妊娠期糖尿病(中英文版)
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妊娠合并糖尿病诊疗规范妊娠合并糖尿病包括两种情况,指在原有糖尿病的基础上合并妊娠;妊娠后新发生或发现的糖尿病称妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)。
两者对母儿都有很大危害,必须加以重视。
【诊断标准】一、PGDM(孕前糖尿病)1.妊娠前已确认为糖尿病的患者。
2.妊娠前未进行过血糖检查的孕妇,尤其存在糖尿病高危因素者,首次产前检查时需明确是否存在糖尿病,妊娠期血糖升高达到以下任何一项标准应诊断为PGDM:(1)空腹血糖FPG≥7.0mmol/L。
(2)口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验:服糖后2h血糖≥11.1mmol/L。
(3)伴有典型的高血糖症状或高血糖危象,同时随机血糖≥11.1mmol/L。
(4)糖化血红蛋白≥6.5%。
GDM高危因素包括肥胖(尤其是重度肥胖)、一级亲属患2型糖尿病、GDM史或巨大儿分娩史、多囊卵巢综合征、妊娠早期空腹尿糖反复阳性等。
二、GDM(妊娠期糖尿病)1.于妊娠24~28周间,空腹血糖值≥5.1mmol/L。
2.葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT):试验前晚10∶00后禁食,试验日晨将75g葡萄糖溶于200ml~300ml温开水中,5分钟内服完,抽取空腹及服糖后1、2小时静脉血,测定血葡萄糖值;空腹血糖值,上限为5.1 mmol/L,1小时为10.0 mmol/L;2小时为8.5mmol/L,任一项等于或超过正常值,可作出妊娠期糖尿病的诊断。
【治疗原则】(一)孕期母体监护1.有糖尿病史者早孕检查血压﹥20/13.3kPa(150/100mmHg),心电图示冠状动脉粥样硬化,肾功能减退或眼底检查有增生视网膜病变者,不宜妊娠,应作人工流产。
2.饮食管理:一旦诊断为糖尿病,即要饮食控制,以少量多餐为原则。
按标准体重[孕妇标准体重(kg)为身高(cm)-100]计算,热量为每日125.5~146.4kJ/kg(30~35kcal/kg)。
饮食中蛋白质为每日 1.5~2g/kg,脂肪为每日1g/kg,其余为碳化合物,按1/7、2/7、2/7及加餐3次分配。
2011年ADA糖尿病诊疗标准执行纲要美国糖尿病协会王新军于文译滨州医学院附属滨州市人民医院内分泌科,滨州,256610目前糖尿病的诊断标准●A1C≥6.5%。
试验应该用美国糖化血红蛋白标准化计划组织(National GlycohemoglobinStandardization Program,NGSP)认证的方法进行。
并与(Diabetes Control and Complications Trial,DCCT)的检测进行标化●空腹血糖(FPG)≥7.0 mmol/L。
空腹的定义是至少8小时未摄入热量,或●OGTT 2h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L。
试验应按照世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准进行,用75 g无水葡萄糖溶于水作为糖负荷●有高血糖的典型症状或高血糖危象,随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L●如无明确的高血糖症状,结果应重复检测确认。
Current criteria for the diagnosis ofdiabetes●A1C6.5%. The test should be per-formed in a laboratory using a methodthatisNationalGlycohemoglobinStan-dardization Program (NGSP)-certifiedand standardized to the Diabetes Con-trol and Complications T rial (DCCT)assay●fasting plasma glucose (FPG)126mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l). Fasting is definedas no caloric intake for at least 8 h, or●2-h plasma glucose200 mg/dl (11.1mmol/l) during an oral glucose toler-ance test (OGTT). The test should beperformed as described by the WorldHealth Organization, using a glucoseload containing the equivalent of 75 ganhydrous glucose dissolved in water●in a patient with classic symptoms ofhyperglycemiaorhyperglycemiccrisis,a random plasma glucose200 mg/dl(11.1 mmol/l)●intheabsenceofunequivocalhypergly-cemia, result should be confirmed byrepeat testing.在无症状患者中进行糖尿病筛查2)并有一个以上其他糖尿病危险因素(见●在无症状的成人,如超重或肥胖(BMI≥25kg/m“2011年糖尿病诊疗标准”中的表4),应该从任何年龄开始筛查糖尿病并评估将来糖尿病的风险。
standards of care in diabetes—2024 解读
《Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024》是由美国糖尿病协会(ADA)发布的关于妊娠期糖尿病诊治的指南。
该指南主要内容包括孕期咨询、治疗计划和糖化血红蛋白水平等方面的建议。
孕期咨询是该指南强调的重点之一。
指南建议所有患有糖尿病且有生育计划的育龄期女性应将孕期咨询纳入常规糖尿病护理中。
在制定治疗计划时,应考虑个体差异,并确保患者在未达到适合怀孕的状态时不进行避孕。
此外,该指南还提供了关于妊娠期糖尿病的诊断、监测、饮食、运动和药物治疗等方面的指导原则。
总体而言,《Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024》旨在提供关于妊娠期糖尿病诊治的最新标准和指导原则,以改善妊娠期糖尿病的管理和预后,从而降低母婴并发症的风险。
女性生殖系统生理menstruation月 经estrogen雌激素androgen雄激素secretive phase分泌期follicle卵 泡corpus lutein黄 体prolactin (PRL)泌乳素luteinizing hormone (LH)黄体生成激素steroid hormone甾体激素progesterone孕激素proliferative phase增生期ovary卵 巢ovulation排 卵feedback反 馈follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)卵泡刺激素妊娠生理pregnancy妊 娠placenta胎 盘fetus胎 儿umbilical cord脐 带amniotic membrane羊 膜amniotic fluid羊 水villus绒 毛human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)绒毛膜促性腺激素human placental lactogen(HPL)胎盘生乳素妊娠诊断amenorrrhea停 经morning sickness早孕反应fetal lie胎产式longitudinal lie纵产式transverse lie横产式fetal presentation胎先露fetal position胎 位孕期监护及保健expected date of confinement, EDC预产期last menstrual period, LMP末次月经four maneuver of Leopold四步触诊法external pelvimetry骨盆外测量internal pelvimetry骨盆内测量acceleration加速early deceleration早期减速variable deceleration变异减速late deceleration晚期减速non-stress tess, NST无应激试验oxytocin challenge test, OCT缩宫素激惹试验contraction stress tess, CST宫缩应激试验fetal maturity胎儿成熟度lecithin/sphingomyelin, L/S卵磷脂/鞘磷脂正常分娩delivery分 娩premature delivery早 产term delivery足月产postterm delivery过期产pelvic inlet骨盆入口pelvic outlet骨盆出口effacement of cervix宫颈管消失dilatation of cervix宫口扩张biparietal diameter (BPD)双顶径mechanism of labor分娩机制engagement衔 接descent下 降flexion俯 屈internal rotation内旋转extension仰 伸restitution复 位external rotation外旋转show见 红partogram产程图crowning of head胎头着冠push向下屏气episiotomy (EP)会阴切开术正常产褥puerperium产褥期involution of uterus子宫复旧colostrums初 乳after pains产后宫缩痛lochia恶 露bottle feeding人工喂养breast feeding母乳喂养early suckling早吸吮流产abortion流 产threatened abortion先兆流产inevitable abortion难免流产incomplete abortion不完全流产complete abortion完全流产missed abortion过期流产habitual abortion习惯性流产异位妊娠ectopic pregnancy异位妊娠tubal pregnancy输卵管妊娠abdominal pregnancy腹腔妊娠ovarian pregnancy卵管妊娠cervical pregnancy宫颈妊娠culdocentesis后穹窿穿刺laparoscopy腹腔镜检查conservative surgery保守性手术rupture of tubal pregnancy输卵管妊娠破裂妊娠高血压综合征edema水 肿proteinuria蛋白尿hypertension高血压hemolysis,elevated liver enzyme,low综合征platelets syndrome HELLPantihypertensive抗高血压药物anti convulsant抗抽搐药物diuretics利尿药sedative镇静药物pregnancy induced hypentension syndrome,PIH妊娠高血压综合征preeclampsia先兆子痫eclampsia子 痫mean arterial blood pressure,(mABP)平均动脉压前置胎盘placenta previa前置胎盘complete previa完全性(中央性)前置partial previa部分性前置marginal previa边缘性前置胎盘早期剥离placental abruption胎盘早剥disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)弥散性血管内凝血uteroplacental apoplexy子宫卒中revealed abruption显形剥落concealed abruption隐性剥落mixed hemorrhage混合性出血妊娠合并心脏病perinatal cardiomyopathy围产期心肌病heart failure心力衰竭cardiac function心功能rheumatic heart disease风湿性心脏病congenital heart disease先天性心脏病妊娠合并乙型肝炎intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy妊娠期肝内胆汁郁积症acute fatty liver of pregnancy妊娠急性脂肪肝妊娠合并糖尿病gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM妊娠期糖尿病macrosomia巨大儿shoulder dystocia肩难产congenital malformation先天性畸形oral glucose tolerance test口服葡萄糖耐量试验高危妊娠high risk pregnancy高危妊娠fetal monitoring胎儿监护non-stress test ,(NST)无应激试验contraction stress test (CST)宫缩应激试验oxytocin challenge test (OCT)催产素激惹试验amniocentesis羊膜腔穿刺lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S)卵磷脂/鞘磷脂perinatal mortality rate围产儿死亡率deceleration减 速acceleration加 速biophysical profile score (BPS)B超生物物理评分fetal movement胎 动fetal tone胎儿张力fetal breath movement胎儿呼吸样运动amniotic fluid index (AFI)羊水指数异常分娩dystocia异常分娩primipara初产妇multipara经产妇hypotonic uterine contraction低张性子宫收缩hypertonic uterine contraction高张性子宫收缩oxytocin催产素prostaglandin前列腺素simple flat pelvis单纯扁平骨盆funnel shaped pelvis漏斗骨盆generally contracted pelvis均小骨盆persistent occipitoposterior position持续性枕后位persistent occipitotransverse position持续性忧横位sincipital presentation高直位anterior asynclitism前不均倾位face presentation面先露breech presentation臀先露shoulder presentation肩先露shoulder dystocia肩难产hydrocephalus脑积水spina bifida脊柱裂conjoined twins联体双胎产后出血postpartum hemorrhage 〈PPH〉产后出血uterine atony宫缩乏力trauma of genital tract生殖道创伤placental implantation胎盘植入子宫破裂rupture of uterus子宫破裂pathologic retraction ring病理缩复环过期妊娠postterm pregnancy过期妊娠meconium胎 粪induction of labor引 产placental function胎盘功能胎儿窘迫fetal distress胎儿窘迫perinatal medicine围产医学产褥感染puerperal infection产褥感染puerperal morbidity产褥病率late postpartum hemorrhage晚期产后出血外阴色素减退及外阴搔痒chronic vulvardystrophy慢性外阴营养不良pruritus vulvae外阴搔痒外阴炎、阴道炎、宫颈炎vulvitis外阴炎bartholin's gland abscess前庭大腺脓肿bartholin's gland cyst前庭大腺囊肿trichomonas vaginitis滴虫性阴道炎monilial vaginitis念珠菌性阴道炎senile vaginitis老年性阴道炎cervicitis宫颈炎cervical erosion宫颈糜烂cervical polyp宫颈息肉Nabothian cyst纳氏囊肿盆腔炎pelvic inflammatory disease 〈PID〉盆腔炎ascending infection上行性感染salpingitis输卵管炎frozen pelvis冰冻骨盆pelvic tuberculosis盆腔结核妊娠合并性传播性疾病gonorrhea淋 病syphilis梅 毒condyloma acuminata尖锐湿疣sexually transmitted disease (STD)性传播性疾病human papilloma virus (HPV)人乳头状病毒genital herpes生殖器疱疹herpes simplex virus 〈HSV〉单纯疱疹病毒chlamydia衣原体子宫颈癌cervical squamous cancer子宫颈鳞癌cervical adenocarcinoma子宫颈腺癌cervical carcinoma in situ 〈CIS〉子宫颈原位癌cervied intraepithelial carcinoma子宫上皮内癌cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN)子宫颈上皮内瘤样病变cervical squamous atypical hyperplasia鳞状上皮不典型增生squamous metaplasia鳞状上皮化生micro-invasive carcinoma镜下早期浸润癌herpes simplex virus (HSV)单纯疱疹病毒human papilloma virus人类乳头瘤病毒human cytomegalovirus 〈CMV〉人类巨细胞病毒pap smear巴氏涂片检查colposcopy阴道镜检查biopsy活 检cervical conization子宫颈锥形切除子宫肌瘤myoma of uterus子宫肌瘤intramural myoma肌壁间肌瘤subserous myoma浆膜下肌瘤submucous myoma粘膜下肌瘤total hysterectomy全子宫切除术subtotal hysterectomy次全子宫切除术myomectomy肌瘤切除术hyaline degeneration玻璃样变性cystic degeneration囊性变性red degeneration红色变性sarcomatous change肉瘤变性子宫内膜癌carcinoma of endometrium子宫内膜癌irregular vaginal bleeding阴道不规则流血adenocarcinoma腺 癌adenoacarthorna腺角化癌adeno-squamous carcinoma鳞腺癌chemotherapy化 疗radiotherapy放 疗fractional curettage分段诊刮卵巢肿瘤ovarian tumour卵巢肿瘤epithelial tumour of ovary卵巢上皮性肿瘤serous cystadenoma浆液性囊腺瘤borderline serous cystadenoma交界性浆液性囊腺病serous cystadenocarcinoma浆液性囊腺癌mucinous cystadenoma粘液性肿瘤mucinous cystadenocarcinoma粘液性囊腺癌endometrioid tumour子宫内膜样肿瘤endometrioid carcinoma子宫内膜样癌clear cell tumour透明细胞瘤teratoma畸胎瘤dysgerminoma无性细胞瘤endodermal sinus tumour内胚窦瘤granulosa -stromal cell tumor颗粒间质细胞瘤theca cell tumor卵泡膜细胞瘤fibroma纤维瘤sertoli-leydig cell tumour支持一间质细胞瘤tumour-like condition卵巢瘤样病变solitary follicle cyst单发性滤泡囊肿corpus luteum cyst黄体囊肿germ cell tumor生殖细胞瘤sex cord stromal tumor性索间质细胞瘤benign良性的malignant恶性的laparotomy剖腹探查tumor marker肿瘤标志物torsion of ovarian tumor卵巢肿瘤蒂扭转妊娠滋养细胞疾病gestational trophoblastic disease GTD 滋养细胞疾病gestational trophoblastic tumour GTT 滋养细胞肿瘤complete hydatidiform mole CHM 完全性葡萄胎partial hydatidiform mole PHM部分性葡萄胎invasive mole侵蚀性葡萄胎choriocarcinoma绒毛膜癌metastasis转 移combined chemotherapy联合化疗子宫内膜异位症和子宫肌腺病endometriosis子宫内膜异位症adenomyosis子宫腺肌病pseudo menopause therapy假绝经疗法medical oophorectomy药物性卵巢切除luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome 黄素化未破卵泡综合征(Lufs)endometroid cyst内膜样囊肿功能失调性子宫出血病(功血)dysfunctional uterine bleeding 功能失调性子宫出血menorrhagia月经过多metrorrhagia子宫不规则出血polymenorrhea月经频发anovulatory functional bleeding 无排卵性功血simple hyperplasia of endometrium 子宫内膜简单型增生过长complex hyperplasia of endometrium 子宫内膜复杂型增生过长atrophic endoetrium萎缩型子宫内膜ovulatory menstrual dysfunction排卵性月经失调luteal phase defect (LPD)黄体功能不全irregular shedding of endometrium子宫内膜不规则脱落闭经amenorrhea闭 经asherman syndrome宫腔粘连综合征sheehan syndrome席汉氏综合征amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome闭经溢乳综合征premature ovarian failure卵巢功能早衰围绝经期综合征perimenopausal period围绝经期menopause绝经hormone replacement therapy HRT激素替代治疗cyclic combined therapy周期联合治疗sequential combined therapy序贯联合治疗continous combined therapy连续联合治疗多囊卵巢综合征Polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS)多囊卵巢综合征Insulin resistance胰岛素抵抗Cyproterone acetate (CPA)醋酸环丙孕酮子宫脱垂、尿瘘uterine prolapse子宫脱垂stress incontinence张力性尿失禁urinary fistula尿 瘘cystocele膀胱膨出enterocele直肠膨出女性生殖器官发育异常imperforate hymen处女膜闭锁(无孔处女膜) congenital absence of vagina先天性无阴道atresia of vagina阴道闭锁transverse vaginal septum阴道横膈longitudinal vaginal septum阴道纵膈congenital absence of uterus先天性无子宫primordial uterus始基子宫hypoplasia of uterus子宫发育不良infantile uterus幼稚子宫uterus didelphys双子宫不孕症infertility不孕症hysterosalpingography〈HSG〉子宫输卵管造影术in vitro fertilization (IVF)体外授精计划生育family planning计划生育contraception避 孕intrauterine device (IUD)宫内节育器condom阴茎套conrtaceptive避孕药oral conrtaceptive pill(ocp)口服避孕药artificial abortion人工流产medical abortion药物流产sterilization绝 育indication适应证contraindication禁忌证complication并发症women's healthcare妇女保健。