prize does not takes away from his success in writing it.7. The presentation of his paper (oral presentation) was highly praised, but it turned out that the paper was copied from the Internet. [think great/ much of sb./ think highly of sb.<->think little of sb./ look down upon sb.; Turn out: (1)The police turned out to the site of the crime;(2)The produce or product the factory/the farm turned out; (3) It has been proved that…;]8. Maria has read it for four times, but the letter still doesn't make sense to her. [She doesn’t understand it; French: It’s Chinese.是天书].9. Susan was in control of (in charge of sth.) the meeting, and after singing and prayer (n.) she introduced a strange friend from America (the US/the U.S.).10. The early (settle: vi./vt.) settlers (settlement) traded copper for corn from natives. [to settle in somewhere/ ~ an argument][scorn=look down (up)on sb.]C.完形填空1.ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank.A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofA U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs 1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs 2 engineered to keep their organs from being 3 by humans.The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is because the organs are 7 .The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.1. A. detailed B. denoted C. desired D. designed2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially D. essentially3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected D. abandoned4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same) D. unique8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts9. A. off B. of C. for D. from10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seek6.ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.supposed to be unless all too often which external thoroughly that on the other hand in return ironicallyAlthough, as we have seen, people generally long to leave their places of work and get home, ready to put their hard-earned free time to good use , 1 all too often they have no idea what to do there. 2 Ironically , jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like flow activities they have built-in goals, feedback, rules and challenges, all of 3 which encourage one to become involved in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand, is unstructured, and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something that can be enjoyed. Hobbies that demand skill, habits that set goals and limits, personal interests, and especially inner discipline, help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5supposed to be chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure even more 6 thoroughly than they do with working time. It is in the improvident use of our leisure time, I suspect, 7 that the greatest wastes of American life occur.Mass leisure, mass culture, arid even high culture when only attended to passively and for 8 external Reasons —such as the wish to display one's status —are parasites of the mind. They absorb psychic energy without providing substantive strength 9 in return. They leave us more exhausted, more disheartened than we were before. 10 Unless a person takes charge of them, both work and free time are likely to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities —especially those involving the passive consumption of mass media —are not designed to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work.D.中翻英、英翻中判断正误Lesson 1II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
Lesson 1World English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups, B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably（显著地，尤其）C. virtually（事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。
2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous（轻信的）C. inclusive（包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。
3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most D of governments.A. tough（困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse（不同的）D. benign（有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。
4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict（判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。
A.选择题1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward?rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverseC. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandonD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinct1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. sizeB. expansionC. developmentD. termination2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A. practicableB. sufficientC. deficientD. impractical3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking.A. easeB. expressC. preventD. dispose4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A. influenceB. damageC. endD. complicate (a./ vt.)5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repressC. crashD. abandon6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word.A. dishearteningB. sympatheticC. harshD. polite7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emergedB. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shockingB. tolerableC. uncontrollableD. distasteful (disgusting)9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC. concealedD. sophisticated10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. temptingC. promisingD. offending1. I advocate (vt./n.) a (whole->) holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner (way).A. complicatedB. unavoidableC. customaryD. incomprehensible2. The (Rome-> romance) romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as (=and) a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immenseB. fascinatingC. magnificentD. enchanting3. One important feature (property/ character; feature story专题报道) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise (heaven).A. sponsorsB. supportersC. advocatorsD. advisors4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country (Churchill: iron-curtain country).A. negativeB. disastrousC. officialD. reliable5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.A. dippedB. pressedC. forcedD. pushed6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical (unite->) union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.A. dissolveB. upraiseC. surpassD. depress7. As (when) economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.A. indifferentB. resentfulC. unvaluedD. indignant8. (capital penalty死刑) Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by (circle->)cycles (->recycle) of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]A. failureB. transitionC. lossD. depression9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome/ tiring) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen (restaurant) entrances and service elevators (=lift; escalator), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]A. miserableB. hardC. unbearableD. harsh10. Modern and implicit censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.A. releasedB. arrestedC. retardedD. prohibitedB.选恰当1. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.5.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunctionat one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is — it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition () partners manage to (try to) reach a compromise. [win-win situation]6. This heat can cause certain circuit-board components to malfunction or fail altogether.7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro]9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]6.Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.in control of within the framework variables it turns out on papertake away from once in a while trade... for make sense take heart1. The most famous (<->eminent) private boarding schools are open to the public on paper, but in reality are attended by those who can afford (=pay for) the fees (->fare). [(1)boarder房客/border; (2) 边界]2. She loved her dog so much that after years of its death she still thinks of it once in a while (now and then/ occasionally).3. An (equal: a./ vi.~to sth.) equation is said to be satisfied for certain values of the variables if the expression on the left side of the equation is equal to that on the right side. (->equator)4. The Commission (->committee) was to formulate plans for establishing an international control organ (organization) within the framework of the Security Council. [city council]5. He lost his confidence after he lost the first two (try->) trials, but his coach told him to take heart (<->lose one’s heart), so that he could win at last.6. His (refuse->)refusal to accept the prize does not takes away from his success in writing it.7. The presentation of his paper (oral presentation) was highly praised, but it turned out that the paper was copied from the Internet. [think great/ much of sb./ think highly of sb.<->think little of sb./ look down upon sb.; Turn out: (1)The police turned out to the site of the crime; (2)The produce or product the factory/the farm turned out; (3) It has been proved that…;]8. Maria has read it for four times, but the letter still doesn't make sense to her. [She doesn’t understand it; French: It’s Chinese.是天书].9. Susan was in control of (in charge of sth.) the meeting, and after singing and prayer (n.) she introduced a strange friend from America (the US/the U.S.).10. The early (settle: vi./vt.) settlers (settlement) traded copper for corn from natives. [to settle in somewhere/ ~ an argument][scorn=look down (up)on sb.]C.完形填空1.ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank.A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example, a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend".1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofA U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs 1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs 2 engineered to keep their organs from being 3 by humans.The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is because the organs are 7 .The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.1. A. detailed B. denoted C. desired D. designed2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially D. essentially3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected D. abandoned4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same) D. unique8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts9. A. off B. of C. for D. from10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seek6.ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose theright word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary. supposed to be unless all too often which externalthoroughly that on the other hand in return ironically Although, as we have seen, people generally long to leave their places of work and get home, ready to put their hard-earned free time to good use , 1 all too often they have no idea what to do there. 2 Ironically , jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like flow activities they have built-in goals, feedback, rules and challenges, all of 3 which encourage one to become involved in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand, is unstructured, and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something that can be enjoyed. Hobbies that demand skill, habits that set goals and limits, personal interests, and especially inner discipline, help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5 supposed to be chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure even more 6 thoroughly than they do with working time. It is in the improvident use of our leisure time, I suspect, 7 that the greatest wastes of American life occur.Mass leisure, mass culture, arid even high culture when only attended to passively and for 8 external Reasons —such as the wish to display one's status —are parasites of the mind. They absorb psychic energy without providing substantive strength 9 in return. They leave us more exhausted, moredisheartened than we were before. 10 Unless a person takes charge of them, both work and free time are likely to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities — especially those involving the passive consumption of mass media — are not designed to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work.D.中翻英、英翻中判断正误Lesson 1II. Translation Put the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
Lesson 1（选词）1.There has been much opposition from social groups, notably from the farming community.社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。
notably（显著地，尤其）2.The predominant view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline,dependency, isolation, and often poverty.predominant（占支配地位的）英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。
3.But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most benign ofgovernments.但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。
benign（有利的；善良的）4.The foreman read the verdict of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。
verdict（判断；裁决）5.They fear it could have a(n) adverse effect on global financial markets.他们担心这会对全球金融市场产生不良影响。
adverse（不利的）6.The UN threatened to invoke economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.如果谈判破裂，联合国威胁要诉诸经济制裁。
invoke（诉诸）7.There are at least four crucial differences between the new regime and the old government.新政权和旧政府之间至少有四个关键的区别。
Lesson 1World English: A Blessing or a Curse (p7)1. There has been much opposition from social groups, B from the farmingcommunity.A. straightforwardly(直接地)B. notably（显著地，尤其）C. virtually（事实上）D. exceptionally（例外地）译文：社会团体，尤其是农业团体，对此有许多反对意见。
2. The A view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominant（占支配地位的）B. credulous（轻信的）C. inclusive（包含的）D. sustainable（可持续的）译文：英国和其他西方国家的主流观点认为，老龄化意味着衰落、依赖、孤立，而且往往是贫穷。
3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most D of governments.A. tough（困难的）B. demanding（苛求的）C. diverse（不同的）D. benign（有利的；善良的）译文：但是，这样的礼物不可能由法官或最仁慈的政府颁发给所有人。
4. The foreman read the C of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice（偏见）B. verification（政审）C. verdict（判断；裁决）D. punishment（惩罚）译文：陪审团念了十四遍有罪判决，为每位被告都念了一遍。
1. I advocate a holistic recognition that biology and culture interpenetrate in an inextricable manner.A. complicated（复杂的；难懂的）B. unavoidable（不可避免的）C. customary（迷人的）D. incomprehensible（难以理解的）译文：我主张应全面认识到，生物学和文化以一种不可分割的方式相互渗透。
2. The romantic painting movement introduced a taste for the mysterious as well as a love of the picturesque and sublime nature.A. immense（巨大的）B. fascinating（吸引人的）C. magnificent（壮丽的，华丽的）D. enchanting（迷人的；妩媚的）译文：浪漫主义的绘画运动带来了对神秘的品味，以及对风景如画和崇高自然的热爱。
3. One important feature of the period was the growth of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise.A. sponsors（赞助者）B. supporters（支持者）C. advocators（倡导者）D. advisors（建议者）译文：这一时期的一个重要特征是佛教的发展。
它的信徒尊敬佛陀是为了在他的天堂重生。
4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out ofthe country.A. negative（消极的）B. disastrous（灾难性的）C. official（官方的）D. reliable（可靠的；可信赖的）译文：由于当时的审查制度极其严格，几乎没有真正的新闻流出中国。
A Beautiful MindSylvia Nasar[1]John Forbes Nash, Jr. —mathematical genius, inventor of a theory of rational behavior, visionary of the thinking machine —had been sitting with his visitor, also a mathematician, for nearly half an hour. It was late on a weekday afternoon in the spring of 1959, and, though it was only May, uncomfortably warm. Nash was slumped in an armchair in one corner of the hospital lounge, carelessly dressed in a nylon shirt that hung limply over his unbelted trousers. His powerful frame was slack as a rag doll’s, his finely molded features expressionless. He had been staring dully at a spot immediately in front of the left foot of Harvard professor George Mackey, hardly moving except to brush his long dark hair away from his forehead in a fitful, repetitive motion. His visitor sat upright, oppressed by the silence, acutely conscious that the doors to the room were locked. Mackey finally could contain himself no longer. His voice was slightly querulous, but he strained to be gentle. “How could you,” began Mackey, “how could you, a mathematician, a man devoted to reason and logical proof... how could you believe that extraterrestrials are sending you messages? How could you believe that you are being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world? How could you ...?”[2]Nash looked up at last and fixed Mackey with an unblinking stare as cool and dispassionate as that of any bird or snake. “Because,” Nash said slowly in his soft, reasonable southern drawl, as if talking to himself, “the ideas I had about supernatural beings came to me the same way that my mathematical ideas did. So I took them seriously.”[3]The young genius from Bluefield, West Virginia—handsome, arrogant, and highly eccentric—burst onto the mathematical scene in 1948. Over the next decade, a decade as notable for its supreme faith in human rationality as for its dark anxieties about mankind's survival, Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the century.” Games of strategy, economic rivalry, computer architecture, the shape of the universe, the geometry of imaginary spaces, the mystery of prime numbers—all engaged his wide-ranging imagination. His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions.[4]Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue.” Nash’s genius was of that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences. It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was more retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational. Like other great mathematical intuitionists —Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Ramanujan—Nash saw the vision first, constructing the laborious proofs long afterward. But even after he’d try to explain some astonishing result, the actual route he had taken remained a mystery to others who tried to follow his reasoning. Donald Newman, a mathematician who knew Nash at MIT in the 1950s, used to say about him that “everyone else would climb a peak by looking for a pathsomewhere on the mountain. Nash would climb another mountain altogether and from that distant peak would shine a searchlight back onto the first peak”.[5]No one was more obsessed with originality, more disdainful of authority, or more jealous of his independence. As a young man he was surrounded by the high priests of twentieth-century science—Albert Einstein, John von Neumann, and Norbert Wiener—he joined no school, became no one's disciple, got along largely without guides or followers. In almost everything he did—from game theory to geometry—he thumbed his nose at the received wisdom, current fashions, established methods. He almost always worked alone, in his head, usually walking, often whistling Bach. Nash acquired his knowledge of mathematics not mainly from studying what other mathematicians had discovered, but by rediscovering their truths for himself. Eager to astound, he was always on the lookout for the really big problems. When he focused on some new puzzle, he saw dimensions that people who really knew the subject (he never did) initially dismissed as naive or wrongheaded. Even as a student, his indifference to others' skepticism, doubt, and ridicule was awesome.[6]Nash’s faith in rationality and the power of pure thought was extreme, even for a very young mathematician and even for the new age of computers, space travel, and nuclear weapons. Einstein once chided him for wishing to amend relativity theory without studying physics. His heroes were solitary thinkers and supermen like Newton and Nietzsche. Computers and science fiction were his passions. He considered “thinking machines”, as he called them, superior in some ways to human beings. At one point, he became fascinated by the possibility that drugs could heighten physical and intellectual performancedd9 He was beguiled by the idea of alien races of hyper-rational beings who had taught themselves to disregard all emotion. 10 Compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions—whether to take the first elevator or wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry—into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms or mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition. Even the small act of saying an automatic hello to Nash in a hallway could elicit a furious “Why are you saying hello to me?”[7]His contemporaries, on the whole, found him immensely strange. They described him as “aloof ”, “haughty”, “without affect”, “detached”, “spooky”, “isolated” and “queer”, Nash mingled rather than mixed with his peers. Preoccupied with his own private reality, he seemed not to share their mundane concerns. His manner—slightly cold, a bit superior, somewhat secretive—suggested something “mysterious and unnatural”. His remoteness was punctuated by flights of grrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences. “He is not one of us” was a constant refrain. A mathematician at the Institute for Advanced Study remembers meeting Nash for the first time at a crowded student party at Princeton:I noticed him very definitely among a lot of other people who were there. He was sitting on the floor in a half-circle discussing something. He made me feel uneasy. He gave me a peculiar feeling. I had a feeling of a certain strangeness. He was different in some way. I was not aware of the extent of his talent. I had no idea he would contribute as much as he really did.[8]But he did contribute, in a big way. The marvelous paradox was that the ideas themselves were not obscure. In 1958, Fortune singled Nash out for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics. Nash's insight into the dynamics of human rivalry —his theory of rational conflict and cooperation —was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshaped biology and physics in their day.。
Unit SixTwo Truths to Live ByHold fast, and let go:understand this paradox*, and you standat thevery gate of wisdomAlexander M. Schindler[ 1 ] The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins* us to cling to* its many gifts even while it ordains* their eventual relinquishment*The rabbis* of old put it this way: "A man comes to this world with his fist clenched*, but when he dies, his hand is open."[1] 生活的秘诀在于懂得何时抓紧，何时放松。
因为人生就是一对矛盾：它既令我们抓紧人生的多种赐与，同时它又要我们到头来把这些赐与放弃。
老一辈犹太学者是这样说的：“ 一个人握紧拳头来到这个世界，但他却是松开手掌离开这世界的。
”[ 2 ] Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous*, and full of a beauty that breaks through* every pore* of God's own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.[2] 毫无疑问，我们应该牢牢抓住生命，因为它奇妙，它有一种在上帝创造的世界里无孔不入、无处不在的美。
1. The company began aggressive advertising campaigns, increased its variety of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available in all50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell ongoing boycotts.A. investigate（调查，研究）B. condemn（谴责；定罪；声讨）C. crush（镇压；压碎）D. forbid（禁止）译文：该公司开始了积极的广告活动，增加了啤酒的种类，并进一步扩大了市场。
到1991年，柯尔斯啤酒在全美50个州都有售。
它还努力改善自己的形象，平息持续不断的抵制。
2. With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation to the military, he'd long been regarded as a sworn enemy of the people.A. emotion（感情，情绪）B. association（协会，联盟）C. communication（交流）D. reaction（反应）译文：他有着强烈的右翼观点，与军方关系密切，长期以来一直被视为人民的死敌。
3. Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic measures that led step by step to American independence.A. passionate（热情的）B. moderate（稳健的；温和的）C. radical（激进的）D. nationalistic（国家主义的）译文：亚当斯支持后来被称为波士顿茶党(Boston tea party)的组织，此后他坚定地支持爱国主义措施，这些措施一步一步地导致美国独立。
