英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言

1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

2. Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their

native language.

3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its

meaning.

4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.

5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.

6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the

immediate situations of its users.

7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of

structure.

8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through

teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.

9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.

1. ★What is language?

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language.

First, language is a system.

Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.

The third feature of language is symbolic nature.

2. ★What are the design features of language?

Language has seven design features as following:

1) Productivity.

2) Discreteness.

3) Displacement

4) Arbitrariness.

5) Cultural transmission

6) Duality of structure.

7) Interchangeability.

3. Why do we say language is a system?

Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.

4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three

functional components of adult language?

I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:

1) Instrumental function. 工具功能

2) Regulatory function. 调节功能

3) Representational function. 表现功能

4) Interactional function. 互动功能

5) Personal function. 自指性功能

6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]

7) Imaginative function. 想象功能

II. Adult language has three functional components as following:

1) Interpersonal components. 人际

2) Ideational components.概念

3) Textual components.语篇