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Master's degree graduate students
Political theory exam outline
The first part: marxism
The introduction of marxism is the science of proletarian and human liberation
The first section the emergence and development of marxism
The meaning of marxism; The economic and social cause of marxism, ideological origin and practice foundation; The creation of marxism
The unity of marxist scientific and revolutionary in the second quarter
The marxist world outlook and methodology, politics, the theory of quality, and social ideals
The first chapter material and its law of development of the world
The first section in the material world and practice
Materialism and idealism, knowability and agnosticism, dialectics and metaphysics; The establishment of marxist philosophy in the great change in the history of philosophy; Marxist view of matter and its theoretical significance; The origin of consciousness and nature; Material world unity; The basic features of practice and basic form; Practice essence of social life
Development and things of widespread contact in the second quarter
Widespread contact of the principle of methodology; The essence of the development; Contradiction and identity and struggle; The meaning of the contradictory relationship between universality and particularity principle; Things in the development of quantitative change and qualitative change, and their dialectical relationship; Dialectical negation view and the methodology significance
Objective regularity and subjective initiative of the 3rd quarter
Law and objectivity; The performance of the consciousness of active functions; Subjective
initiative and objective regularity of the relationship; Social and historical trend and the relationship between the subject choice
The second chapter to know the world and transform the world
The first section essence and regularity of understanding
The relationship and interaction process of subject and object. Practice decisive effect to know; The guiding role of theory to practice, The essence of knowledge; Repeatability in the process of cognition and limitless; The unity of knowledge and practice of specific history
Truth and value in the second quarter
Truth and objectivity; The absoluteness and relativity of truth and their dialectical relationship; The practice of the criterion for testing truth; Practice the truth of the scale and value scale; Value and characteristics; Truth and value of dialectical unification relations
The third chapter of human society and its law of development
The first section social basic contradiction and motion
The principle of social existence and social consciousness of the dialectical relationship between theory of meaning; The principle of productivity and production relations contradictory movement rule of theoretical significance and practical significance; The contradiction between economic basis and superstructure contradiction interaction motion; The replacement of social formation of unity and diversity; The necessity of social form change with people's historical selectivity
In the second quarter. The power of the development of society and history
The role of social basic contradiction in social development; The meaning and role of class struggle; Revolutionary effect on the development of the society; The nature and function of reform; The role of science and technology revolution
The role of the third quarter of the people in the historical development
The reality person and its activity and the social history; The essence of man. Determining the masses of the people in the process of history; The mass viewpoint and the mass line; The role of historical figures in historical development
The fourth chapter the formation of capitalism and its nature
The formation of the capitalism in section 1 and is based on private ownership of commodity economy
The formation of the capitalist mode of production; The two factors and production of goods commodity labor duality; The decision of the commodity value; Law of value and function; Theoretical and practical significance of Marx's labor theory of value
The nature of the capitalist economic system in the second quarter
The meaning of the surplus value; The nature of capital; Surplus value rate; The nature of capital accumulation; Historical trends of capital accumulation; Capital turnover; The core issue of social reproduction. Profits and average profit; The significance of Marx's theory of surplus value. The basic contradiction of capitalism and its deepening
Chapter v of the historical process of capitalist development
In the first quarter from the free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism
The two stages of the development of capitalism. The formation of monopolies and nature; Financial capital and financial oligarchs; Monopoly profits and monopoly pricing; The formation of state monopoly capitalism, form and function; The essence of monopoly capitalism; Economic globalization and its performance
The contemporary capitalist new change in the second quarter
Changes of the private ownership of the means of production; The change of relations between labor relations and distribution; Social class, class structure changes; Changes in the form of economic regulation mechanism and the economic crisis; The change of political system; The contemporary capitalist new change reasons and essence
The third section, the history status and trend of development of capitalism
The history of capitalism; Capitalism to socialism replaced historical inevitability; The transition from capitalism to socialism is a long historical process
The sixth chapter of socialist society and its development
The first section of the socialist system established
The establishment of the scientific socialism; The characteristics of the proletarian revolution; The Soviet model; The socialist system of the tremendous contribution to the development of human history; The dictatorship of the proletariat and socialist democracy
In the second quarter of socialist development and improvement in practice
The basic features of socialist; Task of socialist construction and long-term; The diversity of the socialist development path; The unity of the development of forward twists; The reform of socialism
The third section of marxist political party in the position and role of the socialist cause
Of marxist political party and nature; The basic aim of marxist parties and organizations principle; Marxist political party in the revolutionary struggle and socialist construction in the process of leading role; To improve the leadership of the party
The second part: the sinicization of marxism
The introduction of sinicization of marxism history and theoretical results
The first section the scientific connotation of marxism and its historical process
Sinicization of marxism is put forward; Scientific connotation of sinicization of marxism; The historical process of marxism and of great significance
MAO zedong thought in the second quarter
The formation and development of MAO zedong thought; A scientific system of MAO zedong
thought and main content; The historical position of MAO zedong thought and guiding significance
Deng xiaoping's theory of the 3rd quarter
The formation and development of deng xiaoping theory; The scientific system of deng xiaoping theory and the main content; The historical position of deng xiaoping theory and guiding significance
The fourth quarter, "the three represents" important thought
A scientific system of "three represents" important thought and main content; "The three represents" the important thoughts of the historical status and guiding significance
Section 5 the concept of scientific development
The formation of the scientific outlook on development; The main content of the scientific outlook on development; The guiding significance of the scientific concept of development
The first chapter is the essence of marxism theory results
The first section of the formation and development of the ideological line of seeking truth from facts
The formation and establishment of ideological line of seeking truth from facts; The ideological line of seeking truth from facts to establish and develop
The content of the ideological line of seeking truth from facts and meaning in the second quarter The basic content of ideological line of seeking truth from facts; The significance of the ideological line of seeking truth from facts
In the third quarter to emancipate the mind, seeking truth from facts and advancing with The Times
Seeking truth from facts is the essence of marxism theory achievements; Emancipating the mind is a magic weapon to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics; Constantly bring forth theoretical innovation
The second chapter new-democratic revolution theory
The first section the formation of new democratic revolution theory
Modern China's national conditions and the era characteristics of the Chinese revolution; The formation and development of new democratic revolution theory; The meaning of the new democratic revolution theory
General line and basic program of new democratic revolution in the second quarter
New-democratic revolution of the general line is put forward; The nature of the new-democratic revolution and the future; New-democratic revolution of politics, economy and cultural programme
The third section of the new-democratic revolution road and basic experience
The main content of the Chinese revolution road theory and its meaning; New-democratic revolution road; New-democratic revolution of the three big magic weapon and their mutual relations; The establishment of the revolutionary united front and its main experience; The armed struggle is the main form of struggle of the Chinese revolution
The third chapter socialist transformation theory
The first section transition from new democracy to socialism
The nature of the new democratic society and characteristics; General line of transition period and the basic content
Socialist transformation road and the historical experience in the second quarter
Socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft industry; The capitalist industry and commerce socialist transformation; Historical experience of socialist transformation
The third quarter, the establishment of the socialist system in China
Establishment socialist basic system in our country; The significance of establishing socialist basic system
The fourth chapter the essence and fundamental task of socialism
The first section of the road of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics
The road of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics theoretical achievements of preliminary exploration; The party to the socialism understanding twists
New understanding of the essence of socialism in the second quarter
Socialism essence theory is put forward, scientific connotation and significance
The third section the fundamental task of socialism
Development is the absolute truth. Development is the party's top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country; On behalf of the development of China's advanced productive forces; Science and technology is the first productive force
Chapter v of the primary stage of socialism theory
The first section the primary stage of socialism is the greatest practical
The formation and development of the theory of socialist primary stage; Scientific meaning and the main characteristic of the primary stage of socialism; The long-term of the primary stage of socialism in our country
In the second quarter of the primary stage of socialism basic line and program
The primary stage of socialism main contradiction; The primary stage of socialism basic line is put forward and its main content; The basic outline of the primary stage of socialism
The third section of the primary stage of socialism development strategy
The development of the "three steps" strategy; The construction of a well-off society in an all-round way
The sixth chapter socialist reform and opening to the outside world
Section 1. Reform and opening up is the key to the fate of contemporary China
Reform and opening up is a new great revolution; The basic contradiction of the socialist society
In the second quarter unswervingly promote reform in an all-round way
Comprehensive reform; Correctly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability
The third section unswervingly stick to opening to the outside world
China's development cannot leave the world; An omni-directional, multilevel and wide-range opening; To improve the level of an open economy
Chapter 7 building socialist economy with Chinese characteristics
The first section to establish the socialist market economic system
China's socialist economic system of the selection process; The formation and development of the socialist market economy theory. The basic characteristics of the socialist market economy system
The primary stage of socialism basic economic system of the second quarter
The establishment of the primary stage of socialism basic economic system; Adhere to the dominant position of public ownership economy; Encourage, support and guide non-public economic development
The third section of the primary stage of socialism distribution system
The main body status of stick to distribution according to work; Variety of modes of distribution coexist. We will deepen reform of the distribution system; Improve the social security system
Chapter 8 of the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics politics
The first section democratic politics of socialism with Chinese characteristics
Adhere to the leadership of the party and the people are masters of the country and the unity of the rule of law; The people's democratic dictatorship. The people's congress system; China's system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the communist party; Regional national autonomy; The grassroots autonomy system
The rule of law in the second quarter, the build socialism country under the rule of law
The rule of law is the basic strategy for the party leads the people in the governance of the country To strengthen the construction of socialist legal system
In the third quarter to promote political restructuring, develop democracy politics
We will deepen reform of the political system; Expand socialist democracy; Socialist democracy, freedom and human rights
Chapter ix construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics
The first section develop advanced socialist culture
Adhere to the direction of socialist advanced culture; The basic task of the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics; The basic principle of the construction of socialist culture with Chinese characteristics
The construction of socialist core value system in the second quarter
The socialist core value system is the essence of socialist ideology; Adhere to the guiding ideology of marxism; Set up the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics; Carry forward the national spirit and the spirit of the age; Set up the socialism outlook for honor and dishonor
In the third quarter to strengthen ideological and moral construction and education, scientific and cultural construction
Strengthening ideological and moral construction; To strengthen the construction of education science and culture; We will deepen reform of the cultural system and develop cultural undertakings and cultural industries
Chapter ten Building a harmonious socialist society
The first section, the importance and urgency of building a harmonious socialist society
Building a socialist harmonious society is put forward; To build the scientific meaning of socialist harmonious society; The significance of building a harmonious socialist society
Building a harmonious socialist society in the second quarter of the overall train of thought Building a harmonious socialist society guiding ideology, basic principles and objectives of the task; We will accelerate social development with the focus on improving people's lives
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英语单词 各种词性 一览表 词性尾缀其实很多，大家主要记住最常用的 1. 名词后缀 1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物：worker, debtor 2)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" democracy, accuracy, diplomacy 3)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”importance, diligence, difference, obedience 4)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency, 5)-bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, flexibility, feasibility, 6)-dom, 表示"等级，领域，状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom 7)-hood, 表示"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood 8)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程，结果，状况" action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction 9)-ism, 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism 10)-ity, 表示"性质，状态，程度”purity, reality, ability, calamity 11)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument 12)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness 13)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”hardship, membership, friendship 14)-th, 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth 15)-tude, 表示"性质，状态，程度" latitude, altitude(海拔) 16)-ure, 表示"行为，结果" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)， 17-grapy, 表示"……学，写法”biography, calligraphy, geography 18)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics 19)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学) 20)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学) 2. 形容词后缀 (1)带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1)-able, -ible, visible, flexible 2)名词-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish(注意accomplish, vanish) 3)-ive, active, sensitive, productive
词词性归类 （八上）一、名词 A 1.according 相符的 2.achievement 成就 3.act 表演者 4.advice 劝告 5.amount 总额 6.aquarium 水族馆 7.arm 臂；胳膊 8.artist 艺术家 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18360124.html, 亚洲 10.athlete 运动员 11.autograph 亲笔签名 B 1.back 后背 2.balance 平衡 3.band 管乐队 4.bargain 特价商品 5.bicycle 自行车 6.bike 自行车 7.blender 果汁机 8.boat 船 9.body 身体 10.bread 面包 11.brown bread 黑面包 12.butter 黄油 C 1.calendar 日历 2.camel 骆驼 3.car 小汽车 4.champion 冠军 5.championship 冠军称号 6.cheese 奶酪 7.chemistry 化学 8.chip 薄片 9.chocolate 巧克力 10.chore 杂事 11.cinema 电影院
12.clothing 衣服 13.coffee 咖啡 14.cola 可乐 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18360124.html,petition 竞争 16.concert 音乐会 17.countryside 乡下 18.cow 奶牛 19.cup 小茶杯 20.curry 咖喱 D 1.day off 休息日 2.deli 熟食店 3.dentist 牙医 4.diet 饮食 5.difference 不同 6.diner 路边小餐馆 7.dish 盘 8.distance 距离 9.DJ 音乐节目主持人 10.dream 梦想 11.drive 驾驶 12.duck 鸭子 13.DVD 数字化视频光盘E 1.ear 耳朵 2.end 结束 3.engineer 工程师 4.Europe 欧洲 5.exchange 交换 6.exercise 锻炼 7.exhibition 展览 F 1.fax 传真 2.fever 发烧 3.fishing 捕鱼 4.foot 脚 5.friendship 友谊 6.future 将来 G 1.gift 礼物
英语单词词性转换 一、动词(v.)→名词(n.) 1、词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词 例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer, jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner, visit—visitor, invent—inventor,collect—collector等. 注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r. 例如:drive—driver, write—writer等. 2)以辅音字母开头并以元音字母加辅音字母结尾的单词，应双写末尾的辅音字母再加er。例如：run—runner, win—winner,begin—beginner等. 2.在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词 例如:achieve—achievement (成就) advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告) agree—agreement disagree—disagreement amuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵) commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展) 有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment. 例如:argue—argument(争论) 3.在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词 例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction; invent—invention discuss—discussion; express—expression educate—education; graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion") compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion")
人教版七至九年级英语单词归类: [常用词按类别分] 交通工具类（13）： bus，car，boat，ship，taxi，plane，train，streamer，jeep，motorcar，bicycle，run car，airplane 国家类（29）： China，America，Egypt，Brazil，South Korea，North Korea，Poland，New Zealand，Japan，France，England，Canada，Australia，Argentina，Holland，Vietnam，India，Italy，Greece，Mexico，Russia，Sweden，Norway，Spain，German，Switzerland，Thailand，Greece，South Africa 身体部位（23）： Head，foot，leg，tooth，hand，ear，eye，nose，mouth，face，arm，back，neck，stomach，throat，heart，knee，finger，toe，body，hair，beard，elbow 服饰类（28）： scarf，belt，sneakers，wallet，earring，hat，jeans，watch，straw hat，ring，skate shoes，backpack，tie，bag，pants，socks，dress，coat，shirt，T-shirt，skirt，shorts，sweater，shoes，uniform，jacket，earring，hair clip 场所类（38）： club，restaurant，store，supermarket，museum，school，library，hotel，auditorium，pool，post office，bank，park, zoo, market, garden, hospital, TV Station, Police station，beach，cinema， church, factory, farm, shop, theater, aquarium, college, dining room, barber
词性： 英语里的词汇分为10种词性，分别是：n. 名词v. 动词pron. 代词adj. 形容词adv. 副词num.数词art. 冠词prep. 介词conj. 连词int. 感叹词，除这十大类词之外，英语还另有判断词yes和no。 1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 2. 形容词 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill. （错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid. 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice 3.副词 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。 一、副词的位置： 1）在动词之前。 2）在be动词、助动词之后。 3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 副词的作用： （1）作状语，常来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。 （2）作表语，放在be动词的后面。 （3）作定语，常放在它所修饰的名词的后面。 注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well. 二、副词的排列顺序： 1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
初中英语单词词性归 类（七上）一、名词 A 1.actor 2.address 3.afternoon 4.age 5.alarm clock 6.answer 7.apple 8.art 9.August 10.aunt B 1.backpack 2.bag 3.ball 4.banana 5.band 6.baseball 7.basketball 8.bat 9.bed 10.biology 11.birth 12.birthday 13.blank 14.book 15.bookcase 16.boy 17.breakfast 18.bring 19.broccoli 20.brother 21.bus C 1.card 2.carrot 3.case 4.CD 5.chair 6.chess 7.chicken 8.China 9.city 10.class 11.clerk 12.clock 13.clothes 14.club 15.collection 16.color https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18360124.html,edy https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18360124.html,puter 19.contest 20.conversatin 21.cousin 22.cream D 1.dad 2.date 3.daughter 4.day 5.December 6.description 7.desk 8.dessert 9.dictionary 10.dinner 11.documentary 12.dog 13.dollar 14.drawer 15.dresser 16.drum E 1.egg 2.e-mail 3.English 4.eraser 5.evening 6.example 7.family 8.father 9.February 10.festival 11.floor 12.food 13.fries 14.Friday 15.friend 16.fruit 17.furniture 18.game 19.girl 20.grandfather 21.grandmother 22.guitar 23.hamburger 24.hat 25.history 26.hobby 27.homework 28.hotel 29.ice 30.ice cream J 1.January 2.job 3.June 4.July K 1.key 2.kid 3.kind L 1.letter 2.life 3.list 4.lunch M 1.M arch 2.math 3.M ay 4.mom 5.M onday 6.month 7.morning 8.mother 9.movie 10.music N https://www.doczj.com/doc/3f18360124.html, 2.night 3.notebook 4.number 5.November O 1.October P 1.pants 2.parent 3.partner 4.party 5.pear 6.pen 7.pencil 8.people 9.phone 10.photo 11.pencil case 12.pencil sharpener 13.piano 14.picture 15.ping-pong 16.plant 17.plural 18.price R 1.racket 2.ring 3.rock 4.room 5.ruler 6.runner S 1.salad 2.sale 3.Saturday 4.school 5.science 6.September 7.shirt 8.shoe 9.shorts
初中英语必背词汇 一、冠词（3个） 1.a 一个（件/只……） 2.an 一个（件/只……） 3.the 这；这个；那；那个 二．连词（24个） 1.after 在……以后 2.and 和；又 3.as 像……一样；如同；因为 4.because 因为 5.before 在……之前 6.but 但是 7.if 如果；假使；是否；是不是 8.neither 也不 9.nor 也不 10.or 或者；还是；否则 11.since 从……以来；……以后 12.that 既然；由于；（引导宾语从句等） 13.though 虽然 14.till 直到；直到……为止 15.until 直到；直到……为止 16.when 当……的时候 17.whether 是否 18.while 在/当……的时候；和……同时 19.than 比 20.so 因此；所以 21.both…and… 两个都；既……又…… 22.not only…but also… 不但……而且…… 23.either…or… 或者……或者……；不是……就是…… 24.neither…nor… 既不……也不……三．介词（37个） 1.about 在各处；四处；关于 2.after 在……之后；在……后面 3.along 沿着；顺着 4.as 作为；当作 5.among 在……中间；在(三者或三者以上)之间 6.at (表示地点/位置)在；(表示时间)在……时(刻)；(表示动作的目标和方向) 7.before 在……前面；在……以前 8.behind 在……后面 9.below 在……下面 10.beside 在……旁边；靠近 11.between 在 (两者) 之间；在……中间 12.by 在……旁边；靠近；在……时间；(指时间)不迟于； (用于被动语态) 被 (表示方法、手段) 用 ; 由 (指交通工具等) 乘 ; 13.down 沿着(街道、河流)而下 14.during 在……的期间；在……过程中 15.except 除……之外 16.for (表示方向) 往；(表示所属) ……的；(说明目的或用途) 为… 17.from (表示起点) 从；(表示开始的时候) 从……起；(表示距离) 距；(表示来源) 来自 18.in front of 在……前面 19.into (表示动作的方向)到……内；(表示情况和结果的变化)变成 20.in (表示位置)在…里/内/中；在…(时间) 穿；戴在…(情况 / 状况) 中；使用(语言) 21.like 像 22.near 在……附近；靠近 24.off (表示脱离)离开
人教版初中英语单词按词性分类表 人教版七至九年级英语单词归类: [常用词按类别分] 交通工具类（13）： bus，car，boat，ship，taxi，plane，train，steamer，jeep，motorcar，bicycle，run car，airplane 国家类（29）： China，America，Egypt，Brazil，South Korea，North Korea，Poland， New Zealand，Japan，France，England，Canada，Australia，Argentina，Holland， Vietnam，India，Italy，Greece，Mexico，Russia，Sweden，Norway，Spain， German，Switzerland，Thailand，Greece，South Africa 身体部位（23）： Head ，foot，leg，tooth ，hand，ear，eye，nose，mouth，face， arm，back，neck，stomach，throat，heart，knee，finger，toe，body，hair，beard，elbow 服饰类（28）： scarf，belt，sneakers，wallet，earring，hat，jeans，watch，straw hat， ring，skate shoes，backpack，tie，bag，pants，socks，dress，coat，shirt，T-shirt， skirt，shorts，sweater，shoes，uniform，jacket，earring，hair clip 场所类（38）： club，restaurant，store，supermarket，museum，school，library，hotel，auditorium， pool，post office，bank park, zoo, market, garden, hospital, TVStation, Police station，beach，
九年义务教育初中英语教学大纲中要求掌握的各类单词 一、冠词（3个） 1. a 一个（件/ 只……） 2. an 一个（件/ 只……） 3. the 这；这个；那；那个 二．连词（24个） 1. after 在……以后 2. and 和；又 3. as 像……一样；如同；因为 4. because 因为 5. before 在……之前 6. but 但是 7. if 如果；假使；是否；是不是 8. neither 也不 9. nor 也不10. or 或者；还是；否则11. since 从……以来；……以后 12. that 既然；由于；（引导宾语从句等）13. though 虽然14. till 直到；直到……为止 15. until 直到；直到……为止16. when 当……的时候17. whether 是否 18. while 在/当……的时候；和……同时19. than 比20. so 因此；所以 21. both…and…两个都；既……又……22. not only…but also…不但……而且…… 23. either…or…或者……或者……；不是……就是……24. neither…nor…既不……也不……三．介词（37个） 1. about a. 在各处;四处 b. 关于 2. after a. 在……之后 b. 在……后面 3. along 沿着; 顺着 4. as 作为; 当作 5. among a. 在……中间 b. 在(三者或三者以上)之间 6. at a. (表示地点/位置)在 b. (表示时间)在……时(刻) c. (表示动作的目标和方向) 7. before a. 在……前面 b. 在……以前8. behind 在……后面9. below 在……下面 10. beside 在……旁边; 靠近11. between 在(两者) 之间; 在……中间 12. by a. 在……旁边;靠近 b. 在……时间 c. (指时间)不迟于 d. (用于被动语态) 被 e. (表示方法、手段) 用; 由 f. (指交通工具等) 乘; 用 13. down 沿着( 街道、河流)而下14. during 在……的期间; 在……过程中15. except 除……之外 16. for a. (表示方向) 往;向 b. (表示所属) ……的 c. (表示时间距离) 计;达 d. (说明目的或用途) 为… 17. from a. (表示起点) 从; 自 b. (表示开始的时候) 从……起 c. (表示距离) 距; 离 d. (表示来源) 来自 18. in front of 在……前面19. into a. (表示动作的方向)到……内;向内 b. (表示情况和结果的变化)变成 20. in a. (表示位置)在…..里/内/中 b. 在…(时间) c. 穿; 戴 d. 在…(情况/ 状况) 中 e. 使用(语言) 21. like 像22. near 在……附近; 靠近24. off (表示脱离)离开 23. of a. (表示所属关系)…的 b. (表示数量)…的 c. (表示其中)…的 25. on a. 在……上面 b. 在……时刻 c. 关于 26. over a. 在……上方(以上) b. 越过 c. 遍及 27. past a. (指时间)过 b. 走过某处28. since 自从…以来29. through a. 穿过; 通过 b. 从开始到结束30. till 直到……为止31. until 直到……为止32. up 在/ 向……上面 33. to a. (表示方向) 到; 向 b. (表示间接关系) 给 c. (表示钟点) 在……之前 34. with a. (表示具有) 带有; 具有 b. (表示手段或方法)用; 以 c. (表示伴随) 与…一道; 和…一起 35. without 没有36. round 环绕一周; 围着37. under 在/ 向……下面 四、代词 人称代词 我I / me 你you / you 他he / him 她she / her 它it / it 我们we / us 你们you / you 他/她/它们they / them 物主代词 我的 my / mine 你的 your / yours 他的 his / his 她的 her / hers 它的 its / its 我们的 our / ours 你们的 your / yours 他/她/它们的 their / theirs 反身代词 我自己myself 你自己yourself 他自己himself 她自己herself 它自己itself 我们自己ourselves 你们自己yourselves 他/她/它们自己themselves
英语单词词性转变的一般规律 1.动词(v.)→名词(n.) (a)词形不变,词性改变 例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物). (b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词 例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer, jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner, visit—visitor, invent—inventor, collect—collector等. 注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r. 例如:drive—driver, write—writer等. 2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er 例如：run—runner, win—winner, begin—beginner等. (c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词 例如:achieve—achievement (成就) advertise—advertisement//advertising(广告) agree—agreement disagree—disagreement amuse—amusement (娱乐) improve—improvement(争吵) commit(奉献)—commitment develop—development (发展) depart离开；出发，起程；违反；去世—department (局,部) govern(统治)—government(政府) manage—management (管理) equip—equipment (装备) 有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment. 例如:argue—argument(争论) (d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词 例如: attract—attraction; instruct—instruction; invent—invention discuss—discussion; express—expression educate—education; graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion") compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion") decide—decision conclude—conclusion (把de改为s再加"ion") describe—description描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化) (e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词 例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现) perform—performance (演出) accept—acceptance (接受) (f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词 (方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同) 例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waiting bathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaning
英语单词词性 英语里的词汇分为10种词性，分别是：n.名词v.动词pron.代词adj.形容词adv.副词num.数词art.冠词prep.介词conj.连词int.感叹词。可分为两大类： 实词：表示实在意义的词，有名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词、副词. 虚词：不表示实在意义而表示语法意义的词，有：介词、连词、助词、叹词. 词性 一、单词词性 (一)、名词(nouns）n. 名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns和普通名词(Common Nouns）。专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等；普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 1、可数名词的复数形式 名词复数的规则变化:一般加s或es 名词复数的不规则变化: 1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 2）单复同形如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 2、名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下： 1）单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。 2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗争。
英语里的词汇分为10种词性，分别是：n. 名词 v. 动词 pron. 代词 adj. 形容词 adv. 副词 num.数词 art. 冠词 prep. 介词 conj. 连词 int. 感叹词，除这十大类词之外，英语还另有判断词yes和no。 分类 实词：表示实在意义的词，有名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词、副词。 虚词：不表示实在意义而表示语法意义的词，有：介词、连词、助词、叹词。 词性 一、实词 1.名词(nouns）n.： 名词是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指代人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 2.代词（pronoun）pron.： 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 3.数词（numeral）Num.： 表示“多少”和“第几”的词，叫数词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。 4.形容词(adjective）adj.或a.； 很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词，表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。 5.副词（adverb)adv.：
初中英语十大词性详解+100条固定搭配 一、词性的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 1.名词noun n. student 学生 2.代词pronoun pron. you 你 3.形容词adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4.副词adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5.动词verb v. cut 砍、割 6.数词numeral num. three 三 7.冠词article art. a 一个 8.介词preposition prep. at 在... 9.连词conjunction conj. and 和 10.感叹词interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。 二、名词 名词复数的规则变化
名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加“‘s ”来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher ’s book 。 名词所有格的规则如下：
(1)单数名词词尾加“'s”，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy‘s bag 男孩的书包，men’s room 男厕所。 (2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加“'”，如：the workers’struggle工人的斗争。 三、代词 大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。 英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 人称代词的用法： 指示代词
指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词。 疑问代词 指人：who，whom，whose 指物：what 既可指人又可指物：which 四、冠词 冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或之后，在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”的意思。 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”的意思。 (1)特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。
英语单词词性 词性尾缀其实很多，大家主要记住最常用的 1. 名词后缀 1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物：worker, debtor 2)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" democracy, accuracy, diplomacy 3)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”importance, diligence, difference, obedience 4)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency, 5)-bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, flexibility, feasibility, 6)-dom, 表示"等级，领域，状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom 7)-hood, 表示"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood 8)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程，结果，状况" action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction 9)-ism, 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism 10)-ity, 表示"性质，状态，程度”purity, reality, ability, calamity 11)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument 12)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness 13)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”hardship, membership, friendship 14)-th, 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth 15)-tude, 表示"性质，状态，程度" latitude, altitude(海拔) 16)-ure, 表示"行为，结果" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)， 17-grapy, 表示"……学，写法”biography, calligraphy, geography 18)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechanics, electronics, linguistics 19)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学) 20)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学) 2. 形容词后缀 (1)带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1)-able, -ible, visible, flexible 2)名词-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish(注意accomplish, vanish) 3)-ive, active, sensitive, productive 4)-like, manlike, childlike 5)名词-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly 6)-some, troublesome, handsome 7)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful 8)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various 9)-ent, violent 10)-most, foremost, topmost 11)less, 表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless
单词词性判断可以在词义的理解及书写句子方面帮助学生。 名词有四数：可数与不可数，单数或复数；限定与动词不可忘。四数加限定！ 一．怎样确定名词：一般情况下在下列结构中我们可确定所缺空应为名词 ◇1．a/an/the +（adj.）+ 名词；a/the book; the rich the disabled the Smiths ◇2．adj.+名词； a big stone; a long river; interesting books ◇3．adv.+ adj.+名词； a very honest boy ◇4．介词+名词；in the room; under construction ◇5．形容词性物主代词+名词；my surprise; his honesty ◇6. 数词+名词；five girls; ◇7．缺的词在句中为主语，表语，宾语时多为名词。 They have books. 及时练习1： 1．There has been a 30% growth in the ____(市场) for personal computers. 3．He has discovered a lot of ___________ (发现) in science . 5．I am sorry that I can’t attend the __________(讲座) on American history . 6．She started as a successful merchant but ended up as a __________（乞丐）. 7．There was a surprised _____________（表情）on her face . 8．Our city has experienced great ___________（变化）in the past few years 9．Please give my _________(祝贺)when you see her . 10.Jack took a deep _____________ (呼吸)and then dived into the water. 11.Oliver was unable to give police a ______________(描述)of his attack . 12.The car was a ____________(廉价货)at the price. 动词→名词练习：achieve add argue arrive respond retire rude save sail sell 1. market 3 discoveries 5.lecture 6 beggar 7. expression 8 changes 9. congratulations 10. breath 11. description 12. bargain 及时练习2：指出下列文中的名词： In the early 1990s, the word “Internet”was strange to most people. But today, Internet has become a useful tool for people all over the world. Maybe Internet has been the greatest invention in the field of communication in the history of mankind （人类）. Communicating with others on the Internet is much faster. We can chat with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. We can e-mail our friends and they can read the e-mails within a minute. Giving all kinds of information is probably the biggest advantage of the Internet. We can use search engines to find the information we need. Just type in a keyword